Automated workplace of a specialist (AWP). Automated workplace for various categories of workers on the example of LLC "theory"

LECTURE 7

Subject: Automated workplace of a specialist (AWP).

Questions:

3. Classification of workstations

1. The concept of an automated workplace of a specialist (AWP).

Organizationally, AIS is implemented through the creation of automated jobs for specialists, the composition of which depends on the structure of the enterprise and corresponds to the set of tasks to be solved.

Automated workplace(ARM ) is a workplace of a specialist equipped with a personal computer, software and a set of information resources for individual or collective use, which allow him to process data in order to obtain information that provides support for his decisions when performing professional functions.

A department equipped with a set of workstations of employees of this service becomes an automated subdivision. In it, a significant part of the routine work on processing information is performed by a computer. At the same time, a specialist can actively intervene in the process of solving data processing problems, independently generating information that allows making informed decisions.

The computer becomes an everyday tool for a specialist, organically fitting into the technology of his work. When: the emphasis is shifted from the formal-logical aspects of information to the decision-making process. This technology reduces the flow of paper media, reduces the complexity of the work performed, increases the professional level of workers and the comfort of their working conditions: As with manual work organization technology, the specialist bears full personal responsibility for the entire process, but, continuing to perform traditional the role of a PC operator, becoming a direct participant in the process of automated information processing.

2. The structure of the workstation of a specialist.

workstation includes five main components:

Personal Computer;
set of programsfor information processing;
learning system(hypertext user documentation system; integrated prompt system; system of bookmarks, pointers and references; system of examples; system of control and error detection);
workstation settings tools(calculation algorithms, analytical and technological parameters; devices: printer, scanner, modem; ergonomics of screen forms, etc.);
AWP operating means(classifiers, generator of reporting forms, tools for receiving / transmitting data via communication channels, copying and storing data, database administrator, monitoring the work of specific users).

In addition, the workstation is completed with documentation and methodological materials on the application of programs, as well as regulations for the performance of work on information processing. The specific saturation of each of the components is determined by the tasks to be solved.

Workstations can function autonomously or as part of a computer network. Atoffline operationAWPs are created to solve individual functional tasks and cannot quickly use the entire information base of an economic object, and the exchange of information between different AWPs is carried out using computer media. Work oncomputer network baseallows you to organize the exchange of data between workstations via communication channels, combine the information space of the control object and organize access to it by any employee within his authority. Each workstation is considered as an independent subsystem, and together they form a single whole. At the same time, the head of the department has the opportunity to manage the process of solving functional problems and integrate the results of the work of individual specialists, quickly receiving processed information for decision-making. At the same time, the possibility of autonomous work of each specialist is preserved.

AIS can use not only local, but also global networks to connect territorially remote units and access general-purpose external information services: national information retrieval systems, databases, etc.

The organizational structure of the enterprise predetermines the nomenclature (number) of workstations, and the decomposition of goals and functions, as well as the distribution of responsibilities between employees determine the functional content (functional orientation) of specific workstations - the composition of the tasks that will be solved at a particular workplace. The specificity of the functions performed by each of these employees requires different information, information and software resources. The distribution of work depends on the technical base, as well as on the level of computer training of specialists. As a rule, workstations are organized in accordance with the existing distribution of work. Depending on the amount of work and the total number of computers in one workplace, various tasks can be solved. Another option is also possible, when one task will be distributed among several jobs.

3. Classification of workstations

Any specialist (economist, lawyer, etc.) must have an appropriately equipped workplace in order to successfully complete the tasks facing him.

3.1. By degree of automation:

manual jobs- special furniture available to the employee (table, chair, cabinets, telephone, rulers, tables and other auxiliary tools);
mechanized workplacesalso contain simple or programmable calculators;
automated workstationsbe sure to use a PC with the appropriate software.

3.2. By the number of employees using workstations and the functions they perform:

individual workstations, which are typical for leaders of various ranks;
group workstations used by persons who prepare information for the purpose of its further use and management decision-making by managers (workstation of accountants, financiers, clerks, etc.).

3.3. By typing the functional tasks to be solved:

unique workstations , highly specialized for solving a set of non-standard tasks;
massive workstations , created to solve typical problems in various industries.

3.4. By specialization:

Workstation of the headcharacterized by functional isolation, fully ensuring the autonomous work of the head.
AWP specialist should give him the opportunity to solve any functional tasks facing him, making the most of all the necessary information.
Workstation of a technical workershould save him from the daily routine work performed, which requires certain professional skills.

3.5. According to the technical basis for creating an automated workplace:

AWS based on large (universal) computersthat provide specialists with the opportunity to work with large data arrays with technical and software support provided by the employees of their own information center (ICC).
Workstation based on personal computersare the simplest and most common option for creating automated workplaces, as they eliminate all the shortcomings of workstations based on large computers.

Automated workplace (AWS) - a complex of computer equipment and software, located directly at the employee's workplace and designed to automate his work within the specialty.

Automated workplaces must be created strictly in accordance with their intended functional purpose. However, the general principles for creating workstations remain unchanged, they include:

Consistency;

Flexibility;

sustainability;

Efficiency.

The principle of consistency means the following: an automated workplace should be a system of interconnected components. At the same time, the structure of the workstation must clearly correspond to the functions for which this workstation is created.

The principle of flexibility is of great importance when creating modern and efficient workstations. This principle means the possibility of adapting the workstation to the proposed modernization of both software and hardware. At present, when the rate of obsolescence of software and hardware is constantly growing, compliance with this principle is becoming one of the most important conditions for creating workstations.

To ensure the principle of flexibility in real working automated workplaces, all subsystems of a single workstation are implemented as separate, easily replaceable modules. To avoid incompatibility problems when replacing, all elements must be standardized.

The principle of sustainability is of great importance. It consists in performing the functions inherent in the workstation, regardless of the impact of both internal and external factors. In the event of failures, the performance of the system should be quickly restored, the malfunctions of individual elements should be easily eliminated.

The principle of efficiency implies that the costs of creating and operating a system should not exceed the economic benefits from its implementation. In addition, when creating an automated workplace, it must be taken into account that its effectiveness will be largely determined by the correct distribution of functions and workload between the employee and the computerized means of information processing, the core of which is a PC. Only if these conditions are met, the workstation becomes a means of increasing not only labor productivity and management efficiency, but also the social comfort of specialists.

The practical experience of using workstations allows us to highlight the following requirements for an efficient and fully functioning workstation:

Timely satisfaction of the information needs of the user;

Minimum response time to user requests;

Adaptation to the level of user training and the specifics of the functions performed by him;

The ability to quickly train the user in the basic methods of work;

Reliability and ease of maintenance;

Friendly interface;

Ability to work as part of a computer network.

The means necessary for the operation of the operating workstation are shown in Figure 12

Figure 12 - AWP scheme

5.5 Personal computer as the basis of the workstation - its main
subsystems

A modern personal computer consists of several main blocks or nodes:

system block;

monitor;

keyboards;

mouse manipulator.

A personal computer, or the main hardware component of a computer, consists of a processor, memory, and input/output devices; each component is represented by one or more modules. For a computer to fulfill its primary purpose of running programs, the various components must be able to communicate with each other.

CPU. It controls the actions of the computer, and also performs the function of data processing. If there is only one processor in the system, it is often called the central processing unit (CPU).

main memory. This is where data and programs are stored. Typically, this memory is temporary. It is often referred to as real, random access, or primary memory.

I/O devices. Serve to transfer data between the computer and the external environment, consisting of various peripheral devices, which include secondary memory, communication equipment and terminals.

System bus. Certain structures and mechanisms that provide interaction between the processor, main memory, and I / O devices.

A simplified block diagram showing the main functional components of a computer system in their relationship is shown in Figure 13. Later we will get acquainted with these devices.

Figure 13 - Scheme of a personal computer

The increasing pace of informatization of society increases the importance of computer technology in management processes. Using the capabilities of modern computing technology to automate the information processing process will increase labor productivity, improve the efficiency of working with documents and speed up the exchange of management information.

At present, the concept of distributed automated control systems aimed at local processing of information has become widespread. This allows you to organize the division of labor of management personnel and automate the performance of their functions. To implement this idea, it is necessary to create automated workstations based on personal electronic computers (PCs) for each level of management and each subject area.

Automated workstation (AWS) - a complex of computer technology and software, located directly at the employee's workplace and designed to automate his work within the specialty.

Automated workplaces must be created strictly in accordance with their intended functional purpose. However, the general principles for creatingworkstationremain unchanged, they include:

systemic;

Flexibility

stability;

· efficiency.

The principle of consistency means the following: an automated workplace should be a system of interconnected components. At the same time, the structureworkstationmust clearly correspond to the functions for which this workstation is created.

The principle of flexibility is of great importance in the creation of modern and efficient workstations. This principle means the possibility of adaptationworkstationto the proposed modernization of both software and hardware. At present, when the rate of obsolescence of software and hardware is constantly growing, compliance with this principle is becoming one of the most important conditions for creatingworkstation.

To ensure the principle of flexibility in real working workstations, all subsystems of a singleworkstationare made in the form of separate, easily replaceable modules. To avoid incompatibility problems when replacing, all elements must be standardized.

The principle of sustainability is of great importance. It consists in fulfilling theworkstationfunctions, regardless of the influence of both internal and external factors. In the event of failures, the performance of the system should be quickly restored, the malfunctions of individual elements should be easily eliminated.

The principle of efficiency implies that the costs of creating and operating a system should not exceed the economic benefits from its implementation. In addition, when creatingworkstationit must be borne in mind that its effectiveness will be largely determined by the correct distribution of functions and workload between the worker and the machine means of information processing, the core of which is a PC. Only if these conditions are metworkstationbecomes a means of increasing not only labor productivity and management efficiency, but also the social comfort of specialists.

Practical experience of useworkstationas one of the elements of the Distributed Control Systems allows us to highlight the following requirements for an efficient and fully functioning workstation:

· timely satisfaction of the information needs of the user;

· minimum response time to user requests;

· adaptation to the level of user training and the specifics of the functions performed by him;

· the ability to quickly train the user in the basic methods of work;

· reliability and ease of maintenance;

· friendly interface;

· the ability to work as part of a computer network.

Consider the structure of the workstation and the relationship between its components.

As shown in the diagram,workstationconsists of hardware and software of computer technology, as well as the necessary methodological documentation that allows the user to effectively interact with these tools.

Task one. 3

1. The concept of an automated place (AWP) of a specialist. The main types of support for automated workplaces. ARM classification. Types of tasks solved on the workstation .. 3

2. Types of computer networks and features of information technologies based on them. The possibilities of the Internet and the characteristics of its services. 6

Task two. sixteen

List of used sources. eighteen

Task one

The concept of an automated place (AWP) of a specialist. The main types of support for automated workplaces. ARM classification. Types of tasks solved on the workstation

An automated workplace (AWS), or, in foreign terminology, a “workstation” (work-station), is a place of a user-specialist of a particular profession, equipped with the means necessary to automate the performance of certain functions.

Such means, as a rule, is a PC, supplemented as necessary with other auxiliary electronic devices, namely disk drives, printers, optical readers or bar code readers, graphics devices, interfaces with other workstations and with local area networks, etc. .d.

The most widely used workstations in the world are based on professional PCs with the IBM PC architecture.

Workstation is a specialized system, a set of hardware and software focused on a specific specialist - an administrator, economist, engineer, designer, designer, architect, designer, doctor, organizer, researcher, librarian, museum worker and many others.

At the same time, a number of general requirements can be presented to the workstation of any “profession”, which must be ensured during its creation, namely:

Direct availability of information processing facilities;

Ability to work in a dialog (interactive) mode;

Fulfillment of the basic requirements of ergonomics: rational distribution of functions between the operator, the elements of the AWP complex and the environment, the creation of comfortable working conditions, the convenience of the AWP designs, taking into account the psychological factors of the human operator, the attractiveness of the shapes and colors of the AWP elements, etc .;

Sufficiently high performance and reliability of a PC operating in the AWP system;

Software adequate to the nature of the tasks to be solved;

Maximum degree of automation of routine processes;

Optimal conditions for self-service of specialists as operators of workstations;

Other factors that ensure maximum comfort and satisfaction of the specialist using the workstation as a working tool.

In the most complex systems, workstations can be connected through special equipment not only to the resources of the main computer of the network, but also to various information services and general-purpose systems (news services, national information retrieval systems, databases and knowledge, library systems, etc. ).

Many well-known workstations can be classified based on the following generalized features:

Functional sphere of use (scientific activity, design, production and technological processes, organizational management);

Type of computer used (micro-, mini-, macrocomputer);

Operating mode (individual, group, network);

User qualifications (professional and non-professional).

Within each of the selected groups of workstations, a more detailed classification can be carried out.

For example, organizational management workstations can be divided into workstations of heads of organizations and departments, planners, logistics workers, accountants, etc. Conventionally, all these workstations can be called an economist's workstation.

The conceptual difference between a PC-based workstation is that an open PC architecture is functionally, physically and ergonomically configured for a specific user (personal workstation) or a group of users (group workstation).

Business workstations bring the user closer to the possibilities of modern computer science and computer technology and create conditions for working without an intermediary - a professional programmer. This provides both autonomous work and the ability to communicate with other users within organizational structures (taking into account the characteristics of these structures).

The parametric series of business workstations makes it possible to create a unified technical, organizational and methodological basis for computerization of management. Initially, information technology is localized within the limits of a personal or group workstation, and later (when the workstation is combined by means of communication), the workstations of a sector, department, institution are created and a collective technology is formed. This achieves the flexibility of the entire structure and the possibility of increasing information capacity.

Three classes of typical workstations can be distinguished:

workstation of the manager;

workstation of a specialist;

Workstation of technical and support staff.

A number of classification features can also be used as the basis for the classification of AWS. Taking into account the areas of application, it is possible to classify the workstation according to the functional feature:

1. AWP of administrative and managerial personnel;

2. Workstation of a designer of radio-electronic equipment, automated control systems, etc.

3. Workstation of a specialist in the field of economics, mathematics, physics, etc.

4. Workstation for production and technological purposes.

An important classification feature of the workstation is the mode of its operation, according to which single, group and network modes of operation are distinguished.

One of the approaches to the classification of workstations is their systematization by types of tasks to be solved. The following groups of workstations are possible:

1. To solve information and computing problems;

2. To solve the problems of preparing and entering data;

3. To solve information and reference problems;

4. To solve accounting problems;

5. To solve the problems of statistical data processing,

6. For solving problems of analytical calculations.

Reasonable attribution of workstations to a certain group will contribute to a deeper and more thorough analysis, the possibility of a comparative assessment of various similar workstations in order to select the most preferable.

The tasks solved on the workstation can be conditionally divided into informational and computational. Information tasks include coding, classification, collection, structural organization, correction, storage, search and issuance of information. Often, information tasks include simple computational and logical procedures of an arithmetic and textual nature and relationships (connections). Information tasks are, as a rule, the most time-consuming and occupy most of the working time of specialists. Computing problems are both formalizable and not completely formalizable. Formalized problems are solved on the basis of formal algorithms and are divided into two groups: direct counting problems and problems based on mathematical models. Direct counting problems are solved using simple algorithms. More complex tasks require the use of different mathematical models. Recently, much attention has been paid to the development of means for solving problems that are not completely formalizable, called semantic ones. Such problems arise very often in the course of operational management of economic objects, especially when making decisions in conditions of incomplete information.

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Goals:

educational:

get acquainted with the concept of an automated workplace (AWP); workstation functions; the purpose of introducing AWS; examples of workstations of specialists from different fields; free programs for electricians;

developing:

to develop in students the ability to highlight the main thing;
develop cognitive interest, logical thinking;

educational:

continue educating information culture skills .

Lesson type : combined.

Visual aids : presentation.

Equipment: multimedia projector, screen.

Competencies:

OK 1. Understand the essence and social significance of your future profession, show a steady interest in it.

OK 2. Organize their own activities, choose standard methods and methods for performing professional tasks, evaluate their effectiveness and quality.

OK 3. Make decisions in standard and non-standard situations and be responsible for them.

OK 4. Search and use the information necessary for the effective implementation of professional tasks, professional and personal development.

OK 5. Use information and communication technologies in professional activities.

OK 6. Work in a team and team, communicate effectively with colleagues, management, consumers.

OK 7. Take responsibility for the work of team members (subordinates), the result of completing tasks.

OK 8. Independently determine the tasks of professional and personal development, engage in self-education, consciously plan advanced training.

OK 9. Navigate in conditions of frequent change of technologies in professional activity.

PC 2.4 Participate in the design of power and lighting electrical equipment.

PC 3.2 Organize and perform adjustment and testing of overhead and cable line devices.

PC 3.3 Participate in the design of electrical networks.

PC 4.1 Organize the work of the production unit.

Organizing time.
Knowledge update.
Goal setting motivation.
Assimilation of new knowledge.
Consolidation of knowledge.
Control of assimilation, discussion of errors.
Homework.
Summing up the lesson, grading.
Completion of the lesson.

Literature :

1. Appak M.A. Automated workplaces based on personal computers. - M.: Radio and communication, 1989.-176 p.: ill.

2. Bezruchko V.T. Informatics: Course of lectures: Textbook for universities. - M.: Publishing house "Forum", 2006.

The activities of management employees (accountants, specialists in the credit and banking system, planners, technologists, managers, designers, etc.) are currently focused on the use of advanced technologies. The organization and implementation of management functions requires a radical change in both the management technology itself and the technical means of information processing, among which personal computers occupy the main place. They are increasingly turning from systems of automatic processing of input information into a means of accumulating the experience of managerial workers, analyzing, evaluating and developing the most effective economic decisions.

An automated workplace (AWP) is defined as a set of information, software and technical resources that provides the end user with data processing and automation of management functions in a specific subject area.

The creation of automated jobs assumes that the main operations for the "accumulation, storage and processing of information are assigned to computers, and a management worker (economist, technologist, manager, etc.) performs some of the manual operations and operations that require a creative approach in preparing management decisions.Personal technology is used by the user to control production and economic activities, change the values of individual parameters in the course of solving a problem, as well as enter initial data into the AIS to solve current problems and analyze management functions.

Analyzing the essence of workstations, specialists most often define them as professionally oriented small computing systems located directly at the workplaces of specialists and designed to automate their work.

For each control object, it is necessary to provide automated workstations corresponding to their functional purpose. However, the principles for creating workstations should be:

- systematic;

– flexibility;

- stability;

- efficiency;

– maximum focus on the end user;

- problem orientation to the solution of a certain class of problems;

– ergonomics;

- the principle of matching the information needs of the user to the technical means used;

– the principle of creative contact between workstations and their potential users.

According to the principle of consistency, workstations should be considered as systems, the structure of which is determined by the functional purpose.

The principle of flexibility means the adaptability of the system to possible restructuring due to the modularity of the construction of all subsystems and the standardization of their elements.

The principle of sustainability lies in the fact that the AWP system must perform the main functions, regardless of the impact on it of internal and external possible factors. This means that malfunctions in its individual parts should be easily eliminated, and the system's performance should be quickly restored.

The effectiveness of the workstation should be considered as an integral indicator of the level of implementation of the above principles, related to the costs of creating and operating the system.

The functioning of an automated workplace can give a numerical effect only if the functions and workload are properly distributed between a person and machine tools for processing information, the core of which is a computer. Only then will the workstation become a means of increasing not only labor productivity and management efficiency, but also the social comfort of specialists.

AWP as a tool for rationalization and intensification of management activities is created to ensure the performance of a certain group of functions. The simplest function of the workstation is information and reference services. Although this function is inherent in any workstation to one degree or another, the features of its implementation significantly depend on the user category.

Workstations have a problem-professional orientation to a specific subject area. Professional workstations are the main tool for communication between a person and computer systems, playing the role of autonomous workplaces. Workstations perform decentralized simultaneous processing of information at the workplaces of performers as part of a distributed database. At the same time, they have access through the system device and communication channels to the PC and database of other users, thus ensuring the joint functioning of the PC in the process of collective processing.

The localization of workstations allows for prompt processing of information immediately upon receipt, and the results of processing can be stored for an arbitrarily long time at the request of the user.

The purpose of the introduction of workstations is to enhance the integration of management functions, and each more or less "intelligent" workplace should provide work in a multifunctional mode.

Workstations perform decentralized simultaneous processing of economic information at the workplaces of performers as part of a distributed database (DB). At the same time, they have access through the system device and communication channels to the PC and database of other users, thus ensuring the joint functioning of the PC in the process of collective processing.

AWPs created on the basis of personal computers are the simplest and most common version of an automated workplace for employees in the field of organizational management. Such a workstation is considered as a system that, in an interactive mode of operation, provides a specific employee (user) with all types of support exclusively for the entire session of work. This corresponds to the approach to designing such a component of the workstation as internal information support, according to which the information fund on magnetic media of a particular workstation should be at the exclusive disposal of the user of the workstation. The user himself performs all the functional duties of converting information.

The creation of workstations based on personal computers provides:

simplicity, convenience and user friendliness;
ease of adaptation to specific user functions;
compact placement and low requirements for operating conditions;
high reliability and survivability;
relatively simple maintenance organization.

efficient operating mode of the workstation is its functioning within the local area network as a workstation. This option is especially appropriate when it is required to distribute information and computing resources among several users.

The capabilities of the created workstations largely depend on the technical and operational characteristics of the computers on which they are based. In this regard, at the design stage of an automated workplace, requirements are clearly formulated for the basic parameters of technical means for processing and issuing information, a set of component modules, network interfaces, ergonomic parameters of devices, etc.

The information support of the workstation is focused on a specific, familiar to the user, subject area. Processing of documents should involve such structuring of information that allows for the necessary manipulation of various structures, convenient and quick correction of data in arrays.

The technical support of the workstation must guarantee the high reliability of technical means, the organization of user-friendly modes of operation (autonomous, with a distributed database, information, with upper-level technology, etc.), the ability to process the required amount of data at a given time. Since the workstation is an individual user tool, it must provide high ergonomic properties and service comfort.

The software is primarily focused on the professional level of the user, combined with his functional needs, qualifications and specialization. The user from the side of the software environment must feel the constant support of his desire to work in any mode, actively or passively.

Recently, unified workstations have been created that serve several subject areas. For example, the complex "Express analysis when concluding agreements, orders, contracts" provides the process of managing analytical information about the cost, price, and possible volumes of production of certain types of products. The complexes “Analysis of the formation, distribution and use of profits”, “Analysis of the material, technical and financial condition of the enterprise”, “Analysis of labor, pay and social development”, “Analysis of the implementation of state orders and economic contracts” correspond to the structure of the current legislation on the enterprise. The complexes “Analysis and forecasting of dynamic series”, “Correlation-regression analysis”, “Sampling method” make it possible to carry out automated socio-economic analysis using statistical methods. The "Service Programs" complex allows you to receive processed information in the form of graphs and diagrams, edit input information, and correct data stored in AWP files.

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