The oldest sports How an ancient rubber ball changed the sport forever (4 photos). Legends of the ancient Olympic Games

Introduction……………………………………………………….1

Chapter 1. The history of the development of sports……………………………3

Chapter 2. Sports games. History of origin and development

2.1 History of football…………………………………………..3

2.2 Ball game among ancient peoples………………………………4

2.3 History of basketball………………………………………….5

2.4 The history of the game of volleyball…………………………………7

2.5 History of chess………………………………………………7

2.6 History of billiards…………………………………………….8

2.7 History of the game of hockey……………………………………10

Chapter 3. The history of the emergence and development of athletics ... 11

Conclusion……………………………………………………….13

Bibliographic list…………………………………..15

Introduction.

Sports have come to us from time immemorial. It is good for health because it makes the whole body work. In the modern world, people move less and less during work. As a result, the body does not receive sufficient load, it becomes less mobile. Fatigue comes quickly. It is followed by constant irritability, and even various diseases can develop.

Sports are especially important for a child. It helps the development of the whole organism. If you play sports, you will always be hardy and in good physical shape.

Sports should be seen as a game. It should be fun and not become a stupid competition for an unattainable result. In this regard, I would like to deepen my knowledge in the history of the emergence and development of sports games.

Sport is forged on the anvil of centuries from the burning desire of people to be strong, hardy and dexterous. If a person was like that, he was proud of it and showed his superiority over enemies and circumstances. History testifies that even during the Stone Age, competitions were held in running, jumping over ditches, throwing stones, boomerangs, arrows and spears. This is evidenced by rock paintings and archeological finds. Many peoples of the world in very ancient times already had games and entertainment with a competitive element.

Sport is a field of activity related to the identification and demonstration of the physical capabilities of people. Sports culture is aimed at developing and expanding human capabilities, conquering new heights, and unlocking the potential of athletes.
Sports games are types of amateur and professional sports aimed at achieving personal and team goals associated with defeating a specific goal (gates, baskets, pockets, game pieces, etc.). Sports games are played with the help of various gaming devices (ball, clubs, gates, playing field, puck, etc.). Being team or personal, they involve the use of tactics and strategy, and not just the basic physical qualities of the athlete (strength, agility, speed, etc.). Academic definition of the term "Sports games". In a figurative sense, the term Sports Games is a complex of sports events - an olympiad, a competition or a tournament. As a metaphor, sport can be imagined as an ongoing duel with the universe, with oneself and with the limitations that the world has given man. Like trying to fly without wings, jumping over your head. An athlete, defeating circumstances, rivals and himself, shows people that “the impossible is possible” and together with each victory of an individual athlete, all of humanity becomes a little stronger.

Sports games can be safely called a universal means of physical education for all categories of the population - from preschool children to pensioners. With their help, the goal is achieved - the formation of the foundations of the physical and spiritual culture of the individual, the increase in health resources as a system of values ​​that are actively and long-term implemented in a healthy lifestyle. The role of sports games is great in solving the problems of physical education in a wide age range, such as the formation of a conscious need for mastering the values ​​of health, physical culture and sports; physical improvement and health promotion as a condition for ensuring and achieving a high level of professionalism in socially significant activities; natural and individually acceptable development of physical potential, ensuring the achievement of the necessary and sufficient level of physical qualities, a system of motor skills and abilities; physical culture general education aimed at mastering the intellectual, technological, moral and aesthetic values ​​of physical culture; actualization of knowledge at the level of skills for conducting independent studies and the ability to involve others in them. The effectiveness of sports games in promoting the harmonious development of the individual is explained, firstly, by their specificity; Secondly,

deep versatile impact on the body involved in the development of physical qualities and the development of vital motor skills; thirdly, accessibility for people of different ages and preparedness.

Now I want to consider in more detail the emergence and history of the development of the most famous sports games.

Chapter 1. The history of the development of sports

When did the sport , what was the development of sports and what does the word sport mean for the inhabitants of our planet? Never thought about it? Have you ever thought what it is, why it is so many-sided and so diverse??? Why are both physical and mental activities, as well as activities aimed at revealing some outstanding qualities in a person, called sports? Why?

How did people come to compete with each other, identifying the strongest and, in general, why was this necessary? Let's try to understand a little about all these issues.

If we turn to numerous sources, it can be revealed that sports originated many millennia ago and it is impossible to trace any specific homeland of sports. It can be assumed that it originated with the appearance of a community among people, with the beginning of hunting and with the appearance of some kind of logic in them. Or rather, with the advent of religion. The beginning of sports : in their free time from hunting, gathering, fishing and other activities, ancient people performed various dances and performed numerous rituals in order to appease their gods. At first, people did it out of necessity, and later for their own pleasure.

On the other hand, it can be assumed that the beginning of the sport came with the understanding that bloody wars can be avoided by a simple competition. Remember, in ancient times, at the time of the Olympiad, all attempts to shed blood ceased.

Of great importance in the development of rudimentary sport was the appearance of the ball. It was a kind of explosion that changed not everything, but a lot. Until now, the most popular sports, one way or another, are associated with the ball - football, tennis, basketball, volleyball, rugby, etc. The ball was worshiped as an idol (the ball was considered the most perfect form), it personified the sun. It is also known from ancient history that one of the first "balls" were the heads of enemies. The ball became the main fun in peacetime.

Chapter 2. Sports games. History of origin and development.

2.1 History of football

Football is the most popular team game in the world where you have to fight for a small number of points. The history of the "kick ball" has many centuries. Various ball games similar to football were played in the countries of the Ancient East (Egypt, China), in the ancient world (Greece, Rome), in France (“pa supi”), in Italy (“calchio”) and in England. The immediate predecessor of European football was, in her probability, the Roman harpastum. In this game, which was one of the types of military training of legionnaires, it was necessary to pass the ball between two posts. In ancient Egypt, a football-like game was known in 1900 BC. e. In ancient Greece, the ball game was popular in various forms in the 4th century BC. BC e., as evidenced by the image of a young man juggling a ball on an ancient Greek amphora, stored in a museum in Athens. Among the warriors of Sparta, the epikyros ball game was popular, which was played with both hands and feet. The Romans called this game "harpastum" ("handball") and slightly modified the rules. Their game was brutal. It was thanks to the Roman conquerors of the ball games in the 1st c. n. e. became well known in the British Isles, quickly gaining recognition among the native inhabitants of the Britons and Celts. The Britons turned out to be worthy students - in 217 AD. e. in Derby they first defeated a team of Roman legionnaires.

Approximately in the 5th c. this game disappeared with the Roman Empire, but the memory of it remained with the Europeans, and especially in Italy. Even the great Leonardo da Vinci, whom his contemporaries characterized as a closed person, restrained in the manifestation of emotions,

did not remain indifferent to her. In his “biography of the most famous painters, sculptors and architects” we read: “when he wanted to excel, he found himself not

exclusively in painting or sculpture, but competed in the favorite game of Florentine youths in the football game. When in the 17th century supporters of the executed English king Charles I fled to Italy, they got acquainted with this game there, and after the accession to the throne in 1660 of Charles II they brought it to England, where it became a court game. Medieval football in England was extremely reckless and rough, and the game itself was, in fact, a wild dump in the streets. The English and the Scots played not for life, but for death. It is not surprising that the authorities waged a stubborn war on football; even royal orders were issued to ban the game. On April 13, 1314, the royal decree of Edward II was read to the inhabitants of London, under pain of imprisonment, forbidding the game in the city ... In 1365, it was the turn of Edward III to ban football, due to the fact that the troops preferred this game to improvement in archery. Richard II in his ban mentioned in 1389 football, dice, and tennis. The T-shirt was liked and eaten by traveling English monarchs - from Henry IV to James P.

But the popularity of football in England was so great that even royal decrees could not prevent it. It was in England that this game was called "football", although this did not happen with the official recognition of the game, but with its prohibition. At the beginning of the 19th century in Great Britain there was a transition from "crowd football" to organized football, the first rules of which were developed in 1846 at Rugby School and two years later refined at Cambridge. And in 1857 the world's first football club was organized in Sheffield. Six years later, representatives of already 7 clubs gathered in London to develop uniform rules of the game and organize the National Football Association.

It was formed in 1863, and the world's first official rules of the game were developed, which received universal recognition several decades later. Three of the thirteen paragraphs of these rules indicated the prohibition of handplay in various situations. It wasn't until 1871 that the goalkeeper was allowed to play with his hands. The rules strictly defined the size of the field (200x100 yards, or 180x90 m) and the thief from (8 yards, or 7 m32 cm, remained unchanged). Until the end of the 19th century. The English Football Association outside ate a number of changes: the size of the ball was determined (1871); introduced corner kick ar (1872); since 1878 the judge began to use a whistle; since 1891, a net appeared on the gate and an 11-meter free kick (penalty) began to break through. In 1875, the rope connecting the poles was replaced by a crossbar at a height of 2.44 m from the ground. And goal nets were applied and patented by the Englishman Brody from Liverpool in 1890. The referee on the football field first appeared in 1880-1881. Since 1891, the referee began to enter the field with two assistants. Changes and improvements in the rules, of course, influenced the tactics and technique of the game. The history of international football meetings dates back to 1873. It began with a match between the teams of England and Scotland, which ended in a draw with a score of 0:0. Since 1884, the first official international tournaments with the participation of football players from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland began to break out in the British Isles (such tournaments are held annually even now).

At the end of the 19th century football began to quickly gain popularity in Europe and Latin America.

In 1904, on the initiative of Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Switzerland, the International Federation of Football Associations (FIFA) was created.

2.2 Ball game among ancient peoples.

Ritual ball games were once common on all continents.

Ancient leather balls have been found during excavations in Egypt and Greece. According to the legends of antiquity, the goddess Aphrodite gave the first ball to Eros, saying to him these words: “I will give you a wonderful toy: this is a fast-flying ball, you won’t get any better fun

from the hands of Hephaestus. Depending on the ritual, the ball could symbolize the Sun, the Moon, the Earth, and even the northern lights.

Chinese women playing football

In Australia, they were made from the skins of marsupial rats, bladders of large animals, and twisted hair.

The Chinese knew the game cujiu, (“Push with the foot”), which was part of the compulsory physical training program for soldiers, mention of which dates back to the 2nd century BC. e., FIFA in 2004 recognized that the Chinese version of football is the most ancient.

The Lakota Indians (Sioux) called the ball game Tapa Banka Yap ("Throwing the ball"). She appeared due to the vision of the leader Huaskn Mani (Walking in Motion). Initially, this game was aimed at ensuring the prosperity of the tribe. The rite required a long preparation, during which an altar was built, symbolizing the center of the Earth.

The Eskimos call the ball game tungatgak. It is carried out with the onset of the first frost. First, the players are divided into two teams. The object of the game is to prevent the opposing team from gaining possession of the ball. The duel, as a rule, stops only late in the evening, by agreement of the parties.

2.3 History of basketball.

A game similar to basketball is known among the Mayans and Aztecs of Central America. The ball was made of molded rubber, it had to be thrown into the ring.

The birthplace of modern basketball is considered to be the United States of America. The game was invented in December 1891 at the Christian Youth Association training center in Springfield, Massachusetts.

To spice up gymnastics lessons, a young teacher, Dr. James Naismith, born in 1861 in the town of Ramsey near Elmont, Ontario, Canada, came up with a new game. He attached two bottomless fruit baskets to the railing of the balcony.

who needed to throw a soccer ball (hence the name basket basket, ball ball). The concept of basketball was born in his school years, while playing duck-on-a-rock.

The meaning of this game, popular at that time, was as follows: throwing one, not a large stone, it was necessary to hit the top of another stone, larger in size, with it. Already, as a teacher of physical education, a college professor in Springfield, D. Naismith faced the problem of creating a game for the Massachusetts winter, the period between baseball and football competitions. Naismith believed that due to the weather of this time of year, the best solution would be to invent an indoor game.

A year later, D. Naismith, in less than an hour, sitting at a table in his office, developed the first paragraphs of the basketball rules:

· The ball can be thrown in any direction with one or two hands;

The ball can be hit with one or two hands in any direction, but in no case with a fist;

· The player cannot run with the ball. The player must pass or throw the ball into the basket from the point at which he caught it, except for a player running at good speed;

· The ball must be held with one or two hands. You can not use the forearms and body to hold the ball;

In any case, hitting, grabbing, holding and pushing the opponent is not allowed. The first violation of this rule by any player shall be called a foul (dirty play); the second foul disqualifies him until the next ball has been potted and if there was an obvious intention to injure the player, for the entire game. No substitution is allowed;

· Hitting the ball with a fist - violation of paragraphs of rules 2 and 4, the punishment is described in paragraph 5;

· If one of the parties commits three fouls in a row, they must be recorded as a goal for the opponents (this means that during this time the opponents must not commit a single foul);

· A goal is scored - if the ball thrown or bouncing off the floor hits the basket and stays there. Defending players are not allowed to touch the ball or basket while shooting. If the ball touches the edge and the opponents move the basket, then a goal is scored;

· If the ball goes into touch (out of bounds), then it must be thrown into the field and the first player to touch it. In the event of a dispute, the referee must throw the ball into the field. The thrower is allowed to hold the ball for five seconds. If he holds it longer, then the ball is given to the opponent. If either side tries to play for time, the referee shall give them a foul;

· The referee must monitor the actions of the players and fouls, and notify the referee of three consecutive fouls. He is vested with the power to disqualify players under Rule 5;

· The referee must watch the ball and determine when the ball is in play (inbounds) and when it goes out of bounds (out of bounds), which side should have the ball, and control the time. He must determine the defeat of the goal, keep a record of goals scored, as well as perform any other actions that are normally performed by the referee;

· The game consists of two halves of 15 minutes each with a break of five minutes between them;

· The side that scores more goals during this period of time is the winner.

Basketball has changed over time.

At the height of the game, Naismith was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame, despite the fact that he was already named after him. Basketball has come a long way since James Naismith. And today is one of the most popular sports in the world, which would not be possible without Dr. James Naismith, the founder of this great game.

2.4 History of the game of volleyball.

Volleyball originated in the USA. It was invented in 1895 by the head of physical education in the Union of Young Christians - William Morgan. He proposed throwing the ball over a tennis net, located at a height of about 2 meters.

The first name of volleyball is mintonet, later it was renamed into a flying ball. The real name of the game was given by Dr. Alfred Holstetz, a teacher at Springfield College.

Volleyball first appeared in public in 1986, a year later the first rules of the game were made public, they consisted of only ten points.

The game quickly spread around the world, numerous US trade and political ties contributed to this.

Already in 1900, volleyball was recognized in Canada, in 1906 in Cuba, Puerto Rico, Peru, Brazil, Uruguay, and Mexico. By 1913, the flying ball flew to Asia, a tournament was held there at the Pan-Asian Games, it was attended by: Japan, China, the Philippines. And already in 1914, volleyball appeared in Europe, more precisely in Great Britain, then in 1917 it was already in France. In the 1920s, the game began to develop in Eastern Europe - in Poland, Czechoslovakia and the USSR. At this time, official championships of the countries of the European continent begin to be held.

Along with the spread of volleyball in the world, the rules of the game improved, tactics and techniques changed, new techniques were formed. Volleyball is becoming more and more of a team game. Players begin to use power feeds, widely introduce deceptive strikes into the game, pay great attention to passing technique, the role of defense increases, the game becomes more dynamic.

In 1922, after the competition in Brooklyn, the Americans propose to include volleyball in the program of the Olympic Games and are refused. In 1934, at an international meeting of representatives of sports federations, a technical commission on volleyball was created, it included 13 European countries, 5 countries of the American continent and 4 Asian ones.

In April 1947 in Paris, at the first volleyball congress, a decision was made to establish the International Volleyball Federation (FIVB).

Sport is where you can get injured. Chess (along with billiards, one of the oldest sports) began to be considered a sport since an angry loser hit his opponent on the head with a board and he received a concussion.

2.5 History of chess.

The birthplace of chess is India. The time of occurrence is the first centuries of our era. There is an ancient legend that attributes the creation of chess to a certain Brahmin. For his invention, he asked the rajah (he was delighted with the new game) for a seemingly insignificant reward: as many grains of wheat as the chessboard would show if one grain was placed on the first cell, and then

double the number of grains. The number that the chessboard showed could not be found on the entire planet.

A small chessboard is an immense field for countless combinations. Suffice it to say that at the very beginning of the game the player has 20 options for the first move; his partner can respond with 20 moves for each move, that is, the latter already has 400 options at his disposal only for the first move!

From India, chess entered the countries of the Middle East.

This game had a pronounced military character, so it was well received in the countries of medieval Europe. Here chess became known in the X-XI centuries, after the Arabs conquered Spain and Sicily.

From Spain and Sicily, chess gradually penetrated into Italy, France, England, Scandinavian and other countries, despite the most severe persecution of the church, which forbade chess along with the game of "dice" and other "demonic obsessions".

At the end of the 14th century, the Catholic Church officially lifted the ban on chess. The game was recognized as a necessary element of noble education.

The first mention of chess in Russia dates back to the second half of the 13th century. Archaeological finds dating back to the 11th-15th centuries show that chess has been known and loved in our country for a long time and everywhere. Excavations in Novgorod show that boyars and serfs, merchants, artisans and even clergymen played chess.

The Russian clergy in their rejection of chess imitated the Byzantine one. But the prohibitions of the church could not kill the interest in the game, which managed to win so many adherents and became part of Russian culture. Gradually, the Russian Church stopped mentioning chess as a forbidden game. In the book “The Life of the Russian People”, A.V. Tereshchenko notes: “When raising grand-ducal children, they taught, among other things, the game of chess, no doubt, for the reason that it refined their mental abilities.”

Peter I, going on campaigns, took with him not only chess, but also two permanent partners.

Catherine II was also fond of chess. In 1796, A.S. Stroganov arranged for Catherine II and the Swedish King Gustav IV, who were visiting his country palace, a game of live chess. In a meadow where a “chessboard” was laid out with green and yellow turf, servants dressed in medieval clothes moved in accordance with the moves of a chess game.

Chess was widely spread among the Russian intelligentsia. In the library of A.S. Pushkin, a book by A.D. Petrov, published in 1824, who was the strongest chess player in Russia for half a century, - “Chess game, brought into a systematic order ...” with the author's dedication inscription, has been preserved; Pushkin was a subscriber of the first chess magazine, Palamede, which began to appear in Paris in 1836.

In the 19th and 20th centuries, chess theory continues to develop.

Chess has long been one of the sports. But this does not prevent millions of people from playing chess just like that, finding joy in the game.

2.6 The history of the game of billiards.

Billiards is an ancient game, but at the same time it is very extraordinary, exciting and deep. It is impossible to pinpoint the exact time of the game's origin. Therefore, it is not surprising that many legends, myths and disputes arise around him. One of the main billiard disputes, which has been going on for decades, has become a dispute about

In what country did billiards originate? Many researchers believe that the birthplace of billiards is Asia, according to some - India, according to others -

China. However, in European countries, long before the advent of billiards, there were already games that can be called the prototypes of billiards.

The question of the origin of the word "billiards" remains controversial. According to the English researcher John Wilk, the original name of the game was "ball-yerds", composed of two words of the ancient Saxon language ("ball" - ball and "yerd" - stick). Proponents of another, French version of the origin of the word, point to the French roots of the name: "bille" - a ball, or "billart" - a wooden stick.

The emergence of billiards would be correctly attributed to the historical period when the balls began to be moved with the help of cue-like devices on a flat surface raised above the floor or the ground.

The first official source about billiards in Europe is recorded in the order of the King of France (1461-1483) Louis XI, who once ordered a billiard table to be installed in his apartment. A century later, the French king Charles IX, playing billiards on the infamous St. Bartholomew's night on August 24, 1572, put down his cue and, taking an arquebus, began to shoot directly from the windows of the palace at the fleeing Huguenots. The second historical source refers to a letter written by Mary Stuart on February 17, 1587, on the day of her execution, to the Archbishop of Glasgow, in which the unfortunate queen asks the archbishop to take care of her billiard table, preparing the most suitable place for it. There is also a mention of billiards in the great Shakespeare. Thus, the fashion of kings for billiards influenced its popularity both among its vassals and in lower circles. In 1674, in Lyon, the Frenchman Etienne Liazon publishes the first rules for playing billiards. Subsequently, with the growing interest in billiards, this game spread throughout Europe. During the reign of the French king Louis XIV, when billiards was the highest fashion at court, Michel Chamillard (1652 - 1721) was recognized as the best player, who made a dizzying career from a petty official to a minister of war.

In 1698 Peter I brought the first billiard tables from Holland, one of which he installed in his reception room. Gradually, following his example, many nobles began to start billiards in their estates. During the reign of Anna Ioannovna (a big fan of billiards) and Elizaveta Petrovna, billiards in Russia is most widespread.

The first billiard tables had many technical imperfections. The sides were not elastic and the balls, hitting them, were not reflected; with rough cue sticks it was impossible to give the ball a lateral rotation; the board on which the balls rolled was not very even and hard. The game looked very primitive. The improvement of the billiard table also affected its shape. Modern billiard tables come in a wide variety of sizes, ranging in length between 250 - 275 cm, and the width between the sides - 140 - 153.5 cm, height from the floor - up to 2.5 feet. According to the size - billiards are called: small, medium (cabinet) and large.

In 1870, billiards was recognized as an independent sport. This event happened thanks to the held match for the title of world champion in billiards. The game took place in San Francisco and included John Deary and Cyril Dion. John Deary became the first billiards world champion. Since then, the development of billiards as a sport has progressed by leaps and bounds. Today we can observe many billiard virtuosos at a wide variety of tournaments.

2.7 History of the game of hockey.

The term "hockey" itself was formed from the English "hockey", or from the old French "hoquet", meaning "shepherd's crook with a hook."

Hockey is a sports team game with sticks and a puck (or ball), the content and purpose of which is, using individual dribbling and passing the ball by a partner, to score it as many times as possible into the opponent's goal.

Even before the advent of hockey in the 16th century of Holland, there were games with a ball and sticks on ice. Then similar games appeared in England and Scandinavia, where they later developed into bandy on ice in the 19th century.

Modern ice hockey as a sports game originated in Canada. This is a country whose climate and nature (numerous water bodies that freeze in winter and long winters) created good conditions for the spread of this game. At first, they played not with a puck, but with a heavy ball, and the size of the team reached 50 or more players on each side.

In the 1870s ice hockey in Canada was a mandatory game for all sports holidays. The first hockey rules were formulated by students at McGill University in Montreal. The classic hockey goal had not yet been invented at that time, their role was played by two posts that marked the space into which the puck should fall when hitting the goal.

In 1879 the Canadian UV. Robertson formulated the rules of hockey, and at the same time a rubber puck was proposed for the game. The Amateur Hockey Association was founded in Montreal in 1885. The first official rules for the game of ice hockey were published in 1886, which have been preserved as much as possible to this day. Changes were made to them in terms of the size of the team: the number of field players decreased from nine to seven; the conditions for finding the number of players during the game on the field have changed: the goalkeeper, front and rear defenders, the central and two wingers could be on the ice, and the area in front of the gate was the arena for the actions of the strongest hockey player - the rover.

In 1899, the world's first indoor ice hockey stadium with an artificial ice rink was built in Montreal, designed for an unprecedented number of spectators - 10,000 people. In the same year, the Canadian Amateur Hockey League was founded.

Hockey match in Montreal (Canada), early 20th century

The first professional hockey team was organized in the country where hockey originated - in Canada in 1904. Four seasons later

This team was finally divided into professionals and amateurs. At the end of the 19th century, Canadian hockey came to Europe. In 1914, professional ice hockey clubs merged into the National Hockey League (NHL). And in 1908 Great Britain, Bohemia, Switzerland, France and Belgium founded the International Ice Hockey Federation (LIH, after 1979 - IIHF).

The rules of the game were constantly changing: for example, in 1900, a goal net was invented, which made it possible to accurately determine whether a goal was scored against a team. Later, the sizes of hockey rinks were established, the game time was set (three periods of 20 minutes), the number of players on the field was reduced to 6 people, it became possible to replace players not only for health reasons. The Patrick brothers also left us their innovations - they introduced a system for assigning a number to each player, a new scoring system, the site was divided into certain zones. In 1929, goalkeeper Clint Benedict put on a mask for the first time, and in 1945, multi-colored lights were installed outside the goal for a more accurate count of goals scored (“red” - a goal, “green” - a goal was not recorded). In recent years, women's teams have begun to appear in hockey, which in 1998 were included in the program of the Olympic Games.

Chapter 3. The history of the emergence and development of athletics.

Even in ancient times, a person needed to be able to run fast, deftly overcome various obstacles, and throw various kinds of projectiles. From the ability of a person to catch up and accurately hit the prey, from the ability to be persistent and hardened in the fight against the mysterious forces of nature, his hunting luck, and hence his life, depended.

Athletics is one of the most popular sports, to say the least. After all, in a wide circle of sports fans, she bears the title - the Queen of Sports.

Athletics is one of the oldest sports. 2800 years - this is the age of athletics (if we take into account the I Olympic Games in 776 BC).

Several centuries before our era, the peoples of Asia and Africa held competitions in running, jumping, throwing, but this was especially widespread in Ancient Greece. Special gymnasium schools were created here, in which young men did physical exercises, developed strength, speed, dexterity, and endurance.

The birth of modern athletics is attributed to the late 18th and early 19th centuries in the British Isles. Running took place on high roads between cities or at hippodromes (1770 - an hour run, the result of the winner is 17300m; 1803 - John Todd ran from Hyde Park to Oxbridge Roy in 4.10.0 (a little less than a mile distance); 1789 - jump from sixth 1.83m; 1792 - 1 mile run (1609.3m) with a score of 5.52.0; 1827 - high jump with a running start (157.5cm); 1838 - hammer throw (19.71m); 1839. - shot put (8.61m)).

In general, the Olympic debut of the "Queen of Sports" was held in Athens very modestly. Athletes competed in only 12 types (compare: now the track and field athletics program has 43 types). In total, less than a hundred athletes came to the start. For example, only five jumped high. Much more participants gathered competitions in gymnastics and shooting.

The specific date of birth of modern athletics is considered to be 1837. - competition between students of Rugby College in the UK at a distance of about 2 km.

The birth of athletics in the United States is associated with the creation in 1868. New York Athletic Club.

1870-1890 - the emergence of athletics associations in many developed countries.

In the 30s. in the USSR, the scientific and methodological foundations of the modern system of training athletes began to be created. With the introduction in 1931 of the Ready

to Labor and Defense of the USSR” (GTO), athletics has become one of the most popular sports.

In 1968, the European Athletics Association was founded. - EAA, uniting 35 national federations, including the USSR (1972), in the late 60s and early 70s. Athletics federations of Asia, Africa, Latin American countries, New Zealand and Oceania are organized.

CONCLUSION

So, we have considered the topic “Sports games. History of origin and development. Judging by all the above, we can conclude that since ancient times, a universal and absolutely reliable way to improve health and increase longevity has been well known - sports, a method that does not require expensive medicines and technical devices, but only will and some effort on oneself.

Sports games and physical education are integral elements of physical culture, the purpose of which is to develop the body, motor skills, improve physical qualities, skills and abilities.

The variety of sports games makes it difficult to define. In our opinion, a sports game is a voluntary activity that takes place according to certain rules and is characterized by excitement, in which the emotional side dominates the utilitarian and practical side and which brings satisfaction and joy not only from the result, but also from the process itself, both to the direct participants in the game and its observers (spectators, fans). When defining a sport game, we cannot completely abstract ourselves from the utilitarian-practical side, especially in relation to professional sports. However, even in the most, it would seem, far from any professional gaming activity, for example, in children's hide and seek, there is already a desire for a result - victory, success - the achievement of which is accompanied by additional joy, and failure - grief, which, however, does not overlap. emotional positive elation and satisfaction from the very process of the game.

Nevertheless, it is the sports game that ennobles the participants, helps to strengthen the collectivist principles, especially in team sports games, and teaches chivalry and nobility. It is difficult to overestimate the role of a sports game in the physical development of its participants, in ensuring a healthy and active lifestyle, although in modern big professional sports it is not without costs when the loads of individual athletes go beyond the permissible range, which can lead to undermining health and even death of an athlete during training or competition. Finally, the development of sports games realizes the task of forming patriotic principles. On the one hand, this is facilitated by the revival of folk (folklore) games, which, for example, is the Russian lapta, which is experiencing its second birth today and even entering the international level, acquiring an international character. On the other hand, international competitions in sports games are held under the flags of states, they involve the performance of national anthems, both before the start of the game and in the procedure for awarding the winners, cause empathy and, accordingly, a surge in the patriotic mood of the fans (humanity has not yet matured to cosmopolitan views, the relevance of patriotism is early cancel). Healthy manifestations of national self-consciousness have nothing to do with chauvinism; national pride does not at all imply neglect of other cultures and ethnic groups. In addition, the Russians, and especially the state-forming - Russian - ethnic group, have yet to overcome an inferiority complex, which is largely facilitated by the success of Russians in sports in the field of big-time sports.

Sport should be a companion of every person throughout his life - only then sport can bring tangible benefits. Many physical

deficiencies and ailments can be treated with sports. It should not be forgotten that a person spends most of the daytime at work and, as a rule, in a room where

the possibilities for a variety of movements are extremely limited. This causes various congestion in the body, leads to a slowdown in blood circulation, and can cause some ailments.

It remains to be hoped that the sports game will take an increasingly worthy place in the gaming activity of a modern person, and this trend obliges to close attention and research of the sports game as a socio-cultural phenomenon.

REFERENCES

1. "Everything about everything" - a popular encyclopedia for children-1994.

2. Kuzin V.V., Palievsky S.A., Basketball. Initial stage of training. Physical culture and sports - 1999.

3. Kuramshin "Theory and methods of physical culture"

4. Kuhn "General history of physical culture and sports" - 1987.

5. Fundamentals of volleyball O. Chekhov. Physical culture and sports, 1979

6. Stolbov V.V. History of physical culture and sports - 1975.

7. Physical culture and sports. Small Encyclopedia - M .: "Rainbow", 1982

Experienced athletes and coaches know how important physical activity is for adults, children and teenagers. The ability to play, move for pleasure and compete is necessary for growth and development, keeping the body in good physical shape. Sports games for children are the greatest gift that adults can give to children. While playing, the child improves health, develops coordination, learns to act in a team and receives a lot of positive emotions. It is especially useful to play together - children, parents and teachers. This is the best way to create friendly and trusting relationships.

Varieties of sports games

Playing sports have been around since time immemorial. On the frescoes of the Egyptian pyramids and the ancient Roman city of Pompeii, on the vases of ancient Greece and the wall paintings of ancient Crete, many figures are depicted engaged in outdoor games. Every nation has national sports entertainment. There are universal games popular in all countries of the world.

Any sports game is characterized by:

• The presence of rules;
• Interaction with partners;
• competitiveness;
• Physical activity;
• Ease of content;
• Strong emotional impact.

All gaming activities in sports can be divided into several groups. This is:

• Games are paired with a small variety of movements;
• Team activities with a wide variety of movements;
• Team games with great physical activity;
• Military sports games;
• Mind games.

Types of the first group - table tennis, badminton, etc. Teams are football, basketball, volleyball. Hockey and rugby require increased workload. Examples of military sports games are paintball, laser tag. Intellectual games - chess, checkers.

In different cities, regions and countries, multi-level competitions in team sports are held.

Benefits of sports games

Sports and outdoor games are useful for people of any age. Physical activity, coupled with competition and passion, gives incomparable pleasure. Adults up to advanced years feel cheerful and young if they play tennis, golf, badminton. Playing physical activity gives children additional incentives for growth and development.

Playing sports is important for improvement:

• Movements (walking, running, throwing, catching, balancing);
• Fine motor skills (fine movements when eating, drawing, writing, dressing);
• Speech and communication;
• Thinking skills (learning, understanding. Problem solving, reasoning, memorization, reading, counting);
• Social and emotional interaction (family, friends, teachers).

Vigorous physical activity is essential for normal bone growth. Normal motor load on the skeleton helps to keep the bones strong, durable, resistant to pressure, shock absorption. Activity helps bones and muscles develop proportionately and efficiently. Games help to avoid the phenomenon of overtraining, which is often present in non-playing sports due to excessive stress during training.

Participation in team sports helps a person from childhood and throughout life to maintain the correct proportions of the body.

Sport allows you to prevent the accumulation of excess fat, strengthen muscles, strengthen ligaments.

Outdoor games develop sensory perception, namely: speed of reaction, orientation in space, peripheral vision, hearing, touch.

Many motor skills improve when a person plays. Running, jumping on one and two legs, throwing, fast walking, turns are worked out much better than in everyday life. There are no differences in age and gender in play activities. Boys and girls, young and old, all become equal. This is the advantage of the game.

Skills of mental activity - speech, memory, communication, concentration of attention also improve during sports activities. Fast, requiring instant reaction and calculation, the game sharpens all the senses, makes the brain work at an accelerated pace.

Participating in sports activities is a great way to expand social connections for adults and shape social behavior for children. Sports team games encourage a person to feel like a member of the community, teach him to empathize, help, compete.

Rules of sports games

Sports games are competitions in the form of a game, based on certain techniques and tactics. The fight can take place between two partners or two teams. In many games, a goal is defined - a goal, a ball, a shuttlecock, a playground. Each competition has a set of rules. Without knowing them, it is difficult not only to participate, but also to observe the course of the competition. There are general rules for all sports activities. This is:

• safe behavior;
• Fair wrestling;
• Compliance with the rules of the game;
• Teammate support;
• Respect for rivals;
• Anti-doping.

The popularity of different sports is not the same. Statistics collected in 200 countries around the world show the following:

Percentage of popularity, sports games: football - 8.4%.

Basketball - 5.7%.

Volleyball - 5.4%.

One of the oldest sports. It is traditionally believed that football was invented in England in the Middle Ages. But the Chinese chronicles of the 3rd-2nd centuries BC describe the "competition of Tsu Chu". Its meaning was to kick a leather ball stuffed with feathers and hair into a net stretched on a bamboo base. Approximate descriptions are found in ancient Egyptian and ancient Greek authors. Consequently, the British did not invent football, but only developed and popularized it. The rules of this sport have changed over time.

The main principles of football:

The game is played by two teams of 11 players each. The goal is to kick the ball into the opponent's goal. Footballers direct the ball only with their feet and head, it is forbidden to use their hands. The team that manages to score the ball more times wins.

Here are the roles:

• Goalkeeper;
• 4 defenders;
• 3 midfielders;
• 3 attackers.

Equipment: ball, two goals with a net. All players are advised to wear spiked boots and shin guards. Typically, each team has uniforms of the same color. The goalkeeper's clothing is different in color, this player must have special gloves.

Football attracts a huge number of both adults and children, because it is a very passionate, emotional sport. The result remains intriguing until the last moment. Football, unlike hockey, can be played by anyone.

Listing popular sports games, basketball is called the second after football. Unlike football, the origin of this game is known for sure. Basketball was invented by an American doctor, coach and priest - James Naismith. The basis of the new sport was the school entertainment “duck on the rock”. The very first basketball game in 1891 featured peach baskets and a soccer ball. The game was liked by the general public and soon spread throughout the world. Naismith's original rules have evolved since then.

But the main principles remain the same:

• Two teams of 12 people participate;
• From 3 to 5 people can play on the court at the same time;
• Players must shoot the ball into the opponent's basket, and not allow the balls to be thrown into their own basket;
• All actions with the ball are performed only with the hands;
• You cannot hit the ball with your fist;
• The ball is moved only by hitting it on the floor.

Basketball is played outdoors and in gyms. It is popular because of its gambling, swiftness and external aesthetics. Professional basketball players are tall, slender, long-legged. Everyone wants to be like them. Moreover, women can also play basketball.

This sport, like basketball, was also artificially invented in the USA. Christian Association coach William Morgan came up with an original mix of basketball, tennis, handball and baseball. In 1895, the first game took place, at which the modern name was invented. For volleyball you need a platform with a net stretched across. The net is placed at a height of 2.43 m and 2.25 m for men and women, respectively. In teams of 5 people. Players change places as the ball is served. The goal of the game is to land the ball in the territory of the opposing team. Volleyball players use only their hands. It is forbidden to touch the mesh with your hands. No more than five parties are played up to 25 points each.

Children and adults all over the world love volleyball as it develops reactions, gives a feeling of friendship and team support. Characterizing various sports games, volleyball can be called the most democratic. This sport is available everywhere - in the yard, on the beach. Anyone can play, no special training is needed.

Sports games with a ball

Ball games, as seen in the example of football, basketball and volleyball described above, are the most dynamic and popular. Balls were invented at the dawn of human civilization. Many national sports and yard children's games use large, small, leather, rag, wooden, and alabaster balls. Modern sports games with a ball are mainly team games.

Actions with the ball can be varied:

• Hitting a ball into a goal (football, polo, basketball, handball).
• Hitting the ball with a special tool - a racket, a bat (bast shoes, baseball, etc.).
• Throwing the ball over an obstacle (volleyball, tennis).
• Non-team games with hitting the target (bowling, billiards).

There are many exciting outdoor activities with a ball for children, which are common in yards, camps, and also in physical education classes. For example:

• Potato. Players standing in a circle throw the ball to each other as quickly as possible. Anyone who did not have time to catch or hit the ball sits in the center of the circle. He can get out of there if he has time to intercept or hit the ball from another player.
• Bouncers. Two lines are drawn on the ground at a distance of 5 meters from each other. Players stand between the lines, on which two bouncers occupy positions. The bouncers take turns throwing the ball towards each other, trying to hit the players with the ball. If the ball does not touch anyone, it is caught by the opponent's bouncer, and the players must run back. When the last player is eliminated, the first eliminated take the place of the dodgers.

Military sports games

In our time, military sports games have become widespread, involving the inclusion of elements of combat tactics. Weapons are used here, army methods of moving around the playing space are used. Teams are formed according to the military principle: squad, platoon, etc. The scope of action is close to the usual for conducting real hostilities - a field, a forest. Teams can conduct defense, attack, reconnaissance. Military sports strategy involves the interaction of team members, creates a situation of combat. The group that hits all members of the opposing team wins.

The most famous games in our time are:

Paintball. Rival teams shoot paintballs at each other with air guns. The balls break on a live target and "mark" the achievement of the goal.

Hardball. This competition uses pneumatic recreational weapons with a bullet speed of 180 meters per second

Laser tag. As a weapon, a laser emitter is used that affects sensory sensors.

Airsoft. Weapons - pneumatics and electro-pneumatics with plastic balls (caliber - 6 mm).

Olympic Games: Sports

Many of the games listed are featured in the Summer and Winter Olympics. The list expands every year. In recent years, Olympic sports have been considered:

• badminton;
• basketball;
• water polo;
• volleyball;
• Beach volleyball;
• handball;
• table tennis;
• tennis;
• football;
• field hockey.

• curling;

Many games are not included in the official program of the Olympics, although they are not inferior in popularity to Olympic sports.

• Rugby;
• Golf;
• Billiards;
• Darts;
• Squash.

Yard outdoor games

These days, many children and teenagers are addicted to computer games. This addictive hobby can perfectly develop fantasy, thinking and determination, but it sharply reduces physical activity and negates sociability. Parents of modern teenagers remember the wonderful children's sports games that they played for hours at summer camps, school sports clubs and just in the yards.

• Russian lapta;
• Ali Baba;
• Break chains;
• Aram-shim-shim;
• Santiki-wrappers-limpompo.

Parents, camp counselors and physical education teachers must necessarily involve children and adolescents in active physical activity. Joint play fosters friendship and mutual assistance, aims for victory, develops the habit of active leisure and improves health.

Sports have been around for about as long as humanity. It is a great way not only to train the body and spirit. Sports originated as a way to train warriors and hunters, as well as a way to resolve conflicts, a more peaceful and safe analogue of military operations. But if now humanity is looking for an adrenaline rush in sports that will help make up for the lack of thrills and emotions in a peaceful ordinary life, then once ...
In ancient times, sport was as close as possible to real situations, it was tough and cruel. Let's see some interesting facts about ancient sports.

1. Pankration
Pankration was one of the Olympic sports in Ancient Greece. It was one of the varieties of martial arts held between a pair of fighters on a sandy platform. At the same time, there were practically no rules - the only thing was that it was forbidden to strike in the eyes, scratch and bite.
There were also no protective equipment and weapons, no time limit or weight class. But on the other hand, the wrestlers had complete freedom of action, it was possible to apply any tricks from any position.
The condition for the end of the duel was the inability to fight one of them, or a given sign of surrender. In total, for almost a thousand years of history, there have been 9 Olympic winners. And in Sparta, competitions were also held between women.

2. Elephant fights
Popular gladiatorial battles have diversified with various tricks. Fights with wild animals, in particular, with elephants, were popular among the spectators. It was an expensive and large-scale pleasure, usually criminals or prisoners sentenced to death were put up against elephants, since they had practically no chance of surviving.

3. tug of war
Pulling a certain object has been a popular sport at all times. Usually it differed in that it was dragged and over what it was pulled. The divider of rivals was also pits and a swamp or other body of water. But the Vikings usually pulled the skin over the fire pit. Considering that this process was of a mystical nature, such competitions could well become one of the elements of sacrifices.

4. Mesoamerican ball game
A thousand years before our era, a ball game appeared on the territory of modern Mexico. Later, it spread to the territory from Nicaragua to Arizona. Long development and a vast distribution area led to the emergence of many forms and variations, some still exist.
It is on them that researchers are guided when studying the Mesoamerican ball game. The main feature was the use of a rubber ball with a diameter of about 20 cm and a weight of about 4 kg. By analogy with modern variants, scientists suggest that the game was similar to racquetball or volleyball.

That is, it was necessary to pass the ball to the opponent, not allowing him to fall. They usually hit the ball with their hips, sometimes they used other parts of the body or rackets, bats. Somewhat later, an additional element appeared in the form of rings highly fixed on the stone walls of the stadiums. Hitting the ring resulted in an instant win.
Also, judging by the material and literary evidence, during the classical period of Maya culture, the ball game was associated with human sacrifice. By the way, not only men played the ball, both children and women were fond of it.

5. Egyptian Fisherman's Tournament
A boat with eight men was descending on the Nile. After the boat left the middle of the river, a fight began on its board. Often the guys fell overboard, which led to sad consequences. In most cases, the fishermen did not know how to swim, in addition, the Nile is densely populated by crocodiles and hippos. And these animals react very nervously to loud screams, splashing of a large body in the water, blood ...

6.Naumachia
Another luxurious show from Ancient Rome. It was a gladiatorial naval battle. It was first held in 46 BC. by order of Julius Caesar. Then 2000 gladiators and 16 galleys participated in the battle. In the largest battle, organized by the emperor Claudius, there were 50 ships and 20,000 gladiators and criminals. After the battle, by the way, all the survivors were released. The exception was a few ships that showed cowardice.
In later times, such entertainments were arranged by Henry II in 1550 and Napoleon in 1807.
By the way, you can read about the very unusual games of the first after the revival of the Olympics.

An ancient Mesoamerican sport called ulama, or pok-ta-pok, was a dangerous game that could cripple players, and often meant a death sentence for the losing team. The heart of this game, which was born three and a half thousand years ago, was a small rubber ball, the size of a volleyball. It was this ball that fascinated the whole of Europe and became the progenitor of all modern balls, from tennis to football.

A few years after the conquest of Mexico, in 1528, Hernán Cortes returned to the court of the Spanish King Carlos V with rich and exotic gifts. Among them was a wonderful drink made from cocoa beans, which later became hot chocolate. However, most of all, the courtiers were surprised by a simple object brought by the conquerors from the New World - a springy rubber ball.

The royal court watched in fascination as the gravity-defying ball ricocheted from one Aztec player to another. The captive Indians demonstrated to the courtiers their native sport - ulama. Without using their arms and legs, the Indians threw the ball to each other with the help of their hips and knees. The elastic ball, rushing at great speed between the players, was so unlike those lifeless leather bags filled with wool, down or even air, which the developed Europeans used to play early versions of tennis and football.

The Royal Historian of the time was just as much struck by the rubber ball that Christopher Columbus brought back from his second voyage to the New World. The historian even wrote that he could not figure out how, when hitting the ground, the ball gains enough strength to fly high into the air.

The oldest sport in the world

Staring at the springy ball and how skillfully the players controlled it, the Spaniards did not even suspect that they were watching a demonstration of the most ancient sport on earth. The game of ulama appeared three thousand years before the landing of the conquistadors in Mexico. Its creators were the ancient Olmecs, the natives who inhabited the territory of Mexico in the II-I millennium BC. e. From the Aztec language, the name of this tribe is translated as "rubber people".

In several places in Central America, archaeologists have found evidence confirming the antiquity of this sport: rubber balls made in the 17th century BC. e., terracotta figurines of players dating back to the 13th century BC. e., the ancient fields for playing pok-ta-pok, which were used first by the Olmecs, and then by their heirs, the Mayan and Aztec Indians.

Rules of the game

The playing fields were like long alleys, enclosed on both sides by a steep stone wall. From both "entrances" to the alley were located wider marginal zones. According to historians, the rules of the game depended on the historical period and on the region, but there were common features. For example, each team consisted of seven players, and points were earned if the opponent failed to return the thrown ball, as in tennis, or if the ball was thrown into the opponents' end zone, as in American football. In some fields, basketball rings were attached to the walls at a height of three meters. Extra points were earned by players who managed to get the ball into the basket.

The players wore leather gloves to protect them from the rough stones that lined the walls and floor. The sports uniform also included leather clothing that protected the genital area, since the ball could weigh from one to four kilograms. The impact of such a rubber sphere, thrown with sufficient force, could easily cripple and even kill the player.

Familiar features?

The elements of this ancient game are familiar to many fans of modern sports. The cultural environment in which the games were practiced was also similar. Most of the matches were played during religious festivities. Spectators watching the game from the stands above the walls often feasted on festive snacks and a local alcoholic drink based on fermented corn - almost the equivalent of modern hot dogs with beer. Wealthy members of society took distinguished players under their wing, provided them with housing, food and created their own teams, inviting opponents to fight them.

More life

The ulama could not do without bets and a kind of bookmakers. According to historians, ulama was such a popular game that the Aztecs bet all their wealth, including houses, crops, children, and even their own freedom, on the victory of their favorite teams.

In some regions, the stakes were really too high and had nothing to do with gambling spectators. The playing fields were often dedicated to the gods, and it was customary on holidays to sacrifice the players of the losing team by beheading them on ritual stones.

The Spaniards, who found the sport too barbaric, banned it at the end of the 16th century. Today, ulama is practiced in a few outlying communities in Mexico, such as the province of Sinaloa, but the legacy of the game is all around us.

The world is changing: something shamelessly becomes obsolete, something new comes to replace the outdated. So it is with sports. Although it seems that this does not concern him, because most of the sports are older than the sideboard in his grandmother's apartment. But nevertheless, in the backyard of history, there were several undeservedly, and perhaps deservedly forgotten sports lying around. Some of them have been transformed, while others have ceased to be considered a sport at all. But first things first.

1. Shooting pigeons

This discipline is somewhat reminiscent of hunting. It is not clear whether it is good or bad that this sport has been canceled, since cities are literally suffocating in hordes of feathered carcasses. And pigeons carry various diseases. On the one hand, there was a plus in this fun, and on the other hand, it was somehow not civilized, or something.

The sport, by the way, was an Olympic one, but it got to the Olympics only once: in 1900. Then the athletes shot 300 pigeons. The most accurate was the Belgian Leon de Landin, who scored 21 points. These were the only modern Olympic Games in which living creatures perished. After that, the discipline returned to the program for some time, but they were already shooting at clay pigeons.

2. Rackets

The invention of British sports fans. The essence of the game is simple: two or four participants take turns sending the ball into the wall so that when it bounces it hits the opponent's half. When one player makes a mistake, the right to serve is transferred to another, and so on. In a word, when you and your friend were throwing the ball at the wall out of boredom in the yard, you were not just passing the time, but playing the once Olympic sport.

The British achieved the inclusion of rackets in the program of the 1908 Olympics in London, where they competed for two sets of awards - in singles and doubles. Only seven Britons applied to participate. After the London Games, racketeering at the Olympics was never heard of. And no one has lost anything from it.

3. Jeu de pomme

The roots of de poma (from the French jeu - "game", paume - "palm") go back to the Middle Ages. The ancient game immediately became the ancestor of tennis, squash, racquetball (a game reminiscent of squash) and handball. The first mention of jeu-de-pome appeared in the 13th century - even then it was played in France, Italy and England.

The rules are extremely simple: you need to throw a small ball over a stretched net or rope with your hand. Then, as a game projectile, they began to use a bat - a wide stick, and later switched to prototypes of rackets, although initially they used their palms, but it was very painful. The venue for the game of jeu de paume was special closed halls called "tripot" (from the French tripot). Only in Paris there were more than 200 such premises, which immediately attracted the capital's bourgeois - the game was affordable mainly for members of the royal court and high-ranking nobles.

They played jeu de paume for money: the bet was an ecu coin (equal to 60 sous) - an artisan on this amount could quite calmly exist for several weeks. The ecu was divided into four parts of 15 sous, each of which was worth one point. From here, by the way, the scoring system in modern tennis came out, only “45” was replaced by “40” for the convenience of commenting - shouting a short number is much more energetic.

The game was included in the program of the 1908 Olympics in London, but ironically, only the British and Americans took part in the first and last Olympic tournament, and not its creators, the French.
By the way, this sport was well known in Russia. The sports department of St. Petersburg State University still has a playground for this fun. It has been standing since the eighteenth century.

4. Pistol duel

In fact, there was nothing wrong with this discipline. Only at first glance it seems that such a sport is somehow connected with aristocrats, etiquette, gloves in the face and gunshot wounds. In fact, everything was not quite like that, since ... mannequins acted as opponents of the Olympians, as was the case at the games in 1906. The opponents took turns shooting at the scarecrow from a distance of 20 and 30 meters. This sport was again lit up in the games of 1912, but then disappeared forever.

5. Art

"This is some nonsense!" you say. “Really, nonsense,” we agree. It's hard to even call it a sport. On the other hand, all those who scorn physical activity and say that jocks are degenerates have received some confirmation of their words.

It all started in Stockholm. In 1912, art competitions were included in the program of the Olympic Games. It was part of the idea of ​​Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the IOC. Later, at the 1912 Games, De Coubertin, who was not physically developed, won the gold medal in literature.

In 1948, 25 countries sent artists to London to compete in architecture, painting, sculpture, literature and music. This was the last time there were art competitions at the Olympics. But once again, this sport has hacked professionalism. Most of the artists were professionals, which was contrary to the then IOC statute, and the competition was removed from the program of the Olympic Games. And then it finally dawned on everyone that there was no place for ranting about paintings and vases at the sports festival.

6 Obstacle Swimming

A very unusual, but undoubtedly fun, 200m swim race. Competitors first swam to the pole and rapidly climbed onto it. And then they had to go back down, swim a little more, climb two boats, overcome the distance under two more, and then, finally, the finish line appeared on the horizon.

The competition was held only once, during the 1900 Olympic Games. Then the winner was Frederick Lane from Australia. You can imagine all these wisdoms, and it even becomes a pity that this sport has long ceased to be an Olympic sport. In terms of entertainment, he, perhaps, would have surpassed many activities.

7. Naumachia

Let's dive into unforgivable antiquity. Sports such as chariot riding, running and wrestling already existed then. But the most spectacular, of course, were the gladiatorial fights, the most impressive of which was the naumachia - a Roman tournament for sailors, the name roughly translates as "sea battle", a kind of progenitor of sailing. Only in sailing no one kills anyone.

The Romans filled the arena with water, launched boats into it and recreated famous naval battles. Often these were bloody spectacles, where prisoners of war or people sentenced to death participated. Unlike most similar sporting events, naumachia was characterized by an extremely high mortality rate among participants.

8. Venazio

It is difficult to say for whom these competitions were worse - for the slaves or for the animals with which they were forced to fight. In fact, the Romans were so interested in the confrontation between people and animals that at the grand opening of the Colosseum, more than 9,000 wild animals were released against people, some of which were killed. People often suffered the same fate: for example, sometimes the participants were not given any weapons at all, and lions or bears became their opponents, and people had to somehow defeat the hungry beast or die. Often these competitions included some kind of drama: the fighters appeared as heroes of a theatrical plot. Roman authorities thus achieved two goals at once: they executed criminals and provided entertainment for the masses.