Eastern spruce. View "Eastern Spruce" (Caucasian) Picea orientalis Caucasian Spruce orientalis - eastern (lat.). Medicinal use

Type description. A tree 32-47 (55) m high and with a trunk diameter of about 2 m, with a wide (15-20 m) dense conical crown, often starting from the ground itself. The bark is scaly, brown, dark gray in mature plants. Young shoots are slightly shiny, reddish or yellow-gray, densely covered with hairs, older shoots are furrowed light gray or gray, with clearly visible, yellow needle pads. Resin droplets (spruce tears) often stand out at the top of the young shoot.

Kidneys solitary, rarely in groups of three, 2-6 mm long, 1.5 mm thick, ovate-pointed, reddish-brown, to almost black, non-resinous, with obtuse-triangular, different-sized, long-haired renal scales, the tops of which are somewhat bent. Buds are ovoid, red, not resinous.

Young cones and trunk of Ricea orientalis

The needles are located more or less flat, slightly flattened, tetrahedral in cross section, rounded at the tip, slightly bent upwards and therefore not prickly, highly shiny, as if varnished, very densely located on the shoot, light golden at a young age, then darkens. When rubbed, they have a pleasant resinous aroma. The needles are relatively stiff, less than 10 (usually 5-9) mm long (shorter than all other spruces), 0.7-1.1 mm wide, blunt at the top, hard, bright shiny, on the upper side with 1- 2 stomatal lines on each side, and on the bottom - with 3-5(1) stomatal lines, not forming noticeable rows.

Male anthers are carmine red, dusty at the junction of summer and spring. Cones are red to purple-purple, fusiform-cylindrical, narrowed towards the ends, 5-11 cm long. and 2-2.5 cm thick., young purple, then light brown, resinous until ripe, located in the upper part of the crown at the ends of the shoots.

Young shoots and old cones of Picea orientalis

Seed scales are wide obovate, wedge-shaped, rounded, entire or notched, on the back along the upper edge with a shiny border, on the back along the streaked, shiny. Seeds irregularly triangular in shape, small 2-5 mm long, black, with a longer wing with an obovate yellowish-brown wing, 3-4 times (14-17 mm). An orange- or yellowish-brown wing exceeding the size of the seed.

ecological property of the species. The main forest-forming species is m in the mountain forests of the western part of the Caucasus, as well as in Antalya (Turkey) and the northern countries of Asia Minor. It grows at an altitude of 1345-2130 (2500) m above sea level, where it forms mixed and pure forests. Protected in nature reserves. Prefers shaded slopes, where it grows in mixture with , Caucasian fir , beech and hornbeam . Especially spectacular are the dominant spruce forests with the so-called. "Colchis" type of undergrowth of evergreen shrubs and small trees: laurel cherries , holly , boxwood , yew , rhododendron .

The undergrowth of this spruce does not tolerate direct sunlight at all, it is even more shade-tolerant than the undergrowth of European spruce. Regularly seed bearing, seeds have a high germination rate (10-97%). It is well renewed, and can settle on the steepest rocky slopes. Breed coastal climate, requires a large amount of precipitation, high humidity and soil. It is able to grow on thin soils and stony placers, but it is necessary to take into account the sensitivity of the species to drought and dry winds. To some extent withstands the effects of wind. With age, loves the open sun.

Prefers a pH of 4 to 6. Lives 500-600 years. At a young age, it grows slowly 20-30 cm per year. Young trees grow slowly at first, at the age of about 5 - 6 years, under good conditions, they can grow up to 1 m per year, which can persist for the next 70 years or more, then, by 90 - 100 years, growth in height practically stops. Relatively frost-resistant within USD zones 3/4-9 (from -29 to -34 Сo). On the territory of Ukraine and the Baltic countries, it is not damaged by frost.

In GBS since 1937, 4 samples (4 copies) were obtained from Tesare nad Zhitava (Slovakia), Golukhov (Poland) and living plants from the Caucasus (from nature). Tree, at 31 years old, height 2.7 m, trunk diameter 3/11.5 cm. Vegetation from 3.V ± 6. Annual growth up to 10 cm. Not dusty. It is considered introduced into culture in 1837, obviously, by the BIN Botanical Garden. Plants brought in 1981 from the North Caucasus, from the Teberdinsky Reserve, after 25 years reached 1.5 m in height. In the North-West of Russia, it is not winter-hardy enough, it freezes over in St. Petersburg, however, it has endured a number of severe winters of recent decades, and is of interest as a collection plant. In Minsk, at the age of 60, it reaches a height of 2.5-3 m. It endures ordinary winters without damage.

General view of an adult Ricea orientalis tree

Reproduction and cultivation. Stratified seeds (cold stratification 1-2 months) are sown in spring in an unheated greenhouse or in open ground, to a depth of 1-2 cm in partial shade with mulching with fallen needles from above (mulch thickness 1 cm).

Purpose and application. The wood is soft and durable white, easily split, therefore it is used for building materials and joinery and turning products. It is a raw material for the pulp and paper industry. Due to its high resonant properties, it is used in the manufacture of musical instruments. Turpentine and tannin are obtained from the bark and branches. The inner part of the bark, dried and ground into powder, is used by the local population as a thickener in soups and or added to flour when baking bread, as well as young male earrings - raw or boiled, as a flavoring. From young shoots, a tonic, vitamin-rich With tea.

Landscape construction. One of the decorative short-coniferous firs. Most good in single landings. It is beautiful with dense bright green needles and the outline of a wide pyramidal crown. This slender tree is used in landscape gardening to create small groups, high and low, sheared hedges, in forest parks of mountainous areas in the form of arrays on shaded slopes. Since the species is slow growing, it tolerates pruning well, especially when young.

In contact with

area

The main forest-forming species of the mountain forests of the Caucasus, the northern countries of Asia Minor. Forms mixed and pure forests. It grows at an altitude of 1345-2130 m above sea level. Protected in nature reserves.

Description of the species

Tree 32-47 (55) m tall, with a dense branched conical crown. The bark is scaly, brown, dark gray in mature plants.

Young shoots are yellow-gray or red, more mature shoots are light gray or gray.

Buds 2-6 mm long, ovoid, reddish-brown, non-resinous, with triangular scales, the tops of which are slightly recurved.

Needles less than 10 (usually 5-9) mm long, 0.8-1.1 mm wide, tetrahedral, blunt on top, slightly flattened, rough, brightly shiny, on the upper side with one or two stomatal lines on each side, and below - with two to five stomatal lines; the needles are more or less flat.

Cones are cylindrical, 6-11 cm long and 2 cm thick, young red, then light brown. Seed scales are obovate, with an almost rounded entire upper margin, streaked along the back, with a bright sheen. Seeds 2-5 mm long, black, with a longer yellowish-brown wing.

Economic importance and application

Can be used as a decorative item. It is considered introduced into culture in 1837. In Russia, introduced into the culture of the Botanical Garden BIN RAS. Plants brought in 1981 from the North Caucasus, after 20 years reached a height of 1 m. Not adapted to low temperatures, it regularly freezes over in St. Petersburg, but still survived a series of cold winters.

Botanical classification

Taxonomic scheme

Synonyms

The list is based on The Plant List database:

• Abies orientalis () Poir.
• Abies wittmanniana Voss
• Picea withmanniana Carriere
• Picea wittmanniana Fisch. Gordon
• Pinus orientalis L.

Notes

Literature

Links

• Eastern spruce: information on the site GRIN(English) (Retrieved December 4, 2012)
• Eastern spruce: information on the website "Encyclopedia of Life" ( EOL) (English) (Retrieved December 4, 2012)

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

• El Meyer
• Likian spruce

See what "Oriental Spruce" is in other dictionaries:

oriental spruce- rytinė eglė statusas T sritis vardynas apibrėžtis Pušinių šeimos dekoratyvinis, medieninis augalas (Picea orientalis), paplitęs Kaukaze ir Turkijoje. atitikmenys: lot. Picea orientalis English. caucasian spruce; Oriental spruce vok. Kaukasusfichte;… … Lithuanian dictionary (lietuvių žodynas)

Korean spruce- Young plant ... Wikipedia Wikipedia

Spruce- 1) Ordinary or European, yelina, yalina (Picea eicelsa) tree species, very common in Russian lasses sowing. and middle lane. It requires soil of medium fertility and coherence, with even sufficient moisture; the best plantings of E ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

Spruce- (Picea Link.) a genus of coniferous plants from the spruce family (Abietaceae); they are evergreen, tall, beautiful trees, with annular branches, with a pyramidal tent. Perennial needle-shaped tetrahedral or almost flat more or less ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Spruce- (Picea) a genus of coniferous evergreen trees of the pine family. The most important forest-forming species. The trunk is straight, the crown is dense, cone-shaped. The needles are 4-sided, rarely flat, sharp, they last 5 7 (9 12) years. Anther spikelets are single, ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Upper Spruce- Characteristic Length 10 km Basin White Sea, Arctic Ocean

Spruce ( Picea) is an evergreen coniferous tree, a symbol of the New Year. Belongs to the pine order, pine family, spruce genus. Spruce height can reach 50 meters, and the life span of a tree can be 600 years, although usually a tree lives up to 250-300 years.

Spruce - description, appearance, photo

In a young tree, during the first 15 years of growth, the root system has a rod structure, but then it develops as a superficial one, since the main root dies off as it grows older. In the first years of life, the spruce grows up and practically does not give lateral branches. The straight trunk of spruce has a round shape and gray bark, exfoliating into thin plates. spruce wood low-resinous and homogeneous, white in color with a slight golden hue.

The pyramidal or cone-shaped crown of spruce is made up of whorled-arranged branches growing almost perpendicular to the trunk. short spruce needles located on the branches in a spiral order and has a tetrahedral or flat shape. The color of the needles is usually green, blue, yellowish or dove. The needles remain viable for 6 years, and the fallen needles are renewed annually. Some insects are not indifferent to spruce needles (for example, nun butterflies) and eat the needles so much that brush shoots form on damaged spruce branches - very short and hard needles that look like brushes.

spruce cones have a slightly pointed, slightly elongated cylindrical shape. They can reach a length of 15 cm and have a diameter of at least 4 cm. A spruce cone is an axis, and a lot of covering scales grow around it, in the axils of which seed scales are located. On the upper part of the seed scales, 2 ovules are formed, endowed with a false wing. Spruce seeds ripen in October, after which the seeds are dispersed by the wind and remain viable for 8-10 years.

Types of fir trees, names and photos

Today, more than 45 species of spruce trees have been studied, growing in natural conditions and having a trunk height from 30 cm to 50 m, a different crown structure and various colors of needles. Among all representatives of this genus, the most famous are the following varieties:

• European (ordinary) spruce (Picea abies)

An evergreen coniferous tree, the average height of which is 30 m, but there are instances of 50 m in height. The crown of the spruce is cone-shaped, whorled branches of a drooping or prostrate type, the bark of the trunk is dark gray, begins to peel off with age in plates of small thickness. Spruce needles are tetrahedral, arranged in a spiral on spruce legs. Ordinary spruce forms huge forests in the north-east of Europe, is found in the mountainous regions of the Alps and the Carpathians, in the Pyrenees and the Balkan Peninsula, in North America and central Russia, and even in the Siberian taiga.

• Siberian spruce (Picea obovata)

Tall, up to 30 meters tall tree with a pyramidal crown. The diameter of the Siberian spruce trunk in girth can exceed 70-80 cm. The needles of the Siberian spruce are somewhat shorter than those of the common spruce, and more prickly. Siberian spruce grows in the forests of the northern part of Europe, in Kazakhstan and China, on the Scandinavian Peninsula and in Mongolia, in the Urals and in the Magadan region.

• Oriental spruce (Picea orientalis)

The height of the tree varies from 32 to 55 meters, the crown is conical, with densely arranged branches. The bark of the spruce trunk is low-resinous, gray-brown in color, scaly. The needles are shiny, slightly flattened, tetrahedral, with a slightly rounded tip. Oriental spruce is widespread in the forests of the Caucasus and in the northern territories of Asia, forming pure massifs there, or found in mixed forests.

• Korean spruce (Picea koraiensis)

A rather tall coniferous tree, reaching 30-40 m in height, with a grayish-brown trunk in color of the bark, with a girth of up to 75-80 cm. Under natural conditions, Korean spruce grows in the regions of the Far East, in China, in the Primorsky Territory and the Amur Region, in North Korea.

• Ayan spruce (small-seeded, Hokkaido) (Picea jezoensis)

Outwardly, this type of spruce is very similar to the European spruce. The pyramidal crown of the Ayan spruce has bright green, almost non-resinous needles with a sharp tip, the height of the trunk is usually 30-40 meters, occasionally up to 50 m, the girth of the trunk reaches a meter, and sometimes more. Spruce grows in the Far East region, in Japan and China, on Sakhalin and the territory of the Kamchatka Territory, in Korea and the Amur Region, in the Kuril Islands, along the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and in the Sikhote-Alin mountains.

• Tien– shan spruce (Picea schrenkiana subsp. tianschanica)

Spruces of this species often reach a height of 60 m, and the trunk is 1.7-2 meters in diameter. The crown of the Tien Shan spruce is cylindrical, less often pyramidal. The needles are diamond-shaped, straight or slightly curved. A distinctive feature is the presence of anchor roots that are able to bend and cling tightly to stones or rocky ledges. Spruce grows in regions of Central Asia, is widespread in the Tien Shan mountains, and is especially common in Kazakhstan and the mountainous regions of Kyrgyzstan.

• spruce glen (Picea glehnii)

A coniferous tree with a very dense, cone-shaped crown. The height of the trunk is from 17 to 30 meters, the diameter varies from 60 to 75 cm. The bark is covered with scale plates, has a beautiful chocolate tint. The long tetrahedral needles are slightly curved, sharp in young trees and slightly blunt in mature specimens. The needles are dark green, with a bluish bloom, has a tart spruce aroma. Spruce Glen grows in Japan, in the southern regions of Sakhalin, in the south of the Kuril Islands.

• Canadian spruce (gray spruce, white spruce) (Picea glauca)

A slender evergreen tree, most often not exceeding 15-20 meters in height, the diameter of the Canadian spruce trunk in diameter is not more than 1 meter. The bark on the trunk is quite thin, covered with scales. The crown is narrowly conical in young specimens, while in adult fir trees it takes the form of a cylinder. The needles of spruce are long (up to 2.5 cm), blue-green in color, have a diamond-shaped cross section. Canadian spruce grows in the states of North America, often found in Alaska, Michigan, South Dakota.

• red spruce (Picea rubens)

An evergreen tree, from 20 to 40 meters high, however, under poor growing conditions, it can have a height of only 4-6 meters. The diameter of the red spruce trunk rarely exceeds 1 meter, and is usually 50-60 centimeters. The crown is cone-shaped, significantly expanding towards the base of the trunk. The needles are quite long - 12-15mm, practically do not prick, as it has a rounded tip. This type of spruce is common in England and Canada, grows in the highlands of the Appalachians and in Scotland, occurring almost along the entire Atlantic coast.

• Serbian spruce (Picea omorika)

An evergreen representative of coniferous trees, from 20 to 35 meters high, Serbian spruce trees reaching 40 meters in height are very rare. The crown was pyramidal, but narrow, and closer to columnar in shape. The branches are short, sparse, slightly raised upwards. The needles were green, shiny, with a slightly bluish tint, slightly flattened above and below. This type of spruce is very rare: in its natural environment it grows only in Western Serbia and Eastern Bosnia.

• Blue spruce, she is prickly spruce(Picea pungens)

a very popular type of spruce, often used as an ornamental plant. Blue spruce can grow up to 46 meters in height, although the average height of the tree is 25-30 m, and the diameter of the trunk is up to 1.5 m. Needles 1.5-3 cm long come in different shades - from grayish green to bright blue. Spruce cones 6-11 cm long can be reddish or purple, becoming light brown when ripe. Blue spruce grows in western North America (from Idaho to New Mexico), where it is widely distributed on moist soils along the banks of mountain rivers and streams.

Dwarf spruce, varieties and types, names and photos

Among the huge variety of species and varieties of spruces, dwarf spruces are especially popular - amazing elements of landscape design and a wonderful decoration for every garden. Dwarf spruce is durable, unpretentious, easy to care for. These miniature trees amaze with the magnificence of shapes and colors and fit perfectly into rock gardens, rockeries, flower beds, Japanese gardens. Here are some types of dwarf firs:

Dwarf spruce Nidiformis (Nidiformis)

one of the forms of Norway spruce, a dense nest-like shrub with light green needles, grows up to 40 cm in height and no more than 1 m in width.

the result of a mutation of the common spruce variety Acrocona is an unusual plant of uneven shape, 30-100 cm high and 50 cm in diameter. Small pink cones that form on shoots of different lengths look especially picturesque.

Dwarf Blue Spruce Glauka Globoza (Glauca Globosa)

one of the popular types of blue spruce with a dense, wide-conical crown and light blue crescent-shaped needles. By the age of 10, the tree grows up to 3 m in height and gradually becomes almost round.

a very decorative conifer with a symmetrical pyramidal crown and two-color needles: the needles are dark green above and light blue below. The tree grows up to 3-3.5 m in height, and the diameter of the crown at the base is 2.5 m.

Prickly spruce dwarf Bialobok (Bialobok)

a unique spruce variety of Polish selection with blue, silver and golden shades of needles. The Christmas tree acquires a special decorative effect in spring, when young shoots of a whitish-cream color appear against the background of mature dark green needles. The height of the dwarf spruce is no more than 2 meters.

Distinctive features: the shortest needles of all spruces, low frost resistance, poor wind resistance
Description:
Evergreen large tree up to 50m tall in the Motherland and in Central Europe 20-30m and dense, hanging branches, with a symmetrical, narrow-conical shape and a straight trunk, in nature the lower branches reach the ground. Dense crown from the ground to the crown, cone-shaped or pyramidal, crown width 6-8m. Eastern spruce lives on average up to 250-300, and sometimes up to 600 years;
In youth, Oriental spruce is slow-growing, annual growth is 20-25cm in height and 10cm in width;
The bark is brown, dark gray on old trunks.
Needles 4-10mm long, hard, dark green, shiny. These are the shortest needles of all types of Christmas trees. Branches whorled, horizontally spread or drooping. In the first 3-4 years does not give side shoots, young shoots are densely pubescent
Cones are oblong-cylindrical, 5-8 cm long, pointed, very decorative, clustered on the shoot. Young male cones are carmine red, female purple-purple, mature cones hanging, dry, up to 15 cm long, 3-4 cm in diameter, light brown. Seeds do not lose their germination for 8-10 years;
The tree is weakly wind-resistant, often wind-resistant, especially after 10-15 years
Eastern spruce is photophilous, shade-tolerant, undemanding to the soil, relatively moisture-loving, but able to grow on thin soils, on rocks and stony placers, tolerates heat and urban climate well
Oriental spruce is completely undemanding to the soil, prefers fresh or moist, nutrient-rich, acidic or alkaline soils, sensitive to soil compaction
Winter hardiness is insufficient for Moscow and the Moscow region, protection from cold winds is recommended, in extremely severe winters the needles turn brown
Oriental spruce is one of the most decorative fir trees with short needles, it tolerates a haircut well, especially when young. This slender tree is used in landscape gardening to create small groups, high and low, sheared hedges, in forest parks of mountainous areas in the form of arrays on shaded slopes
Oriental spruce has several decorative forms: drooping f.nutans - with drooping branches, low f.nana - a bush with a wide cone-shaped to rounded crown, with whitish or light brown branches and dense, dark green needles arranged annularly around the golden branches f.aurea - with golden-bronze needles that retain color for a long time, golden-tipped f.aureospicata - with light golden needles on young shoots, later it becomes green.
Among the varieties known are Picea orientalis Aureospicata - it is distinguished by light golden needles on young shoots. In early summer it becomes dark green, it looks especially attractive in May, during flowering. The crown of this tree has a narrow pyramidal shape, due to which it is recommended to use it to decorate the landscapes of small garden plots. By all indications, Aurespicata is the most decorative variety of all varieties of oriental spruce. Recommended Growing Zones 4-7
Picea orientalis Nigra Compacta refers to slow-growing ornamental forms of eastern spruce. At maturity, Nigra Compacta is a small tree with a pyramidal crown. Its needles are shorter, darker and denser than most oriental spruce varieties. Recommended growing area 4-8
Picea orientalis Bergman's Gem has short and shiny dark green needles. At a young age, the crown of this spruce has an elongated shape, then Bergman's Gem becomes a rounded shrub. The plant loves light or areas with little shade. The spruce grows 7-8 cm per year. This variety of oriental spruce will certainly become a real diamond in any garden. Recommended zones growing 4-7
Picea orientalis Skylands is one of the most popular varieties of oriental spruce. Originally from New Jersey, where it was bred on Skylandu farms. At maturity, Skylana is a small tree with a pyramidal crown and short, dense needles that are golden all year round. In spring, as well as in other varieties of Oriental spruce, beautiful red cones appear at the ends of its shoots, which gradually turn into resinous cylindrical cones, about 5 cm long. In early years, this tree grows slowly so that at the age of 20 years its height will not exceed 20cm. Recommended growing area 4-7.

Features:
very shot heads;
low hardiness
Description:
It is the native spruce of Caucasus and Pontic, the old Orient (“east” in the Latin language), hence the species name. Oriental spruce is an extremely attractive tree in the landscape, with its shiny, dark-green, very short needles; the bright red male cones in late April or early May; and its columnar growth habit.
Oriental spruce is an evergreen, coniferous species of tree that grows to mature heights of 40 m; with a trunk up to 2 m in diameter, measured at breast height; and a narrowly conic crown that is open in whorls of young trees, and columnar with a broad, dense conic top in old trees.
Bark is smooth and pink-gray in color, later cracked into small rounded plates. Shoots are hairy (glabrous), and orange-brown in color, becoming gray-brown with age. Foliar buds are ovoid-conical in shape, measuring 4 mm long and are not resinous. Needles are radial arranged around the branchlet, oriented forward towards the tip, parted below on weaker shoots, only slightly flattened in cross-section. They have blunt tips, colored glossy very-deep green, and are very short, only 6 -8 mm long. Seeds are 3 – 4.5 mm long with an attached wing, 6 – 9 mm longer. This species is native to the Caucasus mountains of southern Russia and northeastern Turkey, where it forms pure stands or mixed with other conifers and hardwoods. Hardy to USDA Zone 5 - cold hardiness limit between -28.8° and -23.3°C

Description

Eastern spruce Aureospicata (Picea orientalis Aureospicata)- coniferous evergreen tree of conical shape. The crown is dense, but not very regular. An adult spruce can reach a height of 8-12 m and a width of 5 m. At the age of 30 years, it reaches 6-8 m in height. At 10 years old, the height is about 2.5 m and 1.5 m in diameter. Oriental spruce Aureospicata is the most decorative representative of Oriental spruce due to bright yellow young growths that appear later than other spruce varieties, in June. Growing up, the growths become green. The needles are short, dark green, shiny. In spring, young growths are golden yellow in color, in summer they turn green. The needles are short and hard. The birthplace of the variety is Germany. Soil and moisture requirements are average. The crown of this tree has a narrow pyramidal shape, so it is recommended to use it to decorate the landscapes of small garden plots. It is used for single plantings and garden compositions.

Planting and caring for spruce Eastern Aureospicata

Soil compaction and moisture stagnation should not be allowed. The landing site should be away from groundwater. It is imperative to make a drainage layer, in the form of sand or broken bricks 15-20 cm thick. If fir trees are planted in groups, then the distance for tall fir trees should be from 2 to 3 m. The depth of the planting pit is 50-70 cm.

It is important that the root neck is at ground level. You can prepare a special soil mixture: sheet and sod land, peat, and sand in a ratio of 2:2:1:1. Immediately after planting, the tree must be watered abundantly with 40 - 50 liters of water. It is advisable to apply fertilizer (100-150 g of nitroammophoska, root 10 g per 10 l, etc.).

Spruces do not like dry hot weather, so during the hot season they need to be watered once a week, about 10-12 liters per tree. Carry out shallow loosening (5cm). For the winter, sprinkle peat around the trunk with a thickness of 5-6 cm; after winter, the peat is simply mixed with the ground, not removed. Spruces can be planted in winter.

Approximately 2 times a season, fertilizer for coniferous plants can be applied.

Spruces do not usually need pruning, but if they form a hedge, pruning is allowed. As a rule, diseased and dry branches are removed. It is best to prune in late May - early June, when the period of active sap flow ends.

To protect the decorative forms of spruce from autumn and winter frosts, they can be covered with spruce branches. (cm. , ).