1. Features of the design of technological processes in the conditions of automated production

The basis of production automation are technological processes (TP), which must ensure high productivity, reliability, quality and efficiency of manufacturing products.

A characteristic feature of TP processing and assembly is the strict orientation of parts and tools relative to each other in the workflow (the first class of processes). Heat treatment, drying, painting, etc., unlike processing and assembly, do not require a strict orientation of the part (the second class of processes).

TP is classified by continuity into discrete and continuous.

The development of TP AP in comparison with the technology of non-automated production has its own specifics:

1. Automated TP includes not only heterogeneous machining operations, but also pressure treatment, heat treatment, assembly, inspection, packaging, as well as transport, storage and other operations.

2. The requirements for flexibility and automation of production processes dictate the need for a comprehensive and detailed study of technology, a thorough analysis of production facilities, study of route and operating technology, ensuring the reliability and flexibility of the process of manufacturing products with a given quality.

3. With a wide range of products, technological solutions are multivariate.

4. The degree of integration of work performed by various technological departments is increasing.

Basic principles of construction of machining technology in APS

1.The principle of completeness . It should strive to perform all operations within the same APS without intermediate transfer of semi-finished products to other units or auxiliary offices.

2.The principle of low-operation technology. Formation of TP with the maximum possible consolidation of operations, with a minimum number of operations and installations in operations.

3.The principle of "small people" technology. Ensuring automatic operation of APS within the entire production cycle.

4.The principle of "no-debug" technology . Development of technical solutions that do not require debugging at work positions.

5.The principle of actively controlled technology. Organization of TP management and correction of design decisions based on working information about the TP progress. Both the technological parameters formed at the control stage and the initial parameters of the technological preparation of production (TPP) can be corrected.

6.Principle of optimality . Making a decision at each stage of the TPP and TP management based on a single optimality criterion.

In addition to those considered for APS technology, other principles are also characteristic: computer technology, information security, integration, paperless documentation, group technology.

2. Typical and group TP

The typification of technological processes for groups of parts similar in configuration and technological features provides for their manufacture according to the same technological process, based on the use of the most advanced processing methods and ensuring the achievement of the highest productivity, economy and quality. Typification is based on the rules for processing individual elementary surfaces and the rules for assigning the order in which these surfaces are processed. Typical TCs are used mainly in large-scale and mass production.

The principle of group technology underlies the technology of reconfigurable production - small- and medium-scale. In contrast to the typification of TP with group technology, a common feature is the commonality of the processed surfaces and their combinations. Therefore, group processing methods are typical for processing parts with a wide range.

Both the TP typification and the group technology method are the main directions for the unification of technological solutions that increase production efficiency.

Parts classification

Classification is carried out in order to determine groups of technologically homogeneous parts for their joint processing in a group production environment. It is carried out in two stages: primary classification, i.e. coding of the details of the production under study according to design and technological features; secondary classification, i.e., grouping of parts with the same or slightly different classification features.

When classifying parts, the following features must be taken into account: structural - overall dimensions, weight, material, type of processing and workpiece; number of processing operations; accuracy and other indicators.

Grouping of parts is performed in the following sequence: selection of a set of parts at the class level, for example, bodies of revolution for machining production; selection of a set of parts at the subclass level, for example, parts of the shaft type; classification of parts by combination of surfaces, for example, shafts with a combination of smooth cylindrical surfaces; grouping by overall dimensions with selection of areas with the maximum density of size distribution; determination according to the diagram of areas with the largest number of part names.

Manufacturability of product designs for accident conditions

The design of a product is considered manufacturable if its manufacture and operation require minimal expenditure of materials, time and money. The assessment of manufacturability is carried out according to qualitative and quantitative criteria separately for blanks, machined parts, assembly units.

The parts to be processed in the AM must be technologically advanced, i.e. simple in shape, dimensions, consist of standard surfaces and have a maximum material utilization rate.

The parts to be assembled should have as many standard connection surfaces as possible, the simplest elements of orientation of assembly units and parts.

3. Features of the design of technological processes for the manufacture of parts on automatic lines and CNC machines

An automatic line is a continuously operating complex of interconnected equipment and control systems, where full time synchronization of operations and transitions is necessary. The most effective methods of synchronization are the concentration and differentiation of TP.

Differentiation of the technological process, simplification and synchronization of transitions are the necessary conditions for reliability and productivity. Excessive differentiation leads to the complication of service equipment, an increase in areas and volume of service. An expedient concentration of operations and transitions, without practically reducing productivity, can be carried out by aggregation, using multi-tool adjustments.

To synchronize work in an automatic line (AL), a limiting tool, a limiting machine and a limiting section are determined, according to which the real AL release cycle (min) is set according to the formula

where F - the actual fund of the equipment, h; N- release program, pcs.

To ensure high reliability, the AL is divided into sections that are connected to each other through storage devices that provide the so-called flexible connection between the sections, ensuring independent operation of adjacent sections in the event of a failure in one of them. A rigid connection is maintained within the site. For hard-coupled equipment, it is important to plan the timing and duration of planned shutdowns.

CNC machines provide high precision and quality of products and can be used in the processing of complex parts with precise stepped or curved contours. This reduces the cost of processing, qualification and number of staff. Features of processing parts on CNC machines are determined by the features of the machines themselves and, first of all, their CNC systems, which provide:

1) reducing the time of adjustment and readjustment of equipment; 2) increasing the complexity of processing cycles; 3) the possibility of implementing cycle moves with a complex curvilinear trajectory; 4) the possibility of unification of control systems (CS) of machine tools with CS of other equipment; 5) the possibility of using a computer to control CNC machines that are part of the APS.

Basic requirements for the technology and organization of machining in reconfigurable APS on the example of the manufacture of basic standard parts

The development of technology in APS is characterized by an integrated approach - a detailed study of not only the main, but also auxiliary operations and transitions, including the transportation of products, their control, storage, testing, and packaging.

To stabilize and improve the reliability of processing, two main methods for constructing TP are used:

1) the use of equipment that provides reliable processing with almost no operator intervention;

2) regulation of TP parameters based on the control of products during the process itself.

To increase flexibility and efficiency, APS uses the principle of group technology.

4. Features of the development of technological process for automated and robotic assembly

Automated assembly of products is carried out on assembly machines and AL. An important condition for the development of a rational TP for automated assembly is the unification and normalization of connections, i.e., bringing them to a certain range of types and accuracy.

The execution of assembly operations should proceed from simple to complex. Depending on the complexity and dimensions of the products, the form of assembly organization is chosen: stationary or conveyor. The composition of the RTK is assembly equipment and fixtures, a transport system, operational assembly robots, control robots, and a control system.

When developing TP assembly in the RTK, a high concentration of operations is preferable, which determines the models of robots, their functions, accuracy, efficiency, and speed. It is especially important to clarify the temporal relationships of the RTC elements, since they can also determine the operational capabilities, models and number of assembly industrial robots (IRs). For this purpose, it is possible to build a cyclogram of both individual robotic workplaces and PR, and the entire RTC as a whole.

Learnable robots are robots that can adapt to various random factors that accompany programmed work. This adaptability is expressed in the adjustment of its own program on the basis of the "experience" obtained - the results of the analysis and classification of emerging deviations and methods for their elimination.

5. Speaker performance

The efficiency of automation is determined, first of all, by economic efficiency, as well as the relationship between technical and economic indicators of production. Labor productivity and labor productivity growth rate are generalized indicators of automated production (AP).

Methods for calculating and evaluating the performance of automated systems

Productivity is determined by the number of suitable parts, products, kits produced by the machine per unit of time. The processing time of a part by a machine is the reciprocal of productivity.

When calculating, analyzing and evaluating the performance of automated equipment, taking into account different types of time consumption, four types of its indicators are used.

1. Technological performance To- maximum theoretical productivity, provided that the machine is running smoothly and providing it with everything necessary:

.

2. Cycle performance Q c - theoretical performance of the machine with real idle and auxiliary strokes and in the absence of downtime (Σ t pr = 0):

,

3. Technical performance Q m - theoretical performance of the machine with real idles and taking into account its own downtime Σ t c , associated with the failure of tools, fixtures, equipment, i.e. on condition t x > 0, t vsp > 0 and Σ t c > 0:

.

4. Actual performance Q f - performance, taking into account all types of losses:

The more frequent and longer the downtime, the lower the productivity.

Productivity of automatic lines with different aggregation

On single-flow lines of sequential aggregation, unlike TP operations are concentrated, which are sequentially performed for each product.

Such lines can have a rigid inter-unit connection without inter-operational backlog storage or a flexible connection with the installation of such storage.

Rigid Link Line Technical Performance

,

where tp- the time of the cycle work moves, determined by the duration of processing at the limiting position.

SHAFT of parallel aggregation concentrate the operations of the same name of a differentiated technological process, performed on R products. During the working cycle T c is issued R products, therefore, the cycle performance of such lines

.

In mass production, two main modifications of these lines are used:

1) lines of discrete sequential automatic machines operating in parallel;

2) lines of parallel action automata operating in series.

For lines of the first modification, technical performance

.

For lines of the second modification, technical performance

.

If a multi-stream AL is divided into sections-sections according to the method of equal losses, then it is advisable to calculate the performance for the outlet section

,

where R - the number of threads of the outlet section; T c - duration of the working cycle of the outlet section; AT- off-cycle losses of one working position; q- the number of working positions in the outlet section; n y is the number of segments in the line; W is the coefficient of increase in downtime of the outlet section due to incomplete compensation of failures of the previous sections.

6. H reliability in automated production

Reliability is the ability of machines and mechanisms to perform the specified functions, while maintaining the values ​​of operational indicators over time within the specified limits, corresponding to the established modes and conditions of use. For automated systems, reliability is the ability to uninterrupted production of suitable products in the amount established by the program throughout the entire service life.

The main properties of machines that determine reliability are reliability, durability and maintainability.

P indicators and methods for assessing reliability

Reliability indicators are divided into private, which evaluate the reliability, maintainability, durability separately, and complex (generalized), which evaluate all three properties.

A particular measure of reliability is the reliability function P (t)

,

where ω( t) - failure flow parameter characterizing the probability of failures per unit of time or per operating cycle; T- period of operation of the system.

Technical resource R- equal to the total operating time for the entire service life T from commissioning to limit state (destruction, loss of accuracy):

,

where t slave i - i- I time to failure; n- number of system failures for the period T its operation; θcp i- average elimination time i- th failure, determined by the maintainability of the system.

H reliability of complex multi-element systems

When dividing a complex system into separate elements, for each of which it is possible to determine the probability of failure-free operation, structural diagrams are widely used to calculate reliability. In these diagrams, each i-th element is characterized by its probability Pi failure-free operation for a given period of time. Based on these data, the probability of failure-free operation is determined. P (t) of the entire system.

The probability of failure-free operation of such a system with independence of failures is equal to the product of the probabilities of failure-free operation of its elements:

.

To increase the reliability of complex systems, redundancy can be used when, if one of the elements fails, the backup performs its functions, and the element does not stop its operation.

T technological reliability of equipment

Technological reliability- this is the property of the equipment to keep the values ​​of indicators that determine the quality of the implementation of the technological process, within the specified limits and in time.

The quality indicators of technological equipment include its geometric accuracy, rigidity, vibration resistance and other indicators that determine the accuracy of processing, surface quality and physical characteristics of the material of the workpiece. The most effective methods for improving the technological reliability of equipment include the method of automatic adjustment and self-regulation of its parameters. When implementing this method, the changed parameters are automatically restored due to self-regulation systems, the structure of which depends on the speed of the impact of various processes on the equipment parameters.

7. Control and diagnostics in the conditions of automated production

Measures to ensure the reliable operation of automated systems are based on continuous or periodic monitoring of the progress of technological processes implemented in these systems. To implement these functions in modern production, microprocessors, laser systems, etc. are used.

Control- This is a check of the compliance of the object with the established technical requirements. Under object of technical control refers to the products subject to control, the processes of its creation, application, transportation, storage, maintenance and repair, as well as the corresponding technical documentation.

Therefore, the object can be both the product and the process of its creation.

An important condition for efficient operation in an automated mode and quick recovery of the equipment is its equipping with diagnostic tools.

O organization of automated control in production systems

Control in AP can be interoperational (intermediate), operational (directly on the machine), postoperative, final. All elements of the technological system should be subjected to automated control: a part, a cutting tool, a fixture, the equipment itself. Direct control methods are preferable, although indirect control methods are more widely used in tool control and equipment condition diagnostics.

Control in the process of processing is one of the most active forms of technical control, as it allows you to improve the quality of products while increasing labor productivity. That's why self-adjusting control systems are being developed.

Self-adjusting control is a control in which, on the basis of information obtained under changing operating conditions, the settings of the control means are automatically changed to ensure the specified accuracy with arbitrarily changing external and internal disturbances.

To control of parts and products in automated systems

Three types of control are carried out directly at the machining site:

Installation of the workpiece in the fixture;

The size of the product directly on the machine;

Output control of the part.

The control of the installation of the workpiece in the fixture can be carried out on the conveyor in front of the machine or on the machine immediately before processing. In the first case, position sensors located on the conveyor or special measuring units with robots can be used. Non-contact position sensors register the deviation of the actual position of the measured surface from the programmed one or the difference between the conditional base and the measured surface (touch sensors).

Non-contact sensors include: optical meters; laser sensors; image sensors (technical vision). Remote control of workpieces and parts during their transportation does not lengthen the production cycle, however, the most efficient is the control of workpieces and parts directly on the machine. With a slight increase in the duration of processing, it significantly improves its quality, actively influencing the processing process.

D technological system diagnostics

An important condition for efficient operation in an automated mode, rapid recovery of the equipment is to equip it with diagnostic tools.

Technical diagnostics(TD) is the process of determining in time the technical state of the diagnostic object (OD) with a certain accuracy in conditions of limited information.

With the help of TD, the following tasks are solved:

Determining the performance of technical devices;

Determination of forms of manifestation of failures;

Development of methods for localization, recognition and prediction of hidden defects without disassembly or with easy disassembly of technical devices;

8. Principles of construction and examples of automated production systems

Automated production systems are created on the basis of appropriate equipment, depending on the industry and type of production. The equipment can be universal, modular, special and specialized. These can be automatic machines, semi-automatic machines, machining centers, CNC machines.

Depending on the inter-machine transport, AL are classified as follows:

With end-to-end transport without rearrangement of the product;

With a transport system with product rearrangement;

With transport system with accumulators.

According to the types of layout (aggregation), the following AL are distinguished;

single-threaded;

Parallel aggregation;

Multithreaded;

Composed of robotic cells.

The last line has been predominantly developed due to the possibility of creating reconfigurable production facilities.

production module is called a system consisting of a unit of technological equipment, equipped with an automated program control device (PU) and automation of the technological process, autonomously functioning and having the ability to be built into a higher-level system.

A special case of PM is production cell(ПЯ) - a combination of elementary modules with common measurement systems, tooling, transport-storage and handling systems, with group control.

Automated line - a reconfigurable system consisting of several PMs and (or) PYs, united by a single transport and storage system and an automated process control system. The AL equipment (Figure 3) is placed in the accepted sequence of technological operations.

The choice of technological equipment and industrial robots in the conditions of an accident

The initial information for the selection of equipment and industrial robots (IR) is information about the manufactured parts and the organizational and technological conditions for their manufacture.

The selection and grouping of parts for manufacturing at an automated site is carried out taking into account the following characteristics:

1) structural and technological similarity of parts, i.e. similarity in overall dimensions, weight, configuration, nature of structural elements, requirements for machining accuracy and the quality of machined surfaces, the number of surfaces to be machined;

2) the maximum degree of completion of the part processing route in an automated area without interrupting the processing route to perform any specific operation (heat treatment, finishing, etc.);

3) the similarity of the equipment and tools used;

4) the presence of clearly defined signs of orientation in parts, uniform in shape and location of surfaces for basing in satellite devices or capture by gripping devices P R.

A selected group of parts, taking into account the annual production program, the size and frequency of repetition of each standard size.

The number of readjustments should ensure the loading of equipment during two-, three-shift work.

Based on the selected group of parts, taking into account the types of processing and labor intensity, the choice of the type of required equipment, fixtures, PR, the nature and route of transportation of parts is carried out. At this stage, the layout of the automated production site is determined, the capacity of the automated warehouse, the number of satellites are calculated, and the spatial arrangement of the equipment is optimized.

9. Construction of cyclograms of functioning of robotic complexes. Examples of reconfigurable automated machining systems. Requirements for tools and fixtures used in APS. Methodology for constructing cycles of functioning of a robotic technological complex

To build a cyclogram of the functioning of the RTK, it is necessary:

1) determine all movements (transitions) of the main and auxiliary equipment (robot, machine tool, drive) necessary to complete a given cycle of processing a part;

2) identify and compile a list of all the mechanisms of the main and auxiliary equipment involved in the formation of a given cycle;

3) set the initial position of the mechanisms of the robot, machine tool, conveyor;

4) draw up a sequence of equipment movements per cycle in the form of a table;

5) determine the execution time of each movement t h :

where α i , is the angle of rotation of the mechanisms, li, is the linear movement of the mechanisms, mm; ω i , υ i are, respectively, the passport speeds of the angular, °/s, and linear, mm/s, movement of the mechanisms along the corresponding coordinate.

Examples of reconfigurable automated systems for the manufacture of standard parts

Processing of standard parts is carried out according to standard technical processes, which makes it necessary to use certain types of metal-cutting machines in automated systems.

In the RTC for processing parts such as bodies of revolution, milling-centering, turning and grinding machines with CNC, serviced by PR, predominate. CNC milling and drilling machines, multi-purpose machines of the “machining center” type, combined with a transport and accumulation system, prevail in the RTK for processing body parts.

Automated reconfigurable systems such as ASK are RTK, including sets of CNC equipment for processing body parts, united by a single transport-accumulation system and a computer-based control system. Sections of the ASK type are designed for roughing and finishing of body parts in small-scale production.

CNC machines perform milling, boring, drilling, threading and other operations. In addition to these machines, sections of the ASC type may include a coordinate marking machine with digital indication and a CNC control and measuring machine.

For the processing of body parts at ASC, multi-purpose CNC machines with automatic tool change are used. The layout of the machines makes it possible to process parts from four sides in one setting with the accuracy of bored holes according to H 7- H 8 and Ra 1.25...2.5 µm.

Requirements for tools and fixtures used in APS

Tooling must be more rigid, massive and vibration-resistant than in non-automated production.

To ensure the specified accuracy, the cutting tool must have a number of properties:

1) high cutting ability and reliability when using the most advanced tool materials;

2) increased accuracy due to the manufacture of tools according to special toughened standards;

3) versatility, which allows processing complex parts in one automatic cycle;

4) high rigidity and vibration resistance;

5) quick change;

6) the possibility of automatic tuning and subtuning.

To install parts in the AP, automated stationary attachments are used. and accessories-satellites. There are 3 types of stationary attachments: special (single-purpose, non-reconfigurable), specialized (narrow-purpose, limitedly reconfigurable), universal (multi-purpose, widely reconfigurable). As a stationary accessory and interchangeable adjustments of accessories-satellites in reconfiguration. multi-product production, standard attachment systems are used: universal-prefabricated, universal-adjustment, collapsible, specialized adjustment, etc. These attachments. consist of a basic unit and adjustments, a cat. mounted on the base unit and adjusted directly on the machine table or pallet bottom plate. The clamping mechanism drives must provide the ability to adjust the clamping force within certain limits. This requirement is met by hydraulic drives, pneumatic hydraulic drives and pneumatic drives.

The number of clamps in the device should be minimal (one - two).

10. Boot devices of automated systems. Shoploaders. Bunker loading devices. Cut-offs and single-piece dispensing mechanisms

Loading devices of automated systems are a group of target mechanisms, including elevators, conveyors-distributors, mechanisms for receiving and issuing products, tray systems, diverting conveyors, inter-operational drives (bunker and store), auto-operators.

Shoploaders depending on the method of transportation can be divided into 3 classes: gravity; forced (shops-transporters); semi-gravity. In store devices of all classes, parts are stored and issued in an oriented state from the moment they arrive. In self-flowing (gravitational) MSDs, workpieces move under the action of gravity. Such magazines are used to supply workpieces close to each other, and workpieces of a special shape - in a discharge, i.e. with an interval, for which each workpiece is placed in a separate nest or between the grips of the transporting element. Workpieces are moved by rolling or sliding.

In forced MZU and transport devices, the workpieces are moved by means of drive mechanisms in any direction and at any speed. With devices of this type, it is possible to transport workpieces with the help of carrier means (conveyors) or special grippers close and in a discharge, individually or in portions. The most widely used devices are those with orbital movement of the working bodies for moving the workpiece, with rotating smooth rolls, single- and twin-screw, inertial, drum, carousel, etc.

In semi-gravity MSDs, workpieces slide along a plane located at an angle much smaller than the friction angle. The workpieces move due to an artificial decrease in the friction force between the sliding surfaces during the transverse oscillation of the bearing surface or as a result of the formation of an air cushion between the sliding surfaces.

Bunker loading devices are containers with oriented blanks arranged in one or more rows. The absence of gripping and orienting devices and the manual orientation of the workpieces should be considered a feature of the BZU. BZU differ from one another in the location, the nature of the movement of blanks in them and the method of issuing blanks. As a rule, blanks of simple shapes are stored and issued in bunkers: bolts, washers, caps.

The blanks are concentrated in bulk in the bunker, so their automatic capture (tedding) and orientation are required for subsequent loading onto the equipment. The bunkers can have either one container for the accumulation and capture of blanks, or two containers: one for accumulating a stock of blanks, and the other for issuing oriented blanks.

The most widely used vibration BZU (vibrobunkers). The principle of operation of the vibrobunker is based on the use of the translational movement of workpieces in the process of their vibration. There are vibrobunkers for vertical lifting of parts with directional and free suspension of the tray or bowl. The calculation of such a vibrobunker is carried out on the basis of the conditions of the required productivity, the size of the workpieces, their weight, the approximate capacity of the bunker and other factors.

Cutters - piece-by-piece dispensing mechanisms - designed to separate one workpiece (or several workpieces) from the general flow of workpieces coming from the accumulator, and to ensure the movement of this workpiece (or workpieces) into the working area of ​​​​the equipment or onto the conveyor. According to the trajectory of movement, cutters with reciprocating, oscillatory and rotational types of movement are distinguished. Pins, strips, cams, screws, drums, disks with grooves are used as blank cutters.

Feeders are designed for forced movement of oriented workpieces from the accumulator to the clamping device area or to the transporting device. Feeder designs are varied; their shape, dimensions, drive of moving parts depend on the design of the equipment, the relative position of the tool and the workpiece, on the shape, size and material of the supplied workpieces.

Cut-offs and feeders are part of automatic loading devices (ZU) - autooperators. Autooperators are special target storage devices, which consist of a feeder, a cutter, a pusher, an ejector (puller), a diverting device. These devices are special, i.e. are used to serve one or a number of similar operations. Autooperators perform reciprocating, oscillatory movement of workpieces into the processing zone. At the same time, the autooperator's work time is strictly synchronized with the work of the serviced equipment. Autoop-ry can have mechanical, magnetic, electromagnetic, vacuum grippers.

11. Transport and storage systems of automated production. Requirements, main types and examples of executions

Transport devices of automated systems are designed to move parts from position to position, distribute parts along flows, rotate and orient parts. All transport devices are divided into automated systems with rigid and flexible connections.

With a rigid connection include: a) step conveyors; b) rotary tables and tilters; c) reloaders; d) rainers; e) satellite devices; e) mechanisms for the return of devices-satellites.

With flexible connection include: a) conveyor-distributors; b) trays; c) flow dividers; d) lifts; e) transport robots; e) rhythm feeders. As an integral part of the transport mechanisms with a flexible connection include: a) storage conveyors; b) storage stores; c) storage bins. And also include vehicles of reconfigurable automated systems.

Technical means of HPS are divided into two groups: main equipment and auxiliary.

Main serves to move goods in the conditions of automated production - these are rack and overhead cranes - stackers, transport PR, conveyors, drives, reloading and orienting devices, transport and storage containers, automated control systems.

Auxiliary - these are pushers, orientators, lifts, feeders, addressers.

In addition, under the conditions of automated production, overhead transport, floor conveyors, conveyors, and trolley transport are widely used. To overhead transport include:

Overhead conveyors for intra-shop and inter-operational movements of parts up to 2 tons at a distance of up to 1000 m;

Suspended monorails for intrashop cargo flows (maximum load capacity up to 20 tons);

Monorail transport robots with devices for moving products up to 300 kg;

Suspended roads with an electric tractor and trailer trucks with a load capacity of up to 500 kg.

To floor conveyors and conveyors for in-line production include:

Roller tables (driven and non-driven inclined) for interoperational movement of products up to 1200kg;

Belt conveyors for transporting small parts up to 250 kg with a small release cycle;

Trolley conveyors used to transport products in the assembly area, less often in mechanical areas. Depending on the dimensions of the products, closed conveyors are used vertically (up to 8000 kg) and horizontally (up to 1000 kg);

Stepping conveyors with pulsating movement of products during assembly, the carrying capacity of these conveyors is up to 7 tons with relatively small dimensions and simple design.

To floor trolley intrashop transport relate :

Electric forklifts and electric carts (electric cars) with a carrying capacity of up to 0.5 tons;

Electric stackers floor with a loading capacity up to 2 t;

Transport floor PR (rail and railless), mounted on trolleys and controlled according to the program.

As drives can be used automated warehouses serviced by stackers and transport PR, and interoperational storage stores (floor and hanging). Stores-accumulators are used in mass production for parts such as bodies of revolution. Suspended drives are used mainly for body parts, for parts of complex configuration.

The system of interconnected transport and storage devices used at the AP for stowage, storage, temporary accumulation, unloading and delivery of labor items, technological equipment is called an automated transport and storage system (ATSS).

There are two main design options for building ATSS: with combined and separate transport and storage subsystems.

The main types of automated warehouses:

a) cell racks with an automatic stacker crane or overhead stacker crane;

b) gravity racks with a stacker crane; c) elevator racks;

d) suspended in combination with a pushing conveyor with automatic addressing of loads.

The most common warehouses with rack stacker robots, because they are very productive, take up little space, and are easier to automate.

12. Automation of assembly operations. Robots used in assembly operations. The structure of the automated assembly process

Automated assembly of products is carried out on assembly machines and AL. An important condition for the development of a rational TP for automated assembly is the unification and normalization of connections. Based on the unification and normalization of connections in assembly units and products, standard assembly processes (operations and transitions) are developed that are performed on standard assembly equipment using standard tools and fixtures.

The main difference in robotic production is the replacement of assemblers by assembly robots and the execution of control by control robots or automatic control devices.

Robotic assembly should be performed on the principle of complete interchangeability or (less often) on the principle of group interchangeability. The possibility of fitting, adjustment is excluded.

The execution of assembly operations should proceed from simple to complex. Depending on the complexity and dimensions of the products, the form of assembly organization is chosen: stationary or conveyor.

The composition of the RTK is assembly equipment and fixtures, a transport system, operational assembly robots, control robots, and a control system.

When developing TP assembly in the RTK, a high concentration of operations is preferable, which determines the models of robots, their functions, accuracy, efficiency, and speed. It is especially important to clarify the temporal relationships of the RTC elements, since they can also determine the operational capabilities, models and number of assembly industrial robots (IRs).

Learnable robots are robots that can adapt to various random factors that accompany programmed work.

Industrial robots built on a block-modular basis.

The structure of the algorithm includes a number of steps.

1. Preparation of geometric models of assembled parts in the environment of a graphical CAD package (when designing an assembly complex, you can always select a group of equipment serviced by one SR, and, accordingly, we perform a lot of movements for this in order to design a UE for them).

2. Simulation of the disassembly of the assembled product with the recording of intermediate points of local trajectories in an array of points from the condition of the absence of collisions of the disassembled parts in the required area or point in space (other conditions and restrictions from the external environment may also be imposed).

3. Choice of the optimal sequence of reference points of the local trajectory according to some criterion.

4. Obtaining a vector for hinge variables at each point from the SR kinematic equation when solving the inverse kinematic problem for each reference point of the trajectory.

5. Formation of the control action on the executive mechanisms of the SR.

As a result of the enlarged design of the assembly operation, it is not difficult to program the movements of the manipulator and the control logic outside the local movement trajectories using one of the known methods. At the same time, local movements of the connection phase are carried out under significant limitations of the technological environment and require complex trajectories that combine movement along different degrees of mobility. Such a trajectory, if it is possible to program it, requires multiple debugging, since it is performed without taking into account the real speeds and accelerations of the links.

14. Industrial robots in modern engineering. Main classification features. Stages of development. Examples of the most widely used kinematic schemes of industrial robots

The use of robots in modern industrial production is due not only to the desire to increase productivity, but also to the need to ensure high product quality and stability of this indicator for large batches.

The use of robots is also due to:

The continuous decline in the cost of robots against the backdrop of rising labor costs

Lack of qualified labor force in a number of professions

The release of workers from heavy, intensive and monotonous labor, especially in assembly operations

Reducing the impact of harmful production (welding, painting) on ​​the health of workers.

The use of robots in modern manufacturing operations

Classification features

1. by level of development

1st generation - with a rigid algorithm of work

2nd generation - with function correction (note in modern production)

3rd generation - robots with elements of artificial intelligence.

2. by technological purpose

The main ones - produce a direct impact on the object of labor (welding, painting, assembly robot)

Auxiliary - perform auxiliary technological functions (loading / unloading, equipment maintenance)

3. by load capacity

With small G - up to 2 kg

With average G - from 2 to 50 kg

With high G - over 50 kg

4. by the number of degrees of freedom

With low mobility 1-3

With an average of 3-6

High over 6

5. positioning accuracy

systems of absolute accuracy and systems of relative accuracy.

6. according to the type of coordinate system used

Cartesian (simple robots)

spherical

Cylindrical

Polar

7. by drive type

Hydraulic + forces - dimensions

Pneumatic + precision - effort

Electric

Combined

8. by type of use of control systems

With cycle SU

From positional SU

With contour SU

Stages of development of complex automation:

1. automation of the work cycle, the creation of automatic and semi-automatic machines. The appearance of automata was a logical consequence of the development and improvement of the design, working machines

2. automation of the machine system, the creation of automatic lines that combine the performance of a variety of processing, control, assembly, packaging, etc. operations.

3. automatic workshops and factories should be created

The stages of development of automation are determined by the trends of industrial production.

Kinematic schemes of industrial robots

1. kinematic diagram of the koromysov anthropomorphic 6-movable manipulator

0 - basic base

1 - rotary carousel

2 - karamysl

3 - base of the hand

5 - brush

6 - flange for mounting a slave tool

2. kinematic diagram of a parallel anthropomorphic manipulator

0 - basic base

1 - rotary column

2 - drive lever

3 - drive rack

4 - base of the hand

6 - brush

7 - tool mounting flange

15. Measuring transducers. Types of sensors. Main characteristics of sensors. Static characteristics of sensors. Transient processes in measuring transducers. Concepts of sensitivity, accuracy and measurement ranges

Measurements are made using measuring transducers, using certain physical principles.

On the object of measurement is usually taken out sensor, which consists of one or more measuring transducers. A sensor is a device that perceives a measured parameter and generates an appropriate signal in order to transmit it for further use or registration.

According to the principle of measurement:

Absolute

Cyclic

By type of output:

Discrete (pulse or digital)

Analog (output signal in the form of voltage or phase data)

Sensors can be:

Passive (parametric) for the operation of which an external energy source is required:

resistor, inductive, transformer, capacitive sensors

Active (generator)

piezoelectric, thermoelectric, induction, photoelectric sensors

Sensor types:

Strain gauge (1,2,3,4,5,6)

Potentiometric (1,2,3,4,5)

Differential transformer (2,3,4,5)

Thermocouple (7)

Capacitive (1,2,3,5,6)

Eddy current (2,3,4)

Magnetoresistive (2.3)

Piezoelectric (1,2,4,5,6)

Thermistor (7)

Options: 1-Pressure; 2-Move; 3-Position; 4-speed; 5-Acceleration; 6-Vibration; 7-Temperature

Sensitivity- a value showing how much the output value will change when the input changes.

Measurement accuracy- shows how close the value of the measured value is to the value of the true value.

Range - the difference between the maximum and minimum values ​​of the measured value.

The static characteristic is understood as the dependence of m / d by the steady input and output values

X-input Y-output

a) output quantities proportional the steady value of the input quantity.

B) a sensor with a dead zone

c) sensor with deadband and output saturation

d) a sensor with a dead zone at the input, with saturation at the output and with a hysteresis loop

called hysteresis the difference between the nature of the correspondence of the output value to the input value in the forward and reverse course of the change in the input value.

Nonlinear static characteristics of sensors

c) Idealized relay static characteristic

d) relay static characteristic with hysteresis

16. Resistive sensors . Electrocontact sensors

They are built on the basis of electrocontact transducers that convert mechanical movement into a closed or open state of contacts that control an electrical circuit.

At the start of processing details when her size largest, the measuring rod of the control device is in the extreme (upper) position. The first pair of preconfigured contacts is closed. As the controlled size of the workpiece decreases, the measuring rod of the transducer moves and the rocker begins to rotate. The first pair of contacts opens, as a result of which a command is generated and given to change the operating mode, for example, to switch from roughing to finishing. With further removal of the allowance (already during finishing), the measuring rod continues to move, and the rocker arm rotates until the second pair of pre-configured contacts closes. This means that the specified size has been reached and processing is stopped.

Pneumoelectrocontact sensors

For non-contact precise measurement of dimensions. The principle of operation is based on measuring the resistance to air flow through a calibrated nozzle located at a certain distance from the surface. This distance is the controlled value.

If the hole size is within tolerance, then the air pressure in the right and left knees of the sensor is approximately the same and the sensor does not give any commands.

If the diameter of the hole is less than the specified one, then the gap between the plug gauge and the nozzle hole will be small and the pressure in the right knee of the sensor will increase From the sensor, then a discrete signal “Size is underestimated” will follow.

If the hole turned out to be larger than the specified one, the pressure in the right knee of the sensor will become less than in the left one, the left bellows will stretch, and the right bellows will shrink. The discrete signal "Size is too high" will then follow from the sensor.

Rheostatic sensors and contact resistance sensors

rheostatic sensors are called sensors, which are built on the basis of transducers, which are a rheostat, the engine of which moves under the action of a measured non-electric quantity. The input value is the mechanical displacement of the engine, and the output value is the change in resistance.

Sensors whose ohmic resistance changes under the influence of force factors are also contact resistance sensors. The principle of operation of the transducers used to build such sensors is based on the change under the action of mechanical pressure of electrical resistance between conductive elements separated by layers of poorly conductive material.

An example of an electrical resistance sensor is a conventional carbon microphone that converts acoustic pressure fluctuations into electrical resistance fluctuations, which are further converted into electrical signal fluctuations.

Strain gauges (strain gauges)

The work of strain gauges is based on the phenomenon of the strain effect, which consists in changing the resistance of conductors and semiconductors during their mechanical deformation. Strain gauges come in a variety of sizes and have a minimum length of approximately 0.025 cm.

Strain gauges are fixed on the surface of the test sample or mounted in the material, the deformation of which is measured. They are capable of measuring strains of the order of 1 µm.

Strain gauges can be of three different types: wire, foil and semiconductor. Wire load cells can be pasted and non-adhesive, and semiconductor pasted or diffusion.

Thermistors, thermocouples and magnetoresistive sensors

Thermistors- These are varieties of parametric resistive sensors that change their resistance in accordance with changes in the measured temperature.

Thermistors are of two types: semiconductor and metal .

There are two ways to measure temperature with thermistors:

1.The temperature is determined by the environment.

2. The temperature is determined by the cooling conditions of the thermistor heated by a constant current. Such a scheme is used, for example, to build sensors for the flow of liquid or gas, the thermal conductivity of the environment, the density of the surrounding gas.

Physical phenomena during the piezoelectric effect

A mechanical action applied in a certain way to a piezoelectric crystal generates an electrical voltage in it. This phenomenon is called direct piezo effect. Conversely, an electrical voltage applied to a piezoelectric crystal causes its mechanical deformation, which is back piezoelectric effect.

The piezoelectric effect has sign sensitivity. Piezoelectricity is observed both in single-crystal materials, such as quartz, tourmaline, lithium niobate, Rochelle salt, etc., and in polycrystalline materials, such as barium titanate, lead titanate, lead zirconate, etc.

Let us consider the physical phenomena that occur during the piezoelectric effect using the example of a well-known piezocrystalline material - quartz, as shown in Fig. one.

To obtain good piezoelectric properties, quartz crystals must be precisely oriented. The natural forms of crystals are also limited to the simplest configurations, such as plates or disks.

Rice. 1. Longitudinal schemes (a) and transverse (b) compression and shear (c) in a quartz crystal

Cell deformation does not affect the electrical state along the axis Y . Here the sum of the polarization vectors is equal to zero due to symmetry.

Formation of polarization charges on faces perpendicular to the axis X , under the influence of a force directed along this axis X , called longitudinal piezo effect.

The effect of the formation of electric charges on faces perpendicular to mechanically loaded ones is called transverse piezo effect.

When the crystal is uniformly loaded from all sides (for example, under hydrostatic compression), the quartz crystal remains electrically neutral. The quartz crystal also remains electrically neutral under mechanical loading acting along the Z axis, perpendicular to the axes X and Y . This axis is called optical axis of the crystal.

Under the mechanical action of shear, as shown in Fig. one, in, geometric sum of projections of vectors R 2 and R 3 per axle X turns out to be equal to the third vector directed along the axis X , and on the faces perpendicular to the axis X , no polarization charges. However, projections of vectors R 2 and R 3 per axle Y are not equal to each other, and a charge appears on the faces perpendicular to the Y axis.

In addition to natural crystals like quartz or tourmaline, piezoceramics can also be used to obtain the piezoelectric effect.

Design principles for the construction of piezoelectric sensors

The advantages of piezoelectric transducers are their small size, reliability in operation, simplicity of design, the ability to measure variables, including high-frequency values, and a very high accuracy of converting mechanical stresses into an electrical signal.

18. Hall effect and its use for building sensors

The Hall effect transducer is a magnetic effect transducer and is used to measure the strength of a magnetic field. The Hall effect occurs to varying degrees in all materials. The essence of the Hall effect is shown in Fig. 3.

If a semiconductor wafer of unit thickness is placed in a magnetic field with strength AT, and a current of magnitude I flows along it, and at the same time the electric field strength vector makes a right angle with the magnetic field strength vector, then charge carriers (electrons and ions) moving inside this semiconductor plate, forming an electric current, will be acted upon by a force directed along their plane motion and perpendicular to the vector of the magnetic field. This means that the motion of charge carriers will deviate from a straight line and a potential difference will appear on the side faces of the plate U o , defined by the expression:

U 0 = K H IB

Rice. 3. Hall effect

They can be used to measure angular and linear displacements, electric currents, etc.

Rice. four a - Schematic diagram of a pressure sensor based on the Hall effect.

When the pressure rises R permanent magnet 2 placed on an elastic membrane 1 sensor, moves relative to the sensing element 3, based on the Hall effect. As a result, an output voltage appears on the sensor plates U H about 0.5 V, within certain limits proportional to the input displacement. The linear part of the static characteristic of the sensor is shown in fig. four b.

Rice. 4 Hall effect pressure sensor

19. Capacitive transducers

Physical principles of construction of capacitive transducers

The essence of the operation of capacitive measuring transducers is to change their electrical capacitance under the action of the measured physical quantity, which, in turn, is reflected in the value of their input signal.

The electric capacitance of a capacitor formed by parallel plates is determined by the formula

С=ε o εn ( n -1)( A / a )

where n is the number of plates; A is the area of ​​one side of the plate; d is the thickness of the dielectric located between the plates; ε 0 , is the relative permittivity of this dielectric; ε n - vacuum permittivity, i.e. well-defined constant.

To measure displacements less than 1 mm, capacitive transducers with a variable distance between the plates are used. To measure displacements greater than 1 mm, transducers with variable plate overlap are most commonly used.

Capacitive transducers can be used for both static and dynamic measurements, but are mainly used in stationary conditions for bench studies and precision measurements of physical quantities.

Design principles for the construction of capacitive sensors of mechanical quantities

Capacitive sensors are widely used to measure mechanical quantities such as vibrations, displacements, speeds, accelerations, forces, torques and pressures.

A common device that converts acoustic vibrations of the surrounding air into the corresponding electrical signals is a capacitive microphone (Fig. 6.

Rice. 6. Structural diagram of a capacitive microphone

Structural diagram of a capacitive microphone, which contains placed in the housing 1 membrane 2 of electrically conductive material, fixed plate 3, mounted on a dielectric 4, and damping layer 5. When the acoustic pressure changes, the membrane 2 deformed and its distance to the plate changes 3. As a result, there is a change in the electrical capacitance of the microphone, which is used.

Design principles for the construction of capacitive liquid level sensors

Two cases are distinguished: when the liquid, the level of which is measured and regulated, is a dielectric and when this liquid is a conductor.

On fig. 10 shows a structural diagram for measuring the level of a liquid, which is a dielectric, using a capacitive transducer.

Rice. 10. Structural scheme of capacitive level measurement of liquid-dielectric

Design principles for the construction of capacitive sensors of medium parameters

Capacitive sensors are widely used to measure various environmental parameters. One of the most important parameters of this kind is the pressure of a liquid or gas.

20. Optoelectronic converters

Basic properties of optical radiation

Optoelectronics combines optical and electronic measurement methods. Based on optoelectronic converters, pressure, force, displacement, speed, acoustic parameters, electric and magnetic field strength sensors have been created.

Optical radiation is electromagnetic waves in the wavelength range from 0.001 to 1000 microns. This wavelength range is usually divided into three subranges - the ultraviolet region, the visible light region and the infrared radiation region.

Three systems of quantities are used to describe optical phenomena: energy, light, and quantum.

A single frequency stream is called monochromatic.

If the waves of individual radiations that make up the flow are in the same phase with respect to each other, then such a flow is called coherent.

When the light flux passes through the interface between two media, its direction changes, the so-called light refraction

There are two main methods for measuring the parameters of optical radiation: the radiometry method and the photometry method.

The radiometry method makes it possible to determine the energy of optical radiation by absorbing and converting it in an appropriate sensor, followed by determining the temperature change.

The photometry method is based on the visual sensation of changes in visible light, and the main sensitive element in this case is the human eye.

natural light source is the sun. Incandescent lamps with a tungsten filament are widely used.

Currently, laser radiation sources are being used more and more widely. Lasers are gas, solid-state and semiconductor. The most widespread are gas lasers, which are characterized by monochromaticity and polarization of the coherent light emitted by them.

Receivers radiation can be divided into two groups: integral and selective. To integral include radiation receivers based on the conversion of radiation energy into temperature, regardless of its wavelength. To selective include photoelectric converters tuned to one or another specific wavelength of radiation. These include converters that use the phenomena of internal and external photoelectric effect: photoresistors, photodiodes, vacuum and gas-filled photocells, photomultipliers, etc.

There are radiation receivers made in the form of a strip of two different metals that form a thermocouple. There are also radiation receivers made in the form of a strip or rod made of metal or semiconductor, which changes its resistance depending on temperature ( bolometer).

fiber optics

LEDs and semiconductor lasers are most often used as light sources, and semiconductor photodiodes are used as receivers.

The transmission of a light signal through an optical fiber is based on the phenomenon of total internal reflection.

Basic design schemes of optoelectronic converters

In machining production and in related research, it is most convenient to use amplitude modulation optical radiation.

Can be done through:

Weakening of the light signal in the medium when the absorption coefficient changes;

Changes in the cross section of the optical channel;

Generation of additional radiation under the influence of a measured physical factor;

Changes in reflectance or absorptivity when the refractive index changes or when total internal reflection is violated.

In automated production, the quality control of the machined surface is carried out using roughness sensors, the principle of operation of which is based on the scattering of a light beam.

Optical methods are quite widely used for pressure measurements. The scheme is shown in fig. 6. Between LED 7 and two photodetectors 2 and 3 curtain placed 4, blocking the radiation flux that falls on one of the photodetectors 2 or 3. blind 4 rigidly mounted on an elastic membrane 5, receiving the measured pressure. In order to overlap the light flux between the LED 1 and photodetectors 2 and 3, enough to move the curtain 4 to fractions of a millimetre.

Rice. 6. Scheme of the simplest optical pressure sensor

A common disadvantage of the said method of optical measurement of the flow velocity is that, being placed in a fluid flow, the sensors cause perturbations in this flow. Such distortions can be avoided by using non-contact measurement methods based on the use of a laser (using the so-called laser anemometers).

The essence of laser methods is that the laser beam is divided in a translucent mirror into two beams, which are focused at one point within the transparent section of the pipeline. After passing through the liquid, the light scattered by it enters the photomultiplier, where it is converted into a voltage proportional to the measured flow rate of the liquid.

21. Electromagnetic converters

Basic principles of work

Electromagnetic converters are one or more circuits through which electric currents can flow in a magnetic field.

Electromagnetic converters are characterized by such parameters as the magnitude and direction of currents flowing through the circuit, flux linkage and inductance. The output value for such converters can be inductance, electromagnetic force and EMF induced in the circuit.

Rice. 1. Schemes of electromagnetic converters

Rice. 1a is a schematic diagram of an inductive converter with a ferromagnetic core. Inductance L depends on the position of the core, which is the input value of the sensor. Transducers whose output value depends on an external magnetic field are called magneto-modulation.

Rice. one b- circuit diagram magnetoelastic converter. Under the action of the applied force, the ferromagnetic core is deformed, as a result of which its magnetic permeability changes. Such transducers are often used to measure forces and pressures.

Rice. 1c - such converters are called magnetoelectric and are used in measuring systems of electromechanical devices.

Rice. 1d - a ferromagnetic core is drawn into a circuit (coil) with current in such a way that the inductance of the circuit is minimal. The pulling force is proportional to the square of the current. Such transducers are used in electromagnetic measuring instruments.

Rice. one d - shows how ferromagnetic cores are used to amplify the electromagnetic field and concentrate it in a certain area. through winding 1 an alternating current passes, and in the frame 2 EMF is induced, the value of which depends on the angle of rotation of this frame.

In industry, inductive transducers are used with variable gap(for measuring displacements from fractions of a micron to several millimeters), with variable gap area(for measuring displacements up to 15...20 mm) and with movable cylindrical core(inductive solenoid-type transducers for measuring displacements up to 2000 mm).

There are also inductive transducers transformer type. Such converters are devices in which an input movement changes the amount of inductive coupling between two winding systems, one of which is fed by the basic alternating current, and the other is output.

Such a transducer has found wide application for measuring strains and forces.

The positive quality of inductive transducers is that they have a large output signal and can be used without an amplifier. Inductive transducers are widely used in devices for active control of the dimensions of the workpiece, especially in finishing methods.

Eddy current and magnetoelastic transducers

Operating principle eddy current converters consists in changing the inductance and mutual inductance of the coils when a conducting body approaches them.

There are three types of eddy current transducers:

- invoices(Fig. 3 a);

- screen(Fig. 3 b);

- slotted(Fig. 3 in).

An eddy current transducer consists of a coil whose magnetic field is distorted when a conductive plate or conductive coating is approached.

Such transducers are used to control the linear dimensions and thickness of thin plates and coatings, as well as to detect internal defects and all kinds of cracks, delaminations, scratches and pits.

Eddy current transducers are characterized by relatively low sensitivity and the presence of errors due to changes in the electrical properties of the conducting body.

To build sensors of non-electric quantities in mechanical engineering, the physical phenomenon of changing the magnetic permeability of ferromagnetic bodies under the action of a mechanical load applied to them (tension, compression, bending, torsion) is also used. This is the basis for the construction of the so-called magnetoelastic converters.

Magnetoelastic materials are characterized by relative elastic sensitivity S , which is equal to

S μ =( Δ / μ )/ δ

where Δ / μ - relative increment of magnetic permeability; δ - mechanical stress in the ferromagnetic material, which caused this increment of magnetic permeability.

All magnetoelastic transducers are divided into two groups.

The first group includes transducers in which the magnetic permeability of the sensitive element is measured in one direction.

In the converters of the second group, the change in magnetic permeability is measured, which occurs simultaneously in two mutually perpendicular directions.

Magnetoelastic transducers are used to measure forces, pressures, torques. They are highly reliable as they do not contain moving parts and can measure both static and dynamic loads.

Rotary transformers and resolvers, linear and circular inductosyns

A device used to convert the angle of rotation of one coil with respect to another into a phase shift of one alternating sinusoidal voltage relative to the phase of another alternating sinusoidal voltage of the same frequency is the so-called rotating transformer.

The rotating transformer is an induction micromachine similar to a two-phase asynchronous motor with a phase rotor. A sine-cosine rotary transformer is also called resolver.

Another common type of sensors used to measure programmable coordinate movements in CNC machines are the so-called linear and circular inductosins.

The linear inductosyn consists of two scales, one of which is mounted on the movable and the other on the fixed nodes of the machine.

Stages and means of production automation

The forerunner of automation was the complex mechanization of production, during which the physical functions of a person in the production process were performed using manual mechanisms. At the same time, human labor was facilitated physically, and the control of mechanisms became its main activity. Mechanization is aimed at facilitating the conditions of human labor and increasing its productivity.

As mechanization develops, the task of fully or partially automating the control of mechanisms arises. As a result of solving this problem, technological machines are created that are capable of performing production functions to a greater or lesser extent without human intervention. The emergence and spread of technological machines laid the foundation for the automation of production.

In the development of automation, a number of successive stages can be distinguished, each of which is characterized by the emergence of new automation tools and the expansion of the composition of production automation objects. On an enlarged basis, in relation to industrial production, the following main stages of automation can be distinguished.

1. Mass production automation. In the mass production of industrial products, the task of increasing labor productivity is particularly acute. Here, significant costs for automation tools are possible, since being related to a unit of production (with a large number of units of production), they lead to an acceptable increase in its price.

As a result, it becomes expedient to create and use in the production of specialized and special technological machines. Each such machine is designed for a single technological operation or a limited set of technological operations in the production of a particular product. The task of restructuring the machine for the production of other products is either set to a limited extent, or not set at all.

The main goal of automation is to obtain maximum productivity. The technological process of manufacturing a product is divided into simple operations of short duration, which can be performed in parallel on different technological machines.

Production lines are created from technological machines in accordance with the sequence of technological operations of the product manufacturing process. A further increase in the level of automation is achieved by automating inter-operational transport and intermediate storage (inter-operational stores of semi-finished products). The result of such complex automation of the technological process is the creation of automatic lines.

The automatic line implements in automatic mode the technological process of manufacturing a certain product. An automatic line to achieve the highest productivity is built from special and specialized equipment. The creation and implementation of an automatic line requires a lot of time and material costs, therefore, such lines are cost-effective only in mass production of products, when the same product is produced continuously in large quantities in unchanged form for a number of years. Automatic lines have limited opportunities for changeover to the manufacture of other products, or such opportunities are not provided at all.

Since the use of automatic lines and cyclic technological machines is limited to mass and large-scale production, the volumes of automated production based on them are correspondingly limited. According to various estimates, the volume of mass and large-scale production is from 15 to 20% of the total production, and this share tends to decrease. Consequently, the level of production automation with the help of automatic lines and cycle machines can be no more than 15–20%. In reality, this level is even lower.

Cyclic technological machines and automatic lines are among the means of "hard" automation. With their help, it is possible to achieve very high labor productivity, but the scope of such tools is limited, and only on their basis, full automation of production is impossible.

2. Automation of the main processing operations of multi-product production. Multiproduct production involves the manufacture of various products in batches of a limited volume in a limited time. The range of products and volumes of batches can vary widely: from single items to batches of medium-scale production.

In multi-product production, technological equipment should be largely universal and provide readjustment and restructuring for the manufacture of various products (within the technological capabilities of the equipment). In the case of automated production, such readjustment and restructuring should be carried out automatically with a minimum amount of manual operations or with their complete elimination.

Fulfillment of the listed conditions defines "flexible" automation. The basic principle of flexible automation is the principle of programmatic control of technological equipment. The operating cycle of the technological machine is then set by a control program containing a coded description of the sequence of cycle elements using certain symbols. The control program is developed separately from the controlled equipment and is drawn up on some machine medium, which allows it to be read by the automatic control device of the technological machine.

For the first time, this principle (which arose and improved during computer control) was implemented for the automation of metal-cutting machine tools. Machine tools with numerical control (CNC) appeared and began to be widely distributed. The first models of CNC machines, due to insufficient perfection, required, when changing the working cycle, not only the replacement of the control program, but also some manual operations for readjustment. Such machines turned out to be effective when processing batches of the same type of parts with a volume of at least 50–100 pieces. As CNC principles and technical solutions improved, this limit was constantly reduced, and at present CNC machines are effective even in individual production.

Initially, CNC machines were created for certain types of machining. Subsequently, multi-operational CNC machines with automatic change of the processing tool (machining centers) became widespread.

CNC machines allow you to automate the process of processing parts and are flexible, because they can be reconfigured to process parts of a different shape by replacing the control program. This circumstance makes it possible, for example, to automate the process of changeover of the machine and, consequently, increases the level of production automation.

The principle of CNC, due to its efficiency, has become widespread for other technological equipment, which made it possible to provide flexible automation of various technological operations. CNC equipment is primarily used in mechanical engineering, instrument making and metalworking. However, its use is not limited to the listed industries.

The main disadvantage of CNC equipment is the lack of automation of auxiliary operations and the need for manual maintenance of the equipment. This circumstance leads to a decrease in the equipment utilization factor to the level of 40–60%.

3. Industrial robotics. Automation of the main operations of technological processes has led to an increase in the contradiction between the level of their automation and the level of automation of auxiliary operations (primarily the loading and unloading of automated equipment). As a means of eliminating this contradiction, the concept of a program-controlled tunable automaton was proposed for performing auxiliary operations for servicing automated equipment.

Such machines appeared in the sixties of the last century and were called industrial robots (IR). The first developments of industrial robots were focused on replacing a person when loading workpieces into technological machines and unloading processed products. On the basis of the technological machine and the robot serving it, robotic technological complexes (RTC) are created, which are complexly automated technological cells.

With the help of the RTK, it becomes possible to comprehensively automate individual technological operations or a limited set of technological operations in a multi-product production. The first RTKs using simple CR with cycle control were effective in medium-scale production. With the improvement of PR (CNC robots, adaptive robots, intelligent robots), their flexibility and the possibility of effective use in small-scale and individual production are increasing.

Industrial robots are constantly improving. In the process of improvement, the technical characteristics of robots are improved, their functionality is expanding, and the scope of application is expanding. Currently, the bulk of manufactured PR is focused on the performance of technological operations: welding, painting, assembly and some other basic technological operations. Along with such robots, loading and unloading robots continue to be used, transport robots, etc. have appeared.

4. Automation of management. Management in any production requires solving a large amount of tasks for collecting and processing information, making decisions and monitoring their execution. Significant human resources are attracted to solve management problems. The quality of solving managerial problems largely determines the result of production.

The possibility of automation of management appeared with the development and widespread use of computers, when computers became available for use by individual enterprises. It became possible to automate (with the help of a computer and appropriate software) the processes of collecting and processing information necessary for making managerial decisions and monitoring the progress of production. With the use of computers, problems of production planning, problems of material support, problems of accounting for labor and wages, as well as a number of other problems of production management, began to be solved.

The solution of such problems was not strictly tied in time to production processes and could be carried out in the "machine" time of the computer, i.e. during such a time period as is required for the execution of the relevant computer program. Characteristic for this stage of automation was the creation of centralized computing centers in production for solving control problems. Communication between computers and production was mainly carried out using operational personnel.

Such centralized systems are called automated production control systems (APCS). The automated control system provides a solution to the problems of organizational and dispatching production management. The main effect of the introduction of automated control systems is to reduce the time required for making management decisions, increase the efficiency of management and its quality, as well as reduce the management personnel involved in routine information processing.

A significant amount of management in production falls on the tasks of operational and technical management of production equipment and technological processes. To automate the solution of these problems, it is necessary to provide a direct connection between the control computer and control objects. In addition, the tasks of operational and technical management must be solved in real time of the controlled process.

Therefore, along with automated control systems, automated process control systems (APCS) appeared, which provide automated solutions for the tasks of operational, technical, dispatching and organizational management of individual technological processes of production. The integration of automated process control systems with an automated technological complex ensures the implementation of the concept of unmanned technology in production.

5. Automation of engineering work. Production requires the cost of highly skilled labor of specialists - engineers. Engineers develop new products, conduct research and testing, develop new processes and upgrade old ones. Without engineering labor, the progress of production is impossible. The cost of paying engineering labor in production costs is a significant share (by the standards of industrialized countries).

The desire to increase the efficiency of engineering work, reduce the material and time costs for designing new or modernized products, for research, for preparing production has led to the emergence of appropriate automated systems. The basis of such systems was the use of computers, since engineering work is intellectual work. Typical engineering problems are heuristic problems based on a significant amount of routine work.

Routine work (obtaining reference information, processing results, drawing up drawings and text documents, etc.) in most cases lends itself to algorithmization (description in the form of a deterministic sequence of simple operations) and, therefore, they can be automated using a computer. In principle, any process that can be algorithmized can be automated.

The means of automation of engineering work are computer-based software and hardware complexes: design automation systems (CAD), automated systems for scientific research (ASNI), automated systems for technological preparation of production (ASTPP). The first two systems are used by designers and researchers to develop new or upgrade existing products. The result of their work are technical and working projects of new products.

To implement these projects, it is necessary to prepare the production of the designed products. This task is assigned to specialists-technologists who design new technological processes or modernize existing ones. To automate the work of technologists (those works that lend themselves to algorithmization), ASTPP are intended. The use of ASTPP allows you to increase the efficiency of production preparation, reduce material and time costs for this process, improve the quality of results and reduce human labor costs.

6. Integration of automated production systems into a single flexible automated production (FAP). Integration is the sharing and interaction of the above automation systems to achieve the ultimate goal of production. At the same time, automation systems for human intellectual functions (design, management, research, technology development) use common databases, which ensures a direct exchange of information between them.

In GAP, the main principle of equipment and process control is computer software control, which ensures the restructuring of production for the production of new or upgraded products by software (replacement of control programs) in an automated mode. As a result, production acquires the property of flexibility and implements the concept of flexible technology. Integrated automation of human labor makes it possible to reduce the share of human labor in the GAP by 20 times compared to traditional production. Such production implements the concept of unmanned technology.

Under the conditions of HAP, both physical and intellectual functions of a person are automated. Computers are the main means for automating intellectual functions. Therefore, HAP is often referred to as integrated and computerized production.

ORGANIZATION OF AUTOMATED PRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

At present, automation of production is one of the main factors of the modern scientific and technological revolution, which opens up opportunities for mankind to transform nature, create huge material wealth, and increase human creative abilities.

The development of automation is characterized by a number of major achievements. One of the first was Henry Ford's introduction of assembly lines into the manufacturing process. Industrial robots and personal computers have made a significant revolution in the automation of production. All this pushed our society to the path of a new automated control of the production process.

Currently, for the effective functioning of the enterprise, automation is introduced everywhere, it becomes an integral part of the entire production process. And this is quite justified and profitable, because costs are reduced and product quality is improved.

Automated production is a system of machines, equipment, vehicles that ensures the strictly coordinated execution of all stages of manufacturing products, from the receipt of initial blanks to the control (testing) of the finished product and the release of products at regular intervals.

The purpose of this work is to consider the basic principles of automated production management, as well as to determine the effectiveness of automated control systems.

INTRODUCTION OF AUTOMATION IN PRODUCTION

The essence of automated production, its composition, applicability, performance

Automation of production is a process in which the functions of production management and control, previously performed by a person, are transferred to instruments and automatic devices. Automation is the basis for the development of modern industry, the general direction of scientific and technological progress. The purpose of production automation is to increase labor efficiency, improve the quality of products, to create conditions for the optimal use of all production resources.

Automated production arose in some industries (for example, in the chemical and food industries) already at the beginning of the 20th century. mainly in such production areas where technology cannot be organized differently at all.

The stages of development of production automation are determined by the development of means of production, electronic computers, scientific methods of technology and organization of production.

At the first stage, automatic lines and rigid automatic plants were created. The second period of development of automation is characterized by the emergence of electronic control, the creation of machine tools with numerical control (hereinafter referred to as CNC), machining centers and automatic lines. The prerequisite for the development of production automation in the third stage was the new CNC capabilities based on microprocessor technology, which made it possible to create a new machine system that combined the high productivity of automatic machines with the requirements for flexibility in the production process. At a higher level of automation, automatic factories of the future equipped with artificial intelligence equipment are being created

In automated production, the operation of equipment, assemblies, apparatus, installations occurs automatically according to a given program, and the worker controls their work, eliminates deviations from the given process, and adjusts the automated equipment.

There are partial, complex and full automation.

Partial automation of production, more precisely, automation of individual production operations, is carried out in cases where process control is practically inaccessible to a person due to their complexity or transience, and when simple automatic devices effectively replace it. As a rule, operating production equipment is partially automated. With the improvement of automation tools and the expansion of their scope, it was found that partial automation is most effective when production equipment is designed immediately as automated.

With integrated automation of production, a site, workshop, plant, power plant function as a single interconnected automated complex. Integrated automation of production covers all the main production functions of an enterprise, economy, service; it is expedient only with highly developed production based on advanced technology and advanced management methods using reliable production equipment operating according to a given or self-organizing program, while human functions are limited to general control and management of the complex.

Full automation of production is the highest level of automation, which provides for the transfer of all management and control functions of complex automated production to automatic control systems. It is carried out when automated production is profitable, stable, its modes are practically unchanged, and possible deviations can be taken into account in advance, as well as in conditions that are inaccessible or dangerous to human life and health.

The basis of the compressor systems of machines are automatic lines (hereinafter AL). Automatic lines are a system of coordinated and automatically controlled machine tools (assemblies), vehicles and control mechanisms located along the technological process, with the help of which parts are processed or products are assembled, backlogs are accumulated, waste is removed according to a predetermined technological process. The role of the worker on the AL is reduced to monitoring the operation of the line, adjusting individual mechanisms, and sometimes feeding the workpiece to the first operation and removing the finished product from the last operation.

AL are used to automatically perform certain operations (stages) of the production process and depend on the type of raw materials (blanks), dimensions, weight and technological complexity of manufactured products.

The AL complex includes a transport system designed to supply blanks from the warehouse to the stands, move the suspended processing equipment from one stand to another, for transportation of finished products from the stands to the main line or finished product warehouse.

Depending on the method of ensuring rhythm, synchronous (rigid) AL are distinguished, which are characterized by rigid inter-unit communication and a single cycle of machine operation, and non-synchronous (flexible) AL with flexible inter-unit communication. Each machine in this case is equipped with an individual store-accumulator of operational backlogs.

The structural layout of the AL depends on the volume of production and the nature of the technological process. There are lines of parallel and sequential action, single-thread, multi-thread, mixed (with branching flow) (Fig. 1.1.1).

Rice. 1.1.1 Structural layout of automatic lines: a - single-flow sequential action; b - single-threaded parallel action; c - multithreaded; g - mixed (with a branching stream); 1 - working units: 2 - switchgears.

Parallel action ALs are used to perform one operation when its duration significantly exceeds the required rate of release. The processed product is automatically distributed (from a store or a bunker) to the line units and, after processing by receiving devices, is collected and sent to subsequent operations. Multi-threaded ALs are a system of ALs of parallel action, designed to perform several technological operations, each of which is longer than a given output rate in duration. Several ALs of serial or parallel action can be combined into a single system. Such systems are called automatic sections, workshops or productions.

Automated sections (workshops) include automatic production lines, autonomous automatic complexes, automatic transport systems, automatic storage systems; automatic quality control systems, automatic control systems, etc.

Rice. 1.1.1 Structural composition of the automated production unit

Automatic lines are widely used in the food industry, the production of household products, in the electrical, radio engineering and chemical industries. The most widespread automatic lines are in mechanical engineering. Many of them are manufactured directly at enterprises using existing equipment.

Automatic lines for the processing of products strictly defined in shape and size are called special; when the object of production changes, such lines are replaced or redone. Specialized automatic lines for processing the same type of products in a certain range of parameters have wider operational capabilities. When changing the production object in such lines, as a rule, only reconfigure individual units and change their modes of operation; the main technological equipment in most cases can be used for the manufacture of new products of the same type. Special and specialized automatic lines are mainly used in mass production.

In serial production, automatic lines must be versatile and provide the ability to quickly change over for the manufacture of various products of the same type. Such automatic lines are called universal quick-adjustable, or group. The somewhat lower productivity of universal automatic lines compared to special ones is compensated by their quick readjustment for the production of a wide range of products.

Efficiency of functioning of automated production

When carrying out work at a particular enterprise in order to switch to automated production, the question arises of assessing capital costs for the introduction of automation tools and determining the effectiveness of these costs. To do this, it is necessary to establish the cost structure for the creation of automated production and the procedure for determining the effectiveness of these costs.

Comparison of costs and results in the creation of automated production is part of the general problem considered in the theory of economic efficiency of capital investments.

The technical level of modern production makes it possible to automate almost any technological operation. However, automation will not always be cost-effective. Automation of production can be carried out using various equipment, various means of automation, transport and control devices, any layout of technological equipment, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to choose the right options for automating production and give a comprehensive assessment of their economic efficiency.

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Types of automation systems include:

• immutable systems. These are systems in which the sequence of actions is determined by the equipment configuration or process conditions and cannot be changed during the process.
• programmable systems. These are systems in which the sequence of actions can vary depending on the given program and process configuration. The choice of the necessary sequence of actions is carried out due to a set of instructions that can be read and interpreted by the system.
• flexible (self-tuning) systems. These are systems that are able to select the necessary actions in the process of work. Changing the process configuration (sequence and conditions for performing operations) is carried out on the basis of information about the progress of the process.

These types of systems can be used at all levels of process automation individually or as part of a combined system.

In every sector of the economy, there are enterprises and organizations that produce products or provide services. All these enterprises can be divided into three groups, depending on their “remoteness” in the natural resource processing chain.

The first group of enterprises are enterprises extracting or producing natural resources. Such enterprises include, for example, agricultural producers, oil and gas companies.

The second group of enterprises are enterprises that process natural raw materials. They make products from raw materials mined or produced by the enterprises of the first group. Such enterprises include, for example, enterprises in the automotive industry, steel enterprises, enterprises in the electronics industry, power plants, and the like.

The third group is the service sector enterprises. Such organizations include, for example, banks, educational institutions, medical institutions, restaurants, etc.

For all enterprises, it is possible to single out general groups of processes associated with the production of products or the provision of services.

These processes include:

• business processes;
• design and development processes;
• production processes;
• control and analysis processes.

• Business processes are processes that ensure interaction within the organization and with external stakeholders (customers, suppliers, regulatory authorities, etc.). This category of processes includes the processes of marketing and sales, interaction with consumers, the processes of financial, personnel, material planning and accounting, etc.
• Design and development processes All processes involved in the development of a product or service. These processes include the processes of development planning, collection and preparation of initial data, project implementation, control and analysis of design results, etc.
• Manufacturing processes are the processes necessary to produce a product or provide a service. This group includes all production and technological processes. They also include requirements planning and capacity planning processes, logistics processes, and service processes.
• Control and analysis processes- this group of processes is associated with the collection and processing of information about the execution of processes. Such processes include quality control processes, operational management, inventory control processes, etc.

Most of the processes belonging to these groups can be automated. To date, there are classes of systems that provide automation of these processes.

Terms of reference for the subsystem "Warehouses"	Terms of reference for the subsystem "Document management"	Terms of reference for the subsystem "Purchases"

Process Automation Strategy

Process automation is a complex and time-consuming task. To successfully solve this problem, it is necessary to adhere to a certain automation strategy. It allows you to improve processes and get a number of significant benefits from automation.

Briefly, the strategy can be formulated as follows:

• understanding of the process. In order to automate a process, it is necessary to understand the existing process in all its details. The process must be fully analyzed. The inputs and outputs of the process, the sequence of actions, the relationship with other processes, the composition of the process resources, etc., must be determined.
• simplification of the process. Once the process analysis has been carried out, it is necessary to simplify the process. Extra operations that do not bring value should be reduced. Individual operations can be combined or run in parallel. Other technologies for its execution can be proposed to improve the process.
• process automation. Process automation can only be performed after the process has been simplified as much as possible. The simpler the process flow, the easier it is to automate and the more efficient the automated process will be.

It is a procedure in which the control and management functions performed by a person are transferred to instruments and devices. Due to this, labor productivity and product quality are significantly increased. In addition, a reduction in the share of workers involved in various industrial sectors is ensured. Let us further consider what automation and automation of production processes are.

History reference

Independently functioning devices - the prototypes of modern automatic systems - began to appear in antiquity. However, until the 18th century, handicraft and semi-handicraft activities were widespread. In this regard, such "self-acting" devices have not received practical application. At the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries. there was a sharp jump in volumes and levels of production. The industrial revolution created the prerequisites for improving the methods and tools of labor, adapting equipment to replace a person.

Mechanization and automation of production processes

The changes that caused affected primarily wood and metalworking, spinning, weaving mills and factories. Mechanization and automation were actively studied by K. Marx. He saw in them fundamentally new directions of progress. He pointed to the transition from the use of individual machines to the automation of their complex. Marx said that the conscious functions of control and management should be assigned to a person. The worker stands next to the production process and regulates it. The main achievements of that time were the inventions of the Russian scientist Polzunov and the English innovator Watt. The first created an automatic regulator for feeding a steam boiler, and the second created a centrifugal speed controller for a steam engine. Remained manual for quite a long time. Before the introduction of automation, the replacement of physical labor was carried out through the mechanization of auxiliary and main processes.

Situation today

At the present stage of human development, automation systems for production processes are based on the use of computers and various software. They contribute to reducing the degree of participation of people in activities or completely exclude it. The tasks of automating production processes include improving the quality of operations, reducing the time they require, reducing costs, increasing the accuracy and stability of actions.

Basic principles

Today, automation of production processes has been introduced into many industries. Regardless of the scope and volume of activities of companies, almost every company uses software devices. There are various levels of automation of production processes. However, the same principles apply to any of them. They provide conditions for the efficient execution of operations and formulate general rules for managing them. The principles in accordance with which the automation of production processes is carried out include:

1. Consistency. All actions within the operation must be combined with each other, go in a certain sequence. In the event of a mismatch, a violation of the process is likely.
2. Integration. The automated operation must fit into the overall environment of the enterprise. At one stage or another, integration is carried out in different ways, but the essence of this principle is unchanged. Automation of production processes in enterprises should ensure the interaction of the operation with the external environment.
3. Performance independence. An automated operation must be carried out independently. Human participation in it is not provided, or it should be minimal (only control). The employee must not interfere with the operation if it is carried out in accordance with the established requirements.

These principles are specified in accordance with the level of automation of a particular process. Additional proportions, specializations, and so on are established for operations.

Automation levels

They are usually classified according to the nature of the management of the company. It, in turn, can be:

1. strategic.
2. Tactical.
3. operational.

Accordingly, there is:

1. The lower level of automation (executive). Here management refers to regularly performed operations. Automation of production processes is focused on the performance of operational functions, maintaining the set parameters, maintaining the specified operating modes.
2. tactical level. This provides a distribution of functions between operations. Examples include production or service planning, document or resource management, and so on.
3. strategic level. It manages the entire company. Automation of production processes for strategic purposes provides a solution to predictive and analytical issues. It is necessary to maintain the activities of the highest administrative level. This level of automation provides strategic and financial management.

Classification

Automation is provided through the use of various systems (OLAP, CRM, ERP, etc.). All of them are divided into three main types:

1. Immutable. In these systems, the sequence of actions is set in accordance with the configuration of the equipment or process conditions. It cannot be changed during the operation.
2. Programmable. They can change the sequence depending on the configuration of the process and the given program. The choice of this or that chain of actions is carried out by means of a special set of tools. They are read and interpreted by the system.
3. Self-tuning (flexible). Such systems can select the desired actions in the course of work. Changes to the configuration of the operation occur in accordance with the information about the course of the operation.

All these types can be used at all levels separately or in combination.

Operation types

In every economic sector there are organizations that produce products or provide services. They can be divided into three categories according to "remoteness" in the resource processing chain:

1. Mining or manufacturing - agricultural, oil and gas companies, for example.
2. Organizations processing natural raw materials. In the manufacture of products, they use materials mined or created by companies from the first category. These include, for example, enterprises in the electronics, automotive industry, power plants, and so on.
3. service companies. Among them are banks, medical, educational institutions, catering establishments, etc.

For each group, operations related to the provision of services or the release of products can be distinguished. These include processes:

1. Management. These processes provide interaction within the enterprise and contribute to the formation of company relations with interested participants in the turnover. The latter, in particular, include supervisory authorities, suppliers, consumers. The group of business processes includes, for example, marketing and sales, interaction with customers, financial, personnel, material planning, and so on.
2. Analysis and control. This category is associated with the collection and generalization of information about the execution of operations. In particular, such processes include operational management, quality control, inventory assessment, etc.
3. Design and development. These operations are associated with the collection and preparation of initial information, project implementation, control and analysis of the results.
4. production. This group includes operations related to the direct release of products. These include, among other things, demand and capacity planning, logistics, and maintenance.

Most of these processes are now automated.

Strategy

It should be noted that the automation of production processes is complex and labor intensive. To achieve your goals, you need to be guided by a certain strategy. It contributes to improving the quality of operations performed and obtaining the desired results from the activity. Competent automation of production processes in mechanical engineering is of particular importance today. The strategic plan can be summarized as follows:

Advantages

Mechanization and automation of various processes can significantly improve the quality of goods and production management. Other benefits include:

1. Increasing the speed of repetitive operations. By reducing the degree of human involvement, the same actions can be carried out faster. Automated systems provide greater accuracy and maintain performance regardless of the length of the shift.
2. Improving the quality of work. With a decrease in the degree of participation of people, the influence of the human factor is reduced or eliminated. This significantly limits the variations in the execution of operations, which, in turn, prevents many errors and improves the quality and stability of work.
3. Increased control accuracy. The use of information technology allows you to save and take into account in the future a larger amount of information about the operation than with manual control.
4. Accelerated decision making in typical situations. This improves the performance of the operation and prevents inconsistencies in the next steps.
5. Parallel execution of actions. make it possible to carry out several operations at the same time without compromising the accuracy and quality of work. This speeds up the activity and improves the quality of the results.

Flaws

Despite the obvious advantages, automation may not always be appropriate. That is why a comprehensive analysis and optimization is necessary before its implementation. After that, it may turn out that automation is not required or will be unprofitable in an economic sense. Manual control and execution of processes may become more preferable in the following cases:

Conclusion

Mechanization and automation are undoubtedly of great importance for the manufacturing sector. In the modern world, fewer and fewer operations are performed manually. However, even today in a number of industries one cannot do without such labor. Automation is especially effective in large enterprises that manufacture products for the mass consumer. So, for example, in automobile factories, a minimum number of people participate in operations. At the same time, they, as a rule, exercise control over the course of the process, without participating in it directly. Modernization of the industry is currently very active. Automation of production processes and production is considered today the most effective way to improve product quality and increase its output.