Lecture material

on the subject of the Russian language

Topic "Orthoepic norm"

Soldatova E.N.

Lebedyan, 201_

Orthoepic norms - these are the rules for the sound design of words, parts of words, sentences, i.e., the rules for pronouncing sounds, setting stress, using intonation.

Among the orthoepic norms stand out:

pronunciation norms(pronunciation norms) - rules for pronunciation of sounds(scam, but not scam, bu[te]rbrod, but not a sandwich);

stress norms (accentological norms) - stress rules(alphabet, but not alpha "vit, dosu" g, a not up to "sug);

norms for using intonation(intonation norms) - rules of intonation, speech.

Orthoepic norms of oral speech studiesorthoepy(gr. orthos - correct and epos - speech), the subject of study of which are patterns, literary pronunciation. Orthoepy is closely related to such a section of linguistics as phonetics.Phonetics(gr. phonetic from phone - sound) studies the sound means of the language.

Maintaining uniformity in the pronunciation of sounds and stress is important. Orthoepic errors always interfere with perceiving the content of speech: the listener's attention is distracted by various pronunciation irregularities, and the statement is not perceived in its entirety and with sufficient attention. Pronunciation, corresponding to orthoepic norms, facilitates and speeds up the process of communication. The normative pronunciation of words is recorded in orthoepic dictionaries.

The normative pronunciation of words, the normative stress and intonation of speech are regulated by certain rules that must be followed in order not to go beyond the generally accepted, and therefore generally understandable, Russian literary language.

Pronunciation norms vowel sounds

The basic law of orthoepy in the field of pronunciation of vowel sounds of the Russian language isreduction law (weakened articulation) of all unstressed vowels.

In Russian speech, only stressed vowels are pronounced in full accordance with the phonetic norm. All unstressed vowels are pronounced with weakened articulation, less clearly and for a long time, and sometimes even replaced by other vowels, also reduced. So, the vowels A and O at the beginning of a word without stress and in the first pre-stressed syllable are pronounced as [a]:ravine- [a] enemy, autonomy - [a]t[a]nomia, milk - mol[a]ko.

In the remaining unstressed syllables (that is, in all unstressed syllables except the first pre-stressed one), in place of the letters O and A, after solid consonants, a very short (reduced) obscure sound is pronounced, which in different positions fluctuates from a pronunciation close to [s], to a pronunciation close to [a]. Conventionally, this sound is denoted as [b]. For example: head - g[b]lova, watchman - side[b]g.

Akanye (i.e., the indistinguishability in unstressed syllables of sounds transmitted by the letters O and A) is a striking distinctive feature of Russian literary pronunciation. Pronunciation, different from literary, is found in territorial dialects (dialects). So, in North Russian dialects, it is possible to use the sound [o] in unstressed syllables (in this case, the pronunciation coincides with the spelling of the letter O). This pronunciation is called okane.

Difficult cases vowel pronunciation sounds

Pronunciation [o] without qualitative reduction

In the modern Russian literary language, there are cases when, in place of the unstressed vowel O, not [a], but [o] is pronounced. This applies to the pronunciation of some foreign words.

Borrowed words, as a rule, obey the orthoepic norms of the modern Russian literary language and only in some cases differ in features in pronunciation. One of these features is the preservation of the sound [o] in unstressed syllables in the pronunciation.

In the pre-shock position, the sound[about] preserved, for example, in words such asf[o]ye, p[o]et, [o]asis, d[o]se, and in foreign proper names:Fl[o]ber, Sh[o]pen. The same pronunciation [o] can also be observed in stressed syllables:cocoa[about], radio[o], three[o]. However, most of the borrowed vocabulary, which is words that are firmly mastered by the Russian literary language, is subject to the general rules of pronunciation.[about] and [a] in unstressed syllables:r[a]man(novel), b[a]cal(wineglass), k[a]stym(suit), r[a]yal(piano), k[b]binet(cabinet), [a]rator(speaker), etc.

Pronunciation of sounds in place of the letters E and Z in pre-stressed syllables

The letters E and I in the pre-stressed syllable denote a sound, the middle between[e] and [and] . Conventionally, this sound is indicated by the sign [and e]: nickel - P[ and uh ]so, feather - P[ and uh ]ro.

Choosing a stressed vowel in place of the letters E and E after soft consonants

The pronunciation of the vowels [e] and [o], denoted by the letters E and E after soft consonants, sometimes causes difficulty, since the letter E is usually depicted without dots in print and in writing. The pronunciation of the stressed vowel after soft consonants in place of the letters E and Y has to be memorized. Remember the pronunciation of the following words:

E["e] Yo["o]

SCAM MANEUVERS

being a newborn

guardianship sharp

settled solvent

Pronunciation of consonants sounds

Basic laws of consonant pronunciation

The basic laws of pronunciation of consonants are stunning and assimilation.

In Russian speech, voiced consonants are obligatory stunned at the end of a word (for example:bread - bread[n], garden- sa[t], dividend - dividend[t]). This stunning is one of the characteristic features of Russian literary speech.

In combinations of voiced and voiceless consonants or voiceless and voiced, the first of them is likened to the second, i.e. either deafening of the first sound occurs (for example:cork - pro[p]ka, leg - but [w] ka), or its voicing (for example:change - [h] dacha, ruin - [h] destroy). Before the consonants [l], [m], [n], [p] and [c] there is no likening. Words are pronounced as they are written:sve[tl] about, [w] dig.

Pronunciation of sound in place of the letter G

In place of the letter G, different sounds can be pronounced: [k], [g], [y], [x] or [c]. The choice of sound depends on its position in the word and the influence of neighboring sounds.

[to] pronounced at the end of a word, for example:lay down - le[k], threshold - poro[k], meadow - onion]

[G] the voiced explosive consonant is pronounced in position before vowels and voiced consonants, for example:but[G] a , behind[G] cash,[G] valt

[X] pronounced in combinations of GK and MS, for example:soft - me[hk] about , easier - le[hh] e, and in the word God - Bo[X]

Letter G

[γ] fricative back lingual consonant, is an accessory of dialect speech and is typical for South Russian dialects. In the literary language, let's say in a few words, Old Church Slavonic in origin:God- bo[γ]a, God - [γ] god bless - blah[γ]o - and their derivatives

[in] pronounced in endings-oh, -his(For example: red - red[in, first - first [in] oh, he has - have not[in] about), and also in the word today - se[in] alone.

Pronunciation of CHN and TH combinations

In the pronunciation of words with a combination of CHN, fluctuations are observed.

CHN is pronounced like [ch] in most words of the Russian language. This is especially true for words of book origin.(greedy, careless) as well as words that appeared in the recent past(camouflage, landing).

CHN is pronounced like [shn] in the following words:of course, boring, scrambled eggs, on purpose, birdhouse, trifling, laundry, mustard plaster and some others, as well as in female patronymics on-ichna (Lukinichna, Fominichna).

Some words with a combination of CHN in the modern Russian literary language have pronunciation options:bakery and bulo[shn]aya(outdated), kopee [h] th and kopee [shn] th(outdated).

The combination of CHT in modern Russian is pronounced like [pcs] in the wordwhat and derivatives from it(nothing, something, to, anything and the like), except for the wordsomething [Thurs]. In all other cases, the orthographic CHT is always pronounced as [th]:dream, mail, insignificant.

Pronunciation of foreign words with the letter E after a consonant

In most borrowed words, in accordance with the pronunciation rules, consonants are softened before E:ka[t"] no , pa[t"] efon,[with"] series,[R"] vector.

Always before E, back-lingual consonants G, K are softened,X: pa[to"] no,[G"] Duke, with[X"] ema. The sound [l] is also usually pronounced softly in this position:[l"] go, mo[l"] ekula, ba[l"] no etc.

However, in a number of words of foreign origin, the hardness of consonants before E is preserved: o [t] el,to[e] ex, biz[n] eu,[t] eat boo[t] erbrod, svi[t] ep and etc.

In some words of foreign origin, the consonant before the letter E can be pronounced in two ways. So, the pronunciation of a soft and hard consonant in words should be considered a variant pronunciationcongress - kong[R] essay and kong[R"] ess, consensus - con[with] Ensus and con[with"] ensus. Two pronunciations also exist in wordsgangster, depression, management, manager, pace, dean, deanery, pool, crater, terror, terrorist. In many such cases, the hard pronunciation becomes obsolete and the soft pronunciation of the consonant is preferred: [t"]temp,[d"] ekan etc.

In some cases, a violation of orthoepic norms occurs as a result of inserting an extra vowel or consonant sound into a word.

Pay attention to the correct pronunciation and spelling of the following words:

Unprecedented n[u]ance

I will

Derma[n]tin po[d]cheek

Wildly[o]image precede[n]dent

Thirsty [th] ch [e] extraordinary

Compromise legal[t]adviser

Competitor[n]capable bess[e]rebrenik

ascertain [n]at account

Remember standard pronunciation of these words.

Consonant Consonant

pronounced softly: pronounced firmly

academy [de] antithesis [te]

devaluation [de] genesis [ne]

decade [de] dispensary [se]

demon [de] interview [te]

cream [re] cottage [te]

coffee [fe] lottery [te]

museum [ze] mayonnaise [ne]

Odessa [de] hotel [te]

patent [te] pathos [te]

pioneer [not] service [se]

press [re] thesis [te]

press conference [re] timbre [te]

spokesman [re] trend [te, te]

session [se] dash [re]

theme [te] phonetics [ne]

tenor [te] highway [se]

term [te] eczema [ze]

overcoat [not] external [te]

jurisprudence [de] esthete [te]

Pay attention to the hardness or softness of the consonant before the vowel indicated by the letter E.

[de]

adequate

[te]

antithesis

[de], [te]

detective

[ne]

chapel

[le]

collegium

[re]

cream

[te]

criterion

[te]

a computer

[those]

patent

[not]

overcoat

Stress norms

Among the orthoepic norms, a special place is occupied by the norms associated with the correct placement of stress in words.

stress - this is the selection of one of the syllables in the word by amplifying the voice. The assimilation of the correct stress is associated with a number of difficulties due to its peculiarities in the Russian language.

The first feature of Russian stress is that the stress in Russian words is not attached to a specific syllable in the word (as, for example, in other languages: in French it falls on the last syllable of the word, in Polish - on the penultimate one, in Czech and Hungarian - for the first). This accent is calledfree it can be on any syllable of the word: the first(will, city, sharp), second (freedom, nature, write, beautiful), third (young, milk, watchmaker) etc.

The second feature of Russian stress is itsmobility, the ability to change its place depending on the form of the word. For example, the verbunderstand in an indefinite form, it has an accent on the second syllable, in the past tense in the masculine gender it moves to the first syllable -understood, and in the feminine gender - on the last -understood". There are many such words with shifting stress in Russian. Usually, the transfer of stress is associated with the use of a certain grammatical form.

Should be remembered words with a fixed accent:

hospital - go "hospital; soil - soil" nt; quart "l - quart" ly; matchmaker - matchmaker "you.

The third feature of Russian stress is itsvariability over time. In the works of Krylov, Griboyedov, Pushkin, Lermontov, you will find many words with a completely different accent than now. Compare:

The day went out "the bright light;

Fog fell on the blue evening sea (A. Pushkin).

We old people no longer dance,

Music "ki thunder does not call us (A. Pushkin).

The words ghost, symbol, autograph, bus, agent, agony, epigraph, plowing, disarm, shop, case and many others inXIXcentury had a different emphasis.

The process of changing the accent is happening in our time. As a result of this process, some words have two variants of stress. Variants of a word that differ in the setting of stress can be equal and unequal.

Equal Options equally correct, normative:the loop - loop", ba" rust - barge", your"horn - tvoro "g, those" ftel - meatballs "whether. There are few such equal options in modern Russian.

Unequal Options are of two types. In the first case, one option is recognized as the main, preferred one, and the second is assessed as additional, less desirable, but still within the limits of the literary language. Such valid options are used in colloquial speech or are obsolete. For example:cookery "riya- add. culinary "I(colloquial), gave- add. gave(colloquial); Ukrainian- add. Ukrainian(outdated), industry- add. industry(outdated), gathered- add. gathered"(outdated).

It should be borne in mind that words with a colloquial accent are unacceptable in official speech and formal communication situations. Compare, for example, optionscontract "r, contract" r (lit., used in various communication situations) andto "talk, agreement" (colloquial, unacceptable in official speech).

The second type of unequal options concerns cases where one option is literary, normalized, and the second is outside the literary norm. Non-literary (incorrect) are colloquial and slang variants of stress. For example:document - document(simple) quarter - quarter(simple) to begin - to begin(simple).

The category of non-literary includes options, the specific stress in which is traditionally accepted only in some narrowly professional environment. In any other setting, such options are perceived as a mistake. For example:spark - spark"(for engineers) epilepsy - epilepsy(for doctors) compass - compass(for sailors) chassis" - chassis(for pilots).

Stress in Russian in some cases has a meaningful function. Wed:armor - securing someone or something for someone-something, as well as a document for such fastening (reservation for a railway ticket);armor" - a strong protective shell (tank armor) orlock - palace and fortress of the feudal lord (medieval castle);lock - a device for locking something. key (door lock). Wed also:language - related to language as a means of human communication and to human speech activity;linguistic - pertaining to a physical organ of a person or animal, or to a particular food.

Questions for discussion of theoretical material

What is the norm of the literary language?

List the types of norms of the Russian literary language. What rules govern each type of norm?

What is included in the concept of "orthoepic norms"? What are the types of orthoepic norms?

What are the basic laws of pronunciation of vowels?

What are the difficulties in pronouncing vowel sounds?

What are the basic laws of pronunciation of consonants?

What causes difficulties in pronunciation of consonants?

What dialect features of the pronunciation of vowels and consonants do not correspond to literary norms?

What is an accent?

10. What are the features of Russian stress?

11. What is the role of stress in a word?

12. What can be the variants of words that differ in the setting of stress?

13. What are equal and unequal stress options? What stress variations are outside the literary norm?

Lecture 4 Orthoepic norms

The lecture discusses the features of Russian literary pronunciation

Orthoepic norms

The lecture discusses the features of Russian literary pronunciation.

Lecture plan

4.1. Features of Russian stress.

4.2. Stress standards.

4.3. pronunciation rules.

4.1. Features of Russian stress

A word may consist of one, two or more syllables. If there are several syllables, then one of them must be pronounced differently than the rest. Such a selection of one of the syllables serves as a condition for the phonetic design of the word and is called verbal stress. The syllable that is stressed is called the stressed or stressed syllable. Stress is indicated by the sign "?" above the letter corresponding to the vowel sound.

Phonetic type of stress determined by the ways of highlighting the stressed syllable. Stress in Russian is power and quantitative at the same time. The stressed syllable differs from the unstressed ones both in its duration and in its strength (loudness).

word stress endowed with an organizing function. A group of syllables connected by a common stress forms a special phonetic unit. It is called a phonetic word, for example: [glavá] head, [ná (glva] on the head. Within the framework of a phonetic word, the stressed syllable is the starting point, in relation to which the nature of the pronunciation of the remaining syllables is determined.

Unstressed words can behave differently. Some of them obey the usual rules for pronunciation of sounds: [da_sád] to the garden (cf.: [dasád] annoyance); [l’ e´j_kъ] watering can (cf.: [l’ e´jkъ] watering can). Others, despite being unstressed, retain some phonetic signs of an independent word. For example, they may contain vowels that are uncharacteristic of unstressed syllables: [what (nám] what to us (cf.: [pants] pants); [t'e (l'isá] - those forests (cf.: [t'l'isá] body).

There are words in which, in addition to the main one, there is a secondary stress. It is weaker, most often falls on the initial syllables and is fixed in words with a complex word-formation structure: building materials, waterproof, aerial photography.

When characterizing stress, it is important to take into account its position in the word. If the stress is assigned to a syllable determined by the score, it is fixed. So, in Czech, the stress can only fall on the first syllable, in Polish - on the penultimate one, in French - on the last one. The Russian language does not know such a pattern. Being heterogeneous (or non-fixed), Russian stress can fall on any syllable and on any morpheme in a word: gold, water, milk, gilding, unusual. This makes possible the existence of words, as well as separate forms of words, the distinction of which is associated with the place of stress: castle - castle, burden - burden, legs - legs, etc.

Russian stress has another feature - mobility. The mobility of stress in the formation of grammatical forms of a word is determined by the possibility of transition of stress:

1) from stem to ending and vice versa: countries-á - countries-s, heads-á - heads-y;

2) from one syllable to another within the same morpheme: tree-o - tree-I, lake-o - lake-a.

The mobility of stress during word formation is determined by the possibility of moving the stress to another morpheme in the derived word compared to the generating one: red-th / red-from-á. Fixed derivational stress falls on the same morpheme: birch-a / birch-ow.

Thus, the following main features of Russian stress can be distinguished:

1) power and quantitative by phonetic type;

2) heterogeneous in terms of the nature of the location in the word;

3) mobile according to the criterion of attachment to a certain morpheme (in the formation of grammatical forms and in word formation).

4.2. Stress norms

Within the framework of one lecture, it is impossible to consider all the norms of Russian stress. we will limit ourselves to the main ones.

1) Many monosyllabic masculine nouns have an accent in the indirect cases of the singular at the end, For example:

- bandage - bandage, pancake - pancake, bob - bob, screw - screw, hump - hump, tourniquet - harness, umbrella - umbrella, whale - whale, shred - clok, fang - fang, ladle - ladle, hook - hook, sack - kulya ?, tench - tench ?, fruit - fruit, sickle - sickle, stack - stack, polecat - polecat ?, flail - chain, pole - pole, stroke - stroke.

2) In the accusative singular, feminine nouns are stressed now at the end, then at the root. Wed:

- tops - tops, spring - spring, gums - gums, ash - ash, kirk - kirký, burrow - burrow, sheep - sheep, rosa - rosy, sokhá - sokhy, stop - stop;

- mountain - mountain, board - board, winter - earth, wall - wall, side - side, price - price, cheek - cheek.

3) With an accent at the end some feminine nouns are pronounced when used with prepositions in and on the in circumstance: in a handful, on the chest, on the door, in the blood, at night, on the stove, in connection, in the net, in the steppe, in the shade, on the chain, in honor.

4) In the genitive plural, the following is pronounced:

with an accent based: places, honors, profits;

with an accent at the end: statements, fortresses, news, stories, tributes, tablecloths, sterlets, quarters.

Pronunciation is different steps(in the stairs) and steps(stage of development of something).

5) Sometimes prepositions take on stress, and then the noun (or numeral) following it turns out to be unstressed. Most often, the stress is pulled over by prepositions on, for, under, by, from, without. For example:

- ON THE: on the water, on the mountain, on the hand, on the back, on the winter, on the soul, on the wall, on the head, on the side, on the shore, on the year, on the house, on the nose, on the floor, tooth on tooth, on the day, on night, in the ear, two, three, five, six, seven, one hundred;

- BEHIND: for the leg, for the head, for the hair, for the arm, for the back, for the winter, for the soul, for the nose, for the year, for the city, for the gate, for the ear, for the ears;

- UNDER: under the feet, under the hands, under the mountain, under the nose, under the evening;

- ON: along the forest, along the floor, along the nose, along the sea, along the field, along the ear;

- FROM: from the forest, from the house, from the nose, from the sight;

- WITHOUT: no news, no year a week, no use;

- FROM: hour by hour, from birth.

6) In many verbs in the past tense in the feminine form, the stress is at the end, less often based on. Wed:

- I took, was heard, removed, slept, etc.;

- bla, brula, dula, sting, lay, stole, wings, we?la, my?la, fell, gave birth, walked.

7) Many passive past participles have an accent based, except for the feminine singular form in which it is carried at the end, For example:

- taken - taken - taken? then - taken? you; started - started - started - started; prúdan - pridaná - prúdano - prúdana; adopted - accepted - adopted - adopted; sold - soldá - sold - sold; lived - lived - lived - lived etc.

But from the sacraments - swearing, - tattered, - called the feminine form is accented based. Wed:

- selected, selected, selected, created, selected, selected, selected, selected etc.;

- ripped, ripped, ripped, ripped, ripped, ripped, ripped, ripped etc.;

- called, called, called, called etc.

4.3. Pronunciation norms

Orthoepy is a set of rules that determine the pronunciation norms of oral (sounding) speech and provide a uniform and obligatory for all literate native speakers of the sound of all language units in accordance with the characteristics of the language phonetic system, as well as a uniform (or in the form of strictly regulated variants) pronunciation of those or other linguistic units in accordance with the norms of pronunciation for the literary language that have historically developed and entrenched in public language practice.

The rules (norms) of pronunciation in the Russian literary language may refer to the pronunciation of individual sounds in certain phonetic positions, as part of certain combinations of sounds, in different grammatical forms, to the phonetic word and rhythmic structure (correct stress). Thus, the main orthoepic rules of the Russian language can be divided into those that determine:

Pronunciation of vowels (in different positions in a word, as well as when determining the place of stress);

Pronunciation of consonants (also in different positions in a word, in combinations of consonants, in combinations with some vowels, in different grammatical forms).

Vowel pronunciation

In the field of vowels, modern pronunciation is associated with acan and hiccup.

When akanye, unstressed vowels alternating with stressed [ó] and [á] coincide in the first pre-stressed syllable after paired hard ones in the sound [a]: embankment).

When hiccupping, unstressed vowels alternating with stressed [and?], [eh?], [ó], [á], coincide in the first pre-stressed syllable after soft ones in the sound [and]: h[i] tát = h[i] r i´k = h[i]rnet = h[i]s s´ (cf. test read, worm, black, hour).

Another way of pronouncing unstressed vowels, characterized by the opposition of i-shaped and e-shaped sounds, is called ekan: h [i] tát / h [ie] rv y´k \u003d h [ie] rnet \u003d h [ie] with s ´ (in transcription used the icon "and, prone to e"). This norm is obsolete and is not currently used.

In the position of the first pre-stressed syllable, after the letter a, solid hissing in place, the vowel [a] is pronounced: w [a] rá heat, sh [a] gát walk, sh [a] mpanskoe champagne. However, there are a few exception words that sound [s]: losh[s] dey of horses, well [s] to regret, unfortunately, twenty [s] twenty. The words jacket and jasmine allow for a double pronunciation.

In addition, it is necessary to pay attention to some more pronunciation norms in the field of vowels:

• In some words of both Russian and foreign origin, there are fluctuations in the choice of [e] or [o] after soft consonants and hissing: maneuvers - maneuvers, bile - bile, faded, but faded.
• Some words allow the variance of the sound design of the root: zero - zero, plan - plan, tunnel - tunnel, condition - condition.
• In some cases, in words of foreign origin, the corresponding laws of the phonetic implementation of vowels may be violated, while in unstressed syllables, sounds [o], [e], [a] may appear: b[o]á (boa), b[o]leró (bolero), r[o]k[o]ko (rococo).
• In some cases, in the first stems of complex and compound words, the laws of vowel behavior may be violated, while sounds may appear in unstressed positions. [o], [e], [a]: g[o] szakaz (government order), [o] rgtékhnika (office equipment).
• In some unstressed prefixes of both foreign and Russian origin, the corresponding laws of the phonetic implementation of vowels may be violated, while in an unstressed position, sounds [o], [e], [a] can be pronounced: p[o]stmodernism (postmodernism), pre[o]Islamic (pro-Islamic).
• In some unstressed prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions and particles adjacent to the stressed word, the corresponding phonetic laws for the implementation of vowels may be violated: n[o] i (but i), n[a] w site (our site).

Pronunciation of consonants

It is necessary to distinguish between orthoepic norms in the sphere of consonants regarding their voiced/deafness and hardness/softness.

1. By loudness / deafness.

1) In Russian literary pronunciation, voiced consonants at the end of a word and before voiceless consonants are stunned, and voiceless consonants are voiced before voiced ones. There is no positional change of consonants in deafness-voicing before vowels, sonorant consonants and [v], [v']: [zu?p], [p'r'ievo?sk], , [vo?dy], [sl' o?t], [sva?t].

2) Before vowels, sonorant consonants and [v], [v '], a voiced explosive consonant [g] is pronounced. When stunned at the end of a word and before deaf consonants, in place of the voiced [r], a deaf [k] is pronounced: [p'irLga?], [gra?t], [gro's't'], [p'iro?k] . Only in the interjection God, in the word god, the fricatives [γ] and [x] are preserved:

2. By hardness / softness.

1) In the modern language, before [e], the appearance of both hard and soft consonants is possible: mo [d] el, ti [r] e, an [t] enna, but [d '] espot, [r '] els, [tenor. In a number of words, variable pronunciation is allowed, for example: prog [r] ess / prog [r '] ess, k [r] edo / k [r '] edo, etc.

2) The combination of letters ch in some cases corresponds to the sequence [shn], in others - [ch'n]. So, for example, of course, boring, scrambled eggs are pronounced with [shn], and exact, excellent student, eternal - with [h’n]. In some words, both options are correct: decent, bakery, milkman. There are also examples in which the choice between [shn] and [ch'n] depends on the meaning: a friend is heart[shn], but a heart attack; shapo [shn] th acquaintance, but shapo [ch'n] th workshop.

3) The consonant [w: '] is a very rare sound. It is pronounced in place of the letters zhzh, zzh in such words as yeast, reins, ride, splashes, rattles, later and some others. However, even in these words, the soft [zh: '] is gradually lost, being replaced by a hard [zh:]. In the case of rain, the rain consonant [zh: '] is displaced by the sound combination [zhd '].

4) In the modern language, the rules for positional softening of consonants before soft ones are characterized by particular variability and instability. Consistently, only the replacement of [n] with [n '] before [h '] and [sh¯ '] takes place: diva [n'h '] ik sofa, deception [n 'w: '] ik deceiver. In other groups of consonants, softening either does not occur at all (la [fk '] and benches, rubbing [pk '] and rags), or it is associated with the choice of positions, with the representation in speech of not all native speakers. So, most people soften the teeth before the teeth not only in the middle of the word (ko[s’t’] bone, ne[s’n’] I song), but also at the beginning of the word and at the junction of the prefix with the root, i.e. in “unstable” positions: [s’t’]ena wall, ra[z’n’] to smash. Softening the consonant in other combinations is more an exception than a rule: [dv '] er door (less often [d'v '] er), [cj] eat (less often [c 'j] eat), e [sl '] and if (less often e [s'l'] and).

5) Adjectives in -ky, -gy, -hy are pronounced with soft back-lingual consonants: Russian [k '] y Russian, strict [g '] y strict, ti [x '] y quiet.

6) In the overwhelming majority of cases, the consonant turns out to be soft in the postfixes -sya / -s of verbs: I’m learning, I’ve raised [s ’] I rose.

Date: 2010-05-18 00:49:35

Views: 12260

Orthoepic norms are pronunciation norms of oral speech. They are studied by a special section of linguistics - orthoepy. Orthoepy is also called the set of rules for literary pronunciation. Orthoepy determines the pronunciation of individual sounds in certain phonetic positions, in combination with other sounds, their pronunciation in certain grammatical forms, groups of words or in individual words, as well as the features of the pronunciation of words of foreign origin.

The most important features of Russian literary pronunciation were determined as early as the first half of the 18th century. based on the Moscow colloquial language, the main feature of which is akanye.

In the modern Russian literary language there is no complete unification of literary pronunciation, however, orthoepic norms as a whole represent a consistent system that is developing and improving. Theater, radio broadcasting, television, cinema play a huge role in the formation of literary pronunciation - powerful means of orthoepic norms and maintaining their unity.

Observance of uniformity in pronunciation is of great importance, spelling errors interfere with perceiving the content of speech: the listener's attention is distracted by various pronunciation irregularities and the statement in its entirety and with sufficient attention is not perceived. Pronunciation, corresponding to orthoepic norms, facilitates and speeds up the process of communication.

Pronunciation styles have a significant influence on the nature of pronunciation. There are two main types of pronunciation: complete and incomplete. The first one is characterized by observance of the orthoepic norm, distinctness of pronunciation, correct placement of verbal and logical stress. Incomplete (colloquial) is characterized by excessive reduction of vowels, loss of consonants, fuzzy pronunciation, unwanted pauses.

Differ also high (academic) pronunciation style, which is characterized by a special emotionality, and colloquial used in communication. High style is distinguished by the speech of actors reading a poetic text. A full and high style of pronunciation is an essential condition for oratory.

Basic rules of literary pronunciation of sounds.

1. PRONUNCIATION OF VOFES.

In Russian speech, among vowels, only stressed ones are pronounced clearly. In an unstressed position, they lose their clarity and clarity of sound, they are pronounced with weakened articulation. These changes are called reduction. Reduction is the weakening of a vowel in an unstressed position. Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative reduction.

Quantitative reduction - when a vowel changes strength, length, but not quality. With a qualitative reduction, the vowel changes strength, longitude and, most importantly, quality. In Russian, vowels (u), (s), (i) undergo quantitative reduction, and qualitative reduction - (a), (o), (e).

Reduction depends on the position in the word in relation to stress and on the proximity to consonants (hard or soft). Changes in sounds in speech are not reflected in writing.

After hard hissing (g) and (w), the vowel (a) in the first pre-stressed word is pronounced like (a), for example, jargon, to step, but before soft consonants, a sound is pronounced, the middle between (i) and (e), for example, sorry, horses .

After soft consonants in the first pre-stressed syllable, in place of the letters E and I, a sound is pronounced, the middle between (and) and (e), for example, spring, hours.

In the rest of the unstressed syllables, in place of the letters E and I, a very short (and) is pronounced, for example, giant, piglet, take out.

The norms of pronunciation of vowels include the norms of stress. They are studied by accentology. In Russian, stress is free, i.e. can be on any syllable in a word. Another feature of Russian stress is its morphemic mobility: stress can move from one significant part of a word to another in its various forms and cognates.

2. PRONUNCIATION OF CONSONANTS.

The Russian language is characterized by the stunning of voiced consonants at the end of a word (for example, in the word oak, instead of the sound D, it is pronounced P);

Stunning of voiced consonants before deaf ones (for example, in the word track, instead of the sound Zh, it is pronounced Sh);

The voicing of deaf consonants before voiced ones (for example, in the word request, instead of the sound C, it is pronounced Z);

A hard consonant before a soft one is usually (but not always!) softened

(for example, in the word execution, the sound Z is pronounced softly);

The combination of sounds CHN is usually pronounced in the same way as it is written. The pronunciation of SHN instead of the spelling CHN is currently required in female patronymics on -ICHNA: Ilyinichna, and is also preserved in separate words: OF COURSE, PEPPER, BORING, etc .;

The combination of sounds CHT is pronounced in the same way as it is written. Exceptions are the words that, to, nothing, something;

In Russian, there is such a thing as unpronounceable consonants. These include combinations of the following sounds: STN (for example, happy), ZDN (holiday), RDC (heart), VSTV (feel).

3. Pronunciation of foreign words.

In some unstressed syllables, in place of the letter O, the sound O is pronounced: bOa, radio, chaos, etc .;

Unlike native Russian words, in which consonants are traditionally softened before the letter E, borrowed words can be pronounced differently:

1) some retain a solid pronunciation before E:

adapter, adequate, alternative, anesthesia, antenna, antithesis, asteroid, atheist, atelier, sandwich, delta, detective, dispensary, identical, index, muffler, code, cottage, cousin, cure, manager, nonsense, panel, parterre, pathetic, puree, rugby, requiem, service, session, sonnet, tempo, timbre, tennis, thermos, express;

2) consonants before E soften:

agent, aggression, academy, gazelle, debate, hyphen, kinescope, competent, cream, museum, patent, press, claim, progress, raid, safe, therapist, term, thermonuclear, terror, plywood, overcoat;

3) variable pronunciation is allowed:

parcel, pool, dean, decadent, depression, creed, track.

Difficult cases of pronunciation in Russian:

- the stress falls on the first syllable:

bows, bartender, (without) silence, boons, bungalow, supper, genesis, stamp, lark, conspiracy, cheap, locked, sign, significance, long ago, marketing, management, obliquely, begun, adolescence, adopted, mold, beetroot, plum , means, statue, judges, (piece of) cake, cakes, immediately, shoe, (many) shoes;

- the stress falls on the second syllable:

analogue, anatomist, arrest, scam, spoiled, rampant, block, (to) money, leisure, utterly, doze, enviably, clogged, clog, mold, call, jagged, sophistication, exhaust, quarter, college, prettier, flint, ache , hunk, maneuver, intention, guardianship, wholesale, in part, solvent, force, clog, carpenter, dancer, customs, notified, facsimile, phenomenon, intercessor, petition, chassis, sorrel, expert;

- the stress falls on the third syllable:

agronomy, alcohol, alphabet, apostrophe, indulge, being, bureaucracy, gross, gastronomy, bigamy, diopter, dispensary, contract, contracts, contractual, before dark, confessor, heretic, blinds, catalogue, pantry, obituary, muteness, unopened, provision, ease, encourage, lend, repeat, call, half an hour, anticipate, (not) fail, spy, Ukrainian, epilogue;

- the stress falls on the fourth syllable:

aristocracy, asymmetry, gas, gas pipeline, newborn, promised, reward, dispersal, concentration, legalization, aggravate, Christian;

- the stress falls on the fifth syllable:

religion, agreed.

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Orthoepic norms regulate the pronunciation of individual sounds in different phonetic positions, in combination with other sounds, as well as their pronunciation in certain grammatical forms, groups of words or in individual words.

It is important to maintain uniformity in pronunciation. Spelling errors affect the listener's perception of speech: they distract his attention from the essence of the presentation, can cause misunderstanding, indignation and irritation. Pronunciation, which corresponds to orthoepic standards, greatly facilitates and speeds up the process of communication.

Orthoepic norms are determined by the phonetic system of the Russian language. Each language has its own phonetic laws that regulate the pronunciation of words.

The basis of the Russian literary language, and hence the literary pronunciation, is the Moscow dialect.

In Russian orthoepy, it is customary to distinguish between "senior" and "junior" norms. "older" norm preserves the features of the old Moscow pronunciation of individual sounds, sound combinations, words and their forms. "Junior" norm reflects the features of modern literary pronunciation.

Let us turn to the basic rules of literary pronunciation that must be observed.

Pronunciation of vowels.

In Russian speech, only vowels that are under stress are pronounced clearly: s [a] d, v [o] lk, d [o] m. Vowels that are in an unstressed position lose clarity and clarity. It's called the law of reduction (from Latin reducire to reduce).

Vowels [a] and [o] at the beginning of the word without stress and in the first pre-stressed syllable, they are pronounced as [a]: deer - [a] laziness, being late - [a] p [a] to build, forty - from [a] rock.

In an unstressed position (in all unstressed syllables, except for the first pre-stressed one) after hard consonants in place of the letter o pronounced short (reduced) obscure sound, the pronunciation of which in different positions ranges from [s] to [a]. Conventionally, this sound is denoted by the letter [b]. For example: side - side [b] rona, head - g [b] fishing, dear - d [b] horn, gunpowder - por [b] x, gold - gold [b] t [b].

After soft consonants in the first pre-stressed syllable in place of letters a, e, i pronounce sound, middle between [e] and [and]. Conventionally, this sound is indicated by the sign [and e]: language - [and e] language, pen - p [and e] ro, hours - h [and e] sy.

Vowel [and] after a solid consonant, preposition, or when the word is fused with the previous one, it is pronounced as [s]: pedagogical institute - pedagogical [s] institute, to Ivan - to [s] van, laughter and tears - laughter [s] tears. In the presence of a pause, [and] does not turn into [s]: laughter and tears.

Pronunciation of consonants.

The main laws of pronunciation of consonants in Russian - stun and likeness.

voiced consonants, standing before the deaf and at the end of words, are stunned- this is one of the characteristic features of Russian literary speech. We pronounce table [p] - pillar, snow [k] - snow, hand [f] - sleeve, etc. It should be noted that the consonant [g] at the end of the word always turns into a deaf sound paired with it [k ]: smo[k] - could, dr[k] - friend, etc. The pronunciation in this case of the sound [x] is considered as a dialect. The exception is the word god - bo[x].

[G] pronounced like [X] in combinations gk and gch: le [hk "] y - easy, le [hk] o - easy.

Deaf consonants before voiced ones are pronounced as their corresponding voiced ones: [z] give - hand over, pro [z "] ba - request.

In the pronunciation of words with a combination of ch, there is a fluctuation, which is associated with a change in the rules of the old Moscow pronunciation. According to the norms of the modern Russian literary language, the combination ch that's how it's usually pronounced [h], this is especially true for words of book origin (endless, careless), as well as for relatively new words (camouflage, landing). Chn is pronounced like [sn] in female patronymics on -ichna: Kuzmini[shn]a, Lukini[shn]a, Ilini[shn]a, and is also preserved in separate words: horse[shn]o, sku[shn]no, re[shn]itsa, yai[shn]itsa, square[shn]ik, etc.

Some words with a combination of ch in accordance with the norm have a double pronunciation: order [shn] o and order [ch] o, etc.

In some words, instead of h be pronounced [w]: [w] something, [w] something, etc.

The letter g in the endings -whoa-, -his- reads like [in]: niko [in] o - no one, mine [in] o - mine.

Final -tsya and -tsya verbs are pronounced like [tssa]: smile [tsa] - smiles.

Pronunciation of borrowed words.

As a rule, borrowed words obey modern orthoepic norms and only in some cases differ in features in pronunciation. For example, the pronunciation of the sound [o] is sometimes preserved in unstressed syllables (m[o] del, [o] asis) and solid consonants before the vowel [e]: an [te] nna, co [de] ks, ge [ne] tika ). In most borrowed words, before [e], the consonants are softened: k[r"]em, aka[d"]emiya, faculty[t"]et, mu[z"]ee, shi[n"]spruce. Consonants g, k, x is always softened before [e]: ma [k "] em, [g "] eyzer, [k "] egli, s [x"] ema.

Variant pronunciation is allowed in the words: dean, therapy, claim, terror, track.

You should pay attention and for setting the accent. The stress in Russian is not fixed, it is mobile: in different grammatical forms of the same word, the stress can be different: ruká - ruku, accepted - accepted, end - final - finish.

In most cases, you need to contact orthoepic dictionaries of the Russian language, in which the pronunciation of words is given. This will help to better master the pronunciation norms: before using in practice any word that causes difficulties, look into the spelling dictionary and find out how it (the word) is pronounced.

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These are the rules for pronunciation of vowels and consonants.

The pronunciation norms of the modern Russian literary language have evolved over the centuries, changing. So, for example, in Ancient Russia, the entire population who spoke Russian was Okalo, i.e. pronounced the sound [o] not only under stress, but also in unstressed syllables (just as it happens today in the dialect dialects of the North and Siberia: in [o] yes, dr[o] wa, p[o] go etc.). However, okanye did not become the norm of the national Russian literary language. What prevented this? Changes in the composition of the Moscow population. Moscow in the XVI-XVIII centuries. accepted many immigrants from the southern provinces and absorbed the features of the southern Russian pronunciation, in particular akanye: in [a] yes, dr[a] wa, n[a] go. And this happened just at the time when the solid foundations of a single literary language were being laid.

Since Moscow and subsequently St. Petersburg were the capitals of the Russian state, the centers of the economic, political and cultural life of Russia, it turned out that the Moscow pronunciation was taken as the basis for the literary pronunciation, on which some features of the St.

For successful mastering of orthoepic norms it is necessary:

1) learn the basic rules of Russian literary pronunciation;

2) learn to listen to your speech and the speech of others;

3) listen and study the exemplary literary pronunciation, which radio and television announcers, masters of the artistic word must master;

4) consciously compare your pronunciation with the exemplary one, analyze your mistakes and shortcomings;

5) correct mistakes by constant speech training in preparation for public speaking.

The complete style is characterized by:

1) compliance with the requirements of orthoepic norms;

2) clarity and distinctness of pronunciation;

3) the correct arrangement of verbal and logical stress;

4) moderate pace;

5) correct speech pauses;

6) neutral intonation.

With an incomplete pronunciation style, there is:

1) excessive reduction of words, loss of consonants and whole syllables, for example: right now (now), thousand (thousand), kilogram tomato(kilograms of tomatoes), etc.;

2) indistinct pronunciation of individual sounds and combinations;

3) inconsistent pace of speech, unwanted pauses.

If in everyday speech these features of pronunciation are acceptable, then in public speaking they must be avoided.

Some difficult cases of pronunciation of vowels and consonants

Pronunciation of vowels

In the pronunciation of a number of words such as scam, guardianship, grenadier, wool, faded etc. difficulties arise due to the indistinguishability of the letters e / e in the printed text, since only one graphic symbol is used to designate them - e. This situation leads to a distortion of the phonetic appearance of the word, causes frequent pronunciation errors.

List of words with a stressed vowel [e]:

af e ra

breve started

being

head shka

holole ditsa

bittersweet

grenada

single, different, one, tribal (but: many, different tribes)

life

expired (year); but: bleed out

Kiev-Pechersk Lavra

perplexed

guardianship

axis long

produced

List of words with a stressed vowel [o]:

bl yo kly

lie; zhe lchny (additional [zhe])

same forehead

oblivion

manyo vr; maneuverability

I'm useless

of the same name

point

named

shadow that

alkali

1. In some words of foreign origin in place unstressed spelling "o" instead of a sound close in pronunciation to [a], the sound is pronounced [o]: beau monde, trio, boa, cocoa, biostimulant, advice note, oasis, reputation. The pronunciation of the words poetry, credo, etc. with unstressed [o] is optional. Proper names of foreign origin also retain unstressed [o] as a variant of literary pronunciation: Chopin, Voltaire, etc.

Pronunciation of consonants

According to old Moscow norms, the spelling combination -ch- was pronounced like [shn] in the words bulo tea, purposely, penny, trifle, creamy, apple and others. At present, the pronunciation [shn] has been preserved only in some words: horse chno, boring, scrambled eggs, eyeglass, mustard, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party. In the vast majority of other words, in place of the letter combination -ch- it is pronounced [h’n]: toy chny, creamy, apple, diner, wine glass etc. In addition, according to the norms of the Russian literary language, the combination of letters -ch- has always been pronounced and pronounced like [ch'n] in words of book origin, for example: al chny, eternity, careless, as well as in words that have recently appeared in Russian: otli black hat, camouflage and etc.

The [shn] pronunciation is preserved today in female patronymics ending in -ichna: Nikiti chn a, Ilyinich a etc.

The letter combination -th- in the word that and in its derivatives is pronounced like [pcs]: [pcs] oby, something [pcs] about, [pcs] about anything, none [pcs] about. In the word something sounds [h't].

The combinations of the letters zhzh and zzh can be pronounced as a long soft sound [zh’zh ’] in accordance with the old Moscow pronunciation: in [zh’zh ’] and, dro [zh’zh ’] and, later - after [zh’zh ’] e etc. However, at present, soft [zh’zh ’] in such words is being replaced by hard [lzh]: in [lj] and, dro [lj] and, later - after [lj] e and others. Soft long [zh'zh '] is recommended for stage, as well as radio and television speech.

In the pronunciation of the word rain, the variant predominates [PCS'] while remaining, but obsolete to [sh’sh’]. In other forms of this word in modern Russian, the sound combination [zhd '] was fixed: before [wait '] I, until [wait '] and.

Pronunciation of loanwords

In the position before the sound [e], denoted in writing by the letter e, both soft and hard consonants are pronounced in borrowed words, for example: detective - [dete] active, academy - aka [d'e] miya.

The lack of softness is more often characteristic of dental consonants d, t, z, s, n and consonant r, for example: fo [ne] tika, [re] quiem. However, in borrowed words fully mastered by the Russian language, these consonants are pronounced softly in accordance with the tradition of the Russian letter e to denote the softness of the preceding consonant sound: mu ze y, te rmin, tire l and etc.

Remember the pronunciation of the following words!

List of words with softly pronounced consonants before E (aka [d'e] miya, [b'er'e] t and etc.):

ag re ssia

academy

disinfection

de prescia

de can [d "e] and [de]

de fis

competence

congre ss

museum

Ode ssa

patent nt

press

pre ssing

progress ss

se yf

service

session [s "e] and [se]

those rmin

federal

tire

express ss

jurisprudence

List of words with strongly pronounced consonants before E (a [de] pt, [dete] rminism and etc.):

a inadequate

antise ptik

atheism

business with, business change

a sandwich

degradation

de qualification

decollete

de cor

de mping

childism

dispensary

indexing

a computer

conse nsus

manager (add. [m "ene])

nonce ns

parte p

pretentious

producer

protection

rating

requiem

str ss

those sis

those mbr

those mp

trend

thermos

extras ns

energy

P.S. In borrowed words beginning with prefixes de- before vowels, dez-, as well as in the first part of compound words beginning with neo-, with a general tendency to soften, there are fluctuations in the pronunciation of soft and hard d and n:

devaluation [d "e and de]

misinformation [d "e and de]

neo-colonialism [neo and add. n "eo]

AT foreign proper names recommended solid pronunciation consonants before e: Descartes, Flaubert, De Cameron, Rembrandt and etc.

Solid [sh] is pronounced in words parachute [shu], brochure [shu]. The word of the jury is pronounced soft sizzling [zh"]. The names Julien, Jules are also softly pronounced.

1. When pronouncing some foreign words, erroneous extra consonants or vowels sometimes appear. Should be pronounced:

   incident (not incident[n] dent)

   precedent (not precedent)

   dermatin (not dermat[n] tin)

   to compromise (not to compromise)

   competitive (not competitive [n] able)

   extraordinary (not h[e] extraordinary)

   institution (non-educational)

   future (not future)

   thirsty (not thirsty)