2.4.1. The main directions of unification are:

c+ development of parametric series of products

c+ development of standard products

c- classification of standardization objects

2.4.2. The main directions of unification are:

c - selection of specific objects that are recognized as appropriate for further use in production

c + limitation by a reasonable minimum of the range of products and materials allowed for use

c+ development of standard products

c- finding the optimal main parameters, as well as all other indicators of quality and efficiency

c+ development of unified technological processes

2.4.3. Depending on the scope of the unification can be:

B+ intersectoral

c- interspecific

in + industry

c- interproject

in + factory

2.4.4. Depending on the methodological principles of implementation, unification can be:

c + intraspecific

c- intersectoral

in + interproject

in- branch

3.1 State control and supervision over compliance with the requirements of state standards

3.1.1. State control over compliance with the requirements of technical regulations is carried out in relation to:

in+ products

in- banking services

c+ production processes

in+ operation

c- educational services

3.1.2. State control over compliance with the requirements of technical regulations is carried out in relation to:

in + products;

in+ storage

c+ recycling

c- product manufacturing

3.1.3. In relation to products, state control over compliance with technical regulations is carried out ...

Sample response at the stage of treatment.

3.1.4. State control (supervision) bodies have the right to:

c+ require the manufacturer to present a declaration of conformity or a certificate of conformity

c+ issue orders to eliminate violations of the requirements of technical regulations

3.1.5. State control (supervision) bodies have the right to:

c+ suspend or terminate the validity of a declaration of conformity or a certificate of conformity

c+ carry out measures for state control over compliance with the requirements of technical regulations

c- issue certificates confirming the quality

c+ hold the manufacturer liable under the laws of the Russian Federation

c- issue certificates confirming safety

3.1.6. State control (supervision) bodies are obliged to:

c+ observe commercial secrets and other legally protected secrets

c+ comply with the procedure for the implementation of measures for state control over compliance with the requirements of technical regulations

3.1.7. State control (supervision) bodies are obliged to:

c+ take measures to eliminate the consequences of violations of the requirements of technical regulations

c- evaluate products for quality

c+ carry out explanatory work on the application of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the course of measures for state control (supervision)

c+ to send information about non-compliance of products with the requirements of technical regulations

c- carry out product certification

3.1.8. On the measures taken in relation to the officials guilty of violating the law, the state control bodies within ... are obliged to inform the persons whose rights have been violated

Sample response months

3.1.9. The manufacturer, who became aware of the non-compliance of products with the requirements of technical regulations, is obliged to report this to the state control body within ...

Sample response ten days

3.1.10. The seller, who has received information about the non-conformity of the products, is obliged to bring it to the manufacturer within ...

Sample response ten days

3.1.11. Upon receipt of information about non-conformity of products, the state control body within … must notify the manufacturer.

Sample response ten days

3.1.12. In the course of the inspection, state control (supervision) bodies shall have the right to:

c+ to require from the manufacturer materials for verifying the reliability of information about non-compliance of products with the requirements of technical regulations

c+ send requests to other federal executive bodies

c- impose penalties on the manufacturer;

c+, if necessary, involve specialists to analyze the received materials

3.1.13. State control (supervision) body:

c+ contributes to the dissemination of information on the timing and procedure for taking measures to prevent harm

c+ asks the manufacturer for documents confirming the implementation of the measures specified in the program of measures to prevent harm

c- determine the manufacturer's punishment for product nonconformity;

c+ checks compliance with the deadlines specified in the program of measures to prevent harm

c) impose penalties on the manufacturer

3.3.1. Accreditation of certification bodies and testing laboratories (centers) is carried out in order to:

c- increasing the competitiveness of products, works, services in the Russian and international markets

c- assistance to purchasers in the competent choice of products, works, services

3.3.2 Accreditation of certification bodies and testing laboratories (centers) is carried out in order to:

c- voluntary application of standards

c+ confirmation of the competence of certification bodies and testing laboratories (centers) performing work on conformity assessment

c+ ensuring the confidence of manufacturers, sellers and purchasers in the activities of certification bodies and accredited testing laboratories (centers)

c+ creating conditions for the recognition of the results of the activities of certification bodies and accredited testing laboratories (centers)

3.3.3. Accreditation of certification bodies and testing laboratories is carried out on the basis of the following principles:

c+ voluntariness

c+ openness and accessibility of accreditation rules

c- maximum consideration in the development of standards of the legitimate interests of interested parties

c+ competence and independence of accreditation bodies

3.3.4. Accreditation of certification bodies and testing laboratories is carried out on the basis of the following principles:

c+ ensuring equal conditions for persons applying for accreditation

c- providing conditions for the uniform application of standards

c+ voluntariness

c- maximum consideration in the development of standards of the legitimate interests of interested parties

c+ inadmissibility of combining powers for accreditation and conformity assessment

3.3.5. Accredited testing laboratories (centers) conduct research (tests) and measurements of products within their scope of accreditation on the terms ... with certification bodies

Sample response contracts

3.3.6. Certification bodies provide accredited testing laboratories (centers) with information about the applicant ...

c+ not entitled

c- right

3.3.7. An accredited testing laboratory draws up the results of research and measurements by the relevant ...

Sample response protocols

3.3.8. An accredited testing laboratory, experts in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and the contract are responsible for ...

Sample response unreliability or bias of research results.

USSR STATE COMMITTEE ON STANDARDS

METHODOLOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS

Price 5 kop.

RD 50-33-80

Moscow PUBLISHING HOUSE OF STANDARDS 1 982

METHODOLOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS

Instead of RD 33-74

DETERMINATION OF THE LEVEL OF UNIFICATION AND STANDARDIZATION OF PRODUCTS

Approved by the Decree of the State Standard of January 30, 1980 No. 488 The introduction period is set from January 1, 1981.

These guidelines establish a system of indicators for the level of unification and standardization of products and the procedure for their calculation.

The guidelines apply to products of mechanical engineering, instrument making and other branches of the national economy, except for products developed on orders or in support of orders from the USSR Ministry of Defense.

On the basis of these guidelines, the ministries (departments), if necessary, develop sectoral regulatory and technical documents that take into account the specific features of the products of the industry or group of industries.

Industry normative and technical documents must be coordinated with the USSR State Committee for Standards (Gosstandart).

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1. The unification of products is understood as bringing products to uniformity on the basis of establishing a rational number of their varieties.

1.2. Under the level of unification of the product is understood the saturation of the product with unified components.

Note. Any product (part, assembly unit, complex, kit) can be an integral part - according to GOST 2.101-68.

Reissue. April 1982

© Standards Publishing, 1982

A unified component of a given group of products is called interchangeable components of two or more products of a given group or complex.

1.3. Under the level of standardization of the product is understood the saturation of the product with standard components.

The standard includes components manufactured according to state and industry standards, to which there is a reference in the specification of design documentation.

1.4. The level of unification and standardization of products or their components is determined using a system of indicators:

coefficient of applicability Ksh>;

repeatability coefficient /C p;

coefficient of interproject (mutual) unification Km y-

1.5. To assess the level of unification and standardization of a particular product, the applicability coefficient and the repeatability coefficient are used.

1.6. To assess the level of unification of a group of products, the coefficient of inter-project (mutual) unification is used.

CALCULATION OF INDICATORS OF LEVEL OF UNIFICATION AND STANDARDIZATION

2.1. The applicability coefficient is defined as the ratio of the number of standard sizes of component parts in the product (without original ones) to the total number of standard sizes of component parts in the product in percent. This coefficient characterizes the level of structural continuity of the components in the product being developed and is calculated by the formula

A "n" \u003d 100%. (1)

where n is the total number of sizes of components in the product;

n 0 - the number of original sizes of components in the product.

A standard size of a product is understood as a product of a given type and execution with certain parameter values ​​(the number of standard sizes corresponds to the number of names of components in the specification of design documentation).

Original parts include components developed for the first time for this product.

Note. As a rule, the applicability factor is calculated by the number of standard sizes. By agreement between the customer and the developer, the applicability coefficient can additionally be calculated by components (in pieces), cost, weight and labor intensity. As the cost of these component parts of the product manufactured at this enterprise, the factory cost is used, and for purchased components - from the taste price.

When calculating / (prPO for standard components, instead of l-l 0, the total number of sizes of standard components is substituted

2.2. The repeatability coefficient is defined as the ratio of the repeating components of the product to the total number of components of the product (saturation of the product with repeating components) as a percentage. This coefficient characterizes the level of intra-project unification of the product and the interchangeability of components within this product and is calculated by the formula

Kp = -100%, (2)

where N is the total number of components in the product.

Note. If it is necessary to determine the average repeatability of the components in the product, use the formula

about)

2.3. The coefficient of inter-project (mutual) unification is defined as the ratio of the number of standard sizes of components reduced due to mutual unification to the maximum possible reduction in the number of standard sizes of components of a group of jointly manufactured or operated products in percent, calculated by the formula

the total number of considered projects (products);

the number of standard sizes of components in the t-th project (product);

the maximum number of standard sizes of components of one project (product);

total number of standard sizes of components,

used in a group of H projects (products); number of standard sizes of the /-th item;

the total number of items of components of the considered projects (products).

In the case when the total number of items of the components of the projects (products) under consideration is more than l haag, the calculation is made according to the formula

An example of calculating the coefficient of interproject unification is given in reference Appendix 1.

2.4. To carry out calculations, the level of unification and standardization is indicative, the developer, in agreement with the customer, selects one or more levels of calculation. The calculation is carried out at the level of parts or assembly units 1.

2.5. Based on the product specification (GOST 2.102-68) and the specifications of the components, the product is divided into components at the selected level (parts or assembly units).

2.6. When determining indicators of the level of unification and standardization, the calculation does not include parts according to the recommended Appendix 2 and parts that are not included in the component parts of the product at the accepted level of calculation. For these parts, indicators of the level of unification and standardization are calculated separately using the same formulas as for the component parts of products at the selected calculation level.

2.7. Based on the data in the table (reference appendix 3), formulas (1), (2), (3) calculate the coefficients of applicability and repeatability (reference appendix 4).

2.8. At the stage of development of draft and technical designs, when there is no product specification, the calculation of unification level indicators is carried out approximately based on the results of consideration of design documents for the product - in accordance with GOST 2.119-73 and GOST 2.120-73.

2.9. The results of calculations of indicators of the level of unification with justification are included in the design documentation (explanatory note - in accordance with GOST 2.106-68, a map of the technical level and product quality - in accordance with GOST 2.116-71).

The initial data and the calculation of indicators of the level of unification of products are included in the calculation materials (PP) - according to GOST 2.102-68.

2.10. When upgrading products, the calculation of unification level indicators is carried out only for those components (assemblies, assemblies), the modernization of which is provided for by the terms of reference, and, if necessary, for the product as a whole.

1 The list is specified and specified by the developer in agreement with the customer in relation to the specifics of industry products.

APPENDIX I Informative

EXAMPLE OF CALCULATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF INTER-PROJECT (MUTUAL) UNIFICATION OF A GROUP OF VEHICLES

Name of components (assemblies). P7 car models Number of standard sizes of components of one name Engine Clutch l short gear Cardan ox main gimbal ear. to the middle bridge Cardan shaft x front axle Front air bridge Drive axle middle Drive axle la.thya central gearbox Wheel gear front axle Front suspension Rear suspension Front hub Stupina faded Steering gear Power steering Wheel brakes Parking brakes Electrical equipment doses for; ‘.a Platform^

Note. The signs "-(-" and "O" indicate the same sizes of components of the same name used in different car models. The sign "A" indicates different sizes of components of the same name of the car. The sign "-" indicates the absence of this component in this car model .

The coefficient of interproject unification of eight car models is calculated by the formula (4):

2 П|_ 2‘ 71

i=i-±i-.100%= -y--- 100% =74.5%.

EXAMPLE LIST OF DETAILS NOT CONSIDERED WHEN CALCULATION OF INDICATORS OF THE LEVEL OF UNIFICATION AND STANDARDIZATION OF PRODUCTS

1. Fasteners (bolts and screws of all kinds, studs, rivets, pins, cotter pins, gougons, dowels, pins, screws and nails).

2. Plugs and plugs.

3. Details of the connection of pipelines and fittings (couplings, nipples, union nuts, adapter pipes, tubes).

4. Ganks of various types; adjusting, lining and threaded rings; washers for metal and wood of all kinds.

5. Dowels of all kinds.

6. Hooks, pendants, ears, eye bolts.

7. Wiring parts (petals, lugs, cable cleats), wire lugs, jumpers, light bulbs.

8. Gaskets, overlays, slats, plates, shells, bosses, seals, rivetings, seals.

9. Fitting and assembly tools and accessories (screwdrivers, wrenches, punches, hammers, oilers).

10. Parts produced without drawings in accordance with GOST 2.109-73.

11. Details of containers and packaging.

12. Rings adjusting, adjusting, lining.

APPENDIX 3 Reference

INITIAL DATA FOR CALCULATION OF INDICATORS OF THE LEVEL OF UNIFICATION OF THE PRODUCT

Unification level indicators

APPENDIX 4 Reference

EXAMPLE OF CALCULATION OF COEFFICIENTS OF APPLICABILITY AND REPEATABILITY OF A VEHICLE

Number of standard sizes, units

Number of parts, pcs.

Stogmost parts, rub.

Followers

unification levels

Name

components

Engine Power system

Release system

gas supply Cooling system

Clutch

Handout

86-66 110-08 79-47

cardanium shaft

Front axle Rear axle

The level of unification and standardization of products is understood as their saturation, respectively, with unified and standard parts (parts, assemblies).

1. Applicability factor:

Where n is the total number of standard sizes of parts in the product;

n 0 is the number of sizes of original parts, i.e. parts developed for the first time for this product.

The applicability factor can be calculated:

• 1) according to the standard sizes of parts (formula 2.1);
• 2) by assembly units (in formula (2.1) instead of n and n 0 there will be the total number and the number of original assembly units in the product);
• 3) in terms of labor intensity, weight, cost, number of parts (the approach is similar, based on formula 2.1).
• 2. Coefficient of inter-project (mutual) unification, Kmu, %:

where H is the number of products (projectors) under consideration;

n i - the number of standard sizes of assembly units (parts) in the i-th product;

Q - number of sizes i=1 assembly units in N products;

g i the number of varieties of standard sizes of one item in the j-th assembly unit;

Q is the number of standard sizes of components that make up a group of H products;

n max - the maximum number of standard sizes of assembly units of one product (project).

3. The coefficient of repeatability of the components in the total number of components of the product Kp,%:

where N is the total number of all components of the product;

n is the total number of sizes of original components (parts and assembly units).

When calculating the given coefficients, fasteners, connection parts, keys, gaskets, light bulbs and other similar parts are not taken into account.

The optimal level of unification of standardization is determined by the comparative cost of several options for manufacturing a product.

Indicators of standardization and unification characterize the saturation of products with standard, unified and original components, as well as the proportion of standard and unified elements of the product. Component parts are understood as parts or assembly units.). 5

Components in the product can be the following:

Standard, include components manufactured in accordance with GOST, created on the basis of international and national standards;

Unified, created on the basis of the standards of organizations: 1) produced according to the standards of the enterprise, if they are used in at least two different products of this enterprise; 2) received from other enterprises in cooperation; 3) borrowed from other developments.

The indicators of standardization and unification include:

Applicability coefficient;

Repeatability coefficient;

Coefficient of mutual unification for a group of products.

Original, created for one product;

Borrowed, designed as original for a particular product, but used in two or more products.

The main indicators for assessing the level of standardization and unification are as follows:

1) the unification coefficient K un, shows the proportion of standard, unified and borrowed elements, is determined by the formula (3):

where? G st - the number of standard elements in the product;

G un - the number of unified elements in the product;

G C - the number of borrowed items in the product;

G total - the total number of elements in the product.

Let's determine the unification factor for the gas stove "GEFEST 3100":

K un \u003d (201+ 10 + 16) \u003d 0.77

2) the coefficient of applicability K pr shows what is the share of standard items N st, unified N un and borrowed, N s elements in the total number of items N o elements in the product, determined by formula (4):

where? N st - the number of items of standard elements;

N un - the number of names of unified elements;

N s - the number of names of borrowed elements;

N total - the total number of items in the product

The coefficient of applicability for the gas stove "GEFEST 3100" in accordance with the formula is:

K pr \u003d (9 + 6 + 7) / 52 \u003d 0.42

3) The repeatability coefficient K rep shows the ratio of the number of elements used in the product to the total name and is calculated by the formula (5):

where? G total - the total number of elements in the product;

N total - the total number of items in the product).6

The repeatability coefficient for the gas stove "GEFEST 3100" will be equal to:

K rep = 5.63.

Patent Law Indicators

Patent-legal indicators of product quality characterize the degree of patent protection of the product in the Russian Federation and abroad, as well as the level of patent purity of the product.

Based on these indicators, the level of patent protection of the product is determined, which is calculated on the basis of dimensionless indicators of patent protection and patent purity.

Patent-legal indicators characterize the degree of updating of the technical solutions used in the product and their patent protection and are an essential factor in determining the competitiveness of products.

The patent protection index of a product is defined as the ratio of the number of product components protected by patents and certificates in the country to the total number of components in this product. At the same time, depending on the purpose and nature of a particular product, all its components can be divided into several groups of significance, and each component of the product is assigned a weight coefficient.

The indicator of patent protection Ppz characterizes the number and weight of new domestic inventions implemented in a given object, i.e. characterizes the degree of object protection by copyright certificates of Russia and patents abroad (for Russian inventions) owned by domestic scientists and organizations, is calculated by formula (6):

PPP 2 - an indicator of the protection of an object by patents abroad, owned by Russian scientists and organizations.

PPV = 0.9 + 0.1 = 1

where Ki is the weight coefficient of the i-th component of the object, protected by copyright certificates of Russia;

Calculate the patent protection index using the known formulas:

PPP1 = 9/10 = 0.9

The indicator of patent protection of an object by patents abroad owned by Russian scientists and PPP organizations2 is determined by the formula (8):

where Kj is a weighting factor depending on the number of countries in which patents are obtained and the importance of these countries for the export of an object or the sale of licenses;

j is the weight coefficient of the j-th component of the object, protected by patents owned by Russian scientists and organizations abroad;

m is the number of components protected by patents owned by Russian scientists and organizations abroad;

N j is the number of j-th component parts of the object;

N is the total number of component parts of the object.

Ki K j Ka are determined by the expert method.

Calculate the patent protection index using the known formulas:

P PZ2 = 1/10 = 0.1

The index of patent purity of the product is determined as the difference between unity and the achieved value of the index of patent protection of the product. This indicator allows you to answer the question of how unimpeded the sale of the product is at home and abroad. A product may be patent-free in relation to any country if it does not contain technical solutions that fall under the scope of patents, certificates of exclusive rights to inventions, utility models, industrial designs and trademarks registered in that country.

Checking the patent purity of the product is carried out, as a rule, in relation to the countries of the intended export and the leading states for its production. Due to the territorial nature of the patent, the indicator under consideration should be determined separately for the Russian Federation and for each country of intended export.

In addition to the considered indicators, an indicator of the territorial distribution of patent clearance of a given product is also used, which is defined as the ratio of the number of countries in which a product has patent clearance to the number of countries where products are likely to be exported or licenses can be sold.

The patent purity index (PFC) characterizes the possibility of unhindered sale of an object in the sales markets, and is determined by formula (9):

where Kj is a weighting factor depending on the number of countries in which patents are obtained and the importance of these countries for the export of an object or the sale of licenses; Kt - coefficient of significance of the t-th component parts of the object;

S is the total number of t-th component parts of the object (the number of significance groups); Nt is the number of t-th component parts of the object subject to patents in the given country; and not protected by the acquisition of these patents

N -- the total number of component parts of the object.).8, p. 128

Let us calculate the patent purity index for the studied gas stove according to the formula (11):

It follows from this that nothing interferes with the product both on the Russian market and on the foreign one.

competitive gas stove patent

Under the level of unification of products is understood their saturation with unified constituent elements; parts, modules, nodes.

The main quantitative indicators of the level of unification of products are:

unification coefficient Ku;




coefficient of applicability Kpr;




repeatability factor Kp;




coefficient of interproject (mutual) unification of KMU.

The main source documents in calculating the level of unification are: specification, as well as statements of standard, borrowed and purchased parts. The values ​​of the coefficients obtained as a result of the calculations are compared with the values ​​of the coefficients for structurally similar products, as well as with the planned indicators. It is advisable to take indicators from the base product.

Planned indicators of the level of unification are set on the basis of technical and economic calculations, taking into account the novelty and scale of production of products. For mass-produced products, higher unification coefficients are established in comparison with products of small-scale and single-piece production.

Higher unification coefficients do not always correspond to the maximum economic effect of unification.

This is explained by the fact that with an increase in the unification coefficient, on the one hand, the cost of manufacturing the product decreases (batches of identical parts are enlarged), and on the other hand, the costs associated with a slight increase in the material consumption of products due to the use of identical parts for machines and devices increase. various standard sizes.

Determination of the indicator of the level of unification and the coefficient of interproject unification

The assessment of the level of unification is based on the correction of the following formula:
Ku \u003d (1- (H-1) / (N-1)) * 100,%. (8.7)

For convenience, this formula can be converted to the form:
, (8.8)
where N is the total number of parts in the product;
H - the number of names of standard sizes of the part;
Ku=0 in the absence of unification;
Ku \u003d 100% with full unification.

Let's check this statement:
at N=H no;
at H=1 complete unification.

In all real cases 0

Often the calculation of the Ku indicator is done not in physical units, but in value terms. Then the formula takes the following form:
% (8.9)

In this case, the following condition must be met:
, (8.10)
where - the cost of the part of the j-th name in relation to the cost of the entire product (unit cost);
n j is the number of parts of the j-th item.

Coefficient of interproject unification.

The main indicator of the level of mutual unification is the coefficient of interproject (interspecies) unification.

And aggregation (from Latin aggrego - I attach) is the principle of creating machines, devices, equipment from unified standard units (autonomous assembly units) installed in the product in various numbers and combinations. Units must be fully interchangeable in all performance indicators and connecting dimensions.

Thus, from the point of view of engineering system genetics, aggregation is a set of techniques that allow you to combine functionally related components of a product into single elements (aggregates). As a result of aggregation, a qualitative change occurs in the characteristics of individual components. The degree of reduction in the number of element-new execution during aggregation is estimated by the aggregation coefficient:
Ka=1-J/M, (8.3)
where J is the number of elements in the aggregated state;
M is the total number of elements in execution.

The selection of aggregates is carried out on the basis of a kinematic analysis of machines and their components, taking into account their use in other machines. At the same time, they strive to create the maximum number of equipment layouts from the minimum number of standard sizes of autonomous units.

Thus, aggregation is the creation of objects based on universal structural components. Aggregation is a further development of the unification method.

The most important features of aggregated equipment are:

functional completeness of the components;




constructive reversibility, i.e. the possibility of reusing components;




change in the functional properties of the aggregated product when rearranging the components.

The aggregation method is widely used in the machine tool industry. Aggregate machines when changing the production object can be easily disassembled and new machines can be assembled from the same units for processing other parts. The method of aggregation was further developed in machine-tool lines and in FAP (flexible automated production).

Domestic and foreign experience shows that with frequent replacement or modernization of manufactured products, aggregation is the most progressive design method. The principle of unification and aggregation is mandatory in the development of standards for all new equipment.

With regard to RES, aggregation is implemented as a functional-nodal method (FCM) for designing RES from modules, microcircuits and other unified functional units (UFU). The UFU series have strictly standardized electrical parameters and connecting dimensions, which allows you to assemble an almost unlimited number of devices.

Extended concept of a module.

It should be noted that the concept of "module" in various industries has received somewhat different definitions. So, in the machine tool industry, a module is understood as a reconfigurable machine tool equipped with program control devices. Unified modules in the machine tool industry are designed both for autonomous operation and for integration into a higher-ranking system - a flexible reconfigurable line.

In a general sense, the module is understood as a design concept. For example, the gearing modulus, in combination with the principle of proportionality, makes it possible to unambiguously determine all the geometric dimensions of the gearing and gear-cutting tool.

Modular strategies are one of the main directions of state policy in the creation of new types of RES.