Calculating the area of ​​a figure bounded by lines online with a detailed solution. Online calculator. Calculate a definite integral (area of ​​a curvilinear trapezoid)

We begin to consider the actual process of calculating the double integral and get acquainted with its geometric meaning.

The double integral is numerically equal to the area of ​​a flat figure (region of integration). This is the simplest form of the double integral, when the function of two variables is equal to one: .

Let us first consider the problem in general terms. Now you will be surprised how simple it really is! Let's calculate the area of ​​a flat figure bounded by lines. For definiteness, we assume that on the interval . The area of ​​this figure is numerically equal to:

Let's depict the area in the drawing:

Let's choose the first way to bypass the area:

Thus:

And immediately an important technical trick: iterated integrals can be considered separately. First the inner integral, then the outer integral. This method is highly recommended for beginners in the topic teapots.

1) Calculate the internal integral, while the integration is carried out over the variable "y":

The indefinite integral here is the simplest, and then the banal Newton-Leibniz formula is used, with the only difference that the limits of integration are not numbers, but functions. First, we substituted the upper limit into the “y” (antiderivative function), then the lower limit

2) The result obtained in the first paragraph must be substituted into the external integral:

A more compact notation for the whole solution looks like this:

The resulting formula - this is exactly the working formula for calculating the area of ​​\u200b\u200ba flat figure using the "ordinary" definite integral! See lesson Calculating area using a definite integral, there she is at every turn!

I.e, the problem of calculating the area using a double integral little different from the problem of finding the area using a definite integral! In fact, they are one and the same!

Accordingly, no difficulties should arise! I will not consider very many examples, since you, in fact, have repeatedly encountered this problem.

Example 9

Decision: Let's depict the area in the drawing:

Let's choose the following order of traversal of the region:

Here and below, I won't go into how to traverse an area because the first paragraph was very detailed.

Thus:

As I already noted, it is better for beginners to calculate iterated integrals separately, I will adhere to the same method:

1) First, using the Newton-Leibniz formula, we deal with the internal integral:

2) The result obtained at the first step is substituted into the outer integral:

Point 2 is actually finding the area of ​​a flat figure using a definite integral.

Answer:

Here is such a stupid and naive task.

A curious example for an independent solution:

Example 10

Using the double integral, calculate the area of ​​a plane figure bounded by the lines , ,

An example of a final solution at the end of the lesson.

In Examples 9-10, it is much more profitable to use the first method of bypassing the area; curious readers, by the way, can change the order of the bypass and calculate the areas in the second way. If you do not make a mistake, then, naturally, the same area values ​​\u200b\u200bare obtained.

But in some cases, the second way to bypass the area is more effective, and in conclusion of the young nerd's course, let's look at a couple more examples on this topic:

Example 11

Using the double integral, calculate the area of ​​a plane figure bounded by lines.

Decision: we are looking forward to two parabolas with a breeze that lie on their side. No need to smile, similar things in multiple integrals are often encountered.

What is the easiest way to make a drawing?

Let's represent the parabola as two functions:
- upper branch and - lower branch.

Similarly, imagine a parabola as an upper and lower branches.

Next, point-by-point plotting drives, resulting in such a bizarre figure:

The area of ​​the figure is calculated using the double integral according to the formula:

What happens if we choose the first way to bypass the area? First, this area will have to be divided into two parts. And secondly, we will observe this sad picture: . Integrals, of course, are not of a super-complex level, but ... there is an old mathematical saying: whoever is friendly with the roots does not need a set-off.

Therefore, from the misunderstanding that is given in the condition, we express the inverse functions:

The inverse functions in this example have the advantage that they immediately set the entire parabola without any leaves, acorns, branches and roots.

According to the second method, the area traversal will be as follows:

Thus:

As they say, feel the difference.

1) We deal with the internal integral:

We substitute the result into the outer integral:

Integration over the variable "y" should not be embarrassing, if there was a letter "zyu" - it would be great to integrate over it. Although who read the second paragraph of the lesson How to calculate the volume of a body of revolution, he no longer experiences the slightest embarrassment with integration over "y".

Also pay attention to the first step: the integrand is even, and the integration segment is symmetric about zero. Therefore, the segment can be halved, and the result can be doubled. This technique is commented on in detail in the lesson. Efficient Methods for Computing the Definite Integral.

What to add…. Everything!

Answer:

To test your integration technique, you can try to calculate . The answer should be exactly the same.

Example 12

Using the double integral, calculate the area of ​​a plane figure bounded by lines

This is a do-it-yourself example. It is interesting to note that if you try to use the first way to bypass the area, then the figure will no longer be divided into two, but into three parts! And, accordingly, we get three pairs of iterated integrals. Sometimes it happens.

The master class has come to an end, and it's time to move on to the grandmaster level - How to calculate the double integral? Solution examples. I'll try not to be so manic in the second article =)

Wish you luck!

Solutions and answers:

Example 2:Decision: Draw an area on the drawing:

Let's choose the following order of traversal of the region:

Thus:
Let's move on to inverse functions:


Thus:
Answer:

Example 4:Decision: Let's move on to direct functions:


Let's execute the drawing:

Let's change the order of traversal of the area:

Answer:

Task 1(on the calculation of the area of ​​a curvilinear trapezoid).

In the Cartesian rectangular coordinate system xOy, a figure is given (see figure), bounded by the x axis, straight lines x \u003d a, x \u003d b (a curvilinear trapezoid. It is required to calculate the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe curvilinear trapezoid.
Decision. Geometry gives us recipes for calculating the areas of polygons and some parts of a circle (sector, segment). Using geometric considerations, we will be able to find only an approximate value of the required area, arguing as follows.

Let's split the segment [a; b] (base of a curvilinear trapezoid) into n equal parts; this partition is feasible with the help of points x 1 , x 2 , ... x k , ... x n-1 . Let us draw lines through these points parallel to the y-axis. Then the given curvilinear trapezoid will be divided into n parts, into n narrow columns. The area of ​​the entire trapezoid is equal to the sum of the areas of the columns.

Consider separately the k-th column, i.e. curvilinear trapezoid, the base of which is a segment. Let's replace it with a rectangle with the same base and height equal to f(x k) (see figure). The area of ​​the rectangle is \(f(x_k) \cdot \Delta x_k \), where \(\Delta x_k \) is the length of the segment; it is natural to consider the compiled product as an approximate value of the area of ​​the kth column.

If we now do the same with all the other columns, then we arrive at the following result: the area S of a given curvilinear trapezoid is approximately equal to the area S n of a stepped figure made up of n rectangles (see figure):
\(S_n = f(x_0)\Delta x_0 + \dots + f(x_k)\Delta x_k + \dots + f(x_(n-1))\Delta x_(n-1) \)
Here, for the sake of uniformity of notation, we consider that a \u003d x 0, b \u003d x n; \(\Delta x_0 \) - segment length , \(\Delta x_1 \) - segment length , etc; while, as we agreed above, \(\Delta x_0 = \dots = \Delta x_(n-1) \)

So, \(S \approx S_n \), and this approximate equality is the more accurate, the larger n.
By definition, it is assumed that the desired area of ​​the curvilinear trapezoid is equal to the limit of the sequence (S n):
$$ S = \lim_(n \to \infty) S_n $$

Task 2(about moving a point)
A material point moves in a straight line. The dependence of speed on time is expressed by the formula v = v(t). Find the displacement of a point over the time interval [a; b].
Decision. If the motion were uniform, then the problem would be solved very simply: s = vt, i.e. s = v(b-a). For uneven motion, one has to use the same ideas on which the solution of the previous problem was based.
1) Divide the time interval [a; b] into n equal parts.
2) Consider a time interval and assume that during this time interval the speed was constant, such as at time t k . So, we assume that v = v(t k).
3) Find the approximate value of the point displacement over the time interval , this approximate value will be denoted by s k
\(s_k = v(t_k) \Delta t_k \)
4) Find the approximate value of the displacement s:
\(s \approx S_n \) where
\(S_n = s_0 + \dots + s_(n-1) = v(t_0)\Delta t_0 + \dots + v(t_(n-1)) \Delta t_(n-1) \)
5) The required displacement is equal to the limit of the sequence (S n):
$$ s = \lim_(n \to \infty) S_n $$

Let's summarize. The solutions of various problems were reduced to the same mathematical model. Many problems from various fields of science and technology lead to the same model in the process of solution. So, this mathematical model should be specially studied.

The concept of a definite integral

Let us give a mathematical description of the model that was constructed in the three considered problems for the function y = f(x), which is continuous (but not necessarily non-negative, as was assumed in the considered problems) on the segment [a; b]:
1) split the segment [a; b] into n equal parts;
2) sum $$ S_n = f(x_0)\Delta x_0 + f(x_1)\Delta x_1 + \dots + f(x_(n-1))\Delta x_(n-1) $$
3) compute $$ \lim_(n \to \infty) S_n $$

In the course of mathematical analysis, it was proved that this limit exists in the case of a continuous (or piecewise continuous) function. He's called a definite integral of the function y = f(x) over the segment [a; b] and are denoted like this:
\(\int\limits_a^b f(x) dx \)
The numbers a and b are called the limits of integration (lower and upper, respectively).

Let's return to the tasks discussed above. The definition of area given in problem 1 can now be rewritten as follows:
\(S = \int\limits_a^b f(x) dx \)
here S is the area of ​​the curvilinear trapezoid shown in the figure above. This is what geometric meaning of the definite integral.

The definition of the displacement s of a point moving in a straight line with a speed v = v(t) over the time interval from t = a to t = b, given in Problem 2, can be rewritten as follows:

Newton - Leibniz formula

To begin with, let's answer the question: what is the relationship between a definite integral and an antiderivative?

The answer can be found in problem 2. On the one hand, the displacement s of a point moving along a straight line with a speed v = v(t) over a time interval from t = a to t = b and is calculated by the formula
\(S = \int\limits_a^b v(t) dt \)

On the other hand, the coordinate of the moving point is the antiderivative for the speed - let's denote it s(t); hence the displacement s is expressed by the formula s = s(b) - s(a). As a result, we get:
\(S = \int\limits_a^b v(t) dt = s(b)-s(a) \)
where s(t) is the antiderivative for v(t).

The following theorem was proved in the course of mathematical analysis.
Theorem. If the function y = f(x) is continuous on the segment [a; b], then the formula
\(S = \int\limits_a^b f(x) dx = F(b)-F(a) \)
where F(x) is the antiderivative for f(x).

This formula is usually called Newton-Leibniz formula in honor of the English physicist Isaac Newton (1643-1727) and the German philosopher Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716), who received it independently of each other and almost simultaneously.

In practice, instead of writing F(b) - F(a), they use the notation \(\left. F(x)\right|_a^b \) (it is sometimes called double substitution) and, accordingly, rewrite the Newton-Leibniz formula in this form:
\(S = \int\limits_a^b f(x) dx = \left. F(x)\right|_a^b \)

Calculating a definite integral, first find the antiderivative, and then carry out a double substitution.

Based on the Newton-Leibniz formula, one can obtain two properties of a definite integral.

Property 1. The integral of the sum of functions is equal to the sum of the integrals:
\(\int\limits_a^b (f(x) + g(x))dx = \int\limits_a^b f(x)dx + \int\limits_a^b g(x)dx \)

Property 2. The constant factor can be taken out of the integral sign:
\(\int\limits_a^b kf(x)dx = k \int\limits_a^b f(x)dx \)

Calculating the areas of plane figures using a definite integral

Using the integral, you can calculate the area not only of curvilinear trapezoids, but also of plane figures of a more complex type, such as the one shown in the figure. The figure P is bounded by straight lines x = a, x = b and graphs of continuous functions y = f(x), y = g(x), and on the segment [a; b] the inequality \(g(x) \leq f(x) \) holds. To calculate the area S of such a figure, we will proceed as follows:
\(S = S_(ABCD) = S_(aDCb) - S_(aABb) = \int\limits_a^b f(x) dx - \int\limits_a^b g(x) dx = \)
\(= \int\limits_a^b (f(x)-g(x))dx \)

So, the area S of the figure bounded by the straight lines x = a, x = b and the graphs of functions y = f(x), y = g(x), continuous on the segment and such that for any x from the segment [a; b] the inequality \(g(x) \leq f(x) \) is satisfied, is calculated by the formula
\(S = \int\limits_a^b (f(x)-g(x))dx \)

Table of indefinite integrals (antiderivatives) of some functions

$$ \int 0 \cdot dx = C $$ $$ \int 1 \cdot dx = x+C $$ $$ \int x^n dx = \frac(x^(n+1))(n+1 ) +C \;\; (n \neq -1) $$ $$ \int \frac(1)(x) dx = \ln |x| +C $$ $$ \int e^x dx = e^x +C $$ $$ \int a^x dx = \frac(a^x)(\ln a) +C \;\; (a>0, \;\; a \neq 1) $$ $$ \int \cos x dx = \sin x +C $$ $$ \int \sin x dx = -\cos x +C $$ $ $ \int \frac(dx)(\cos^2 x) = \text(tg) x +C $$ $$ \int \frac(dx)(\sin^2 x) = -\text(ctg) x +C $$ $$ \int \frac(dx)(\sqrt(1-x^2)) = \text(arcsin) x +C $$ $$ \int \frac(dx)(1+x^2 ) = \text(arctg) x +C $$ $$ \int \text(ch) x dx = \text(sh) x +C $$ $$ \int \text(sh) x dx = \text(ch )x+C $$

We now turn to the consideration of applications of the integral calculus. In this lesson, we will analyze a typical and most common task. calculating the area of ​​a flat figure using a definite integral. Finally, all those who seek meaning in higher mathematics - may they find it. You never know. In real life, you will have to approximate a summer cottage with elementary functions and find its area using a certain integral.

To successfully master the material, you must:

1) Understand the indefinite integral at least at an intermediate level. Thus, dummies should first read the lesson Not.

2) Be able to apply the Newton-Leibniz formula and calculate the definite integral. You can establish warm friendly relations with certain integrals on the page Definite integral. Solution examples. The task "calculate the area using a definite integral" always involves the construction of a drawing, therefore, your knowledge and drawing skills will also be an urgent issue. At a minimum, one must be able to build a straight line, a parabola and a hyperbola.

Let's start with a curvilinear trapezoid. A curvilinear trapezoid is a flat figure bounded by the graph of some function y = f(x), axis OX and lines x = a; x = b.

The area of ​​a curvilinear trapezoid is numerically equal to a certain integral

Any definite integral (that exists) has a very good geometric meaning. On the lesson Definite integral. Solution examples we said that a definite integral is a number. And now it's time to state another useful fact. From the point of view of geometry, the definite integral is the AREA. I.e, the definite integral (if it exists) geometrically corresponds to the area of ​​some figure. Consider the definite integral

Integrand

defines a curve on the plane (it can be drawn if desired), and the definite integral itself is numerically equal to the area of ​​the corresponding curvilinear trapezoid.

Example 1

, , , .

This is a typical task statement. The most important point of the decision is the construction of a drawing. Moreover, the drawing must be built RIGHT.

When building a blueprint, I recommend the following order: at first it is better to construct all lines (if any) and only after- parabolas, hyperbolas, graphs of other functions. The point-by-point construction technique can be found in the reference material Graphs and properties of elementary functions. There you can also find material that is very useful in relation to our lesson - how to quickly build a parabola.

In this problem, the solution might look like this.

Let's make a drawing (note that the equation y= 0 specifies the axis OX):

We will not hatch the curvilinear trapezoid, it is obvious what area we are talking about here. The solution continues like this:

On the interval [-2; 1] function graph y = x 2 + 2 located over axisOX, That's why:

Answer: .

Who has difficulty calculating the definite integral and applying the Newton-Leibniz formula

,

refer to the lecture Definite integral. Solution examples. After the task is completed, it is always useful to look at the drawing and figure out if the answer is real. In this case, “by eye” we count the number of cells in the drawing - well, about 9 will be typed, it seems to be true. It is quite clear that if we had, say, the answer: 20 square units, then, obviously, a mistake was made somewhere - 20 cells clearly do not fit into the figure in question, at most a dozen. If the answer turned out to be negative, then the task was also solved incorrectly.

Example 2

Calculate the area of ​​a figure bounded by lines xy = 4, x = 2, x= 4 and axis OX.

This is a do-it-yourself example. Full solution and answer at the end of the lesson.

What to do if the curvilinear trapezoid is located under axleOX?

Example 3

Calculate the area of ​​a figure bounded by lines y = e-x, x= 1 and coordinate axes.

Solution: Let's make a drawing:

If a curvilinear trapezoid completely under the axle OX , then its area can be found by the formula:

In this case:

.

Attention! The two types of tasks should not be confused:

1) If you are asked to solve just a definite integral without any geometric meaning, then it can be negative.

2) If you are asked to find the area of ​​a figure using a definite integral, then the area is always positive! That is why the minus appears in the formula just considered.

In practice, most often the figure is located in both the upper and lower half-planes, and therefore, from the simplest school problems, we move on to more meaningful examples.

Example 4

Find the area of ​​a plane figure bounded by lines y = 2x – x 2 , y = -x.

Solution: First you need to make a drawing. When constructing a drawing in area problems, we are most interested in the intersection points of lines. Find the intersection points of the parabola y = 2x – x 2 and straight y = -x. This can be done in two ways. The first way is analytical. We solve the equation:

So the lower limit of integration a= 0, upper limit of integration b= 3. It is often more profitable and faster to construct lines point by point, while the limits of integration are found out as if “by themselves”. Nevertheless, the analytical method of finding the limits still sometimes has to be used if, for example, the graph is large enough, or the threaded construction did not reveal the limits of integration (they can be fractional or irrational). We return to our task: it is more rational to first construct a straight line and only then a parabola. Let's make a drawing:

We repeat that in pointwise construction, the limits of integration are most often found out “automatically”.

And now the working formula:

If on the segment [ a; b] some continuous function f(x) greater than or equal some continuous function g(x), then the area of ​​the corresponding figure can be found by the formula:

Here it is no longer necessary to think where the figure is located - above the axis or below the axis, but it matters which chart is ABOVE(relative to another graph), and which one is BELOW.

In the example under consideration, it is obvious that on the segment the parabola is located above the straight line, and therefore from 2 x – x 2 must be subtracted - x.

The completion of the solution might look like this:

The desired figure is limited by a parabola y = 2x – x 2 top and straight y = -x from below.

On segment 2 x – x 2 ≥ -x. According to the corresponding formula:

Answer: .

In fact, the school formula for the area of ​​a curvilinear trapezoid in the lower half-plane (see example No. 3) is a special case of the formula

.

Since the axis OX is given by the equation y= 0, and the graph of the function g(x) is located below the axis OX, then

.

And now a couple of examples for an independent solution

Example 5

Example 6

Find the area of ​​a figure bounded by lines

In the course of solving problems for calculating the area using a certain integral, a funny incident sometimes happens. The drawing was made correctly, the calculations were correct, but, due to inattention, ... found the area of ​​the wrong figure.

Example 7

Let's draw first:

The figure whose area we need to find is shaded in blue.(carefully look at the condition - how the figure is limited!). But in practice, due to inattention, they often decide that they need to find the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe figure that is shaded in green!

This example is also useful in that in it the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe figure is calculated using two definite integrals. Really:

1) On the segment [-1; 1] above axle OX the graph is straight y = x+1;

2) On the segment above the axis OX the graph of the hyperbola is located y = (2/x).

It is quite obvious that the areas can (and should) be added, therefore:

Answer:

Example 8

Calculate the area of ​​a figure bounded by lines

Let's present the equations in the "school" form

and do the line drawing:

It can be seen from the drawing that our upper limit is “good”: b = 1.

But what is the lower limit? It is clear that this is not an integer, but what?

May be, a=(-1/3)? But where is the guarantee that the drawing is made with perfect accuracy, it may well turn out that a=(-1/4). What if we didn't get the graph right at all?

In such cases, one has to spend additional time and refine the limits of integration analytically.

Find the intersection points of the graphs

To do this, we solve the equation:

.

Hence, a=(-1/3).

The further solution is trivial. The main thing is not to get confused in substitutions and signs. The calculations here are not the easiest. On the segment

, ,

according to the corresponding formula:

Answer:

In conclusion of the lesson, we will consider two tasks more difficult.

Example 9

Calculate the area of ​​a figure bounded by lines

Solution: Draw this figure in the drawing.

To draw a drawing point by point, you need to know the appearance of the sinusoid. In general, it is useful to know the graphs of all elementary functions, as well as some values ​​of the sine. They can be found in the table of values trigonometric functions. In some cases (for example, in this case), it is allowed to construct a schematic drawing, on which graphs and integration limits must be displayed in principle correctly.

There are no problems with the integration limits here, they follow directly from the condition:

- "x" changes from zero to "pi". We make a further decision:

On the segment, the graph of the function y= sin 3 x located above the axis OX, That's why:

(1) You can see how sines and cosines are integrated in odd powers in the lesson Integrals of trigonometric functions. We pinch off one sine.

(2) We use the basic trigonometric identity in the form

(3) Let us change the variable t= cos x, then: located above the axis , so:

.

.

Note: note how the integral of the tangent in the cube is taken, here the consequence of the basic trigonometric identity is used

.

In this article, you will learn how to find the area of ​​a figure bounded by lines using integral calculations. For the first time, we encounter the formulation of such a problem in high school, when the study of certain integrals has just been completed and it is time to start the geometric interpretation of the knowledge gained in practice.

So, what is required to successfully solve the problem of finding the area of ​​\u200b\u200ba figure using integrals:

• Ability to correctly draw drawings;
• Ability to solve a definite integral using the well-known Newton-Leibniz formula;
• The ability to "see" a more profitable solution - i.e. to understand how in this or that case it will be more convenient to carry out the integration? Along the x-axis (OX) or y-axis (OY)?
• Well, where without correct calculations?) This includes understanding how to solve that other type of integrals and correct numerical calculations.

Algorithm for solving the problem of calculating the area of ​​a figure bounded by lines:

1. We build a drawing. It is advisable to do this on a piece of paper in a cage, on a large scale. We sign with a pencil above each graph the name of this function. The signature of the graphs is done solely for the convenience of further calculations. Having received the graph of the desired figure, in most cases it will be immediately clear which integration limits will be used. Thus, we solve the problem graphically. However, it happens that the values ​​of the limits are fractional or irrational. Therefore, you can make additional calculations, go to step two.

2. If the integration limits are not explicitly set, then we find the points of intersection of the graphs with each other, and see if our graphical solution coincides with the analytical one.

3. Next, you need to analyze the drawing. Depending on how the graphs of functions are located, there are different approaches to finding the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe figure. Consider various examples of finding the area of ​​​​a figure using integrals.

3.1. The most classic and simplest version of the problem is when you need to find the area of ​​a curvilinear trapezoid. What is a curvilinear trapezoid? This is a flat figure bounded by the x-axis (y=0), straight x = a, x = b and any curve continuous on the interval from a before b. At the same time, this figure is non-negative and is located not lower than the x-axis. In this case, the area of ​​the curvilinear trapezoid is numerically equal to the definite integral calculated using the Newton-Leibniz formula:

Example 1 y = x2 - 3x + 3, x = 1, x = 3, y = 0.

What lines define the figure? We have a parabola y = x2 - 3x + 3, which is located above the axis OH, it is non-negative, because all points of this parabola are positive. Next, given straight lines x = 1 and x = 3 that run parallel to the axis OU, are the bounding lines of the figure on the left and right. Well y = 0, she is the x-axis, which limits the figure from below. The resulting figure is shaded, as seen in the figure on the left. In this case, you can immediately begin to solve the problem. Before us is a simple example of a curvilinear trapezoid, which we then solve using the Newton-Leibniz formula.

3.2. In the previous paragraph 3.1, the case was analyzed when the curvilinear trapezoid is located above the x-axis. Now consider the case when the conditions of the problem are the same, except that the function lies under the x-axis. A minus is added to the standard Newton-Leibniz formula. How to solve such a problem, we will consider further.

Example 2 . Calculate the area of ​​a figure bounded by lines y=x2+6x+2, x=-4, x=-1, y=0.

In this example, we have a parabola y=x2+6x+2, which originates from under the axis OH, straight x=-4, x=-1, y=0. Here y = 0 limits the desired figure from above. Direct x = -4 and x = -1 these are the boundaries within which the definite integral will be calculated. The principle of solving the problem of finding the area of ​​\u200b\u200ba figure almost completely coincides with example number 1. The only difference is that the given function is not positive, and everything is also continuous on the interval [-4; -1] . What does not positive mean? As can be seen from the figure, the figure that lies within the given x has exclusively "negative" coordinates, which is what we need to see and remember when solving the problem. We are looking for the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe figure using the Newton-Leibniz formula, only with a minus sign at the beginning.

The article is not completed.