Domestos evicted microbes into space. Easy destruction of microbes. We study the composition of "Domestos" Not every hostess knows

Microbes no longer have a place on Earth! DOMESTOS has made the historic launch of a microbe capsule as part of the 'Send Microbes in History' research and development program. The planetary scale experiment took place with the support of the Living Systems Museum.

Microbes may soon be on the brink of extinction. After all, the new DOMESTOS cleaning gel destroys germs up to four times faster!’’ An effective product leaves no chance for harmful microorganisms to escape.

To preserve the memory of a once powerful and dangerous race in the history of the universe, DOMESTOS created the 'Send Microbes in History' research program. As part of the mission, a heated capsule with a microscopic crew was launched into near space.

The probe with the worst enemies of humanity on board left the Earth. The historic launch of the capsule took place in the Pereslavl region.

Amoeba dysentery, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, as well as ciliates, diplococci and meningococci became the participants of the space expedition. Specialists of the partner of the program - the Museum "Living Systems" - selected from around the world the most dangerous ''' microbes that live under the rim of the toilet bowl. Now, thanks to DOMESTOS, you can forget about the causative agents of terrible diseases.

The preparation of the scientific mission was carried out by two teams of young brave scientists'''' from the First Children's Space Agency. The first group was responsible for the creation of a unique space capsule and technical calculations. The second controlled the life support of the crew and was engaged in complete pre-flight preparation of microbes.

“For the First Children's Space Agency, this is a very important project and a new stage in the development of the research program. We appreciate the brandDomestosfor the opportunity to study the behavior of microbes in various environments, including in near space, and to remind people of the importance of fighting dangerous microbes. By the way, during the pre-flight preparation, we found that onlyDomestosdestroys microbes completely - neither heating nor cooling could do this,- Vladimir Ason, development director of the Living Systems Museum, commented on the launch of the probe.

The next stage of the research mission will be the creation of an exhibit in the Living Systems Museum, demonstrating the complete destruction of microbes by means of the Domestos brand and teaching children about hygiene and cleanliness.

It's no secret that dangerous bacteria and other microbes surround us everywhere - clothes, smartphones, cafe menus, the table at which we work in the office. But, observing all the precautions outside the apartment, we must remember that the walls of our home do not always serve as reliable protection - after all, insidious bacteria can be found on almost any surface of our home. However, the “high-risk” areas where cleanliness must be especially carefully monitored are, of course, the bathroom and toilet.

Here, in a favorable humid environment, hundreds of microbes live and multiply. Among them are dangerous microorganisms such as E. coli, salmonella and shigella, which cause severe diarrhea. According to a recent study, 26% of bathrooms contain the staphylococcal pathogen.

Sounds terrifying, doesn't it? Recently, a video appeared on the Internet that clearly demonstrates where such figures come from. Standard situation: you press the water release button and .... This is how bacteria end up on all the surrounding surfaces in the bathroom and toilet. And these are not just "horror stories", experts confirm that during the descent, a kind of aerosol is formed, in which microdroplets of water carry microbes. A few years ago, British scientists conducted an experiment at a Leeds hospital, flushing water in the toilet and measuring the height to which the spray spread bacteria. . microbes, including pathogen C. difficile (it can provoke dangerous inflammation in the intestines), were discovered at a distance of 25 centimeters above the toilet itself and even an hour and a half after flushing. Subsequently, many studies have shown that they can scatter throughout the bathroom within a radius of up to 4 meters and settle on walls, towels, door handles and even toothbrushes.

So the first rule of thumb - remember such a useful item as a toilet lid, which performs not only aesthetic, but also practical functions. According to various sources, on one square centimeter of the toilet they live about 1300,000 microbes, and don't forget to close cover when the water is released, at least some of them will remain inside.

However, even when the lid is tightly closed, droplets can enter through the cracks on the outer surface of the toilet bowl and nearby surfaces and objects. Regular cleaning will become an effective means of dealing with uninvited guests. in the bathroom and toilet. Don't limit yourself to just cleaning the bathtub and toilet - be sure to thoroughly clean everything. surfaces with a disinfectant cleaner such as Domestos gel. Due to its powerful effect and disinfecting effect, this product perfectly cleans from organic dirt and germs and disinfects, while providing a long-lasting effect and protecting the toilet and bathroom from the spread of germs when flushing.

Disinfect the toilet bowl especially carefully - apply it on the toilet bowl and seat, leave for 10-15 minutes and clean with a brush. But germs multiply at a tremendous rate and there is no guarantee that soon after cleaning the freshly cleaned toilet will not be swarming with them again. Domestos will help to cope with this problem - it contains sodium hypochlorite - one of the most powerful disinfectant components, effective against all microbes known to science, including bacteria, fungi, viruses and spores. Thanks to its special formula, Domestos Cleansing Gel has an increased density, so that even with repeated flushing, there is enough product left to destroy germs without interruption. Just remember to use it daily and the germs that spread when you flush the toilet won't scare you anymore.

Domestos will also come to the rescue with complex cleaning with a disinfecting effect on various surfaces - after all, it is famous for its versatility. Clean regularly with a solution bathroom walls and floors, toilet and shower cubicle to protect against mold and mildew. IN In a 2011 study, scientists found that samples taken from the floor contained 80 more types of bacteria than anywhere else in the toilet. Perfect for fighting them. universal remedy Domestos. And don't forget to disinfect yourself regularly. sponges and brushes you use to clean - bacteria they reproduce well. Just put them in a Domestos solution and your arsenal of dangerous bacteria is ready.

23.10.2012 - Ira: Tell the doctor, is it definitely verified by experiments that bleach or thick Domestos kill both hepatitis? And only thick or with water if diluted too? Thank you

Answers your question: hepatologist Stepanova T.V.

Answer: Chemical disinfection - Chemicals that kill bacteria are called bactericidal, and substances that inhibit their vital activity are called bacteriostatic. The concentrations of compounds that cause a bacteriostatic effect are much less than bactericidal ones. Chemicals that kill spores are called sporicides, those that kill viruses are called virucides, and those that kill fungi are called fungicides.

The main requirement for chemical disinfectants is their good solubility in water or the formation of an emulsion in it. In this case, the disinfectant must be completely soluble in water or mix well with water, forming a stable emulsion. The agent should act in as low concentrations as possible and kill microorganisms in the shortest possible time; provide a disinfecting effect even in the presence of organic substances. Disinfectants must be sufficiently stable during storage and reduce their disinfecting effects as slowly as possible. One of the important requirements for disinfectants is their low toxicity to people in the area of ​​action of these agents. Disinfectants should be available in production, cheap and easy to transport and store.

The best medium for contact of a bactericide with a microbial cell is water; therefore, preparations that are highly soluble in water are used as disinfectants. Insoluble and slightly soluble preparations for disinfection are used only after they have been transferred to a soluble state.

In the presence of organic substances (blood, mucus, sputum) in the environment, the process of death of the latter will proceed more slowly. The pH of the medium also affects the disinfection process. The action of chlorine preparations is stronger in an acidic environment than in an alkaline one. The bactericidal effect is enhanced by increasing the temperature of the solution.

The result of disinfection also depends on the resistance of microbes: spore forms are more resistant to chemical agents than vegetative forms. In particular, anthrax spores are very resistant to chemical agents. In a 10% solution of chloramine, anthracoid spores do not die for 10 hours, and 5% phenol does not kill them at all.

The effectiveness of the disinfection process is determined, in addition, by the concentration of the bactericide, its quantity, the characteristics of the disinfecting objects, the methods of their processing and the time of exposure (exposure). When using chemicals, instant disinfection of objects does not occur; first, less resistant forms of microorganisms die, and more persistent undertakings, the elimination of which takes more time.

It is very important to properly prepare the working solution. The disinfectant must be completely dissolved. The presence of lumps of chloramine, bleach, calcium hypochlorite and other substances floating in the solution or at the bottom leads to a decrease in the calculated concentration of working solutions.

Despite the fact that chemical disinfectants are currently among the most widely used, their mechanism of action is not yet fully understood. The essence of the action of bactericides on microorganisms is reduced to various kinds of reactions between the microorganism and the chemical. However, the death of a pathogen from a chemical disinfectant is primarily associated with reactions that occur between the disinfectant and the protein of the microorganism.

When a disinfectant is exposed to a microbial cell, first of all, the penetration of the disinfectant into the cell must occur, and then the reaction between the active substance and the constituent parts of the cell. These processes depend both on the structure and composition of the cell, and on the chemical nature, composition, structure and physical state of the disinfectant.

Disinfectants that differ in chemical nature, penetrating into the cell, have a different selective effect. So, oxidizing agents (chlorine, chlorine-containing drugs, hydrogen peroxide) interact with cell proteins, causing an oxidation reaction. Mineral acids and alkalis, acting with the help of hydrogen and hydroxide ions, cause hydrolysis. Phenolic drugs cause a coagulation reaction of cell proteins. Such a schematic concept of the mechanism of action does not exhaust all the complex ways of influencing the microbial cell, for example, the effect of disinfectants on enzymatic activity (respiration, nutrition, growth, etc.).

Thus, during chemical disinfection, it is necessary to take into account the specific features of pathogens, the properties of secretions, the properties of objects subject to exposure to chemical agents.

In practice, the wet method is more often used with the use of disinfectant solutions or aerosols. Linen, dishes, toys are treated by immersion in solutions, walls, furniture are treated with irrigation, paintings, polished things, etc. are wiped. Aerosols are used primarily for disinfecting air and surfaces.

When disinfecting, a large number of bactericides are used, which belong to various groups of chemical compounds: halogen-containing substances, oxidizing agents, alcohols, phenols, detergents, acids, alkalis (hydroxides), etc.

Disinfection with chlorine-containing substances

Chlorine and other chlorine-active drugs are classified as oxidizing agents according to the mechanism of action. This group includes compounds that release chlorine and oxygen, which ensures their high bactericidal effect. The bactericidal activity of chlorine-containing preparations increases by lowering the pH of solutions and increasing the contact time. Their activity is adversely affected by the presence of organic and inorganic contaminants, a decrease in temperature below 10°C.

With regard to the bactericidal action of chlorine-containing preparations, the most reasonable is the theory of the oxidizing effect of oxygen at the time of its release according to the formula:

Cl2 + H2O = HClO + HCl
Hypochlorous acid further releases oxygen during the reaction, which is active at the time of its release: HclO = HCl + O, which causes the death of microbes.

Chlorine is a yellow-green gas, 2½ times heavier than air, with a suffocating odor that irritates the respiratory tract. It dissolves well in water at temperatures from 0 to 15°C. As the temperature rises, its solubility decreases. Gaseous chlorine is stored in metal cylinders in a liquefied state under pressure. In practice, it is used to disinfect drinking and waste water, etc. The dose of chlorine depends on the degree of water pollution with organic substances. For drinking water, it ranges from 1 to 5 mg, for waste water - from 5 to 100 mg per 1 liter.

In disinfection, bleach, chloramines, calcium, sodium, lithium hypochlorites, chlorine derivatives of hydantoin, isocyanuric acid and its salts, etc. are used.

Bleach is a white dry powder with a yellowish tinge and a strong smell of chlorine. Dry bleach consists of a mixture of calcium salts of hypochlorous acid with an admixture of slaked lime and calcium hypochlorite, which is an integral part of the preparation. Chlorine lime is only partially soluble in water, but forms suspensions or suspensions in it. Calcium hypochlorite passes into the solution from which active chlorine is released.

It is prepared in the factory by passing chlorine gas through slaked lime. Available in three grades containing 26, 32 and 35% active chlorine.

Active chlorine is the amount of chlorine that can be displaced when bleach is exposed to dilute hydrochloric (hydrochloric) or sulfuric acid. This number is expressed as a percentage. Active chlorine in solutions of chlorine and its compounds can exist mainly in the form of free and combined chlorine, inorganic chloramines, and also compounds such as organic chloramines. Bleach containing less than 15% active chlorine is unsuitable for disinfection; bleach released for sale must contain at least 25% active chlorine.

Bleach is hygroscopic; if stored incorrectly, it quickly decomposes with the formation of lumps and the loss of active chlorine. The decomposition of the drug is facilitated by sunlight, heat, moisture. Therefore, bleach should be stored in a dark, dry and cool place, in a tightly closed container. However, even with proper storage, the loss of active chlorine is 1 - 3% per month. It is impossible to store metal objects, painted things, linen, etc. in the same room with bleach. In the stored bleach, the content of active chlorine should be determined at least once every 3 months.

Chloric lime has pronounced bactericidal and sporicidal properties, which are determined by the presence of hypochlorous acid and oxygen in an aqueous solution. The main disadvantages of bleach are the constant decrease in active chlorine, the complexity of storage, and poor solubility in water. In addition, bleach corrodes metal, violates the integrity of cotton fabrics. If stored for a long time, bleach may ignite spontaneously.

In disinfection practice, bleach is widely used in three forms.
Concentrated suspension solutions of 10 - 20% concentration. They are used for rough disinfection of outdoor sanitary installations, soil, sewage, waste and excretions of patients. Chlorine-lime suspension can be used to whitewash non-residential premises.

Chlorine-lime suspension is prepared for 1-2 days in wooden, enameled, glass and plastic vessels with lids. To prepare one bucket (10 l) of chlorine-lime suspension, take 1 kg of dry bleach, a small amount of water and, stirring with a wooden spatula, bring to a mushy state. After that, the rest of the water is added to a volume of 10 liters.
Clarified solutions in concentrations of 0.2 - 0.5%. They are used for disinfection of premises for intestinal infections and respiratory tract infections, 3 - 5 and 10% concentrations for a number of other infections.

Working solutions of bleach are prepared from stock or basic 10% solutions as follows. Freshly prepared 10% chlorine-lime suspension is left to stand for a day in a sealed container in a dark place. During this time, the insoluble parts of bleach will settle to the bottom. The clarified solution of bleach that appears above the sediment is filtered through several layers of gauze or carefully drained. The mother clarified solution of bleach prepared in this way is stored in sealed dark glass bottles in a cool place. From this clarified mother liquor, working solutions of the desired concentrations are prepared immediately before use.
Dry bleach. It is used to disinfect liquid secretions (sputum, pus, urine), formed stools with a large number of lumps, food debris, as well as cesspools where feces are found together with urine. When dry bleach is added to the substrate and stirred, an exothermic reaction occurs. The secretions are heated up to 80 - 90°C. The reaction proceeds with the release of oxygen and chlorine in a gaseous state, which destroy lumps of feces, turning them into a homogeneous mass.
The industry also produces bleaching lime, heat-resistant - a stable product. When stored in a dry place, the loss of active chlorine within 8 years does not exceed 7 - 9%.

The dibasic salt of calcium hypochlorite (DTS GK) is similar in its action to bleach and contains more active chlorine. Two grades of the two-tertiary calcium hypochlorite salt are produced; the first contains 55%, and the second up to 50% active chlorine. It is a white dry powder with a chlorine smell. More than 20% dissolves in cold water, forming a slightly turbid solution (with sediment at the bottom), which can be used for disinfection without settling. The drug is more resistant than bleach, can be stored up to 5 years, while only about 8% of active chlorine is lost.

Calcium hypochlorite has bactericidal, sporicidal and virucidal properties and is used in the same cases as bleach; its consumption is almost half that of the latter.

Neutral calcium hypochlorite (NGK) is a white powder with a chlorine smell. I, II and III grades are produced with a content of 70, 60 and 50% active chlorine. During storage, the drug is relatively stable, remains active for up to 8 years. NGK solutions have a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity. The drug is used for disinfection of non-residential premises, outdoor installations, cleaning equipment for intestinal infections and respiratory tract infections of bacterial and viral etiology, tuberculosis in the form of clarified and non-clarified solutions, as well as in a dry state. Clarified solutions are prepared from non-clarified ones by settling for 2 hours.

Sodium and calcium hypochlorites are hypochlorous acid salts. Their solutions are obtained by electrolysis of chlorine with a solution of sodium hydroxide (sodium hypochlorite) or lime suspension in water (calcium hypochlorite). In some places, sodium hypochlorite is obtained from sea water. It is a waste of a number of industries and contains, depending on the variety, from 9.5 to 17% active chlorine; unstable during storage, so it is kept in closed dark glass bottles. Hypochlorites have bactericidal and sporicidal action. They are used instead of bleach and DTS HA. They can be used for preventive and focal disinfection, however, due to insufficient resistance, they are mainly used for the disinfection of waste water, water in swimming pools and other objects.

Chloramines are a series of complex organic compounds in which one or two atoms, hydrogen, located at nitrogen, are replaced by chlorine. When replacing one hydrogen atom with chlorine, monochloramines are obtained, and two hydrogen atoms - dichloramines.

Depending on the initial product taken during the synthesis of chloramine, there are: chloramine B and HB, when benzene or chlorobenzene is taken, and chloramine T, when toluene is used for the synthesis. In the Soviet Union, chloramine B and chloramine HB were widely used.

Chloramine B (monochloramine B) is a white crystalline powder, sometimes with a yellowish tint, with a slight smell of chlorine. Contains 26% active chlorine. In water at room temperature, up to 20% of chloramine dissolves. Chlorine in chloramine is firmly bound to an organic base, therefore, with proper storage, chloramine may not lose active chlorine for several years.

Chloramine has bactericidal, virucidal and sporicidal properties, especially in acidic and neutral environments; in an alkaline environment, it is somewhat weaker. Warm solutions of chloramine (40 - 50 ° C) are highly active, while there is no loss of active chlorine. Solutions retain active chlorine for 15 days and can be prepared for future use.

Chloramine crystals, falling on tissues, can cause their damage, therefore it is necessary to thoroughly dissolve chloramine when preparing solutions; I change its solutions in 1% concentration a little! fabric coloring.

Chloramine HB (monochloramine HB, drug HB) can be classified as monochloramines. The chemical structure is similar to chloramine B. It is a fine crystalline powder of white or yellowish color with a slight smell of chlorine. It dissolves up to 20% in water at room temperature (slightly slower than chloramine B). Solutions are yellowish, slightly turbid. The active principle is active chlorine, which contains 24 - 27%.

The bactericidal and sporicidal properties of chloramine HB and the conditions for its use are the same as chloramine B. The negative properties of chloramine HB are non-standard, irritating effect on the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract with symptoms of poisoning, discoloration of fabrics and wallpaper.

In the practice of disinfection, activated solutions of chlorine-containing preparations are widely used, the concentration of which decreases by 2-10 times, exposure - by 3-4 times, consumption - by 2-10 times.

Activated solutions of chlorine preparations are those in which, when an activator is added, the release of active chlorine is accelerated, which enhances the bactericidal properties of the solution. Means that increase the bactericidal power of chlorine preparations are called activators. Ammonium salts are used as activators: chloride, ammonium nitrate or sulfate, as well as ammonia (10% ammonia).

The ratio of the activator (ammonium salt) and the chlorine preparation should be 1:1, 1:2. In the latter case, the reaction is not so violent and active chlorine is released more slowly. When using 10% ammonia as an activator, it is taken 8 times less than a chlorine-containing preparation, when using 20% ​​ammonia, it is required 16 times less.

For surface disinfection, both ammonium salts and 10% ammonia can be used as an activator, and only ammonium salts can be used for disinfection by immersion in a solution (linen, toys, dishes).

Prepare activated solutions directly in the focus and use them immediately. In the manufacture of activated solutions of chlorine preparations, the required mass of the chlorine-containing preparation is first dissolved in water. After dissolution, the activator is added.

Desam is a white or yellowish powder with a slight smell of chlorine. It contains 50% chloramine B and 5% oxalic acid. The drug contains 13% active chlorine. Desam dissolves well in water, its solutions are colorless, do not spoil the processed objects. Shelf life is about a year. It has high antimicrobial activity.

Pantocid - tablets containing 4 mg of active chlorine. One tablet is recommended for the disinfection of 1 liter of drinking water containing enteropathogenic bacteria.

Neopantocide is made from two powders. The first consists of calcium hypochlorite, sodium chloride and a small amount of calcium oxide. The second is a catalyst and consists of sodium pyrosulfate and iron sulfate or chloride. Such powders are used in the same way as pantocide.

Sodium and potassium salts of dichloroisocyanuric acid are white crystalline powders, stable during storage, contain from 56 to 60% active chlorine. Soluble in water. They have bactericidal, sporicidal, fungicidal action. In addition to the usual use for focal and preventive disinfection, they are part of a number of detergent-disinfectants for household use.

Chlordesine is a white powder with a mild chlorine odor. It consists of salts of dichloroisocyanuric acid and surface-active substances (surfactants). Contains 11 - 15% active chlorine. It dissolves well in water. The solutions are colorless, do not spoil the treated objects, and have high antimicrobial activity.

Chlorine is a white powder with a slight smell of chlorine, contains 20% potassium salt and 30% sodium salt of dichloroisocyanuric acid, as well as surfactants. It dissolves well in water, contains 11 - 15% active chlorine. Designed for preventive and focal disinfection in infectious diseases of bacterial and viral etiology.

Determining the amount of active chlorine in active chlorine preparations is more often carried out by the iodometric method, which is based on the fact that in an acidic environment a chlorine-containing preparation oxidizes hydroiodic acid, obtained by mixing potassium iodide with sulfuric acid, with the release of elemental iodine. The latter is titrated with sodium thiosulfate.

The definition is carried out as follows. A sample of a chlorine-containing preparation of about 1 g, taken with an accuracy of 0.01 g, is placed in a volumetric flask with a capacity of 100 ml, 50 ml of water are added and shaken thoroughly to break up the lumps. After that, water is added to the mark and shaken again, then the precipitate is allowed to settle. 10 ml of the resulting clear solution is transferred into a 250 ml conical flask; 10 - 15 ml of freshly prepared 5% iodide solution and 10 - 15 ml of 25% sulfuric acid solution are first poured into the same flask.

The contents of the flask are shaken, covered with a watch glass and left for 5 - 10 minutes in a dark place. Then 50 ml of water is added to the flask and the released iodine is titrated with 0.1 N. sodium thiosulfate solution until a faint yellow color appears, after which 4-5 drops of 1% starch solution are added to the flask and titrated until the blue color disappears.

Disinfection with iodine, bromine and their compounds

Iodine - blackish crystals, poorly soluble in water. They dissolve well in a solution of potassium iodide, as well as alcohol, ether and other organic solvents. Iodine solutions have high bactericidal, fungicidal and sporicidal properties. The bactericidal action is due to halogenation, not oxidation. Iodine is used in the form of a 5-10% alcohol solution, a 2.5% solution of potassium iodide in 90% alcohol, an aqueous 5% solution of iodine containing 10% potassium iodide (Lugol's solution). Iodine is used as a bactericidal agent for the disinfection of gloves, catgut, surgical silk, hands, and skin of the surgical field.

Of the various compounds of iodine, the most common are iodophors - a complex of iodine with surface-active compounds. In the Soviet Union, iodopyrone and iodonate were used. They dissolve well in water, have a very low odor, have a wide spectrum of bactericidal and sporicidal action, and are mainly used in surgical and gynecological practice.

Bromine is a dark brown liquid, slightly soluble in water. Of the bromine compounds, methyl bromide is used in high concentrations for disinfection and sterilization. However, it finds its main application in the fight against rodents.

Dibromantine is a light yellow crystalline powder that slowly dissolves in water. Aqueous solutions are transparent, have the smell of bromine. Dibromantine in powder form is stable during storage. It has high bactericidal properties. Refers to substances of medium toxicity. It is used for water disinfection in swimming pools.

Disinfection with oxidizing agents

The group of oxidizing agents includes ozone, potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide, peracids (peracetic, formic), deoxone, etc.

Ozone is a gas, an allotropic modification of oxygen. Ozone easily gives up one oxygen atom, which determines its oxidizing effect. It has a significant bactericidal effect. Used for water disinfection.

Potassium permanganate - crystals of dark red, almost black color; one part of the drug is dissolved in 15 parts of cold water. Potassium permanganate is an intense oxidizing agent even at normal temperatures. It has pronounced bactericidal properties, but in the practice of disinfection it is used little, as it spoils and stains tissues. It is used to disinfect hair suspicious of anthrax spores. To do this, the hair is boiled in a 2% solution for 15 - 45 minutes, after which it is bleached in a 3 - 4% solution of sulfurous acid. Weak solutions (1:10,000, 1:5000, 1:2000) are used for mouthwash and other procedures.

Hydrogen peroxide is a colorless viscous liquid with a metallic taste. It is miscible with water in any ratio. Perhydrol - 30% hydrogen peroxide, 3 and 6% working solutions are prepared from it. Aqueous solutions are colorless, odorless and do not have a toxic effect on animals at concentrations up to 3% inclusive.

Aqueous solutions of hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of 3% have bactericidal and virucidal properties, and 6% solutions also have sporicidal properties. To prepare a 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide, take 9 parts of water and 1 part of perhydrol, and to prepare a 6% solution - 8 parts of water and 2 parts of perhydrol.

Solutions of hydrogen peroxide in 3 - 6% concentration cause damage to paints, varnishes, enamel. When applied to unpainted copper and iron surfaces, deposits appear that are easily removed with a rag. The room temperature when using 3 - 6% peroxide solutions for surface treatment should be above 15°C. At lower temperatures it is necessary to use warm (30 - 35°C) solutions of hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide is often used in a mixture with detergents (sulfanol, Progress, Lotus, Astra, Aina).

Hydropyrite is a complex compound of hydrogen peroxide with urea containing about 35% hydrogen peroxide. Used as an antiseptic. Produced in tablets of 1.5 g. Shelf life is a year.

Peracetic and performic acids - liquids are easily mixed with water and alcohol. They are strong oxidizing agents, but are unstable. The antimicrobial effect of peracetic acid is manifested at a concentration of 0.01%, higher concentrations have a sporicidal effect. Performic acid is prepared before use, as it quickly decomposes. In combination with other compounds, it is recommended for washing the hands of surgeons under the name C-4 or Pervomur. It is a colorless transparent liquid with the smell of acetic acid, has strong oxidizing properties. In addition to processing the hands of surgeons, Pervomur can be used to disinfect various surfaces infected with spores (glass, plastic products, concrete, iron, aluminum).

Deoxon-1 is a colorless liquid with a specific smell of vinegar. Contains 5 - 8% peracetic acid. It dissolves well in water, alcohol and other solvents. Aqueous solutions are used immediately after preparation, since deoxone quickly loses its effect in a diluted state. It has bactericidal, virucidal and chloricidal activity. It is recommended for disinfection during preventive and focal disinfection and for sterilization of medical products made of plastic, glass, corrosion-resistant metal. Stored for 6 months in a glass or polyethylene container at a temperature not exceeding 30°C.

Disinfection with alcohols

Alcohols or alcohols are organic compounds (hydrocarbons) containing an OH hydroxyl group. Alcohols are limiting and unsaturated series of fatty and aromatic hydrocarbons. Available: methyl, or wood (methanol), ethyl, or wine, propyl, butyl, amyl alcohols, etc.

Alcohols have weak bactericidal properties that increase with increasing molecular weight. Thus, methyl alcohol is inferior to ethyl alcohol in bactericidal activity, and ethyl alcohol is inferior to propyl alcohol, etc.

The bactericidal effectiveness of alcohols depends on their coagulating effect on microorganisms and changes in surface tension. As a result, alcohols penetrate the cell, take away water from it and coagulate proteins. With an increase in temperature, the effect of aqueous solutions of alcohol increases.

Methyl alcohol is obtained by dry distillation of wood. It is a colorless, easily mobile liquid, highly soluble in water, flammable. Used as a solvent, for the denaturation of wine alcohol, etc.; used to make formaldehyde. Methyl alcohol is extremely poisonous.

Ethyl alcohol is a colorless volatile liquid, boiling point 78.4°C. It mixes with water in any proportions with the release of heat. It is used in surgical and laboratory practice for disinfection of the surgical field, personnel hands, skin during injections, etc.

50% alcohols have a bactericidal effect, but 70% alcohol has the most pronounced bactericidal properties. Alcohols of a higher concentration should not be used, since they quickly coagulate the protein, thereby reducing the permeability of alcohol into the depths of microorganism cells. Diluted alcohol coagulates proteins more slowly and therefore penetrates deeper into the cells better.

Glycerin is a viscous liquid, sweetish in taste, colorless, mixes well with water, boiling point 290°C. Vapors of glycerol at a concentration of 10 mg per 1 m3 of room air destroy influenza viruses in the air.

Propylene glycol is a clear oily liquid; its vapors at a concentration of 0.25 g per 1 m3 of room air have bactericidal properties.

Triethylene glycol is an odorless and colorless oily hygroscopic liquid, easily miscible with water. At a concentration of 10 mg per 1 m3 of indoor air, they have a bactericidal effect on streptococcus and staphylococcus aureus.

Formaldehyde is an aldehyde of formic acid, obtained from methyl alcohol by oxidation. It is a colorless gas with a pungent odor that strongly irritates the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract; causes suffocation. Formaldehyde is highly soluble in water in the amount of 40 weight percent and eagerly absorbs water vapor. Formaldehyde is a fragile chemical compound with a tendency to polymerize even at room temperature, and at a temperature of -20 ° C and with dry air forms polymers that precipitate in the form of a powder or flaky crystalline precipitate, which is called paraformaldehyde, or paroform (trioxymethylene).

Formalin is a 35 - 40% aqueous solution of formaldehyde, has a neutral or slightly acidic reaction. Formalin has a bactericidal, sporicidal and fungicidal action; 1 - 3 - 5% solutions of formaldehyde have a pronounced bactericidal effect on vegetative forms of microbes.

The bactericidal properties of formaldehyde are affected by: 1) temperature, which should be uniform in all parts of the room, but should not be below 15 ° C; a favorable temperature is 30°C, and the optimum is 60°C (in chambers). With an increase in temperature, the effect of disinfection increases, as the process of penetration of formaldehyde into the depths of the disinfected things increases; 2) the dose of formaldehyde, which should be minimal (with a small amount of things, 5 g of formaldehyde or 12.5 ml of 40% formalin per 1 m3 of the disinfected room is necessary). With an increase in the number of things or with a more persistent infection, the consumption of formaldehyde can be 20 g or 50 ml of 40% formalin or more per 1 m3 of the disinfected room. Things should be placed freely for maximum access to formaldehyde vapor. Exposure from 10 to 24 hours.

In disinfection practice, formaldehyde is used in a gaseous, vaporous state and in the form of aqueous solutions. Formalin is widely used in the practice of chamber disinfection. Formalin solutions are part of the triple solution and can be used to disinfect hairdressing brushes by immersing them in a 2-4% solution; for disinfection of synthetic fabrics, a 20% solution is used; for disinfection of precision instruments, mechanisms - 7.5 - 12.5% ​​formalin solutions.

Formalin is stored in dark glass bottles in well-ventilated warehouses at room temperature.

Phenols and their derivatives. Phenol, lysol, crude carbolic acid find the greatest use in disinfection.

Phenol (crystalline carbolic acid) is a drug containing a hydroxyl group in the benzene nucleus. Phenol is a product of the distillation of wood and coal tar. Currently, phenol is produced synthetically by the action of sodium hydroxide on sodium benzenesulfonic acid.

Phenol - colorless large needle crystals, which, under the influence of light, air, dust and moisture, first turn pink and then redden. Store phenol in well-corked dark glass jars. Phenol is volatile, has a persistent strong odor that irritates the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. Phenol is poorly soluble in water: at 16°C - about 5%; with an increase in temperature to 20°C, the solubility increases to 8.4%;

With a further increase in temperature, its solubility no longer increases. Over a water bath with a temperature of 43°C, phenol melts, forming liquid phenol, highly soluble in water. After cooling, the phenol crystallizes again. To avoid this, 10% water is added to the molten phenol.

Phenol solutions have bactericidal and very weak sporicidal properties. With an increase in the temperature of phenol solutions, sporicidality increases. When 2% soap is added to phenol solutions, their bactericidal properties are enhanced.

In the practice of disinfection, 3-5% aqueous solutions of phenol and 2-5% soap-phenolic solutions (soaps 2%) are used; 3% phenolic and 3% soap-phenolic solutions are considered weak, and 5% phenolic and 5% soap-phenolic solutions are considered strong. In contaminated objects, it is better to use soap-phenolic solutions. The sharp, irritating smell of phenol, its adsorption by things and products, penetration through healthy skin and into the lungs of a person limit its use.

Lysol is a solution of cresols in potassium (green) soap. Brown-cherry liquid, transparent in a thin layer. The industry produces lysol of two grades - A and B. Lysol of grade A (sanitary) is a mixture of equal parts of cresol and liquid soap. Lysol grade B (naphthalizol) - a mixture of soap and cresols. Lysol A dissolves well in water, preferably in warm water. It is used for disinfection of premises, furnishings, linen, secretions. Lysol B is used for rough disinfection.

Chlorobetanaphthol is a product of beta-naphthol chlorination. These are yellowish crystals, insoluble in water. When adding liquid potassium soap (1:2), it takes the form of a paste that mixes well with water. It is produced by the industry in the form of a 33% concentrate - a dark-colored paste. When diluting the paste, stable emulsions are obtained, which are used for preventive and focal disinfection for the treatment of various surfaces and objects. Chlorbetanaphthol has a selective effect on Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Hexachlorophene is a cream-colored powder or small needle-like crystals. Insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents. The drug is bactericidal. It was used for disinfection of the skin in the form of soap containing 2-5% hexachlorophene.

Decontamination with detergents

Detergents - detergents (from Latin - detergere - to clean) - synthetic substances with high surface activity and, therefore, detergent, some disinfectant and dissolving action, which is associated with the ability of these substances to reduce the surface tension of the solvent.

In terms of ionic dissociation, detergents are divided into non-ionic and ionic, which in turn are divided into anionic, including soaps, cationic and amphoteric or ampholytic. In practice, cationic substances from the class of quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC), which are nitrogenous organic substances, have found application; their properties have much in common with the properties of ammonia. HOURS have pronounced bacteriostatic and some bactericidal properties, they are odorless and colorless, do not cause corrosion of metal surfaces. Aqueous solutions of QAS have a low surface tension, which determines their foaming, emulsifying, detergent and wetting properties. In an alkaline environment, they act more actively than in an acidic one. These compounds are easily adsorbed by surfaces, and therefore treated items may retain a residual antimicrobial effect for some time. The group of compounds under consideration includes catamine, catapine, cationate, which are recommended for medical disinfection in 0.5 - 1% concentration with an exposure of 30 minutes for the disinfection of many objects. In addition, a number of substances of complex action have been proposed on the basis of QAS.

Nirtan is a composite preparation based on a quaternary ammonium compound of alkyltrimethyl chloride. It is a light yellow powder with a slight specific odor, it dissolves well in water. Aqueous solutions do not spoil the treated surfaces, do not discolor brightly colored fabrics, and have good washing properties. Nirtan has a high bactericidal effect. The use of drug solutions allows you to combine chemical and mechanical disinfection, as a result of which the disinfecting effect is enhanced. Used in 3% concentration for disinfection of premises, furnishings, dishes, linen. Nirtan is stable during storage, does not change its properties for 5 years; its solutions do not lose their activity during long-term storage.

Degmicide is a transparent liquid of thick consistency from yellow to red-brown in color with the smell of fatty alcohols. Mixes up with water in the ratio 1:1 and with alcohol in all ratios. It has a pronounced antimicrobial action of a wide spectrum. It can be used in 1% concentrations both in conventional disinfection and for disinfecting the hands of surgeons and the surgical field, which can replace the use of alcohol and an alcoholic solution of iodine. Produced in glassware of 100 and 500 ml. Expiration date year.

Soaps are salts of saturated and unsaturated high molecular weight fatty acids. Soaps mean salts of sodium and potassium and fatty acids - palmitic, stearic, oleic, linseed. Sometimes naphthenic acids are used instead of fatty acids. Soap making is carried out by saponification of fats and oils of vegetable and animal origin. To obtain soap, hydrogenated fats are saponified with a solution of caustic soda when heated in boilers.

When exposed to sodium salts, solid soda soap is obtained, potassium salts - liquid potassium soap, and naphthenic acids - naphthenic soap. Essential oils and essences are added to toilet soaps to add scent, as well as paint to get color.

Despite the fact that soap has a slight bactericidal effect, it plays a significant role in disinfection, as it dissolves fats, washes away dirt, frees the washable object from microbes (up to 90%), lowers surface tension, which contributes to better penetration of the disinfectant into the microbial cell. Soap is also used as an emulsifier and in combination with other chemical disinfectants, it enhances the bactericidal properties of the latter.

Medicinal soaps are more commonly referred to as soaps to which medicinal and chemical disinfectants have been added. These include green medical soap, phenol, tar, with slight bactericidal properties.

Acids have pronounced bactericidal properties against vegetative forms of microorganisms, and under the influence of some acids, spore forms also die. The bactericidal action of acids on a microbial cell is based on the dehydration of protoplasm, on the dissolution and cleavage of proteins, and also depends on the degree of acid dissociation into ions. An increase in temperature by 10°C increases the bactericidal activity of acids by 2–3 times.

Acid disinfection

Acids are used in mixtures with other disinfectants and to improve the solubility of agents that are sparingly soluble in water. The use of inorganic (hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric, etc.) as well as organic (acetic, lactic, glycolic) acids in disinfection practice is significantly reduced due to damage to fabrics, wood, paints, metals, etc.

Hydrochloric acid has a bactericidal and sporicidal effect. It is mainly used for the disinfection of hides and skins. The method of disinfecting them with acid and salt is called pickling, and a mixture of acid and salt is called pickling. Acid in a dilution of 1:10 is recommended for acidification of the environment during the disinfection of wastewater.

Sulfuric acid is mainly used in the form of a 5% solution in veterinary practice for the disinfection of drinking gutters, livestock rooms, etc.; Peat can be impregnated with a 5% solution of sulfuric acid, which is then used to disinfect cesspools. As well as hydrochloric acid (at a dilution of 1:10), it is recommended for the disinfection of wastewater.

Nitric acid is widely used in the process of disinfecting razor brushes. They are immersed for 2 hours in a 2% solution of nitric acid at a temperature of 40 ° C, while both vegetative and spore forms of microorganisms die. At the end of the exposure, the brushes are washed with a 2% solution of soda or potash in order to neutralize acid residues. Nitric acid in low concentrations is used for preventive disinfection in the food and dairy industries.

Acetic acid has a bactericidal and bacteriostatic effect. So, for example, in its 3% solution, the causative agent of typhoid fever dies, in a 4% solution - Escherichia coli, and in 9% - Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus aureus. Currently, it is used more often for the disinfection of shoes in the form of a 40% solution.

Lactic acid has bactericidal and bacteriostatic properties against typhoid, Escherichia coli, staphylococcus, streptococcus bacteria. The bactericidal and virucidal properties are especially pronounced in vapors and sprayed solutions of lactic acid. It is recommended for indoor air disinfection: 10 mg per 1 m3 of air causes the death of staphylococcus and influenza virus in 10 minutes.

Alkalis have bactericidal, virucidal and sporicidal properties. They destroy the microbial cell, cause the hydrolysis of proteins, saponify fats, break down carbohydrates, cause swelling and osmosis of microbial cells. In the practice of disinfection, alkalis are not widely used, since they corrode the skin and irritate the mucous membranes of the eyes, and cause damage to the treated tissues.

Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda, caustic soda) is a white crystalline substance, colorless and odorless, highly soluble in water. Solutions of 2 - 4% concentration are detrimental to the vegetative forms of microorganisms. Hot (75°C) 10% solutions of caustic soda are used for disinfection of equipment in tanneries, food factories, warehouses of animal raw materials. For processing the skins of animals suffering from anthrax, they are soaked in a solution of 0.5% sodium hydroxide and 5 - 10% sodium chloride solution at a temperature of 18 - 20 ° C; exposure 4 days.

Ammonia is a colorless gas with a specific odor that irritates the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract. Ammonia solution in water is ammonia. It is produced in 20 and 10% concentration. Ammonia has weak bactericidal properties against vegetative forms of microorganisms. In the form of ammonia, ammonia is used to neutralize formaldehyde in chamber disinfection and as an activator of solutions of chlorine-containing preparations.

Sodium carbonate (sodium carbonate, soda). There are crystalline soda containing 63% water, Na2SO3 10N2O and anhydrous (calcined) soda Na2CO3. It is a white powder, highly soluble in water. Soda solutions (1 - 2%) have a weak bactericidal effect, therefore, soda is not used as an independent disinfectant agent - it is only of auxiliary importance in the manufacture of soap, detergent powders, for soaking soiled linen, tableware and kitchen utensils, etc. Solutions soda 2 - 5% concentration is used when boiling to disinfect linen, dishes, toys, etc. Soda in solutions increases the boiling point.

Potassium carbonate (potassium carbonate, potash) is extracted from ash, leaves, plants and tree bark. Purified potash is a white amorphous powder, easily soluble in water. Potash solutions are used in the same way as soda solutions.

Caustic lime (quicklime, burnt lime, boiling water) is obtained by firing dense limestone, chalk at high temperature in special furnaces, in the form of pieces and lumps of white or yellow color, odorless. When caustic lime is combined with an equal mass of water (1 liter of water per 1 kg of lime), the lime is slaked. The reaction proceeds with a large release of heat. As a result, lime is quenched, turning into a fine powder, similar to powder (fluff).

Hydrated lime is used in the form of a lime suspension of 10 or 20% concentration. Lime slurry must be prepared immediately before use. It is used for disinfecting cesspools and garbage pits, dustbins, livestock rooms, whitewashing walls, latrines, vegetable stores, etc. Whitewashing is done three times. Lime consumption is 1 liter per 1 m2. For disinfection of feces, a 20% lime suspension is used at the rate of 2 volumes per 1 volume of secretions. Quicklime is stored in a dry place in a well-closed container.

Sodium metasilicate works in the same way as sodium hydroxide. Its aqueous solutions have washing, disinfecting and bleaching properties. However, its action is accompanied by damage to paints (discolors fabrics), rubber products (gloves), leaves indelible stains on glasses. .Recommended mainly for the disinfection of rough surfaces.

Salts of heavy metals are rarely used in disinfection practice: some because of their extreme toxicity, others because of their low bactericidal activity.

The bactericidal effect of salts of heavy metals is due to the formation of albuminates with cell proteins, resulting in their denaturation, leading to the death of microorganisms. In disinfection practice, sublimate was mainly used.

Sublimate (mercuric chloride) is a white powder, highly soluble in warm and poorly soluble in cold water. Sublimate dissolves well in alcohol, ether, glycerin and other solvents. In practice, sublimate was used in the form of a powder or in tablets weighing 1 or 2 g, containing half of the sublimate and half of sodium chloride. Currently not applicable.

Aqueous solutions of sublimate, having no color and smell, are very poisonous, so they are tinted with red or blue paint. Aqueous solutions of sublimate are bactericidal at a dilution of 1:1000 or 2:1000 (0.1 - 0.2%) against vegetative forms of microorganisms for several minutes. Sublimate solutions are unstable and decompose in the light. You need to store them in a dark place and in a dark glass container.
Thick Domestos kills all hepatitis viruses.

Chlorhexidine (gibitan, chlorhexidine digluconate) belongs to the group of guanidines, is a clear solution. The drug is odorless, mixes well with water, has a detergent effect, and is stable during storage. Chlorhexidine has antimicrobial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive microorganisms. It is used in concentrations from 0.01 to 0.5% of the active substance during focal disinfection in medical institutions, for the treatment of the hands of surgical personnel, the operating field, etc.

Cleanliness in the house is an indicator of how good the hostess is. Every day, women spend a lot of time making their home sparkle. Unfortunately, order does not guarantee the absence of germs. No matter how carefully you approach cleaning the premises, it is impossible to overcome microorganisms by 100%. Chemicals come to the rescue. But what is included, for example, in the "Domestos"? Let's look at this question and find out what helps to simplify the cleaning process.

Microorganisms attack

Not many people understand the fact that microbes do not live in our world, but rather we occupy their space. There are millions of times more microorganisms than people. It is hard to believe that every square centimeter of the surface is inhabited by more than 200,000 different microorganisms. Of course, not all microbes are pests, but most of them are quite dangerous for the human body. There are many drugs on the chemical market to combat harmful organisms, but not all of them cope with the task.

"Domestos" is a brand that was appreciated by most housewives trying to protect their home from harmful microorganisms. Since 1929, this product has been on the chemical market and is not inferior in popularity to similar products.

"Domestos" helps every housewife to easily and most effectively destroy microorganisms that are harmful to health, while saving time on cleaning.

Not every hostess knows

Consider what is included in the "Domestos" and how this tool helps a person get rid of uninvited guests.

• - this constituent element can be called "aqueous salt solution". Its purpose is to whiten and disinfect the surface, to degrease. Reacting with other elements, an aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite is involved in the process of destroying many microorganisms that are harmful to human health.
• Non-ionic surfactants - these chemical elements help the product dissolve well in water.
• Soap. In this case, everything is very clear. This component not only performs the function of cleaning the surface, but also provides disinfection.
• The fragrance performs the function of aromatization in order to drown out the unpleasant odors of chemical components and the surface to be cleaned. It is quite easy to choose a smell that will be to your liking, since various fragrances can be included in the composition of Domestos.

The influence of the constituent elements of "Domestos"

Unilever conducts thousands of experiments to ensure that the Domestos product causes minimal harm to human health. In addition, the drug must perform the main function - to fight microbes and various types of fungi. Scientists from a British company improve the quality of the product every day and reduce the risk of human poisoning with chemical fumes. But it is impossible to exclude the influence by 100%, therefore, on each package of the product, after the "Composition" item, there is information on how to use this product correctly and what security measures are necessary.

Therefore, each housewife, before starting work with such a tool, should familiarize herself with the information indicated by the manufacturer. You can not neglect this, spare yourself and those around you.

Cleanliness is the key to health

Kitchen, bathroom - these are the most difficult stages during cleaning. It is in these places that the reproduction of microorganisms is most active. Plain water and soda are unlikely to be ideal helpers. Without modern chemicals it is difficult to get a quick and high-quality result. After studying the components that make up Domestos, we can conclude that most of them do not cause much harm to the body, but it is worth protecting the respiratory tract and skin of the hands. Firstly, in this way you can protect yourself from allergies. Secondly, a woman's hands should always be ready for kisses.