Safe use of electricity at home. Rules of conduct when using electrical appliances Figures related to the safety of using electricity

Safety precautions in handling electric current.

The effect of electric current on the human body

The danger of electric shock to people depends on the design of the electrical network, the type of current, operating voltage, power source, insulation condition, fencing and other factors.

The main causes of electrical injuries:

• unsatisfactory protection of current-carrying parts from accidental contact with them;
• performance of work under voltage without observing the necessary safety measures;
• unsatisfactory grounding of electrical installations;
• performance of work without protective equipment, when their use is mandatory;
• non-compliance of machines, devices, cables and wires with operating conditions;
• operation of lifting and transport machines near electric wires of overhead lines without observing the necessary safety measures;
• the use of portable hand-held power tools operating at unacceptable voltage in conditions of increased danger, etc.

The passage of electric current through the human body has the effect of:

thermal,

electrostatic,

biological

Thermal effect of current manifests itself in burns of certain parts of the body, heating of blood, blood vessels

electrostatic- in blood breakdown

biological- in irritation of living tissues of the body, which can lead to the cessation of the activity of the circulatory and respiratory organs

Factors affecting the outcome of human electric shock

Current value

His tensions

Frequency

Human resistance

Duration of exposure

Current paths

Individual properties of a person

- environmental conditions

Both alternating and direct current are dangerous for the human body. The most dangerous is alternating current, which has a frequency of 50 Hz; 400 Hz current is less dangerous.

As a result of the action of an electric current, a person can receive electric shock causing damage to his internal organs, or electrical injury, that is, external tissue lesions.

Kinds electrical injuries:

current burn- burns of the skin at the point of contact of the body with the current-carrying part in electrical installations with a voltage of not more than 2 kV. An electric arc with high temperature and high energy can cause extensive burns of the body, charring and even complete combustion of large areas of the body.

electrical signs - these are gray and pale yellow spots, scratches, bruises on the surface of human skin exposed to current. The shape of the sign may correspond to the shape of the current-carrying part that the victim has touched. Treatment of electrical signs in most cases ends successfully, the affected area restores sensitivity and elasticity.

Leather plating- penetration into the upper layers of the skin of the smallest particles of metal. Work in which there is a possibility of an electric arc should be carried out with glasses, and the clothes of the worker should be fastened with all buttons.

Electrophthalmia- this is an inflammation of the outer membranes of the eyes as a result of exposure to a powerful stream of ultraviolet rays during an electric arc.

electric shock- damage to the body, in which there are phenomena of paralysis of the muscles of the musculoskeletal system, muscles of the chest, muscles of the ventricles of the heart.

Degrees of electric shock:

Perceptible current - causing perceptible irritation

Non-letting current - causing irresistible convulsive contractions of the muscles of the hand in which the conductor is clamped

Fibrillation current - causing fibrillation of the heart

Providing first aid in case of electric shock

Saving the life of a person struck by an electric current largely depends on the speed and correctness of the actions of the persons assisting him. First aid should begin to be provided immediately, if possible at the scene, while simultaneously calling for medical assistance.

First of all, you need to free the victim from the action of electric current as soon as possible. If it is impossible to disconnect the electrical installation from the mains, then you should immediately proceed to free the victim from live parts, using insulating objects. If it is at a height, then it is necessary to prevent the possibility of injury if it falls.

Releasing a person from voltage up to 1000 V, you should use a rope, stick, board and other dry object that does not conduct current. The victim can be pulled back by dry clothing. When pulling him by the legs, do not touch shoes or clothes without isolating your hands, as shoes and clothes can be damp and conduct electricity. To isolate your hands, you need to use dielectric gloves, and in their absence, wrap your hand with any dry matter. In this case, it is recommended to operate with one hand.

From current-carrying parts with a voltage of more than 1000 V, the victim should be released using a rod or insulating tongs designed for the appropriate voltage. At the same time, dielectric gloves and boots are put on. It is important to be aware of the danger of step voltage when the wire is lying on the ground.

If it is impossible to quickly turn off the power of the power line, then you need to short-circuit the wires by throwing a flexible wire of sufficient cross section over them. One end of the latter is pre-grounded (attached to a metal support, grounding descent, etc.). If the victim touches one wire, then it is enough to ground only this wire. First aid after the release of the victim depends on his condition. If he is conscious, then you need to provide him with complete rest for a while, not allowing him to move until the doctor arrives.

If the victim breathes very infrequently and convulsively, but a pulse is felt, artificial respiration should be immediately performed using the "mouth-to-mouth" or "mouth-to-nose" method.

In the absence of breathing and pulse, dilated pupils and increasing cyanosis of the skin and mucous membranes, artificial respiration and indirect (external) heart massage should be done. Assistance must be provided before the doctor arrives. There are cases when artificial respiration and heart massage, carried out continuously for 3-4 hours, brought the victims back to life.

Safety regulations:

1. Remember! Be careful when handling electricity! When working with electrical appliances, it is necessary to follow the safety regulations and the rules for the operation of appliances. Before using any new electrical appliance, you need to carefully study the instructions, and if according to the instructions it must be grounded, then the device cannot be used without grounding!

2. To avoid being affected by electric current, never come close to transformer substations. The equipment in them is under high voltage.

3. Deadly dangerous approach any slack or broken wires. If the wire is broken and lies on the ground, it should not be approached more than 10 m.

4. During the operation of electrical appliances prohibited:

• use the device if sparking is observed in the case when it is turned on;
• simultaneously include in the power grid a large number of electrical appliances, the total power of which exceeds the maximum power consumption;
• allow sockets to heat up or fuses to blow frequently;
• touching electric lamps, wiring elements, switches and switches with your hands while in water or standing barefoot on a wet floor;
• touch with wet hands the devices, switches, sockets, sockets of light bulbs that are turned on;
• touch metal objects, water taps, sewer devices, if you are holding an electrical appliance that is plugged into the network;
• touch the bare ends of the wires, repair live switches, sockets, cartridges, electrical appliances 9 before starting repair work, the network must be de-energized);
• leave unattended electrical appliances connected to the network, especially such as electric irons, electric stoves, heaters;
• allow moisture to get on electrical appliances;
• bend, grind and moisten electrical cables and cords;
• nail to the wall or floor, tie or tuck extension cords and connecting wires under the carpet;
• place electrical appliances connected to the network on stands made of flammable materials;
• use homemade fuses;
• place electrical appliances at a distance closer than 0.5 m from curtains, curtains and other flammable materials;
• allow contact between electric lamps and fabric lampshades;
• Leave electrical appliances on when leaving home.

In everyday life, you often have to work with electrical appliances. Therefore, when “communicating” with electrical appliances at home, it should be remembered that in order to avoid serious electrical injuries or fires, DO NOT:

1) pull out the plug from the socket, holding on to the wire;

2) hang things on electrical wiring or electric heaters;

3) whiten or paint wires;

4) when working with an electric stove, check the degree of heating of the burners by touching them with your hand;

5) turn on electric stoves for a long time without a heat sink;

6) touch with a wet hand or a damp cloth to working electrical appliances, as well as to parts of the electrical wiring (to a socket, switch, etc.);

7) touch the water faucet with one hand, while holding the switched on electric kettle with the other hand;

8) hold a switched on electrical appliance in your hand, touch grounded objects (for example: bathtubs, central heating batteries, etc.);

9) touch bare wires, steel bars sticking out from under the ground with bare hands, etc.

10) in general, in the city, and especially in rural areas, one should be especially wary of "unfamiliar", ownerless pieces of wire that go in an unknown direction. Children often suffer from their excessive curiosity. When working indoors, any seemingly innocuous wire sticking out of the wall can pose a serious threat;

11) if suddenly on the street you find yourself next to a fallen wire of unknown voltage, it is better to move away from it with small short steps or jumps on one leg in order to avoid being hit by the so-called “step voltage”;

12) if you are in a car, and a bare wire has fallen on top of it, then remember - while inside the car, you are out of danger. Under no circumstances should you try to get out! It will be possible to leave well, if there is no such possibility - it is necessary to turn off the engine and wait for help. The same applies to electric vehicles. Nothing threatens a person inside it (it doesn’t even matter if the handrails are isolated or not). The main danger can lie in wait only at the entrance and exit. Also, do not, when boarding a trolleybus, hold on to its body with wet hands.

Failure to follow the simplest safety rules when working with electric current and electrical appliances can lead to tragic consequences (fire, injury, even death). The probability of getting an electrical injury when working with electric current depends on the general physical and mental state of a person, as well as on the current parameters (strength, mains voltage, current frequency). Deadly for a person is a current strength of 100 mA: even a short stay under the influence of an electric current of such strength leads to cardiac arrest.

Group of fire prevention propaganda and public relations OND of the Directorate for the Central Administrative District of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia for Moscow

Many of us got acquainted with electricity in far naive childhood. Mysterious rosettes inspired us with fear and curiosity at the same time, but, as a rule, children were strictly forbidden to approach them.

Electrical injury is dangerous primarily by the effect of current on the cardiovascular system. A voltage of 36 volts and above is quite capable of causing a cardiac or respiratory arrest, but it is not the voltage that kills, but the current strength.

The well-known sparks of static electricity on clothes, which we practically do not feel, are electric discharges reaching a voltage of 7,000 V, and a harmless radio point can “bite” you quite sensitively, although the voltage in the radio network does not exceed 18 V.

Death is caused by an electric shock, in which the current affects all body systems. There is a sharp spasm of the skeletal and respiratory muscles and sudden cardiac arrest. Our muscles react to the electrical potential with a maximum contraction - it is for this reason that a person struck by an electric shock is no longer able to release the wire on his own. The higher the current strength, the stronger the limbs of the victim "stick" to the place of contact.

Of great importance is the time of exposure to electricity on the body. Prolonged contact, as a rule, leads to death either at the site of the lesion or after some time. The victim can continue to live until the heart stops.

The impact of current on the brain is absolutely painless, but instantly and destructively - in many victims, during the autopsy, the brain substance turned out to be literally fried, as if a person's head had been in a microwave oven.

Phenomena are described in the medical literature when some of the people turned out to be completely insensitive to the effects of unconditionally lethal magnitudes of current and voltage. As it turned out, the reason for everything is the resistance of the upper layer of the skin. This figure is extremely high in birds, which are known to sit freely on the wires of trolleybus and tram lines.

You have most likely noticed that some of your friends are indifferently repairing sockets and other electrical fittings, not at all caring about whether the electricity is turned off in the apartment. Surely, they had already met with a voltage of 220 volts, which did not cause them severe pain or other discomfort. This happened because the skin of these people is highly resistant and does not conduct electricity.

The degree of damage is affected, of course, by the strength of the current, as well as the moisture content of the hands, the path of the current and the general condition of the body. There is a known case when a woman washing windows stepped on a working refrigerator - it was at that moment that an electric shock occurred. Everything would not be so dangerous if she did not hold on to the heating pipe with her left hand - electricity went right through the heart.

The resistance of the skin during the action of an electric current drops sharply, which is why the time of contact of the body with the conductor is so important. Turning off the switch in time saves lives better than any resuscitation team, whose presence near a person who has been under voltage for a long time may already be useless.

Nervous excitation and the state of alcohol intoxication sharply lowers the threshold of electrical resistance of the skin, so never touch electricity in such a state.

For work, insulating gloves and a rubber mat should be used, but always remember that for any insulation there can be an appropriate current strength. In the power supply network, power surges often occur, at which the current "increases to several tens of amperes.

High voltage electricity in its effect on the body is similar to the impact of a laser beam. The tissues at the point of contact are charred and burned, and a lesion zone is formed along the entire path of the current, as in a flame burn.

A good insulating agent is ordinary rubber galoshes or boots. The voltage and current in the city network will not harm you if you do not close the electrical circuit at the time of contact.

Traditional medicine gives various tips aimed at saving the life of an electric shock victim, but it’s better for you to remember some of the basic rules of modern resuscitation.

If you witnessed how a person suffered from a current, then first of all try to turn off the current as soon as possible - raise the switch or unplug the plug from the outlet. You can move the wire that is under current with a dry wooden stick or any other sufficiently long object.

You should always remember the so-called critical zone. It is a space around an electrical wire lying on the ground, which continues to be energized.

Transformer booths are equipped with a special relay system that should turn off the current if the line is damaged, but practice shows that this does not always happen.

Electricity from a fallen wire spreads over the ground within a radius of 1 m. The voltage drops in proportion to the distance, but along the edges of the dangerous space, the current strength is quite enough to cause an electrical injury to a person.

This is mainly important for the zone that is created around the broken wire of the power transmission line, since the relay protection does not work for the most part in such cases. It is clear that the victim cannot be saved in any way, because a colossal current flows in these lines.

There are cases when people parted with their lives by climbing onto the roof of an electric train car. The contact network, having a voltage of 27,000 V, forms a half-meter deadly space around the phase wire, which is just at the top: a person is simply pulled to the current-carrying line by the powerful magnetic field around it.

When giving first aid to an electric shock victim who is still in contact with the conductor, never touch the exposed surface of his body. You will undergo exactly the same electric shock and there will be two people in need of help.

Under these conditions, a person should be dragged only by the clothes! Breaking contact and after pulling the victim out of the danger zone, you must immediately lay him down on a flat and hard surface, since it is very likely that artificial respiration will be necessary.

Many people go into shock within minutes of being struck. If you see that the victim has a pronounced motor and speech excitement: for example, he is verbose and tries to run, then he must be forcibly held in place until the arrival of a doctor or an ambulance. In all cases of shock, the likelihood of death increases many times over.

It will be good if you learn a few simple rules for helping a victim of electric current:
- First of all, try to turn off the power supply;
- in the event that this fails, try to interrupt the contact of the victim's limbs with the current source;
- a person should be pulled away exclusively by the clothes and in no case should touch his skin;
— in cases where the voltage and current in the network are unknown, a critical zone diameter of 1.5 m on dry ground and 3 m on wet or damp ground should be assumed.

Rules for working with electrical appliances and wiring

1. Always treat electricity with respect. Be alert, attentive and, when working with electrical devices and wiring, consider each action.

2. Check if the work area is well lit so that you can see what you are doing. Often, during repairs, you have to use a flashlight with a battery to illuminate the workplace.

3. Never touch multiple exposed wires with your bare hand, even if you are sure the circuit is off. It may happen that by mistake the circuit was left on or turned on. Use a voltage tester and make sure there is no voltage.

4. Arrange bare wires so that one cannot touch the other even by accident.

5. While twisting, connect the wires and insulate the twist. Only then proceed to the next connection.

6. Never tamper with live wiring. Always turn off the electricity before opening the appliance or electrical fittings.

7. Do not rely on insulated tool handles or electrically insulated gloves to protect against electric shock. They protect, but only in case of accidental contact with a bare live wire.

8. Avoid working on electrical wiring and devices in wet areas. If the place is damp, put a dry board under your feet and stand on it. Wear rubber-soled boots for extra protection.

When replacing lighting fixtures, turn off lights and carefully lower fixture. Remove the end caps from the twists and touch the plugs to the bare ends of the black and white wires. If the lamp lights up, then the wires are energized. Check the switches and sockets in the same way.

9. Review your actions before completing a repair to make sure you haven't forgotten to do anything.

10. Always insulate ends with certified wire splices or electrical tape.

Never use office tape or any other substitute.

For some reason, many people neglect the rules for handling electricity, forgetting that there is no safe electricity. The Electrical Safety Checklist will help parents explain these important rules to their children.

The most important rule is to remember that there is no safe electricity! Of course, you can not be afraid of toys that run on batteries, in which the voltage is only 12 volts. But in everyday life, electricity with a voltage of 220 - 380 volts has become most widespread.

If you are not a specialist, you cannot independently repair electrical wiring and household appliances connected to the network, open the back covers of TVs and radios, set bells, switches and sockets. This must be done by a qualified electrician!

Do not use switches, sockets, plugs, bell buttons with broken covers, as well as household appliances with damaged, charred or twisted cords. It is very dangerous! Never pull the plug out of the socket by the cord or use plugs that do not fit into sockets.

The rule is as old as the world, but for some reason many neglect it: do not handle electrical wires with wet hands and do not use electrical appliances in the bathroom. Remember also that in the event of a fire, under no circumstances should you extinguish live appliances with water.

If you feel “tingling” or “shake” when touching the body of an electrical appliance, pipes and taps of water supply, gas, heating, bath and other metal objects, this means that this object is energized as a result of some kind of damage to the electrical network . This is a serious danger signal!

A broken power line wire lying on the ground or concrete floor is a great danger. Walking around the area around the wire, a person may be under the "step voltage". Under the action of the current, convulsions occur in the legs, the person falls, and the current circuit closes along his body through the respiratory muscles and heart. Therefore, when you see a broken wire lying on the ground, in no case approach it at a distance closer than 8 meters (20 steps). If you still got into the zone of "step stress" you can not tear off the soles from the ground. You should move away from the wire with a “goose step” - the heel of the walking leg, without leaving the ground, is attached to the toe of the other leg.

A great danger is the wires of overhead lines located in the crown of trees or shrubs. Do not touch or shake such trees, especially in wet weather! Many people believe that a tree - a dielectric - does not conduct current, but, roughly speaking, there are drops of water on the foliage of a tree, and water is a conductor of electricity. In addition, it is very dangerous to fish under power lines. Carbon fiber rods also conduct current, which can occur if the wires are touched. Do not play near power lines, do not light fires under them, do not stack firewood, straw and other flammable objects nearby!

The first thing to do in case of electric shock to a person is to eliminate its source, while ensuring your own safety. You need to turn off the electricity. If a person touches a bare wire, you need to move the wire away from the victim with a non-metal stick, or cut the wire with an ax with a wooden handle, or wrap your hand with a dry cloth and drag the victim by the clothes.

If breathing and pulse are absent, give artificial respiration. If there is breathing, but there is no consciousness, you need to turn the victim on his side and call an ambulance. On the palms of a person who touched the wire, electrical burns remain - there are always two of them - the places of entry and exit. Cool the burn area under cold water for at least 15 minutes, then apply a clean cloth bandage. It is not necessary to treat burns with an antiseptic!

The emergency number is 112.

Information for teachers and kindergarten teachers: the lesson methodology and all printing products that you can use to conduct lessons on children's electrical safety on your own (posters, lesson schedules, coloring books, etc.) are available for free download on the website of JSC "MOESK" ".

Safe use of electricity at home rss

Safe use of electricity at home

Dangerous situations can occur even when using well-known electrical equipment and household appliances.

Such situations can arise for two reasons. Firstly, due to violation of the rules for the use of electrical equipment and household electrical appliances. Or for reasons beyond the control of the user: the electrical voltage in the network has increased sharply, the faucet that shuts off the water in the bathroom has leaked, etc.

How to avoid the occurrence of a dangerous situation in everyday life, and if it has arisen, to reduce its harmful consequences?

Rules for the use of electrical appliances.

Electric current passing through the human body causes it to heat up and can cause burns. Electrical burns can seriously damage the internal tissues of the human body. In addition, electrical shock can cause cardiac arrest or respiratory arrest.

To prevent this from happening, in everyday life it is necessary to follow a number of general rules for the safe handling of electricity.

Do not use faulty electrical appliances, never leave a switched on electrical appliance unattended;

Do not plug multiple electrical appliances into the same outlet;

Follow the procedure for connecting the appliance to the network: first, the cord is connected to the appliance, and then the cord to the network.

Switching off the device is carried out in the reverse order;

Do not touch the switched on electrical appliance with wet hands;

Remember: do not use electrical devices while in the water;

Immediately inform parents or elders about detected malfunctions in electrical appliances, about bare and poorly insulated wires.

It is impossible to extinguish burning electrical devices connected to the electrical network with water.

A computer is a very useful and sometimes necessary thing. However, improper handling can be harmful to health.

Computer rules:

Make sure that the position of the monitor corresponds to the direction of view, the middle of the monitor screen is located on a horizontal line drawn at eye level or 10-20 ° below;

Do not work in a dark or semi-dark room.

In accordance with the established norms, the continuous duration of the student's work at the computer should not exceed 25 minutes;

After each long session on the computer, it is recommended to perform certain physical exercises.

When operating electric heaters, the following rules must be observed:

1. Heating devices connected to the mains must not be left unattended

3. It is forbidden to use uncalibrated fuses "bugs" as protection for the mains.

4. It is not allowed to overload the electrical networks (connect several consumers of electricity to the electrical network at the same time), prevent heating of electrical wires, electrical sockets, and connecting wires on twists.

5. Electric heaters must be installed on a solid surface that cannot tip over, in a well-ventilated place that does not allow the appliance to overheat, away from combustible objects and materials (furniture, curtains, carpets, etc.).

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