How to assemble the sewer. Do-it-yourself internal sewerage in a private house: regulatory requirements and practical recommendations. What can be a sewerage system - a private house with permanent and temporary residence

Do-it-yourself sewerage in a private house is, of course, the pride of the owner. Although it is quite possible to order a turnkey project, and then the installation will be carried out correctly by high-level specialists. Indeed, in addition to sewerage, a water supply system is required, laying which is not an easy task.

1 Why do I need sewerage for a private house
- 1.1 Factors influencing the choice of the type of sewerage of a private house
2 Views
- 2.1 Water supply
- 2.2 Choosing a location for the sewer system

Why do you need sewerage for a private house

Few of those who live in an apartment have a question about the need for a sewerage or water supply system. Their installation was done a long time ago, this is a natural thing for an apartment.

But not every private house can boast of having the same water supply and sewerage system as in multi-storey city apartments. Therefore, laying sewers in a private house is often done independently.

Why is she needed? Everything is simple. Sewerage and water supply system gives comfort, coziness, provides a person with the benefits of civilization.

If you are laying these systems in a private house construction project, then there should be no problems. It is much more difficult if the sewerage and water supply scheme is installed in an already built house.

The project of the future sewerage can be carried out according to two schemes:

Inside the building there is a shower and a sink, and the toilet is taken out to the street. Such a project is quite simple, since it does without complex laying of pipelines and treatment facilities. The sewer pipe is removed from the house, a simple sewage treatment system is created on the site, that is, a sewer pit;
Sink, shower and toilet inside. Here, the wastewater treatment system is required more complicated so as not to pollute your own site and the water near it with waste. You will definitely need a septic tank.

Factors influencing the choice of the type of sewerage of a private house

Pay attention to several important factors that will allow you to correctly select a sewer system for a private house, use a suitable project to create water supply and sewage disposal:

The house serves for temporary or permanent residence;
The number of people who regularly live in the house;
Daily water consumption rate, taking into account all consumers (faucets, showers, toilets, washing machines, dishwashers, etc.);
The level of groundwater;
Plot size, which determines the available space for the treatment system;
Soil type, its structure;
Climatic features;
SNIP requirements.

Kinds

In general, all sewage systems can be divided into only two types:

Cumulative;
Wastewater treatment systems.

But it would be right to consider a more detailed classification, since the difference between the same type of sewerage and water supply systems can be significant.

Cesspools without a bottom. Such sewerage of a private house is relevant only if it is visited 5-6 days a month, without spending a large amount of water. The groundwater level should be about a meter below the pit, otherwise water pollution cannot be avoided. Not popular today.
Accumulative sealed containers. Option to solve the problems of high groundwater levels. The soil is protected from pollution. But there is a drawback - you will often have to call a pumping machine. And for this, a place is calculated correctly so that the car can easily drive up and pump out waste.
Single chamber septic tanks. The easiest option for soil cleansing, which is not much different from a cesspool. If people constantly live in the house and actively use water, it is not recommended to choose such a project. This is a temporary residence system where the water table is low.
Double chamber septic tanks. Such a project is allowed for implementation only if the depth of groundwater allows even during a flood to be 1 meter lower than the bottom of the second tank. Approximately every 5 years, crushed stone and sand used for installation must be changed.
Septic tank equipped with a filtration field. This system includes biological and soil treatment at the same time. The container is divided into two sections. It is allowed to install such a sewage system when groundwater is at least 2.5-3 meters. Requires a fairly large free area, is located at least 30 meters from the nearest water sources and neighboring buildings.
Septic tanks with biofilters. Almost the best scheme for frequent houses with people permanently living in it. Special microorganisms are added by simply pouring them into the toilet bowl. There are no special restrictions, but an electrical connection is required.
Systems with forced air supply. The so-called aerotanks, which are expensive, but largely justify the investment. They have no installation restrictions, but require permanent residence of people and the presence of a source of electricity. The minimum price of the system is about 4 thousand dollars.

Water supply

In many ways, it is possible to implement a particular sewage project based on the water supply system. If there are problems with it, it will be difficult to create an effective drainage of wastewater.

Many prefer the use of concrete rings to create wells, wells. The installation of concrete rings is carried out by specialists using the appropriate equipment and machinery.

First, develop a water supply project, which will allow you to decide what kind of sewerage will be on your site.

The laying of concrete rings, the depth of which depends on the occurrence of groundwater, is trusted on a turnkey basis. It is turnkey work that is the most profitable and rational. It is unlikely that it will be possible to organize a well on your own.

In some situations, the use of concrete rings can be avoided - a centralized water supply system is connected to a private house. Today this is not uncommon. But it is important to note that your own well has its advantages:

This is your individual water source;
Ordering a turnkey project for drilling a well and laying concrete rings is not as expensive as it seems at first glance;
The quality of water from a well is much higher than that supplied through contaminated pipes of a centralized system;
The task of concrete rings is not only to give and hold the shape of the well, but also to keep the water clean;
Connecting the pump to the well is not difficult. Through it, water will flow into your home, ensure the operation of all plumbing and sewerage.

Choosing a place for the sewer system

We figured out that organizing a turnkey well and installing concrete rings is a profitable solution for a private house and creating water supply.

Since sewerage and plumbing are two inextricably linked systems, it is extremely important to choose the right place for the location of the first.

By choosing the right site, you will ensure that the sewer works more efficiently and safely. You need to focus not only on SNIP, but also some other nuances:

Land slope. The drain will go faster and not create blockages if you make a slope. It is also reasonable to use the unevenness of the site itself for this.
Despite the variety of systems, each sewage scheme provides for the periodic pumping of waste. Some require ongoing effluent recovery activities. Therefore, consider the possibility for a convenient entrance of the sewer so that it does not harm the site, but at the same time calmly drives up to the hatch.
Locate the system away from residential buildings, buildings, fences, and water supplies. The protection of concrete rings will definitely not be enough to prevent waste seeping through the soil from getting there.

Who knows, maybe you can do without rings, organize a simple sewerage system and spend a minimum of effort and money. Some projects are necessarily completed on a turnkey basis, since it is simply impossible to implement with your own hands.

If you are going to call the masters, make sure that these are professionals in their field. Sophisticated sewer equipment needs experienced hands during installation, and also requires users to adhere to certain operating rules. Only in this way the sewerage and water supply system will work for a long time and efficiently.

If earlier a toilet on the street was considered a common thing for a suburban area, now even in summer cottages where they come to relax on weekends, homeowners strive to create comfortable conditions. And a lot depends on whether the sewerage system was chosen, designed and installed correctly. Which treatment plant to choose, how to make a septic tank on your own, when it is better to install one VOC for several houses, how to sewer, what pipes to use and how to properly lay in a house and in a plot - we discuss these and other issues on organizing sewerage outside the city in this week's topic .

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Many owners of private households know that a do-it-yourself sewerage scheme in a private house is mounted quite easily with certain knowledge and skills. The installation of the system involves the installation of appropriate plumbing equipment, the laying of a special pipeline and the arrangement of a container for collecting sewage. By the way, sewerage is one of the most important issues in any home. Therefore, you need to think in advance how to install this design and, of course, how to save your money on this. And you can save. It is enough to understand the principle of building a sewer system and learn how to carry out installation work with your own hands.

Some experts argue that without certain knowledge in the field of installation and construction work, the proper result will not work. But I would like to refute this opinion. It is enough to choose the right scheme of the sewerage system itself. For this, the layout of a particular house is taken into account.

For example, you need to calculate in advance where the bathroom will be located in the house, where the toilet is, and how the kitchen will be located in relation to the bathroom. It should be borne in mind that it would be best if all of the above premises are located near one pipe - the so-called collector. It is through this pipe that the water flows into the cesspool.

It is also important to consider here that when the house is large, you need to make several cesspools from different sides of the house. This is understandable: if bathrooms are supposed to be placed in different parts of the house, then the drains should be on the same side. Even in the case of a large house, you need to worry about installing risers. In particular, if the house has two or more floors.

As you know, any construction begins only after a preliminary scheme has been drawn up. In order for this drawing to be drawn up correctly, you can seek the help of a professional plumber. If the owner of the premises has such knowledge, he can do it on his own.

If we talk about what constitutes a sewerage device in a private house with our own hands, then everything is quite simple here. There are internal and external sewage systems, the task of the master is to install them correctly, observing all the schemes and rules, as well as choose a high-quality capacity for collecting wastewater or dig an appropriate cesspool. For example, work on the installation of an internal sewerage system includes:

But the external sewerage will include the following works:

Of course, if you do not need to dig a cesspool, then this will simplify the task. Then it is enough to connect to a centralized drain system. But if a pit is needed, then one should take into account the capacity of the structure, and also know what exactly to lay it on the inside. You should also consider the type of pipes that are installed. You need to understand the materials from which they are made, and which ones will be the best. But first things first. To begin with, let's figure out how to make an internal sewerage system in a private house with your own hands.

What is the internal sewerage

It should be clarified that the first thing they begin to install is the internal sewage system. And you need to do this even at the design stage of the house. You should consider how exactly the rooms will be located. It is better, of course, if all the above listed premises are located nearby. After that, you need to take care of purchasing the appropriate pipes. For example, pipes with a diameter of 100 or 110 mm are selected for the toilet sewer system. But for the kitchen or bathroom, you can take PP or PVC pipes, which have an inner diameter of 50 mm. Turns in these structures are made using special knees. These elements are made of plastic and with a certain bending angle. The most common elbows are 45 and 90 degrees. The use of special elbows allows you to avoid blockages during the operation of the system.

If we talk about which pipes are best to use, then, of course, you should give preference to products that are made of PVC or PP. Such pipes are distinguished by good strength, respectively, their service life is much longer. But in addition to the above qualities, we note that such pipes are quite easy to install.

After the issue with the pipes is resolved, you should consider where exactly the collector pipe or drain will be installed. And already from this place and do the rest of the wiring.

Another tip from experts: you can watch a video in advance of how a do-it-yourself sewer is installed in a private house. Similar videos are available on the Internet.

How the scheme is drawn up

A properly designed sewerage scheme in a private house will save a lot of time and money on the further process of installing these structures. But this will only be possible if the scheme itself is drawn up correctly. It should include several blocks, namely:

As for the external system, a separate scheme should be drawn up here. It will indicate exactly where the pipes are laid on the site, where the cleaning station or sewer pit is located.

All these rules are very important, because it is they who make it clear how the sewage system for a private house is installed correctly.

All the advantages and disadvantages of a cesspool

It should be noted that it is cesspools that are very widely used to collect sewage. Usually they make a cesspool without a bottom, and the walls are laid out of concrete or brick. Thus, relatively pure water from it seeps into the ground, and solid feces are collected. Then they are pumped out using special equipment. Literally 10 years ago, in a similar pit, the walls were earthen, and when it was completely filled, they simply dug it in and made a new one.

But such a pit is suitable only for those houses where the volume of drains does not exceed 1 cubic meter per day. If this rule is neglected, then the runoff will harm groundwater, which may cause an environmental threat.

Based on this, we can conclude that it is necessary to build a pit that does not have a bottom only if the inhabitants of the house are here infrequently. For example, this option is good for arranging a sewer system in summer cottages and in a country house.

Therefore, when a scheme is prescribed, according to which a sewerage system will be installed in a private house, it is necessary to think not only about the depth of the pipe laying, but also about what kind of bottom and walls the cesspool will have. Then there will be more confidence that in the future the wastewater disposal system will be effective and practical.

What is a hermetic container for collecting wastewater

There is another option for arranging wastewater collection facilities - this is a sealed container. It is usually installed at the back of the yard, and all the pipes through which the sewer drains are reduced there.

Such a sealed container can be purchased at a specialized store. By the way, they can provide full advice on how much volume a given container should have, and how to close it correctly. The neck cover of such a container must be airtight, which will prevent the spread of an unpleasant odor from wastewater that will accumulate in the container.

The containers themselves, as well as the lids that protect them, can be made from a variety of materials. Such materials used in the manufacture of this sewer equipment can be:

But if the owner of the house has a special desire, he can make such a structure with his own hands. For example, from concrete. The cover can also be concrete or metal. The main thing is to think over all the details so that it closes very tightly. This issue should be especially carefully approached if the sewer system in the house is installed by hand.

Toilets in nature are becoming a thing of the past over time, and the comfortable amenities of our time should please everyone. People living in a private house, in which it is impossible to carry out drainage, are often set by dreams about the benefits of civilization. But ordering services for the installation of an autonomous sewer is not a cheap pleasure. How easy it is to make a sewer in a private house with your own hands, not everyone knows.

For the correct functionality of an autonomous sewage system in a private house, it is necessary to understand many factors, know the existing nuances and do the installation yourself according to sanitary rules and regulations. When preparing a scheme for a drainage system, you need to carefully study the layout of a particular building. Also, it is necessary to take into account the localization of the premises where the inflow and outflow of water will be carried out. The ideal solution would be if all the internal equipment is connected to one pipe. Which will drain water into a septic tank or into a drain pit.

In a competent scheme for designing the layout of the pipeline system, the slope of the pipes used should be calculated. If the slope is incorrectly calculated, inconvenience and unnecessary expenses are possible. The slope, when installing the internal and external pipelines, will vary.

The slope angle is responsible for changing the position of the pipe on the surface, in relation to the horizon line. A large slope is possible only in short sections. There are simple techniques for determining the pipe slope angle. But for the installation of an autonomous sewage system in a private house with your own hands, it will be difficult to calculate the correct slope of the pipes. It is important that the calculation of the slope in a private house is carried out by a non-calculation method.

Correct installation of the internal sewerage network in a private house

To lay an internal sewer, it is important to consider the location of other water consumers and the size of the premises. It is possible to connect all plumbing facilities to the water supply.

Scheme of installation of an internal autonomous sewage system:

Scheme of installation of external autonomous sewage

Pipe laying process

A very difficult and responsible process in the installation of an autonomous sewer with your own hands is the laying of pipes. This process requires assistants, since independent work will affect not only the speed of the process, but also its quality.

When installing a sewer with your own hands, it is important to calculate the depth of the pipe layout. Because the functionality of your pipeline depends on the depth.

It is necessary to remember the exact angle of inclination of the pipes. From the volume of the pipe, to a system without pressure, its slope depends. To ensure the desired slope, you need to install different places of the pipeline in different ways.

Proper piping and installation of the riser

To prevent the pipe from freezing in winter, it needs to be insulated. To do this, it should be brought into an asbestos-cement pipe, after wrapping it with heat-insulating material.

What is a cesspool for?

A cesspool, in another way, is a well without a bottom. When installing the pipeline with your own hands, it is possible to leave the soil instead of the bottom, and lay the walls out of brick or concrete. Once in the pit, sewage is filtered from feces and solid waste, and seeps into the ground. Waste that has settled at the depth of the pit must be removed over time.

It is possible to use a cesspool with the condition that the water runoff per day does not exceed 1 cubic meter. meters. Wastewater penetrating to the depth of the bottom will be treated by microorganisms. If the rules are not followed, they will not have time to process it and pollution of sources near the cesspool will occur.

Dedicated sewage pumps

Pumps in the drainage system of a private house should be installed if your plumbing drains are below ground level. Also, pumps should be used if the distance to the drain pit or septic tank is too great.
Pumps (in other words, solo filters) - serve to eliminate household sewage that flows from the house into the depths of the cesspool. They are the most economical way, and also effective.

How it is possible to arrange drainage from the basement or basement, two options:

Firstly, you need to install a pump, with an output to a gravity system and with a rise to the required height;
Secondly, install a container for sewage. Then carry out the wiring to the cesspool, from the private house sewer system.

Pumps on the market exist in large quantities, you just need to choose the one that suits you in terms of parameters.

Stages of operation of pumps:

When the water rises, built-in sensors are activated that turn on the pump.
Particles coming from the toilet are collected in a basket at the depth of the well.
A special mechanism is built into the pump, which grinds the particles that have fallen to the size of the passage through the opening of the basket.
Pumps suck liquid together with solid particles and raise them to the desired height.

Proper plumbing connection

Plumbing connection diagram:

Modern man is spoiled by civilization. Sewerage, which not so long ago seemed to be a component of elite housing, today has become an integral part of almost any apartment. Those who live in multi-storey comfortable houses do not have to think about the design and installation of this system, but the owners of individual buildings have a harder time. Domestic sewerage is a rather complex system. The efficiency and reliability of its operation directly depends on the design and installation of the structure. How to avoid errors in the process of arranging the system? Let's figure it out.

Where to start construction work?

Arrangement of internal sewerage involves the installation of risers of fan pipes and the installation of piping in the premises. It is best to take care of the drainage system at the design stage of the building and place all the "wet" rooms at a minimum distance from each other. Ideally, make them adjacent, so you can significantly simplify the arrangement of internal sewage. It is also important to correctly determine the location of the collector pipe, to which all pipelines will converge.

Now you can begin to develop a scheme for future sewage:

Observing the scale, we draw a plan of the building.
We mark on it the location of the risers.
We put on the diagram all the plumbing fixtures that are planned to be installed. We note for ourselves the features of their connection.
We draw pipelines that will connect risers and plumbing equipment. We mark all the necessary turns, joints, etc. Be sure to indicate the connecting elements that will be required for the installation of tees, bends, etc.
We determine the parameters of the riser and the fan pipe.

In accordance with the scheme, the installation of the system will subsequently be carried out, in addition, it will help determine the amount of materials needed.

Internal sewerage includes risers of fan pipes and piping in all internal premises of a private house

Now you need to choose a pipe laying method. There can be two of them: hidden and open. In the second case, the trunk is mounted on a wall or floor. The first is more time-consuming and involves the execution of strobes in structures into which pipes are subsequently laid. When choosing this option, experts advise laying internal water and sewer pipes in one gate. Plumbing is on top and sewage is on the bottom. This is very convenient, as it reduces the time required for installation work, and their volume. In addition, much less material is required to seal the strobe.

Here is an example of such work:

Important points when designing a system

When designing internal sewerage, the following aspects must be taken into account:

For a gravity system, and internal sewage is such, it must be maintained. For pipes with a diameter of 50 to 80 mm, it is 2 cm per meter; for products with a diameter of 80-100 mm, the slope increases to 3 cm per meter.
The drain pipes of the dishwasher and kitchen sink must be equipped with grease traps.
The toilet must be connected to the riser only by a pipe with a diameter of at least 100 mm.
For a house with several floors, the diameter of the riser should be 100-110 mm. It must be equipped with hatches for cleaning.
It is best if the house has only one sewer riser. All branches of the internal sewer system will approach it.
The location of the outlet of the pipeline is determined by the location of the collection well, which must be installed at the lowest point of the site. The outlet is located in the wall closest to the well.

By following these simple rules, you will avoid many problems.

Internal sewerage can be laid in a hidden or open way. The first option involves the implementation of strobes in which pipes are laid, which makes it quite difficult to arrange. The second one is much simpler in execution, but less aesthetically pleasing.

Choosing parts for the pipeline

First of all, we determine the material from which the elements are made.

Option #1 - cast iron pipes

Some time ago, there was simply no alternative to such details. Their advantages include durability, such pipes serve more than half a century, high strength and fire resistance. At the same time, cast iron is not sufficiently resistant to impact point loads, from which it must be protected as far as possible. The disadvantages of the material include a very large weight, high cost and difficult installation. In addition, the inner surface of such pipes is rough, which contributes to the deposition of layers, which, after time, can completely block the path of sewage.

Option #2 - polypropylene products

The advantages of such elements are resistance to all types of corrosion and solutions of salts, alkalis and acids, durability, high heat resistance. The latter quality allows the parts to easily endure both low and high temperatures, which makes it possible to lay them in almost any conditions.

Another advantage is increased fire resistance. Polypropylene is able to withstand the effects of fire for quite a long time and does not emit toxic substances. Attractive and affordable price. Some difficulty is the installation of parts, which requires special equipment.

The most popular are plastic pipes for sewerage. They are lightweight, easy to install and have a smooth inner surface that prevents build-up on the inner walls of parts.

Option #3 - PVC parts

They can be made from non-plasticized or plasticized PVC. The characteristics of products made from these materials are similar. The advantages of PVC pipes include a low coefficient of thermal expansion, which allows products not to increase or sag when heated, as well as resistance to UV radiation. In addition, a very large assortment of shaped elements is produced, which makes it possible to assemble a pipeline of any configuration.

The disadvantages of products include fragility at low temperatures, low resistance to fire and the release of toxic substances during combustion, as well as sensitivity to certain chemicals.

General installation rules

Internal sewerage in a private house is equipped with a number of rules:

Riser elements with a 90° turn are assembled from two plastic elbows rotated by 45°. If a cast-iron pipeline is installed, two 135 ° bends are used.
In order to be able to eliminate possible blockages in pipeline sections, an oblique plastic or cast-iron tee is installed at 45 ° with a plug and one elbow or a cast-iron branch. Cast-iron fitting differs from plastic in names and gradations. For example, a 45° plastic elbow will fully match a 135° cast iron elbow.
Branch pipelines, which are located in the basements, under the ceiling of the premises, are connected to the risers using crosses or oblique tees.
The height from the lower section of the horizontal socket of the tee or straight cross to the floor should be no more than 20 mm.
The length of the pipeline from the toilet to the riser should not be more than 1 m. For other plumbing fixtures - no more than 3.5 m.
90° crosses or straight tees can be used to make turns on risers or transitions to horizontal runs.
To prevent the appearance of odors from the sewer in the room, an exhaust hood must be equipped. The so-called fan pipe is brought out through the roof to a height of about 0.7 m. It is unacceptable to connect it to a chimney or ventilation.
If not possible, a special air valve for sewerage is mounted.
The diameter of the riser must be equal to the diameter of the exhaust part. With one hood, you can combine two or even more risers on the top floor or in the attic. The horizontal sections of such a pipeline are fixed with hanging brackets or simply wire to the rafters.
On risers that do not have indents in the upper and lower floors, revisions for the sewer are installed. The standard height of the revision arrangement is 1000 mm from the floor level. If the part has to be installed in the corner of the room, it should be turned at an angle of 45 ° relative to the walls.
When installing an internal sewage system, all plastic pipes passing through the floors are installed in special metal sleeves. The height of the element depends on the width of the overlap. The top of the part should protrude 20 mm from the floor level, and the bottom should be flush with the ceiling.
The riser is installed with a sleeve on. In order for it not to fall from the pipe, it is tied with a thin wire to the superior socket of the cross or tee, or bursting with pieces of foam.
If it is assumed that a toilet bowl and other plumbing fixtures will be connected in series on a horizontal section, a sewer adapter must be installed between them. Plastic parts must not be turned high. This threatens with problems with the subsequent connection of equipment, especially with a shower or bath. On average, the turn should be carried out at half the socket of the tee in height with a direction towards the wall.
Clamps are used to secure the sewer. Plastic pipes are fixed in horizontal sections as necessary, so that no fractures occur. On average, one clamp is installed per half meter - a meter of the length of the line.
Cast iron pipes are mounted on steel brackets with a bend at the end, which prevent the pipeline from moving. Fasteners are installed under each pipe near the socket.
The risers are fixed to the side walls with 1-2 clamps per floor. Fasteners are installed under the sockets.

It is important to note that at the end of the installation work, tests for tightness are mandatory.

For the arrangement of internal sewage, various connecting elements are used. It should be borne in mind that the same cast-iron and plastic elements may differ in names and markings.

Sewerage is a necessary element of any comfortable home. Its arrangement does not require special special knowledge, but, at the same time, it cannot be called a simple matter. There are many nuances and features of the arrangement of the system. You should start with the development of a pipeline laying scheme, which will become the basis for subsequent work and help to correctly calculate the amount of materials needed. Already at this stage, you can evaluate your strengths and understand whether you will be able to cope with the work on your own or you will need to look for assistants. Many companies specialize in providing plumbing services. Professionals will quickly and competently carry out the installation of a sewer system of any complexity.

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