The destruction of the building due to non-compliance with the rules for the operation of a brick building. Causes of destruction of the facade of houses and buildings What to do in case of collapse

Let's figure out whether it is worth demolishing the old house at all, and if so, how you can do it yourself.

Buying a land plot with a house that does not suit the new owner for some reason, the desire to build housing with modern architectural solutions, the need to get rid of dilapidated real estate - these are just some of the reasons why you will have to resort to dismantling and demolition of the old building. Let's figure out whether it is worth demolishing the old house at all, and if so, how you can do it yourself.

The question of the expediency of demolishing or dismantling the building

In the process of making a decision to demolish a building, the feasibility of such a drastic measure should be calculated. It is necessary to carefully, preferably with the involvement of specialized organizations or specialists in the field of construction, examine the structure for the possibility of its reconstruction or completion, other alternatives to demolition and the construction of a new building.

The fact is that often the destruction of an existing structure and the construction of a new one “from scratch” do not justify themselves either in terms of financial costs or in terms of the necessary labor costs. As a rule, labor costs for manual dismantling of a building are almost comparable to the amount of work for the construction of a new object of similar complexity, and in some cases even exceed them.

At the same time, the results of numerous engineering surveys of buildings of various types have shown that structures built at a high quality in their time, as a whole, have a fairly high stability and bearing capacity, generally retain welds and the integrity of embedded parts.

For example, if concrete with a high cement content was used during the construction of the facility, taking into account their long-term hydration, the strength of the foundation of the house may be 30% higher than the design indicators, and the satisfactory condition of other structural elements of brick and large-block buildings allows for a full reconstruction and even the construction of additional floors. or add-ons.

Element-by-element disassembly

Suppose the decision to dismantle the building is still made. How to implement it? The liquidation of residential and other objects in the private sector is carried out by dividing the structural elements of the structure into parts or, by the decision of the owner, in the event of a shortage of time and labor, by mechanical collapse with heavy construction equipment. Other demolition methods, including demolition, thermal or electro-hydraulic impact, are used, as a rule, only at large residential and industrial facilities and only by powerful specialized companies.

Despite the fact that the dismantling of structures element by element takes much longer and often costs more than mechanical demolition, using the first method, you can get ready-made components and structures for the construction of a new building - wall panels, decks and partitions. In the future, not only whole structures will be useful, but also brick and concrete battles, secondary crushed stone, and high-quality wooden components.

In this case, any element is first freed from bonds, and heavy monolithic structures, if dismantling is impossible, are mechanically destroyed into smaller fragments. So, let's look at each stage of the work in more detail.

What to do first

Before dismantling the building, it is necessary to carry out preliminary preparations. First of all, you should turn off and muffle all engineering communications without exception.

Attention! In some cases, not only local, but also mainline networks can pass through the site - power supply, sewerage and stormwater, water, heat and gas pipeline systems, communication and television cables.

If such trunks are indeed located on your site, you need to resolve with network operators the issue of the safety of the demolition of the building for trunks and, if necessary, request the transfer of communications to other areas.

After completing work with communications, it is necessary to equip the area where the dismantling will be carried out, to deliver the necessary equipment and tools, equipment for temporary fixing of structures during the dismantling process.

Getting started: dismantling the roof

Remember: the main principle of element-by-element dismantling of buildings lies in its order - always the reverse scheme of building an object, that is, you need to start from the roof.

Immediately before dismantling the roof, all wiring, antennas and other installed elements must be removed from it. After that, attic floors should be fixed.

Important! If a roof with a slope of more than 20 degrees is dismantled, cornices with a removal of more than 0.3 meters from the walls, safety belts must be used.

The dismantling of buildings should begin with attic floors, while if the height exceeds 1.3 meters, use scaffolding with an emphasis on floor beams. You can not put scaffolds on the backfill, overrun shields and other elements of the inter-beam space. Hanging rafters in the working position should not be disassembled; before that, they must be lowered onto the attic floor.

Working with overlays

Overlappings need to be destroyed only from top to bottom - after dismantling the structures of the upper floor and completely removing the dismantled elements. If there are no floors, and it is necessary to remove the backfill or run-up, temporary floorings with a width of at least half a meter are placed. Moving on shield decks is allowed only if there are fences and safety belts.

Wooden floors between floors are not completely dismantled - at first every fourth beam is left to ensure the stable position of the walls. The remaining beams are dismantled last. If necessary, you can strengthen the beams with girders and uprights from below.

If we are talking about floors made of brick or reinforced concrete, to prevent the collapse of structures, temporary support is installed with a reliable foundation and with solid flooring. For safety reasons, the dismantling of reinforced concrete ribbed floors should begin with secondary beams.

Dismantling of brick vaults is allowed only after the installation of spacers, which will take on the horizontal load from adjacent vaults. Such spacers must be placed on the lower shelves of the beams in a straight line, while the step should be up to three meters.

Wall dismantling

Walls can be dismantled in many ways, the most common of which are: the use of a breaker tool - pneumatic or electric, impact destruction or a roll using heavy equipment.

Before dismantling the walls, the following work must be done:

• dismantle internal engineering networks and equipment;
• remove window glazing
• dismantle door and window fillings.

Attention! Any grooves or recesses cannot be made deeper than a third of the thickness of the wall, and in width - no more than 150 millimeters.

Hemming should be done only in the absence of a vertical inclination of the structure in its direction. If the wall is to be demolished by the impact method, then you must first enclose an area with a width of at least a third of the height of the building.

Stairs, columns and pillars

Stairs, like other structural components, need to be dismantled from top to bottom in the course of dismantling walls and ceilings. At the same time, the stair railings must be dismantled by march as the stairs themselves are disassembled. Disassembly can only be carried out within one floor at a time.

When working with columns and poles, these elements must be hemmed after they have been slinged. At the same time, the methods by which slinging is performed must be guaranteed to exclude accidental falling of poles and columns. If the latter lose their stability, they must be temporarily strengthened before dismantling.

Last step: foundation

As a rule, there are no special requirements for the dismantling of the foundation - the order of work at this stage can be arbitrary. It is not recommended to perform obviously unsafe actions - for example, to pass through the openings in the foundation or feed tools through them.

When dismantling, you need to monitor the condition of the slopes of the soil. It is impossible to be in the zone of possible shear or collapse of the structure, especially in cases where there is a highway with heavy traffic nearby. published

If you have any questions on this topic, ask them to specialists and readers of our project.

Even 50 years ago, houses were broken with a large steel weight. The people called her "wedge-woman." However, this method was very troublesome: both noisy and dusty. In addition, the dismantling took quite a lot of time - an average of two weeks.

Another old method is manual dismantling. It is used today, but only for those buildings that are not higher than four floors, and if the work requires increased accuracy. For example, when it is necessary to carry out not a complete demolition, but to dismantle only a part of the object. In this case, jackhammers, diamond cutting, picks, hydro wedges are used. It is clear that this method takes a lot of time.

Japan

An interesting, albeit costly, method of dismantling is used in Japan. There, the fact that some building is being dismantled at the moment, people will not know right away. The Japanese have learned to demolish houses, even skyscrapers, without noise and dust. A frame of 3-4 floors is attached to the outside of the building. It exactly repeats the design of the demolished house. The building itself is broken from the inside and the frame is lowered. The fact is that the supports of this frame are equipped with jacks, which, as the floors are dismantled, lower the superstructure down. So, from top to bottom, the house is dismantled, like a designer. The Japanese claim that this system almost completely saves people from construction noise and air pollution with harmful dust particles that are inevitable when houses are demolished in the traditional way. The noise level is reduced by 90 percent - up to 20 decibels. By the way, 20 dB is the whisper of a person at a distance of 1 meter. True, this method cannot be met in a short time - taking into account all the work, on average per week, the house becomes a foot below the meters.

The fastest way to destroy buildings is a directed explosion.Shells are laid in carefully calibrated places, and the house folds up quite compactly. Only here there is a risk of damage to neighboring buildings from the shock wave.

China

Homes in China are being demolished by controlled explosions. Moreover, sometimes entire streets are dismantled at the same time. So at the beginning of 2017, in the city of Wuhan, 19 high-rise buildings were razed to the ground in 10 seconds to free up a site for the construction of a business quarter. Explosives specialists needed five tons of explosives, while the charges were laid out so competently that, as a result, objects located near the demolition site were not damaged. In the business quarter, which will be built on the site of high-rise buildings, a 707-meter skyscraper will be erected. In those cases where the use of the method of directed explosion is impossible, Chinese builders use cranes to lift excavators onto the roof of the building, and the machines begin to dismantle the house by floors, moving from top to bottom. By the way, in China, houses are demolished not only quickly, but often. The housing policy here is aimed not at major repairs of residential buildings, but at their demolition and construction of new ones. According to the calculations of Chinese experts, it is cheaper to build a new modern residential multifunctional complex than to repair physically and morally obsolete buildings.

Germany

In Germany, it is generally believed that it is better to reconstruct a house than demolish it. Either dilapidated houses in which the structures do not meet safety requirements, or housing stock that is empty are demolished. For example, in East Germany, about 30% of apartments are idle, because people try to live where there is work. And in order to minimize the cost of maintaining the housing stock, the country practices floor demolition. For example, in five-story houses, they remove the top three floors, leaving only two, and make a pitched roof, under it is an attic floor, and change the internal layout. So instead of a five-story building, a new two- or three-story beautiful house appears. In cases where it is necessary to demolish the entire building, in Germany, a controlled explosion method is used. And in order to reduce the amount of dust thrown into the air, several water tanks are blown up simultaneously with the building. At the same time, the entire area is cordoned off, and the building itself is surrounded by a high barrier to prevent any damage to nearby structures.

Americans build skyscrapers most often from metal structures. When they are dismantled, a column of dust does not rise over the adjacent territories. The metal frame itself is subsequently handed over for scrap. In America, the operating time of housing is predetermined by a number of codes and rules that vary significantly from state to state. A certain unified term for the use of houses without major repairs is considered to be 30 years. The method of controlled explosion is also popular here. Preparing for an explosion takes a long time. Wires, doors or pipes are removed from the building. Glass must be removed. The load-bearing columns are drilled, explosives are placed in the holes. Demomen try to use as little explosives as possible, explosives are not placed on all floors. It's safer and cheaper that way. The explosion itself is a matter of a few seconds. By the way, in the USA there is a certain “architectural heritage zone” where nothing can be done at all. It usually consists of 2-3-story houses of the early 18th - mid-19th centuries.

It should be noted that not only dilapidated houses are being demolished in the States. A few years ago, they began to get rid of houses that banks were unable to sell. An example was set in Southern California: in the city of Victorville, 16 buildings were demolished, four of which were already ready for occupancy, and the rest were half built. The local bank, which issued mortgage loans, decided to take extreme measures. Due to the financial crisis, real estate prices in the United States fell to a record low. However, there is no one to buy houses, and the number of insolvent Americans has risen sharply. The bank's expenses for demolition then amounted to $100,000. Its completion would have cost dozens of times more.

Last spring in Texas there was an incident that can only be called a curiosity. Due to a map service errorGoogle MapsThe house was demolished and was in need of repair. In fact, the building located on the next street should have been dismantled. In response to the claims of the hostess, left homeless,the team that destroyed the house sent her a screenshot from Google Maps, thus considering the incident resolved.

United Kingdom

In Great Britain, as well as in the USA, skyscrapers are dismantled by the controlled explosion method. Moreover, in this country, for a house to be demolished, it does not have to be dilapidated at all. It is enough not to meet the aesthetic tastes of the townspeople. The city authorities may come to the conclusion that the building spoils the local landscape. So, in Glasgow, six high-rise buildings with 32 floors were immediately wiped off the face of the earth.

In addition to jacks, explosions and manual dismantling, mechanized demolition of buildings is common. It is carried out using heavy construction equipment, which is selected depending on the height of the building. So, if the house has no more than three floors, a destroyer with a short arrow is used for dismantling. For buildings with a height of not more than 22 floors, an excavator with an extended boom is used.

Higher structures can only be dismantled with the help of hydraulic shears, a hydraulic hammer, or demolition robots that combine several work options at once. The same technique is suitable for a building of any height and is used when the building is located in a densely built-up area or there are other factors that interfere with the access or operation of heavy equipment. Moreover, hydraulic scissors are used most often for demolition of houses. They literally crash into the wall and tear out a piece of the building. Control comes from the cab with special joysticks. They start from the facade and gradually make their way to the load-bearing walls. At the same time, the building is constantly watered with water - industrial dust is extinguished. Panel five-story building in this way is demolished in 4-5 days.

Houses do not disappear without a trace. Construction debris is taken to a landfill. There, metal is separated from wood, wood from glass, and so on. Rebar goes to scrap. Wooden floors are crushed and fuel briquettes are made from them. Concrete and brick are crushed, crushed and reused in construction.

Reversing the wonderful phrase beyond the years of the quick-witted Uncle Fyodor from the cartoon "Prostokvashino" we can say: "In order to build something useful, you must first destroy something unnecessary...".

If earthworks precede the construction process itself, then the destruction of buildings, old buildings and communications precedes the earthworks themselves. It sounds strange, but it turns out that the process of destruction is the beginning of the process of construction.

It should be understood that the concepts of dismantling a building and its destruction are not synonymous and denote completely different processes.

buildings I involves gentle dismantling while preserving the building materials and structures from which it is built, for example, bricks, concrete beams, boards, window frames, doors, stoves, etc. Dismantling is usually carried out on old buildings that are of cultural value or simply buildings that can be dismantled for building materials. In this case, carefully preserved materials can be reused, sold at a profit for the owner, and the environment is minimally affected.

An example of how it is possible to dismantle a building while preserving building materials.

Often such a process is called "green construction", because it does not involve the disposal of construction waste, which causes harm to the environment. Dismantling, as usual, is carried out manually using special tools - wire saws, perforators, cutters. The latest in manual dismantling technologies are diamond tools that allow specialists to work with metal and reinforced concrete.

Destruction and demolition of buildings, buildings, structures is a completely ruthless process that involves the complete destruction of everything old that you want to get rid of.

Demolition of small buildings, such as, for example, 1-3-story residential buildings, barns and garages, is a fairly simple process. Such buildings can be destroyed mechanically using small construction equipment such as aerial platforms, truck cranes, excavators and bulldozers.

An example of the destruction of a building with a single excavator.

For the demolition of a building of a larger size and number of storeys, it will be necessary to involve specialists in a "controlled explosion"

and I am sick of large equipment for destruction, which, as usual, is a large crane or an excavator with a heavy metal ball suspended on it,

huge hydraulic hammers, construction scissors for cutting reinforced concrete,

bulldozers and excavators.

In most cases, the maximum height of demolition of high-rise structures (civil and industrial facilities) does not exceed 20-25 meters. However, with the appearance on the construction equipment market of special excavators-destroyers (the operating weight of which reaches 150 tons), equipped with hydraulic shears, it became possible to carry out demolition and dismantling of buildings at a height of up to 60 meters.

It is very effective in the destruction and demolition of buildings to use excavators. Equipped with a removable hydraulic hammer, they can carry out work on the destruction of reinforced concrete structures, and after the destruction of the object or its load-bearing parts, load the cullet and bulk materials onto dump trucks.

Prior to the start of work on the destruction of the building, it is necessary to issue a set of permits, and after the completion of the process, the remaining construction waste should be taken out by dump trucks and disposed of. At the same time, concrete is often processed using a crusher and a hydraulic hammer, obtaining secondary crushed stone, which can later be sold.

As you can see, carrying out all these works requires the availability of not only the necessary labor resources, but also knowledge of the law, as well as the presence of a range of various construction equipment.

The Avtopark 7 company has all the necessary tools, resources and equipment and will be able to provide you with services for the complete or partial dismantling, destruction and demolition of any type of building, from small private houses to large buildings. Our specialists have all the necessary knowledge, skills and experience in order to guarantee the safety, quality and speed of work. We have all the necessary equipment to carry out the tasks assigned to us on time and at minimal cost.

Contact us and we:

We will destroy any structures using a hydraulic hammer mounted on the boom of a caterpillar excavator;

We will dismantle reinforced concrete structures using hydraulic shears;

We will demolish the building using the cable method:

We recycle, remove and dispose of any waste.

You can get advice and find out the cost of services for the destruction or dismantling of a building for each specific case.

We guarantee that your order will be completed as soon as possible.

Exterior finishes play an important role in home design. But at the same time, it should be remembered that the facade is constantly under the influence of negative environmental factors. Therefore, if you do not take care of the correct additional protection, then soon it will begin to inexorably collapse. First, this will affect the aesthetic appeal, and then lead to a deterioration in the waterproofing and thermal insulation parameters of the building.

Moisture is the main reason for the destruction of the facade surface

Among the owners of private houses, facades made of facing bricks, plastered or decorated concrete surfaces are most popular. They wear well and have a long service life. But they are continuously affected by such negative factors as weathering, various chemical compounds in the air, ultraviolet radiation, etc. However, the main cause of destruction is moisture.

During the occurrence of condensation on the walls in the morning, rain or snow, moisture penetrates through the front surface of the material used to decorate the house. So, even despite sufficient moisture resistance, the brick is saturated with atmospheric moisture due to its porous structure. This is the result of such a physical phenomenon as the capillary effect. Also, an excess of moisture may have a mortar used for masonry.

In the case of a plastered or concrete façade, saturation with atmospheric moisture occurs through small cracks present in the material. Among other things, water, due to the capillary effect, can be sucked into the foundation from the soil, and then rise to the facade. As a result, the salts contained in the material and the seams of the masonry are carried with water to the surface of the finish. Further, the water itself will evaporate, and the salts will crystallize, forming efflorescence on the brick facade. In the case of concrete and plaster, stains will appear. If this process is not stopped in time, then it will all end with peeling and peeling of the front part of the exterior finish.

Mechanical destruction of the facade is critical for the safe operation of the building

However, in addition to the deterioration of the appearance, the mechanical destruction of the facade is much more dangerous. As we all know, water expands when it freezes. Therefore, when the outdoor temperature drops below zero, the moisture in the facing material will cause internal stresses due to an increase in volume. This leads to the appearance of small cracks, which increase in size with each cycle of "freezing" - "thawing". Eventually, the façade collapses.

In addition, when creating favorable conditions in such cracks, microorganisms begin to actively multiply. As a result, the facade will be “decorated” with stains, spots of mold, lichen and moss. If a heater is located under the lining, then excess moisture will lead to its saturation with water, which will significantly increase the thermal conductivity. As a result, due to the decrease in the level of thermal insulation of the insulation, the cost of heating the house increases significantly.

In the future, if proper measures are not taken to protect the facade, moisture will reach the supporting structures and cause a decrease in their performance: it will reduce the level of strength, reduce the degree of frost resistance and shorten the service life. Excess moisture in concrete structures causes corrosion of reinforcement and concrete stone. Mold in moisture-saturated walls can even spoil the interior decorating material.

How to protect the facade of the building from destruction

The most affordable, easy-to-use and effective means of protecting a concrete, brick or plaster facade from the negative effects of moisture is hydrophobic impregnation. Its protective properties are based on a change in the surface tension energy in the pores and capillaries of facing materials. As a result, their surface becomes water-repellent or hydrophobic.

Atmospheric moisture falling on the facade treated in this way will simply flow down it without penetrating inside. As a result of the application of such impregnation, lichens, mold, mosses and other microorganisms, deprived of wet replenishment, will disappear from the walls. The frost resistance of materials will also increase. In addition, as a result of a change in vapor permeability, the walls will remain "breathable", providing a comfortable stay.

To prevent the ingress of moisture from the soil, even at the stage of building construction, it is necessary to equip high-quality cut-off waterproofing between the facade and the foundation. In the case of masonry, if such insulation has not been made in due time or it has ceased to function normally, injections of a special chemical capillary cut-off can be applied to prevent the penetration of moisture.