Construction of reinforced floors in a frame house. Ceilings in a frame house Ceiling plan of a frame house

The floor and ceiling in a frame house are horizontal surfaces that limit and enclose its internal volume. They are mounted on floors that are part of the load-bearing frame of the house. And in this sense, the importance of overlaps can hardly be overestimated. In addition to the fact that they close the vertical walls on themselves, forming a single solid spatial structure, the ceilings provide the rigidity of the floor and ceiling, as well as thermal insulation and noise protection of the entire house.

Both the structure of the floors and the materials used for them depend on their place and purpose in the house. In a frame house, there are three types of floors: floor, ceiling (attic) and interfloor.

The task of the first is to provide the necessary strength and rigidity of the floor. Ceilings support only the ceiling finish and a layer of insulation, sometimes very impressive.

Interfloor overlap performs the functions of both floor and ceiling, being the carrier of the floor of the upper floor and the ceiling of the lower.

The most unpleasant load on the structure in question is vertical. Therefore, the basis of the overlap is calculated based on the need to minimize vertical deflections.

In a frame house, floors in the vast majority of cases are made of coniferous wood, such as pine, spruce or larch. The basis is the floor logs or ceiling beams. It is they who take on all the loads of the floor, then transferring them to the upper or lower trim, as well as to the internal walls or foundation.

Floor beams can be round timber processed into two or four edges, timber or boards installed on the edge with a thickness of at least 80 mm. It is acceptable to replace thick boards with paired thinner ones, for example, 50 mm thick. The main thing is to firmly and reliably “sew” them together. A more complex, but advantageous option in terms of rigidity / price is a device made of box-shaped boards or an I-beam.

The size of the load-bearing beams is determined depending on the span, load and allowable deflection. This value is for reference, and if necessary, the corresponding tables are easy to find on the Web. The typical design of frame houses allows you to fix the average values ​​of the loads, by which you can determine the cross section of the support beams.

So, the load on the floors consists of a constant component - their own mass, as well as variable loads that appear during the operation of the house. The own weight of one square meter of interfloor and floor ceilings of a frame house depends on their design, the insulation and sound insulator used, and usually amounts to 210-230 kg.

The self-weight of attic floors is higher, since more insulating materials are used here. It can be from 260 to 300 kg. However, variable loads in attic floors are less and usually do not exceed 100 kg per square meter, while for interfloor floors this figure is twice as high.

In order to calculate the total load on the ceiling, it is necessary to add the constant and variable components. Given the span length of the beams and their profile, according to the table we find the cross-sectional area. The distance between the beams is determined in a similar way, which usually ranges from 0.5 to 1 m.

Floor beams are installed on the strapping and fastened either with metal corners, or cut directly into the strapping beam (board). For interfloor and attic floors, there is a requirement: beams should be installed only above the vertical racks of the wall frame.

If in this case the step of the floor beams does not coincide with the calculated one, the latter must be reduced to a value that is a multiple of the step of the frame racks.

Flooring and lining

After installing and fixing the beams, a flooring (top) and filing (bottom) are arranged on them. Interfloor overlap requires a lining that supports only its own weight, decorative ceiling elements, as well as a light weight of soundproofing material. Therefore, the requirements for bearing capacity are minimal. As such a filing in a frame house, almost any sheet material can be used, for example, ceiling plasterboard, which also significantly increases the fire resistance of the building.

The lining of the attic and floor floors must withstand a much greater weight of the insulation and other structural elements of the floor. Therefore, it is made from a grooved board with a thickness of 30 mm.

Another option is a rollover device. In the lower part of the floor beams from the sides, the so-called cranial bars are stuffed along their entire length. Usually, a rail with a section of 30x50 mm is used for this purpose. And they are already stacked with roll-over boards: boards or any sheet material that can withstand the weight of the insulator, for example, plywood. In this case, the entire load from the weight of the internal elements of the floor falls on the reel. And the filing only needs to support the weight of the ceiling trim.

In a frame house, two types of flooring are distinguished: running and draft. Walking flooring is used in the attic to enable movement on it. In addition, the flooring is a fine plank floor. Both types are arranged by fastening the boards either directly to the beams (floor logs) or through elastic pads.

But they differ in the quality of laying: the boards of the running floor are rallied, while the boards of the subfloor are nailed with a gap necessary for the movement of air from the back of the finished floor. In attics that are not planned to be used, you can do without the top flooring. Instead, so-called passage boards are laid along the route of the emergency passage.

"Stuffing" overlap

Overlappings of any type have a similar structure. Glassine, roofing felt or just a plastic film are laid on the reel or directly on the filing. From above fall asleep or lay insulating material. Naturally, loose heaters fall asleep, such as expanded clay, furnace slag, perlite, etc. Sheet or roll heaters are laid: foam plastic, glass wool, etc.

It should be noted that only floor and attic floors need to be insulated, and interior floors are only soundproofed with acoustic mineral wool. The required amount of insulation is determined according to the tables, depending on its type and average winter air temperature.

Useful advice: after filling the insulation into the attic floor, it is recommended to spill it on top with sand-cement or lime mortar. This event will significantly slow down the destruction of the insulation and extend its service life.

Ensuring optimal operating conditions

Given the importance of floors to ensure the normal functioning of the frame house, it is necessary to create the appropriate conditions for them to maintain strength characteristics throughout the life of the house. And the most important of the external factors that have a negative impact on wooden floor structures is moisture.

Any overlap to a greater or lesser extent prevents the free movement of air containing water vapor. And under certain conditions (temperature difference, air humidity), moisture condenses on the wooden parts of the ceiling. In the absence of sufficient air movement, the wood remains wet for a long time, which is fraught with the following consequences.

First, the tree absorbs moisture and swells, changing its linear dimensions. And this, in turn, creates increased stresses in the structure. Several cycles of "swelling - drying" can lead to a loss of strength of the joints of floor parts, which will make their operation difficult, if not impossible.

Secondly, wet pulp is a very good environment for mold growth, which can destroy floor beams in 2-3 years. The problem of humidity is acute for floor slabs, to a much lesser extent for attic floors and is generally not relevant for interior floors.

Therefore, to ensure normal air circulation in the basement, it is recommended to equip ventilation ducts or wells.

Particular attention should be paid to wooden floors in rooms with high humidity (bathroom, toilet, kitchen, etc.). Here it is advisable to supplement the floors with a waterproofing layer. But it is better to refuse the bottom filing, limiting yourself to one reel. On the one hand, this will improve air exchange, on the other hand, it will allow you to control the condition of the floor details.

As you can see, it is not so difficult to arrange an overlap in a frame house. The main thing is to do everything right. And then you will not remember about its existence while you live in the house.

After exterior walls of a frame house collected, raised and, most importantly, aligned, you can proceed to the interfloor ceilings. If you have a one-story house, the floor will be called "attic" and will be the last in the construction of the house. We will also consider the types of roofs characteristic of frame houses and their design.

Frame house ceilings

The main task frame house ceilings- this is not only the creation of the floor of the second floor and the ceiling of the first, but also the strengthening of the structure of the house. Floor beams are selected according to strength and rigidity. Strength requirements depend on the load that the beams must carry. The stiffness, in turn, must be such as to minimize the possibility of cracks in the ceiling finish due to live loads and, more importantly, to reduce unpleasant floor vibration from moving loads.

beams frame house ceilings are made, as a rule, from boards with a thickness of 38 mm and a width (beam height) of 140, 184, 235 or 286 mm. The size (height) depends on the load, the span, the distance between the beams, the type and type of wood, as well as the allowable deformation. The spacing between beams is typically 400 mm (16 in), although under increased loads or where space is limited, it is possible to place beams of reduced height 300 mm (12 in) apart. If the beam board has a slight curvature in the plane, it should be installed with the curved side up. After laying the deck and a clean floor, the curvature of the beam is usually leveled. The figure below shows the design of the beam ceiling.

If you need to make an opening in the ceiling for a staircase or a fireplace chimney.

Floor preparation is done by sheathing with plywood panels, OSB plywood, sheathing with boards no more than 184 mm wide in a quarter or in tongue and groove. The plywood panels are installed so that the surface fibers are perpendicular to the floor joists. If the plywood preparation is done with underlayment, then the side edges of the panels should be supported by blocking with 38 x 38 mm (2 x 2 in) battens between the floor joists. Supporting is not necessary if the edges of the panels are joined into a tongue and groove.

Roof of a frame house

The simplest frame house roof for construction directly on the site is a gable roof (option A). All rafters are cut to the same length with the same details, and installation is not difficult. When constructing an attic living space, it is important to pay attention to insulation and the correct installation of air insulation and vapor barrier. These are the key points of the frame construction pie.

What is the roof frame made of?

The technology of erecting the roof of a frame house

Installation of the ridge beam frame house roofs begins with attaching two vertical support posts to the top trim of the frame house. Racks are assembled from boards and installed strictly according to the level in order to fix the intermediate racks (skate supports). In the upper floor, the beams on which they rest must be specially reinforced. The ridge beam is also assembled from boards to enhance its longitudinal strength. The boards are fastened in a run with metal plates.

Rafter legs are mounted on the ridge and on the edges of the upper trim with metal corners. In order to reduce the unsupported span of the rafters, intermediate supporting walls are made of.

All rafters are sawn strictly according to the template with the most accurate angle washed down at the junction with the ridge beam and the edges of the lower trim. All uneven rafters are stacked with bumps up. For roof overhangs, boards are used just above the rafters, in order to make a crate along the rafters and, as a result, get a flat surface on which sheets of OSB plywood (thickness 12.5 mm) are laid in a checkerboard pattern. Roofing material can be mounted on the resulting structure.

One of the most important technological stages in the construction of a frame house is the installation of the floor. The traditional option that best fits into the environment of such a structure is a wooden floor - an environmentally friendly structure that, unlike concrete floors, the frame of the building can withstand without any problems.

Next, you are invited to familiarize yourself with the sequence of flooring in a frame house. Having studied the above recommendations, you will successfully cope with the implementation of the necessary activities on your own, avoiding the need to involve third-party craftsmen and the associated costs.

First of all, you must choose the right wood. In the selection process, consider the climate at the location of the house, the expected intensity of the load on the structure, the available budget, as well as the features of the operation of the room being equipped.

For greater ease of perception, the key criteria for evaluating materials and recommendations for their operation are presented in the form of a table.

Table. The choice of material for flooring in a frame house

To determine the required amount of material, calculate the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room. Additionally, add to the calculated value of the order of 5-10% for the stock. Flooring is most conveniently done using boards with a length of 2 m or more. If possible, buy elements from the same batch, made and processed under the same conditions. This will ensure that there are no differences in color, texture or other external evaluation criteria for the boards.

The most preferred material for arranging flooring in a frame house is edged tongue and groove board. The main advantage of using this material is that there is no need for finishing grinding, which makes it possible to significantly reduce labor and time costs.

What can be the floor of a wooden house: an overview of existing options

For the arrangement of the flooring, the following materials are most often used:

• parquet;
• glued parquet board. The material costs less than ordinary parquet, without having, at the same time, significant external differences, but slightly inferior in a number of performance characteristics;
• solid parquet board;
• solid wood board.

Preparatory work

The flooring technology in the building under consideration involves the creation of a two-layer structure consisting of a base and directly wooden materials. Traditionally, the flooring is laid on the logs or on top of the floor beams. When choosing a specific method, it is necessary to take into account, first of all, the features of the equipped room and its location.

Before use, all wooden components are impregnated with special antiseptic and flame retardant agents. Be sure to waterproof the base of the future floor structure. Penofol is great for this job. In the absence of a sufficient budget, you can also use plastic wrap.

The procedure for arranging the subfloor in a frame house

Support preparation

If your frame is being built on a columnar foundation, you will not have to perform any additional preparatory measures, with the exception of arranging the waterproofing of the supports (usually roofing material is used for this). In the case of building a house on a different supporting structure, start by arranging the mentioned pillars. At the discretion of the owner, the supports are either built of brick or cast from concrete, taking into account the design height of the future floor. The step of placing the pillars should not exceed 2 m, on average, they adhere to an 80-100-centimeter step.

For example, instructions are given for arranging such supports made of concrete. The procedure is as follows:

• using a drill, holes are prepared in the ground with a diameter of about 20 cm and a depth of about 100 cm;
• asbestos-cement pipes with a length of about 130 cm and an internal diameter of 100 mm are set into the holes according to the level;
• the space in the pits around the pipes is covered with sand, which is spilled with water and compacted;
• a building mixture prepared from 1 share of cement, 4 shares of sand, about 5 shares of gravel and water is poured into the pipes through a funnel;
• special plates are installed in the pipes to fix the log.

Lag installation

Before mounting the logs, you need to make the bottom harness.

If you don't have it ready yet, follow these steps:

• fix the bottom trim boards on the foundation. Elements are installed on the edge. The most commonly used boards are 15x5 cm in size. If necessary, you can change these indicators to suit the conditions of your situation;
• connect the boards of the inner bottom trim in the corners with screws;
• to the inner boards with screws, attach the boards of the middle part of the lower trim;
• attach the outer boards to the middle boards. Fixation is also performed with screws;
• plan the top of the strapping boards with an electric planer. Make sure the structure is even with a level;
• mark the places for the future installation of the lag;
• armed with an electric jigsaw, make grooves in the strapping for installing a log.

Next, you need to lay the logs. You can use boards or wooden beams with dimensions of 10x5 cm, 15x5 cm or other dimensions for this, focusing on the features of the operation of the premises and the expected level of loads on the floor structure. Logs are fixed using any suitable fasteners: screws, dowels, nails, self-tapping screws, corners, etc.

Attach wooden slats measuring 3x3 cm to the logs (more can be). To do this, you can use nails, screws or other suitable fasteners. The bars will serve as supports for the ends of the boards of the equipped floor. For greater convenience of further laying of the flooring, connect the logs with transverse jumpers from a similar beam / board. Fasten the lintels, maintaining a 125 cm or other step in accordance with the dimensions of the flooring elements used.

Pull the boards of the lower trim with nails, adhering to a checkerboard pattern and 0.5-0.8-meter step.

Important note! Traditionally, in frame construction technology, a subfloor is first equipped, after which walls and partitions are erected. But under certain circumstances or due to personal considerations of the owner, the procedure for performing the mentioned technological measures may change.

Draft flooring device

On top of the previously mentioned support rails with dimensions of 3x3 cm, OSB boards (always with moisture resistant properties) or sheet plywood are laid. The latter, as a rule, is not attached to the support rails, but directly on top of the log. And if in the case of OSB, no difficulties usually arise, then the installation of plywood flooring must be approached with knowledge of a number of important nuances. Rules and recommendations for the correct laying of plywood flooring are detailed in the following table.

Table. Plywood subfloor rules

A layer of hydrovapor barrier material is laid in the space between the lags. For fixing the film, it is most convenient to use a construction stapler.

Construction work is almost complete. There are only a few final steps to complete, namely:

• lay mineral wool or other selected heat-insulating material in the cells of the floor frame;

  vapor barrier

• lay across the lag boards with a thickness of about 30 mm. Maintain a 40-60 cm step, depending on the thickness of the boards chosen for the installation of the subsequent flooring, and the expected level of loads on the base. To fasten wooden elements, you can use self-tapping screws or any other suitable fastener. Thanks to this additional crate, the necessary ventilation gap will be created;
• lay a tongue-and-groove board 25-35 mm thick or a regular board 40-50 mm thick over the crate;
• arrange the selected finish flooring.

Now you have all the necessary information for self-arranging the floor structure in a frame house. Follow the guidelines you've read and you'll be fine.

Plank floor in a frame house

Successful work!

Video - Floor device in a frame house

Video - How the floor is arranged in a frame house

Ceilings and floors in a frame house are the elements that delimit the space. They are mounted on floors, which are also part of the power frame of the building. That is why their role is very important. The overlap in the frame house sets the rigidity of the floors and ceilings, and also acts as thermal insulation for the entire building.

Floor structure

The overlap and the materials used for its construction depend on the location in the house and the purpose of the structure. In frame houses, three types of floors are used - attic, floor and interfloor floors.

Floor coverings are needed in order to ensure the rigidity and reliability of flooring. Ceilings in the attic are designed to hold layers of finishes and thermal insulation. The overlap between floors performs the role of both floor and attic, being the floor of the second floor in a frame house and the ceiling of the first.

The greatest loads on the floors are carried out vertically. That is why the basis for the overlap is designed taking into account the reduction of deflections along the vertical part.

The materials from which the floors are made

For floors, as a rule, coniferous wood is used: pine, larch, spruce.

The basis of the attic floors are ceiling beams, in the case of floors, these are logs.

Most of the load in frame-type houses falls on them, being transferred afterward to internal partitions, piping and the base of the building.

As floor beams, a beam processed into two edges or boards fixed by the end is used. You can use both a board with a large section and a thin one, but fasten the boards together. A more difficult option is the installation of boards with a box-shaped structure, but they are able to provide the necessary rigidity and are inexpensive.

The type and section for load-bearing beams are selected based on loads, span and deflection. Since the design of frame houses often coincides, the load calculation can be used as a typical one, so the average values ​​\u200b\u200bare suitable for determining the cross section of the floor beam.

Load calculation

The load on the floors in the frame house is made from its own weight and variable loads that appear during the operation of the house.

The weight of a square meter of floor or interfloor overlap depends on the design features, sound and heat insulation used. The average is about 220-240 kilograms.

Attic floors weigh more because a variety of insulation materials are placed inside them. Weight is about 250-300 kilograms. However, the variable load is much less and its maximum is 100 kg per square meter, while this indicator for interfloor floors is 200 kilograms per square meter.

To determine the total load on the floors, it is required to add the variable and constant values. It is also required to take into account the length of the floor beams and their profile by calculating the cross-sectional area. Based on this, the installation step of the beams is determined, which is usually 50-100 cm.

The attic floor beams are attached to the strapping and fixed to metal corners, or they cut directly into the beam. Beams of attic and interfloor floors should be mounted above the vertical racks of the building frame.

Lining and decking

After installing and fixing the ceiling beams, the flooring is mounted on them, and under them - filing. Interfloor overlapping in a frame house requires filing, the task of which is to hold its mass, ceiling finish, and sound insulation.

There are no special requirements for the bearing capacity. For filing, any material in sheets can be used, for example, drywall, which will increase the fire resistance of the building. The lining of the ceiling and floors must withstand the weight of the insulation and structural elements of the ceiling. Most often, therefore, a tongue-and-groove board is used.

Overrun device

On the bottom of the ceiling beams, cranial bars are stuffed. This must be done on the entire length from the sides. For this, slats measuring 30 by 50 millimeters are used. On them, roll-up shields are laid: sheet material or boards that hold the insulation.

Then the entire weight of the internal part of the structure acts on the roll. The lining is designed to support the weight of the ceiling finish.

Floorings are draft and running. The running gear can be used in the attic to move along its surface. Running flooring means finishing floors made of boards. Both options are mounted by attaching boards to beams or using elastic pads. However, the installation is still slightly different.

Boards for the subfloor must have a ventilation gap that allows air to move from the back of the floors. In the case of a running deck, the boards are hammered together. If it is not planned to use the attic as a living space, then the flooring from above can not be equipped. It is better to install boards around the perimeter of the emergency passage.

cake overlap

The ceiling of any house has a similar design. First, roofing felt, glassine or polyethylene film is laid on a filing or rolling. Insulation is attached to the surface.

Bulk materials can be used for insulation: expanded clay, furnace slag, perlite. In addition, you can use roll insulation - mineral wool, glass wool. Styrofoam is also used.

It should be noted that only the basement, ceiling and floor coverings of the frame house are insulated, and the interior floors are protected from noise with acoustic wool. After backfilling the heat-insulating material, it is required to fill in the sand-cement mortar. This will help protect the insulation.

Operating conditions

In order for the floors of the house to work out the entire period allotted to them, it is necessary to create acceptable operating conditions for them. Factors that negatively affect wood structures are dampness and moisture.

Overlappings do not allow air to circulate freely throughout the house. In addition, during temperature changes, condensation may form on wooden surfaces.

Due to the lack of ventilation, the wood remains damp and wet for a long time, which entails negative consequences, one of which is the appearance of mold.

In addition, having absorbed moisture, the tree swells, changing in size. Such an alignment will create stress in the structure, which will lead to breakage of the ceiling fasteners, making its further operation impossible.

In addition, high humidity allows the development of fungus and mold. Dampness can destroy the floors of a house in just a few years.

This problem is most noticeable for flooring, and to a lesser extent for ceilings. Partitions between rooms are the least susceptible to destruction due to dampness.

For overlapping baths, kitchens and toilets, it is necessary to create a waterproofing layer. Also, do not mount the bottom filing. Thanks to this, air exchange will improve, as well as it will be possible to check the condition of the elements and details of the floor.

Mounting the ceiling of a frame house is a doable task. It is only important to carry out all the work in the correct order and in compliance with the technology. And then this element of the structure will not cause you trouble for the entire life of the house.

Frame-beam ceilings, which will be discussed this time, are successfully used not only in frame, but also in stone houses. We will talk about the main features of their device and describe in detail the installation process from the assembly of the carrier system to the installation of rough finishing surfaces.

General specifics

The device of floors is considered one of the main difficulties in civil engineering. With the requirements for high strength, load-bearing capacity and high-quality sound insulation, monolithic and precast-monolithic technologies remain almost the only option. However, the installation of a concrete floor requires the use of heavy construction equipment, which is not only expensive, but also not always possible due to the lack of normal access roads to the construction site. In addition, a large amount of expensive steel and concrete is used during construction, the load on the foundation and load-bearing walls increases, and formwork is required to rent.

However, there are alternatives to concrete floors, the most attractive of which is the use of a frame system on load-bearing beams. This type of flooring is successfully used in modern Finnish houses: in terms of performance, they are not inferior to concrete ones, but at the same time they have a consistent assembly technology that does not include rigging, they are lighter and provide a simple layout of engineering communications.

At the same time, frame-beam ceilings have a number of disadvantages. The main one is a large thickness, forcing to increase the height of the walls to maintain the design height of the ceilings. Another drawback is the shorter service life compared to reinforced concrete. Nevertheless, despite some overspending of material during the construction of walls, this type of flooring is still economically viable, and the service life is reduced to only 50-70 years, which is quite enough for private housing construction.

Carrier system device

The bearing system of the floor is represented by beams, which can be one of the following structural elements:

1. Glued pine board 250-300 mm wide. The strength of solid wood is unquestioned, which means that the density of glulam beams is lower than with other materials. There are also disadvantages: high cost and a length limited to six meters.

1. Wooden I-beams have recently become a fairly common material on the domestic market. The relatively low bending strength is compensated by the possibility of a denser placement of beams, which allows the relatively low cost of an I-beam. The main advantage is the significant length of the beams, which allows spans up to 13 meters to be bridged without rallying. Preference should be given to an I-beam with LVL shelves and an OSB rib 10 mm thick or more.

1. Truss from a wooden bar can be assembled independently from available lumber. This is the most budgetary version of the beams, in the manufacture of which pine timber with a thickness of 50-70 mm is used. The main disadvantage is the complexity of calculating the bearing capacity, which requires a significant margin of safety. In addition, the assembly of trusses takes some time, which slows down the construction process.

1. LVL-beam is considered the most authentic material of the carrier system of the Finnish floor. Advantages of the material: high strength, significant length of molding, resistance to fire and organic damage, the highest service life of the given materials. Of the shortcomings, the most pronounced are the low prevalence and high cost of high-quality LVL timber.

In addition to the main load-bearing elements, the floor structure also includes additional connections that perform the function of positioning the beams and holding them in a position that is optimal in terms of load perception. If the beams are made of glued board or LVL, they are fastened together with spacers made of the same material. Spacers are installed in a checkerboard pattern to distribute indirect loads and facilitate fastening to the end of the connection through the body of the beam.

Trusses and I-beams are most conveniently fastened with horizontal inserts from a bar between the upper and lower chords. Previously, the trusses are set in steps and leveled, then they are temporarily fastened with boards laid diagonally in the upper and lower floor planes. Then the main connections are established and temporary struts are removed. A design variant is also common, in which the role of additional connections is played by flooring and a hemmed draft ceiling, however, this method of flooring is technologically more complicated.

It is also necessary to pay attention to the junctions of the floor with the wall. If we are talking about a stone building, a ledge with a width of at least a third of the height of the beam should be formed in the wall. At the same time, in buildings made of gas silicate blocks, it is necessary to install an armored belt to distribute the load from the beams. The beams are fastened with cement mortar and masonry, the thermal bridge is eliminated by lining the beams with expanded polystyrene. It is also possible to install a ceiling without forming a quarter, in which case the fastening is carried out through beam brackets of a special shape. In frame houses, the racks of the lower floor are covered with a massive beam, which acts as a supporting crossbar for the floor beams and racks of the upper floor. The beams are fastened through the crossbar from below.

Laying communications

There is no difficulty in placing communication lines parallel to the supporting beams. With proper organization, this possibility allows you to lay up to 80-90% of all engineering networks without interfering with the design of the carrier system.

However, the need to make through holes in the beams almost inevitably arises. Drilling beams is possible only if a number of conditions are met:

1. The hole diameter should not exceed 1/3 of the beam height.
2. Holes should be located no closer than 50 mm to the edges of the beam, ideally - strictly in the center.
3. Holes must not be made closer than 150 mm from the end of the beam or the extreme point of support.
4. Between holes in one beam, an indent equal to 4 times the diameter must be maintained.

Observing these conditions, it is quite easy to lay the main communications in the ceiling: rough plumbing, electrics and low current. However, when it comes to ventilation ducts, typically larger than 100mm across, the hole diameter is over the limit. There are several solutions to this problem: arrange a technical cavity in the ceiling of the first floor, give preference to trusses instead of beams, or strengthen holes whose diameter exceeds 1/3 of the height of the beam. To do this, reinforcing plates are installed at the place of manufacture of the passage, which double the nominal section of the carrier beam. The length of the overlay should be sufficient to cover the bonding area for a distance exceeding the width of the hole by 5 or more times. As a rule, linings are fixed with distributed fasteners: drilling up to ten through holes for bolts or screw ties.

Ceiling finish

Immediately after the completion of the laying of communications, it is necessary to carry out the preparatory finishing of the ceiling in order to then fill the floor cavities with soundproofing material. At the same time, preparations are being made for the installation of the carrier lathing for the rough ceiling sheathing.

The support of the material filling the ceiling is required to eliminate pressure on the wrong side of the sheathing of the suspended structure. To do this, a crate of 25x50 mm laths is nailed from below across the beams in increments of 30-40 cm. The specific size of the step of the laths is determined in such a way that they have places where the vapor protection cloths overlap. The film is hemmed from below and shot with staples, then a strip of adhesive tape is glued along the fastener line.

Mounting of the supporting lathing for cladding is carried out either on a counter-lattice lined from below along the line of the beams, or on direct hangers and a galvanized profile. In both cases, it is required to pre-apply marks on the walls indicating the axial centers of the beams, or to focus on the gap through the film.

Draft floor

The laying of the filler (mineral wool) can be done before the completion of the ceiling installation on the lower floor. However, it is recommended to nail the vapor barrier in advance so that during further work the wool does not wake up down. If the density of the filler is high enough to allow it to sit flat, no additional support is required. However, often cheaper low-density mineral wool is used in the ceilings, for laying which you first need to lay plywood or HDF up to 5 mm thick on the lathing laths.

After the overlap cavities are completely filled, the entire cake is covered with dense geotextile from above. Laying is carried out along the direction of the beams, the overlap is placed directly above the beams and nailed to them, having previously rolled a double fold. Geotextile is necessary to prevent the weathering of mineral wool particles during floor vibrations, so this barrier must have sealed joints and junctions.

From above, the overlap is covered with a flooring made of edged boards or sheet materials with a total thickness of up to 20 mm. The visiting card of Finnish technology is a device on top of the subfloor of a cement or semi-dry screed with a thickness of 50-70 mm. It is this version of the cake that provides the highest quality sound insulation between floors and a high bearing capacity comparable to hollow slabs - up to 400 kg / m 2.

Related videos