Plant poisons and their properties. Poisoning with poisons of plant origin. Poisons of plant origin

Introduction

plant poisons

2. Animal poisons

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Poisons have been known to man since ancient times. He gradually learned about them by trial and error, communicating with the plant and animal world. Probably, these "acquaintances" often ended tragically. The effect of poisons was mystified, plants and animals possessing them were deified. Later, man learned to use poisons for medicinal purposes, as well as for processing weapons that he hunted. Poisons were also used for military purposes. Most often they led to a painful death, for which they deserved notoriety.

Poisons are usually divided into vegetable and animal.

Plant poisons are represented by a wide variety of types of compounds with different mechanisms of toxic action.

The purpose of the work is to consider the poisons of animals and plants.

The information base was the works of domestic and foreign authors devoted to this topic.

animal poisons

Animal poisons are toxic substances of protein and non-protein nature. The first - with a molecular weight of several thousand to several hundred thousand, oligo- and polypeptides as well as enzymes - mainly in actively poisonous animals. The latter are very diverse and may include different classes of organic compounds.

Each year, 1 million people suffer from snake bites, of which about 3 percent of cases are fatal. On average, the toxicity of LD100 for humans is from 0.04 to 1.6 mg/kg. In this case, the snake injects from 10 to 1000 mg per bite. In general, the antidote is a polyvalent anti-snake serum, but special treatment is often needed depending on the venom of the biting snake.

The outcome of a lesion with any poison depends not only on its toxicity, but also on the amount of poison injected, as well as on the method of administration. So, protein poisons of coelenterates (cnidarians) are ten times more toxic than snake venoms, but they are administered much less. On the other hand, even a very small animal, by injecting a very small amount of poison, can kill a large mammal.

The most powerful biological hemotoxin, the poison diamphotoxin, is secreted by the larva of the African leaf beetle, its half lethal dose is 0.000025 mg/kg (mice i.v.). When administered, it causes intravascular hemolysis, a sharp drop in muscle tone and paralysis. Locals have long used this poison to treat arrows. One arrow can kill an animal weighing 500 kg. Non-protein poisons include organic and inorganic substances. Among the inorganic sulfuric acid (shellfish) can be mentioned; hydrocyanic acid (fly moths, centipedes), etc. They, as a rule, supplement the main toxin (often protein). Organic acids include carboxylic acids, biogenic amines, complex amines, ammonium salts, GABA, hydroquinones, quinones, phenols, camphor-like substances, saponins, condensed nitrogen-containing heterocycles, furan compounds, aromatic bromides, polyols, etc.

Formally, non-protein poisons are divided into:

1.physiologically active, but relatively low-toxic (supplement the main toxin);

2.highly toxic substances that determine the strength and direction of the poison.

The most active representatives: Palitoxin - is produced by some six-ray corals (according to other sources, it is produced by a symbiont virus). The natives of Tahiti have long used these corals to make poisoned weapons. LD100 for humans 0.001 mg IV. Possesses the strongest cardiotoxic action. Death occurs in 5-30 minutes as a result of narrowing of the coronary vessels and respiratory arrest.

Batrachotoxin - found in the skin glands of some toads, LD50 0.002 mg / kg. Subcutaneously after 8 minutes. It has a strong cardiotoxic effect. There are no antidotes.

Tetrodotoxin - found in the eggs and skin of some toads, the Californian newt, the salivary glands of some octopuses and in many fish from the order tetrodot LD50 0.008 mg / kg for humans.

It has a powerful neurotoxic and hypotensive effect.

Used for the production of painkillers.

The toxic effect is due to the fact that the carbon atom and three amino groups attached to it in the toxin are almost the same size as the hydrated sodium cation. When a toxin enters the body, it clogs the sodium channels in cell membranes like a plug. The same happens in the synapses, which leads to the cessation of the passage of nerve impulses, paralysis occurs. However, as you know, Fugu fish from the Tetrodot order is a delicacy in Japan. And when properly prepared, it does not lead to poisoning. And the dish is popular due to the fact that it has some psychotropic and narcotic effect. Cantharidin - found in blister beetles (family Meloidae), for example, in Spanish fly LD50 for humans 40-80 mg. When taken orally. It has a blistering effect when the hemolymph of beetles comes into contact with the skin. In this case, the mouths of the follicles are affected with the formation of large blisters. May lead to paralysis.

Despite their toxic properties, many poisons are widely used in practice: as medicinal substances (poisons of bees and snakes); in experimental therapy for the diagnosis and modeling of certain diseases (tetrodotoxin, atropine, and others); for the destruction of insects and rodents; to control fungi and algae.

plant poisons

Plant poisons can also be divided into protein and non-protein.

Isolated and characterized protein poisons are relatively few in number. Thus, the pale grebe and some fly agaric contain phallotoxins and amatotoxins, which are bicyclic polypeptides with a bridge of tryptophan or its derivatives.

The mechanism of toxic action is associated with inhibition of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (amatotoxin) and irreversible binding to membrane actin, which causes its polymerization (phallotoxin). LD50 for a person is 5-7 mg (one mushroom contains 10 mg.).

A large group of toxic substances of a protein nature has been isolated from various species of the mistletoe, pumpkin, and legume families. These are polypeptides with a molecular weight of 4000 to 23000, with different activities, some of them are very poisonous.

Plant poisons of non-protein nature are divided into three groups:

1.They have a pronounced specificity of action and a relative commonality of structural elements (alkaloids).

2.Less specific, but more universal in the plant world (glycosides).

.Diverse in structure and mechanisms of action

alkaloids toxic herbal antidote

Among the most toxic are alkaloids of three classes:

Indole (strychnine, curarine)

Diterpene (aconitine)

Pyridine (nicotine).

Strychnine is found, among other things, in Chilibukh<#"244" src="doc_zip4.jpg" />

Aconitine, contained in various types of Aconite, has a convulsive-paralytic effect, which is due to an increase in the permeability of sodium cations in the membranes of nerve and muscle cells and their depolarization. Death occurs as a result of cardiac arrest and respiratory paralysis. LD100 for humans 2-5 mg orally. Nicotine is produced by tobacco plants. It is a blocker of n-cholinergic receptors (sensitive to nicotine) in the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia of skeletal muscles. LD50 pers. 50-100 mg.

Plant poisons containing a carbohydrate residue in the molecule include glycosides. In this series, cardiac glycosides have a pronounced physiological activity. They are produced by Ranunculaceae, Norichnikovy, Mulberry, etc. In toxic doses (3-7 mg for humans) cause cardiac arrest. Many glycosides have cumulative properties. The toxic effect is due to a violation of the Na-K pump in the myocardium. Cardiac glycosides are very widely used in medical practice. The group of poisons of non-protein nature includes compounds of various structures. The simplest poisonous substance, hydrocyanic acid, is present in plants in a bound form - in the form of cyanogenic glycosides, which release HCN during enzymatic hydrolysis after cell damage. Thus, amygdalin, present in apricot kernels, contains the following substance, which is capable of releasing hydrocyanic acid according to the above scheme.

Another simplest poison is fluoroacetic acid. In the form of potassium salt, it is found in a tropical plant - dikhapetum cymose. The toxic dose for humans is about 500 mg of green mass or fruits. Often the cause of mass poisoning and death of livestock is the consumption of Astragalus<#"44" src="doc_zip7.jpg" />

The group of toxic diterpenes (grayanotoxins) contains plants of the rhododendron family. The best known gryanotoxin 3 and rhodosponin 3 are neurotoxins that cause an increase in the permeability of cell membranes of nervous and muscle tissues for sodium ions. LD50 0.4 mg/kg mouse i.p.

Hypericin from the plant St. John's wort and some other toxins have an unusual effect. Hypericin accumulates in the skin and external tissues, making them sensitive to UV and long wavelength radiation. As a result, dermatitis, foci of burn lesions and necrotic areas are formed in sunlight.

A group of toxic substances of relative structure contains some types of higher fungi. For example, the blushing fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) produces muscarine, which is an acetylcholine imitator in relation to m-cholinergic receptors (that is, to muscarin-sensitive parasympathetic postganglionic synapses). Muscarine causes muscle spasms, convulsions and coma. LD50 for humans 0.7 mg/kg.

Muscazone, which is contained in the same fly agaric, has a psychogenic effect (causes hallucinations, loss of memory and orientation). So, toxic substances are extremely diverse in chemical structure, physiological activity and mechanism of action. However, it is possible to trace the dependence of the toxicity of the poison on its molecular weight.

One of the most toxic synthetic substances is 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzoparadioxin (classical dioxin). Classical dioxin is recognized in the world as an absolute poison. It is xenobiotic - unacceptable for living organisms. There are several hundred dioxins with similar toxicity, but they are all tricyclic oxygen-containing xenobiotics.

The reason for such exceptional toxicity is that the molecule of any dioxin has the shape of a rectangle measuring 3 by 10 angstroms. This allows it to fit surprisingly accurately into the receptors of living organisms, suppressing various physiological processes. In addition, dioxins are cumulative poisons and can affect the genome. Dioxins are formed during various chemical syntheses, as by-products, during the combustion of many organic fuels.

Conclusion

Poisons - substances of plant, animal and mineral origin or products of chemical synthesis (industrial poisons, gases, pesticides) capable of causing acute or chronic poisoning when exposed to a living organism.

The boundary separating poisons and drugs is very conditional, so conditional that the Academy of Medical Sciences of the Russian Federation publishes a general journal "Pharmacology and Toxicology", and textbooks on pharmacology can be used to teach the basics of toxicology. There is no fundamental difference between poison and medicine, and there cannot be. Any medicine turns into poison if its concentration in the body exceeds a certain therapeutic level. And almost any poison in small concentrations can be used as a medicine.

When pharmacology is taught, it is traditionally said that pharmacon in Greek means both medicine and poison, but students naturally perceive this theoretically, and then doctors are already under pressure from information that is mainly about the effectiveness of drugs. Manufacturers spend enormous amounts of money to market their drugs, and despite the fact that government regulators try to introduce certain requirements and restrictions, information about the positive properties of certain drugs far outweighs the warning about possible side effects. At the same time, they are often the cause of hospitalization of patients, and the mortality associated with the consumption of drugs comes in 5th place.

Bibliography

1. Vasser S.P., in the book: Topical issues of modern botany, K., 1976;

Barbier M., Introduction to chemical ecology, trans. from French, Moscow, 1978;

Gelashvili D.B., Ibragimov A.K., Poisonous animals and plants of the USSR, M., 1990.

Goryunova S.V., Demina N.S., Algae - producers of toxic substances, M., 1974

Harborn D., Introduction to environmental biochemistry, trans. from English, M., 1985; Orlov B.N.,

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The toxic properties of the same plants are not the same in terms of their effects on different groups of animals. Highly toxic to humans, belladonna and dope are completely harmless to rodents, dogs, chickens, thrushes and other birds, the Colorado potato beetle, but cause poisoning of ducks and chickens. Poisonous lily of the valley berries, eaten even in large quantities, do not cause poisoning of foxes and are used by many canids to get rid of helminths. Poisonous to humans, mistletoe fruits are distributed exclusively by birds. Colchicum does not have a toxic effect (in the experiment) on frogs. The sensitivity to opium in a horse and dog is 10 times less than in humans, in a pigeon - 100, in a frog - 1000 times.

Many products of the secondary metabolism of plants are poisonous to insects, but do not cause poisoning in higher animals. This specialization occurs because insects represent the most numerous group of animals that damage plants and are capable (unlike herbivorous mammals and others) of completely exterminating entire plant populations. Therefore, the entire mechanism of toxic defense of plants was aimed at combating this group of animals in the first place. Pyrethrins are an example of specialized insecticides.

Poisonous plants are the cause of most cases of human and animal poisoning. In this case, it is especially necessary to highlight the poisoning of children eating attractive fruits, juicy roots, bulbs, and stems. As a special form, the so-called drug poisoning should be considered in case of improper use and overdose of preparations of lily of the valley, foxglove, adonis, valerian, hellebore, lemongrass, ginseng, belladonna, aconite, male fern, ergot, etc.

Poisoning by plants mostly occurs as food (alimentary), which are of a general resorptive nature.

Less commonly, inhalation of toxic secretions has a toxic effect (remote poisoning with wild rosemary, ash, conifers, rhododendrons, aroids). In addition, contact damage to the skin and mucous membranes can occur, proceeding according to the type of severe allergic reactions (nettle, cow parsnip, ash, spurge, mustard, hemlock, black cohosh, wolf's bast, toxicodendron, rue, mad cucumber, thuja, some primroses). There are also industrial poisonings of people of a respiratory-contact nature during the cultivation, harvesting and processing of plant materials (tobacco, belladonna, hellebore, ranunculus, red pepper, celandine, etc.), processing or chemical processing of wood (all conifers, toxicodendron, oak, beech, alder, horse chestnut, white locust, euonymus). There is a well-known occupational disease of cabinetmakers associated with the manufacture of facing veneer from yew.

Sometimes poisoning with plant products is associated with the consumption of honey (honey can also exhibit toxic properties due to the concentration of technogenic pollutants from the environment in it (for example, honey collected from white locust flowers in roadside plantations is very toxic), contaminated with poisonous plant pollen (ledum, rhododendrons, hamedafne, laurel cherries, wolf's bast, hellebore, ranunculus, henbane, dope, belladonna, tobacco, avran, anabasis, crow's eye, chickweed), as well as milk (especially suckling young) and meat after eating toxic animals plants (buttercups, ephedra, yew, briar, poppy, colchicum, cottonseed - milk poisoning; hellebore, pikulnik, aconites - meat poisoning) Bitter, aromatic, resinous, siliceous and oxalate-containing plants - wormwood also cause spoilage of milk , tansy, pyrethrum, yarrow, horsetail, euphorbia (the name "euphorbia" is associated with the presence of a poisonous milky plant in this plant go juice, and not with milk-producing properties mistakenly attributed to it), dodder, maryanniki, pikulniki, lupine, wild onions, mountaineer pepper (water pepper), sorrel (sorrel and sorrel, after they are eaten by lactating animals, cause rapid milk clotting and poor knocking out of oil) , oxalis, oak, junipers, mustard cruciferous, labiate. Poisoning can occur when grain and flour contaminated with ergot, cockle seeds, chaff, larkspur, pikulnik, henbane, heliotrope, snapdragon, rattles, trichodesma (the latter is capable of transmitting toxic substances directly to cereal grains) are used for food and livestock feed. There are cases of poisoning with blueberries, on which the toxic ethereal secretions of wild rosemary have condensed (with joint growth).

Respiratory (remote) poisoning can occur with prolonged exposure to thickets (or bouquets) of strong-smelling flowers (magnolia, lilies, rhododendrons, poppies, lupins, bird cherry, tuberose, etc.). They are accompanied by suffocation, headache and dizziness, sneezing, coughing, watery eyes, runny nose, general malaise (up to loss of consciousness - with prolonged contact).

Plant poisons, depending on the chemical nature of the compounds, differ in the selectivity of their toxic action, affecting various organ systems.

Often, especially in severe cases, there is a general complex effect on the body, often accompanied by collapse and coma. The selective toxic effect of any poison is always detected earlier and is diagnosed according to the corresponding symptoms characteristic of this particular group of compounds.

However, in many plants there is a whole complex of biologically active substances of various effects, and some of them can sensitize the body to the effects of others. Strong irritation of the digestive tract by thioglycosides, saponins and some alkaloids contributes to a more intensive absorption of other toxins. Some toxic substances have a cumulative effect, gradually accumulating in the body after repeatedly eating poisonous plants for a long time. Toxins of ephedra, bracken, pikulnikov, foxglove, thin pig, etc. have a similar effect. Such a gradual accumulation of food toxins in the body poses a significant danger due to the possibility of poisoning, unnoticed at first, the penetration of toxic substances into many organ systems and the occurrence of persistent long-term disorders.

The accumulation of phytotoxins in the body of an animal also causes the toxicity of animal products (meat, etc.). For example, animals do not usually eat plants that quickly become boring to them in toxic doses at one time. However, the toxins contained in these plants can accumulate in the animal body gradually. Severe poisonings are known from pork, in the fat of which there was a gradual accumulation of active substances from the seeds of pikulnikov. In addition, many people eat thin pork, considering it to be a completely edible mushroom, without presenting all possible danger later, since the gradual accumulation of toxic compounds of this fungus in the human body causes severe circulatory disorders. At the same time, the cumulative effect is especially dangerous because, experiencing a one-time safe effect of a particular plant product, a person acquires unreasonable confidence in its harmlessness even with further use.

Sometimes the defeat of plants by biologically active substances manifests itself after exposure of the animal organism to ultraviolet (and other longer-wavelength) radiation. Plants increase the sensitivity of integument to ultraviolet radiation. Such a photosensitizing effect is exerted by the juice of many hogweeds when ingested externally, and it also manifests itself when animals eat St. Predominantly white-colored animals and people with individual sensitivity suffer (as a rule, blonds, albinos, etc.).

Contents: Poisonous substances and poisonings………………………………………….3 2. Poisonous plants…………………………………………………………….7 3. Mushroom poisoning………………………………………………………..9 Treatment for poisoning…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..13 7. Literature ………………………………………………………………… 15 1. Toxic substances and poisoning Poisons are substances that, when exposed to living organisms, can cause a sharp disruption of normal life, that is, poisoning or death. The concept of poisons is relative. The strength and nature of the effects of toxic substances on the body depend not only on the physicochemical properties of substances, but also on the characteristics of a living organism. The same chemical substance, depending on different conditions, may cause harm to health or have no effect. There are potent chemicals that are used in small doses and under certain conditions as medicines. The effect of poisonous substances on a living organism, causing a painful condition, is called poisoning. According to their origin, dispatches can be intentional or accidental. The largest part of poisonings are accidents when the poison accidentally enters the human body. Acute poisoning develops as a result of the ingestion of chemicals of various nature into the human or animal body in such an amount that can cause a violation of vital functions and creates a danger to life. The smaller the amount (dose) of a chemical that causes poisoning, the more pronounced its toxicity, that is, toxicity. Acute poisonings are divided according to the route of entry of the toxic substance into the body. The most common food poisoning is as a result of poison entering the gastrointestinal tract through the mouth, from where it is more or less rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream and distributed throughout the body. In addition, inhalation poisoning is possible when inhaling vapors of a toxic substance, skin poisoning when poisons enter the body through unprotected skin, cavity poisoning when a poisonous substance enters various body cavities: nose, ear, genitals, and others. Injection poisoning is also possible due to the introduction of solutions of toxic substances directly into the tissues or blood stream using a syringe or from bites of poisonous insects and snakes. In case of poisoning, toxic substances enter the blood and are carried by it throughout the body. Some toxic substances have a harmful effect on the entire human body, while others have a selective effect on individual organs and their systems. Removal of poisons from the body occurs in a variety of ways. Almost all toxic substances or their decay products are excreted from the body through the kidneys along with urine. The organs through which poisons are released are often severely damaged by them, which causes serious illness. Many toxic substances, acting on the body, cause characteristic changes inherent in them and characteristic clinical signs by which poisoning by this substance is recognized. However, the specific signs of poisoning by a certain substance are not always clearly expressed or are masked by general signs of poisoning. Such general signs, which are observed in almost all poisonings, include general malaise, weakness, apathy, loss of appetite, sleep disturbance, headaches, gastrointestinal tract dysfunction, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Often, in case of poisoning, acute disorders of the cardiovascular activity are observed, accompanied by palpitations, an increase or decrease in the pulse, an increase or decrease in blood pressure; respiratory disorders - shortness of breath, a feeling of lack of air, increased or slowed breathing. Some poisonings are accompanied by a mental disorder, agitation, disturbances or loss of consciousness, involuntary urination or defecation. There are also external changes in the skin and mucous membranes, cyanosis of the face and lips, dry skin or, conversely, increased sweating. The development of poisoning and its severity, in addition to the amount (dose) of the poison entering the body and its chemical composition, are influenced by many conditions. It is known that children and the elderly are more sensitive to certain toxic substances. In women during pregnancy, feeding a child and during menstruation, sensitivity to various substances is also increased. Sick people, especially those with diseases of the liver, heart, kidneys, etc., are more difficult to tolerate poisoning. Some people have an unusual individual sensitivity to various chemicals or drugs (allergies). In such cases, a severe general allergic reaction develops from a small amount of this substance, sometimes ending in death. At the same time, there are known facts of individual resistance to obviously toxic substances due to addiction to them, for example, to nicotine and other drugs of plant origin. There are many chemicals that cause acute poisoning. These include, for example, drugs used to treat diseases, but in high doses with toxic properties; a variety of animal toxins and plant poisons used by humans for the preparation of medicines and many other substances. All these numerous chemicals manifest their toxic effect on the body in various ways, according to which they are divided into irritating, cauterizing, blistering, asphyxiating, hypnotic, convulsive and other poisons. Moreover, most of them, regardless of the dose and route of penetration into the body, have the so-called selective toxicity, that is, the ability to act on strictly defined cells and tissue structures without affecting others with which they are in direct contact. According to the principle of selective toxicity, blood poisons are isolated that act mainly on blood cells (carbon monoxide, saltpeter, and others); nerve, or neurotoxic, poisons that affect the cells of the central and peripheral nervous system (alcohol, drugs, and others); kidney and liver poisons that disrupt the functions of these organs (some fungal toxins and others); heart poisons, under the influence of which the work of the heart muscle is disrupted (some plant poisons from the group of alkaloids); gastrointestinal poisons affecting the stomach and intestines, respectively. Acute poisoning by poisonous plants is a common type of food intoxication with a number of characteristic features. The causes of acute poisoning with plant poisons can be self-treatment - self-ingestion of tinctures and decoctions of herbs without consulting a doctor or on the recommendations of people who do not have a medical education. Among the painful phenomena that follow the ingestion of poisonous plants, the main place is often occupied by disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. The active toxic principle of poisonous plants are various chemical compounds, which belong mainly to the class of alkaloids, glycosides, as well as some essential oils and organic acids (hydrocyanic, oxalic). Alkaloids are complex organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen. Their salts quickly dissolve in water and are absorbed in the stomach or intestines. The structural originality of glycosides lies in the fact that they easily break down into their carbohydrate (sugar) part and several other toxic substances. Symptoms of human damage to plant poisons depend on their predominant effect on certain organs and systems of the body (selective toxicity). In case of poisoning by many plants, symptoms of damage to the nervous system come to the fore. The nature of the lesion may be different. In some cases, the poisonous substances of plants excite the activity of the central parts of the nervous system, in others, on the contrary, they quickly depress them or completely paralyze them. Depending on this, in the first case, signs of increased arousal predominate in the picture of poisoning, manifested in the form of increased arousal, convulsions of the arms and legs, manic disorder of consciousness, deceptive sensations, skin itching, visions of small insects. At the same time, the pupils of the eyes noticeably dilate, the skin becomes dry and hot, swallowing is disturbed, the pulse and breathing become more frequent. Such symptoms can be in case of poisoning with belladonna, dope, henbane, wormwood, milestone, aconite and other plant poisons of nervous action. In the second case of poisoning with such poisons, signs of inhibition of nervous activity predominate in the form of a decrease in skin sensitivity, drowsiness, depressed mood, difficulty in voluntary movements to a state of complete immobility and loss of consciousness. At the same time, the pulse and breathing slow down, the skin becomes wet and cold. Similar symptoms are observed in case of poisoning with poppy, horsetail, omega spotted, pikulnik and others. In severe poisoning, excitation of the nervous system is often only the first stage of the action of the poison, followed, sometimes very quickly, by severe inhibition and paralysis of its activity. The initial effect on the nervous system is usually complicated by disorders of other organs, primarily the heart and respiratory organs, which can lead to the development of insufficiency of their function and death of patients. A significant number of poisonous plants have a strong effect on the mucous membrane of the digestive tract and cause sharp pains in the abdomen, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. As a result of this, due to the rapid dehydration of the body, severe weakness, shortness of breath, weakening of cardiac activity can develop. This group includes plants containing saponin (euphorbia, sprouted potatoes, nightshade), mustard and others. Pesticides of plant origin (anabasine, nicotine) are very strong poisons. The lethal dose of anabasine for humans is 2-3 drops. Both poisons, when ingested, affect the central nervous system and cause respiratory paralysis. In acute anabasine poisoning, patients report a burning sensation in the mouth, headache, vomiting, general weakness, and palpitations. In more severe cases, hallucinations and delusions, convulsions, loss of consciousness are noted. Anabasine and nicotine penetrate the body especially easily through abrasions, scratches and skin ulcerations. Poisoning by sorcerers. Among the poisonings encountered by healers, the following are found:. tobacco poisoning. Tobacco tincture or decoction contains a large amount of a strong alkaloid - nicotine, which causes severe poisoning, paralysis of the nervous system and death. The lethal dose of nicotine is 0.05 g. Healers recommend making enemas and lotions from tobacco infusion or decoction and drinking this poisonous liquid. In such cases, nicotine is quickly absorbed into the blood and has a detrimental effect on the body. . Poisoning with decoctions and infusions of poisonous plants. Often, under the pretext of "medicinal, folk" herbs, healers sell the roots of poisonous plants, the use of which causes severe poisoning and death. So, under the name "Adam root" they sell the roots of poisonous plants containing very life-threatening substances. These roots include: 1. the roots of hemlock (omega) spotted, which contain a strong alkaloid koniin, causing poisoning and death; 2. aconite roots (wrestler, "blue buttercup"), containing the strongest poison - aconitine glucoside, which in a dose of 0.003 g causes death; 3. marsh omega roots (poison milestone, hemlock), containing an extremely poisonous substance cicutotoxin; 2. Poisonous Plants Poisonous plants are plants capable of producing and accumulating poisonous substances that cause poisoning of humans and animals. Different types of poisonous plants can produce one or more poisonous compounds: alkaloids, glucosides, saponins, and others. In this case, toxic substances are contained in the entire plant as a whole or only in its individual parts. For example, quinine is found in the bark of the cinchona tree, but is absent in the leaves; the leaves, stems, and seed pods are poisonous in the poppy, but the seeds are not poisonous. The toxic properties of most poisonous plants (aconite, castor beans, bitter almonds) are not lost during drying or heat treatment. Other plants lose these properties when dried. The most frequent cases of poisoning people with poisonous plants, outwardly similar to edible non-poisonous species. For example, hemlock leaves are similar in appearance to parsley and can be mistakenly used as a condiment in food. Poisonous is the whole plant containing the alkaloid coniine, the action of which is similar to curare. In case of poisoning, there is a loss of skin sensitivity, respiratory depression. In severe cases, death by suffocation occurs. One of the most poisonous plants of the Russian flora is poisonous milestone or hemlock. The whole plant is poisonous, especially the rhizome. The toxic beginning is the resinous substance cicutotoxin. In case of poisoning, an unconscious state occurs, convulsions appear, foam from the mouth. Death comes from respiratory arrest. Severe poisoning is caused by belladonna berries, similar to cherries, and henbane seeds, similar to poppies. Symptoms of poisoning with belladonna berries and henbane seeds are similar. There is dryness in the mouth, a feeling of thirst, the pupils greatly dilate, the skin of the face turns red. The victim becomes very agitated with hallucinations and delusions. Possible death from suffocation due to paralysis of the respiratory center and vascular insufficiency. Similar phenomena are observed in case of poisoning with dope ordinary. There are frequent cases of poisoning of children with crow's eye berries, vaguely reminiscent of blueberries or blueberries. The victim in case of poisoning with this berry has a headache and dizziness, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, frequent urination. Wolf's bast is a shrub with juicy bright red or orange-red berries, reminiscent of sea buckthorn. The whole plant is poisonous, especially the berries. When eating berries, there is a burning sensation in the mouth, increased salivation and thirst. Vomiting, bloody diarrhea appear, a little later - blood in the urine, cardiac disorders. Contact with the juice of the wolf's bast on the skin causes a burn with the formation of blisters and ulcerations. May lily of the valley is also poisonous. The whole plant is poisonous, especially its red juicy berries. In case of poisoning, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and dizziness appear. In contact with poisonous plants or contact with the skin of the juice of a poisonous plant, acute inflammation, eczema, and dermatitis can develop. When collecting dope on hot days, poisoning by plant vapors is possible. When inhaling the dust generated during the grinding of castor beans, allergic reactions with symptoms of bronchial asthma are possible. Dermatitis is often noted upon contact with primrose (room, Chinese and others). Dermatitis caused by meadow plants (sedge, parsnip, yarrow, and others) is often observed in people lying in the meadow after bathing. Open parts of the body are affected, with characteristic strip-like rashes. Severe dermatitis is also caused by Sosnowsky's hogweed. The active toxic principle of plants that mainly disrupt the activity of the heart are glycosides. These include well-known plants - foxglove, adonis, oleander, lily of the valley, from which special tinctures are prepared, which have been used as medicines for a long time. Toxic doses overexcite the activity of the heart and make it unable to perceive the inhibitory influence from the central nervous system from the central nervous system, transmitted through the vagus nerve. Poisoning is manifested by a strong heartbeat, a feeling of "fading" in the heart due to a violation of the rhythm of its activity, blanching of the face and fainting. Cardiac glycosides of foxglove and other plants have a cumulative effect, that is, the ability to accumulate in the body when they are taken for a long time. In this case, the symptoms of poisoning can develop after taking even a small dose of these drugs. In addition, saponins and a number of other organic substances destroy the mucous membrane of the digestive tract and can cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. A number of poisonous plants have a predominant effect on the liver, as a result of which they are called liver poisons. These include ragwort, heliotrope, pink mustard. The alkaloids of these plants cause loss of appetite, indigestion (nausea, diarrhea), jaundice (icteric staining of the proteins of the eyes and skin), itching of the skin, pain in the liver, mental disorders (speech excitement, alternating with a state of drowsiness). Hogweed occupies a special place among poisonous plants. The main manifestation of their toxic effect is noted in contact with unprotected skin. The essential oil released by them, especially in cloudy weather, severely burns the skin and forms watery bubbles. Poisoning can also occur when eating plants that are considered non-toxic. For example, grains of bitter almonds, apricots, cherries, bird cherry and other stone fruits contain hydrocyanic acid. Greened potato tubers contain a large amount of the glycoalkaloid solanine, which causes diarrhea, palpitations, shortness of breath, and numbness in humans. Similar symptoms are observed when poisoning bittersweet nightshade berries. It is not uncommon for certain plants (bird cherry, poppy, lily, tuberose and others) to be poisoned by volatile substances when large bouquets of them are kept indoors. The victims have headaches and dizziness. 3. Mushroom poisoning Mushroom poisoning occurs not only when inedible mushrooms are eaten, but also edible ones if they are processed and preserved incorrectly. Mushroom poisoning is quite common and sometimes ends in death, as the mushroom toxin is poisonous. So, for example, morels and lines contain poisonous gelvellic acid, which can cause hemolysis (dissolution of red blood cells), damage the liver, heart, kidneys and spleen. Lines, in addition to gelvellic acid, also contain a whole group of very dangerous toxic substances, such as gyrometrin, which, in addition to the ability to cause damage to the liver and other vital organs, also has a toxic effect on the nervous system and disrupts metabolic processes in the body, including cells brain. Usually, the effect of the poison does not begin to appear immediately, but after 6-10 hours. The disease develops gradually. First, there is a feeling of fullness and squeezing in the stomach, acquiring over time the nature of pain and cramps, nausea occurs, turning into indomitable vomiting. Sometimes there is diarrhea, a rapidly growing feeling of weakness and weakness. Very often there is a sharp headache, confusion, delirium, convulsions, jaundice is often observed. Particularly sensitive to the action of gelvellic acid and gyrometry are children, young people, pregnant women and the elderly. It has been experimentally established that gelvellic acid is extracted from mushrooms by boiling. Unlike gelvellic acid, gyrometrin dissolves in hot water and is not affected by heat treatment. But with prolonged drying, gyrometry and other substances of this group contained in the lines are still destroyed during prolonged drying. Thus, proper processing of mushrooms can eliminate the possibility of poisoning by them. Pale grebe is the most poisonous mushroom of all found on the territory of Russia. The main role in the mechanism of poisoning with pale grebe is played by amanitotoxin. This substance is completely insoluble in water, retains its toxicity even after 20 minutes of boiling, and is not destroyed by the enzymes of the gastrointestinal tract. The poison of the pale toadstool affects the liver, cells of the central nervous system, blood vessels, glandular tissue and the walls of the digestive tract. Along with this, the poison also causes a violation of many biochemical processes in the body. Once in the body, the poison makes itself felt not immediately, but many hours after dinner or lunch. Meanwhile, the poison does its job, and when signs of poisoning appear, it is already difficult to save a person: the fungal toxin that has penetrated into the blood can be removed from the body only with the help of hemodialysis. Therefore, early hospitalization in a qualified medical facility can save a person who has been poisoned by a pale toadstool even when the fungal toxin is in the blood. Fly agaric. The chemical composition of the fly agaric and the mechanism of its action on human organs are now well studied. The main poisonous beginning of fly agarics is the alkaloid muscarine, a strong poison, 3-5 mg of which kills a person (this amount of poison is contained in 3-4 fly agarics). Fatalities are very rare and occur only when large quantities of these mushrooms are eaten. Recovery occurs relatively quickly: in 1-3 days. True, sometimes, due to some reasons, this period can be delayed up to 11 days. False mushrooms, skillfully disguised as true ones, nevertheless fall into the baskets of inexperienced mushroom pickers, sometimes causing severe poisoning. False mushrooms are not very toxic. When poisoned by these mushrooms, gastrointestinal disorders occur. These phenomena are associated with the action of the "milk" juice of false mushrooms, which has pronounced irritating properties and causes gastroenteritis (inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract), accompanied by nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. 4. First aid for poisoning First aid for accidental poisoning is of great importance to avoid serious health consequences. First aid to the victims should be provided immediately, since in case of acute poisoning, a violation of the basic vital functions of the body (respiration, heartbeat, blood circulation) can occur very quickly. Timely first aid contributes to a milder course of the disease caused by poisoning, and often prevents the possibility of death. You need to know that in case of poisoning, literally every minute is often precious. Therefore, everyone should be able to provide first aid to himself or the victim, without waiting for the arrival of medical workers. Along with this, it should be remembered that first aid measures are only preliminary, urgent. At any degree of poisoning, with any toxic substance, a doctor should be immediately called to the victim. In no case should you hide from doctors what substance was taken, as this makes it difficult to make a timely diagnosis, delaying the necessary assistance and reducing the chances of saving a life. First aid methods depend both on the routes of penetration of poisons into the body and on their chemical composition. When poison enters the body, it is necessary to give the victim to drink 6-10 glasses of warm water or a solution of baking soda; then, irritating the back wall of the pharynx and the root of the tongue (with a finger or a spoon), induce vomiting. The procedure should be repeated. After washing, the victim should take activated charcoal or slightly crushed carbolene tablets with water. Give milk, sweet tea, coffee to drink. Give a laxative. Before the arrival of the doctor, it is necessary to wrap the victim, warm with heating pads. With persistent vomiting, give pieces of ice to swallow. If a toxic substance gets on the skin, it is necessary to remove this substance from the skin surface as soon as possible with a cotton or gauze swab or rag, trying not to smear it on the skin surface. After that, the skin should be washed well with warm water and soap or a weak solution of drinking (baking) soda. If a poisonous substance gets into the eyes, immediately rinse them with a stream of water with the eyelids open. Washing should be thorough for 20-30 minutes, since even a small amount of a toxic substance that gets into the eyes can cause deep damage to the organ of vision. After washing the eyes, apply a dry bandage and immediately consult an eye doctor. When poison enters through the respiratory tract, it is necessary to remove the victim from the place with poisoned air to fresh air or take measures to quickly ventilate the room. Remove the victim from clothing that restricts breathing. The victim must be wrapped warmly, warmed with heating pads, allowed to rinse the throat and mouth with a solution of soda. If necessary, perform artificial respiration. 5. Treatment for poisoning Treatment of victims of poisoning with poisonous plants is carried out by removing the poison that has entered the body and reducing its toxicity with the help of various antidotes. It is very important to carry out the necessary measures in the order of self-help and mutual assistance before the arrival of a doctor or admission to a medical institution. Regardless of the type of plant poison that caused poisoning, it is urgent to induce vomiting by irritation of the pharynx or root of the tongue. When excited, a cold compress is applied to the patient's head and they try to keep him in bed; when fainting, the patient in the supine position lowers his head down and raises his legs, give strong warm tea inside; when breathing and cardiac activity stop, artificial respiration and indirect heart massage are performed. 6. Prevention of acute poisoning Using medicinal plants at home without knowledge of their medicinal properties can cause harm to health and even cause death. Therefore, it is necessary to procure medicinal herbs and prepare preparations for treatment from them with extreme caution and only with reliable knowledge of the matter, and not hearsay. For the manufacture of medicines, medicinal plants are widely used, such as lily of the valley, aloe, ergot, white hellebore, belladonna and many others. From them, under special conditions, medicinal substances are obtained that are of great benefit to patients in therapeutic doses. However, from these same plants at home (in decoctions, infusions, etc.) substances are obtained that can cause great harm, since, for example, it is almost impossible to establish a therapeutic dose of these substances by eye. It is especially dangerous to use home remedies to treat children. All preventive measures against poisoning with poisonous mushrooms come down to the following: it is necessary to remember well the distinguishing features of false mushrooms and pale grebe. In general, the prevention of poisoning with plant poisons consists in the steady implementation of the following rules: 1. do not eat unfamiliar plants, mushrooms; 2. do not eat widely known cultivated plants (potatoes, cereals, buckwheat, peas, etc.) that have been improperly stored and overwintered in the field; 3. do not take home-made tinctures and herbal medicines without the doctor's consent; 4. do not spontaneously increase the dose prescribed by the doctor and the tincture prepared in the pharmacy; 5. do not allow children, especially younger ones, to pick mushrooms and berries on their own, without adult supervision; 6. Do not trust your life and health to persons without special medical education who offer "miraculous" medicines made from plants for the treatment of diseases. 7. Literature: 1. A. A. Lukash "Domestic poisoning and their prevention." - M.: "Medicine", 1968. 2. S. M. Martynov "Prevention of mushroom poisoning." - M .: "Medicine", 1975. 3. J. Zekkardi "Encyclopedia of emergency medical care." – M.: KRON-PRESS, 1998.

As a child, I was delighted with a fairy tale where the main character cleverly hid from the chase. He stuck twigs from a bush into the ground, and a dense, impenetrable green forest immediately grew up behind him. I have been experimenting with twigs since I was four years old. So, summer cuttings are a great opportunity to get a young seedling of the desired variety. The procedure is simple, fast and almost always it is possible even for beginners. Unsuccessful cuttings are associated with an obvious neglect of its basic principles.

No matter how modest a country or personal plot is, there is always a place for cucumbers. Experienced housewives will definitely choose the time to spin a few jars of their cucumbers for the winter. Moreover, with minimal care and observance of agricultural technology, you can grow an excellent crop. At the same time, only organic fertilizers can be used as dressings. What they are, how to cook them at home and correctly apply, you will learn from this article.

Tomatoes "under the snow" - delicious and beautiful preparations of tomatoes for the winter, which got their name due to their resemblance to glass snow globes. In this recipe, I will show you how to cook marinated cherry tomatoes with garlic and dill. The role of snow in the marinade filling is played by finely chopped garlic. If you gently shake the pickle jar or turn it upside down, the garlic will spin in a dizzying whirlwind, no worse than artificial snowflakes in a glass bowl.

Of soil fertilizers, lime fertilizers have the highest calcium content, but inaccessible, - limestone and dolomite flour (of natural origin), conversion calcium carbonate, a waste from the production of nitrogen fertilizers, but more pure in composition than previous products. The action of these fertilizers is very slow. Usually, liming is carried out in the fall, so that part of the applied fertilizers dissolves in the soil and becomes available to plants in the spring.

It seems like only yesterday it was spring. But now summer is at its zenith, mid-July has come. At this time, all plants spend a lot of energy, micro and macro elements to maintain complex processes that take place inside them. And in order to provide them with violent flowering, improve the taste of fruits and help to overwinter more qualitatively, it is necessary to apply fertilizers in a timely and correct manner, that is, to carry out multi-purpose top dressing. At the same time, nitrogen in them must be minimized.

Any gardener knows that there is no more tedious and thankless task than weed control. Weeding by hand or with the help of choppers and flat cutters takes too much effort and time, and the result, if it pleases, is not for long. You will not have time to go through the site to the end, and weeds are already reappearing in the weeded areas. And this is on an already inhabited area, and what can we say about virgin lands! How to quickly and permanently get rid of weeds, we will tell in the article.

Summer is not only a summer season, sun, vacation, warm sea, but also fresh vegetables, berries and fruits. However, today, when looking at the market stalls, the question more and more often arises: is it possible to eat such early watermelons, melons, cucumbers, corn, tomatoes, and so on, which could not yet ripen in the open field? Are early vegetables and fruits dangerous? Do early watermelons and melons belong to the category of nitrate products that can cause poisoning?

Pies with minced meat in a pan - delicious rolls of tender curd dough with homemade minced meat and spicy seasonings. Such pies can be prepared in half an hour, quickly fried in a frying pan and served immediately on the table piping hot. An ideal dish for a situation when guests are already on the doorstep. Fried pies according to this recipe are very juicy, they are easy to prepare, they look festive, so I advise you to add the recipe to the piggy bank of holiday snacks - it will come in handy and you will love it!

Irises are spectacular, luxurious, attractive flowers that have long and firmly settled in our gardens. But, as usual, in any large family there are both favored minions and “poor relatives” deprived of attention. So at one time the surprisingly unpretentious and hardy Siberian irises turned out to be undeservedly relegated to the background - a real find for gardeners, especially in the northern regions. But now the time has come for them to be recognized.

Luxurious pastel caps of hydrangeas are equally impressive on garden bushes and on much more modest potted plants. Hydrangea flowering - their main advantage - can be fully appreciated regardless of the form of cultivation. These moisture-loving beauties with a special "elite" status grow well in the home format. They require a very careful selection of temperatures, and in general are demanding on conditions and care, but they also have few competitors.

Shchi with cauliflower and potatoes is a thick and hearty soup in chicken broth, to which we add a little red lentils for thickness, and zira, mustard grains and turmeric for piquancy. Shchi will turn out golden, rich, awesome tasty! I cooked this soup at the beginning of summer with young potatoes, it turned out well. I recommend making the chicken broth ahead of time. For the broth you will need half a small chicken, garlic, carrots, onions, bay leaves, chili and a bunch of fresh parsley, spices to taste.

We sowed or planted most of the plants in the spring and it seems that in the middle of summer we can already relax. But experienced gardeners know that July is the time for planting vegetables for a late harvest and the possibility of longer storage. This also applies to potatoes. Early summer potato crops are best used quickly, they are not suitable for long-term storage. But the second crop of potatoes is exactly what is needed for winter and spring consumption.

Petunia has occupied the first step of the hit parade of the most popular annual plants for more than a dozen years. It is also valued in urban landscaping, and few private flower beds can do without this bright letnik. Such popularity has reasonable justifications - an attractive appearance, a variety of shapes and colors, ease of care and long-term abundant flowering. However, the petunias in our gardens do not always correspond to those depicted on the Internet.

Chickpeas with meat in cheese sauce - extremely tasty! This dish is suitable for both a regular dinner with the family and a Sunday lunch with friends. It doesn't take much time to prepare, just a little less than an hour, and the result is worth it. Fragrant meat with sweet young carrots and thick creamy sauce - what could be tastier? For sauce, I advise hard spicy cheese - parmesan, cheddar, and almost any meat can be taken, it is important that it is not fatty.

Astrakhan tomatoes ripen remarkably lying on the ground, but you should not repeat this experience in the Moscow region. Our tomatoes need support, support, a garter. My neighbors use all sorts of pegs, garters, loops, ready-made plant supports, and mesh fences. Each method of fixing the plant in an upright position has its own advantages and "side effects". I'll tell you how I place tomato bushes on trellises, and what comes of it.

It is difficult to imagine how many mysteries the Russian land is fraught with, and how many dangers it is fraught with is even more difficult to imagine. We will talk about the most dangerous and poisonous plants growing in Russia.

In fact, plant poison, if collected on a massive scale, could partly replace chemical, biological weapons .. and even simple weapons in some cases. There are stories when dedicated people used plant poisons for inhumane, selfish purposes, for example, eliminating the enemy.

In ancient Greece, with the help of hemlock juice (a plant that, by the way, is quite common in Russia), death sentences were carried out. Socrates, according to reports, was sent to the Other World with the help of hemlock juice, according to other sources - spotted hemlock. Both plants live safely in Russia.

As the legends say, earlier, during the capture of villages by enemies, the Russians, fleeing to save their lives, poured juices of poisonous plants stored in cellars into barrels of wine - belladonna, henbane, etc.

Many herbs have healing properties, but there are those that can bring not only healing, but also death. The paradox is that almost all poisonous plants are used for the preparation of medicines along with useful ones, only the raw materials are carefully dosed.

As they say (the words of Paracelsus, a brilliant physician of all times and peoples): "Only the dose makes a substance a poison or a medicine."

Very often, the juices and raw materials of poisonous plants are used to treat the heart, stop bleeding, and relieve pain.

As antidotes (naturally for mild poisoning, and not when a person convulses), they used potato juice (and also juices of various vegetables, berries: sorrel, currant, beetroot, cucumber, cabbage, cranberry), beaten egg white with raw milk, powder from dried orchid tubers, valerian root, elecampane root.

In total, about 10 thousand poisonous plants are known in the world, a lot of them grow in the tropics, subtropics, but on Russian soil, flowers and greens are almost entirely found that can, under certain conditions, harm a person. It’s just that we don’t eat and take all the plants in our hands - this saves us from the consequences. However, when visiting the forest, especially with children, one should not forget how much danger can lurk among the grass, because it is children who often suffer from plant poisons.

Consider the most common poisonous plants in Russia.

In the photo, milestones are poisonous

Milestone poisonous (or hemlock)

“Veh poisonous (spelling and pronunciation of milestones is allowed) (lat. Cicúta virósa) - a poisonous plant; a species of the genus Vex of the Umbelliferae family, common in Europe.

Other names: hemlock, cat's parsley, vyakha, omeg, omezhnik, water rabies, water hemlock, mutnik, dog angelica, gorigola, pig louse.

The active toxic substance is cicutoxin. When taking hemlock juice in non-lethal doses (up to 100 grams of rhizome), symptoms of intestinal poisoning begin in a few minutes, then foam from the mouth, staggering gait, dizziness. At higher doses, convulsions leading to paralysis and death.

It is easy to confuse hemlock with safer plants - this is its main danger. It tastes like parsley, rutabaga, celery, sweetish, cloying, which again makes hemlock harmless.

In Russia, it is found in nature almost everywhere. The most common-looking plant, which is very easy to confuse with a harmless one.

Pictured hemlock

hemlock spotted

“Spotted hemlock (lat. Conīum maculātum) is a biennial herbaceous plant, a species of the hemlock genus (Conium) of the Umbrella family (Apiaceae).

In Russia, it is found almost throughout the European part, in the Caucasus, in Western Siberia.

Poisonous properties are determined by the alkaloids coniine (the most poisonous), methylconiine, conhydrin, pseudoconhydrin, conicein. Hemlock fruits contain up to 2% alkaloids, leaves - up to 0.1%, flowers - up to 0.24%, seeds - up to 2%.

Coniine is the most poisonous substance of hemlock, when taken in large doses, it first causes excitation and then stops breathing.

“The first symptoms of poisoning are nausea, salivation, dizziness, impaired swallowing, speech, blanching of the skin. The initial excitation is accompanied by convulsions and turns into depression of the central nervous system. Characteristic is ascending paralysis, starting from the lower extremities, accompanied by loss of skin sensitivity. The pupils are dilated and do not react to light. Increasing suffocation can lead to respiratory arrest. In contact with the skin, the juice causes dermatitis.

Antidote is milk with a solution of potassium permanganate - pink. In order to “die” a hemlock, you need to eat a lot - a couple of kilograms, there are known cases of the death of starving livestock. But the poisons isolated from the leaves and parts of the plant can be fatal in a much smaller volume.

However, hemlock is also used as a medicinal plant, it is considered almost sacred for traditional healers - they are treated with cancer, heart problems, etc.

Outwardly, it looks like a hemlock, there are spots on the stem, which is why it is named accordingly.

Pictured is a poisonous buttercup

Buttercup poisonous

“Poisonous buttercup (lat. Ranunculus sceleratus) is an annual or biennial herbaceous plant; species of the genus Buttercup (Ranunculus) of the Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). Very poisonous."

There are many species of buttercup, poisonous is similar to safer species.

Active toxic substances: gamma-lactones (ranunculin and protoanemonin), flavonoids (kaempferol, quercetin, etc.).

There are known cases of animal poisoning, and the milk of cows that ate buttercups is also poisonous.

In humans, when gruel from parts of the plant gets on damaged skin, burns appear, and when it comes into contact with mucous membranes, sharp pain, spasms of the larynx. When taken orally in small doses, hemorrhagic lesions of the gastric tract occur. With more impressive doses and constant intoxication with poisons - violations of the heart, kidney damage, vasoconstriction.

On the photo is henbane

Henbane

"Bellena (lat. Hyoscýamus) is a genus of herbaceous plants of the family Solanaceae (Solanaceae)."

Active toxic substances: atropine, hyoscyamine, scopolamine.

“Symptoms of poisoning (confusion, fever, palpitations, dry mouth, blurred vision, etc.) appear after 15-20 minutes.”

All parts of the plant are poisonous.

In the photo belladonna

Belladonna

This poisonous flower got its name from the formation of two Italian words for “beautiful woman” (Bella Donna), as the Italians put the juice of the plant into their eyes to dilate the pupils and give their eyes a shine.

With mild poisoning (coming in 10-20 minutes), tachycardia, delirium, agitation begin, pupils dilate, photophobia. In severe poisoning - convulsions, high fever, drop in blood pressure, paralysis of the respiratory center, vascular insufficiency.

Pictured raven eye

Crow's eye four leaf

“Crow’s eye is four-leafed, or Crow’s eye is ordinary (lat. Pāris quadrifōlia) is a species of herbaceous plants from the genus Crow’s eye of the Melantiev family (earlier this genus was assigned to the Liliaceae family). poisonous plant."

The plant is deadly poisonous. Often children suffer, because the berry is quite beautiful and attractive in appearance.

“The leaves act on the central nervous system, the fruits on the heart, the rhizomes cause vomiting. Symptoms of poisoning: abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, dizziness attacks, convulsions, disruption of the heart until it stops. The use of the plant for medicinal purposes is prohibited.

In the photo castor bean

Castor bean

« Castor bean (Ricinus commúnis) is an oilseed, medicinal and ornamental garden plant. Used to decorate parks. According to sources, deaths from ingesting parts of the plant are rare, but the castor bean is considered a highly poisonous species.

Active toxic substances ricin, ricinin.

« All parts of the plant contain the protein ricin and the alkaloid ricinin and are poisonous to humans and animals (LD50 is about 500 mcg). Ingestion of plant seeds causes enteritis, vomiting and colic, bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract, disturbance of water and electrolyte balance and death after 5-7 days. Damage to health is irreparable, survivors cannot fully restore health, which is explained by the ability of ricin to irreversibly destroy proteins in human tissues. Inhalation of ricin powder similarly affects the lungs."

It is amazing that castor oil, so popular in medicine, is made from castor beans. To neutralize the poison, the raw materials are treated with hot steam.

Castor oil is considered one of the most poisonous plants in the world.

In the photo Chemeritsa Lobel

Hellebore Lobel

“Hemeritsa Lobelya, or Hellebore Lobelieva (lat. Verattrum lobeliánum) is a plant species of the genus Hellebore of the Melantiev family. Medicinal, poisonous, insecticidal plant.

Contains toxic substances alkaloids: yervin, rubyervin, isorubiyervin, germine, germidine, protoveratrin.

Hellebore is a very poisonous plant, its roots contain 5-6 alkaloids, of which the most poisonous protoveratrin, which is able to suppress the central nervous system, has a harmful effect on the gastrointestinal tract and cardiovascular system.

If you use the plant inside, the throat starts to burn, a severe runny nose appears, then psychomotor agitation, weakening of cardiac activity, hypotension, bradycardia, shock and death (when using high doses of root juice), usually consciousness persists until death occurs - at high concentrations of poison, death can come in a couple of hours.

In the photo dope

Datura common (stinky)

Poisonous substances: atropine, hyoscyamine, scopolamine.

“Symptoms of poisoning: motor agitation, sharp pupil dilation, redness of the face and neck, hoarseness, thirst, headache. Subsequently, speech impairment, coma, hallucinations, paralysis.

In the photo aconite

Aconite, or wrestler

One of the most poisonous plants. Extremely dangerous even when used externally.

The active toxic substances are aconitine, sonorine.

The taste is burning, immediately causes neurological disorders, including tachycardia, tremor of the limbs, dilated pupils, and headache. Then convulsions, clouding of consciousness, delirium, respiratory failure, if no help is provided - death.

Pictured wolfberry

Wolf bast, or wolf berry

For a fatal outcome, according to information from medical sources, it is enough for an adult to consume 15 berries, for a child 5. Causes severe poisoning, death if no help is provided.

Active toxic substances: diterpenoids: daphnetoxin, meserein; coumarins - daphnin, daphnetin.

In the photo, rosemary

Ledum marsh

The active toxic substances are ledol, cymol, palustrol, arbutin.

Negatively affects the central nervous system.

“Symptoms: dry mouth, numbness of the tongue, speech disturbance, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, general weakness, impaired coordination of movements, clouding of consciousness, increased or decreased pulse, convulsions, agitation, CNS paralysis is possible after 30–120 minutes.”

In small doses, it is used as a medicine for lung diseases.

In the photo autumn colchicum

Colchicum autumn

In parts of the flower is a deadly poison - colchicine, which acts like arsenic. The process of damage to the body can take up to several days and weeks. Even if it comes into contact with the skin, the poison causes severe burns.

Pictured is an oleander

Oleander

In Russia, the plant is found mainly in decorative growing form in offices and apartments. Beautiful, but very poisonous shrub.

“Oleander juice, taken internally, causes severe colic in humans and animals, vomiting and diarrhea, and then leads to serious problems in the activity of the heart and central nervous system. The cardiac glycosides contained in it can cause cardiac arrest. Due to the poisonousness of the plant, it is not recommended to place it in children's institutions.

In the photo dieffenbachia

dieffenbachia

Widespread houseplant in Russia. Mainly causes dermatitis. However, deaths have also been reported from ingestion of the plant's juice.

Plants such as sweet clover, tansy, lily of the valley, wormwood, sage are less toxic than, for example, aconites, however, in large doses and with constant intake, they can cause irreversible damage to the body.

For example, lily of the valley juice affects the heart muscle, sage and wormwood contain substances that can cause psychosis, tansy is very toxic when taken in large doses. Sweet clover contains the poison coumarin, dicoumarin, when taken in large doses, it prevents blood clotting and causes bleeding.

Cerberus is also grown in Russia - one of the most beautiful flowers with a jasmine scent. True, only in a decorative form, on the windowsills. In hot countries, this plant is called the "suicide tree": in parts of the flower there is an extremely dangerous poison cerberin - a glycoside, it blocks the conduction of electrical impulses, disrupts the heart rhythm. Even the smoke from burning the leaves of the plant is dangerous.

In ancient times, when there were no pistols and modern technologies, natural poisons were used with might and main to eliminate enemies. They lubricated the arrowheads of the bow with the juice of poisonous plants, which guaranteed the death of the enemy, they actively used the same aconite.

Poisonous plants in Russia actually grow everywhere. Their danger is not mainly that they grow everywhere - after all, people do not eat them en masse, but that they are similar to others, edible, and that many are beautiful: for example, they are simply confused with useful plants, which fraught.