Automated workplace as a tool for the rationalization of management activities. Workplaces

State educational institution

higher professional education

"Russian Customs Academy"

St. Petersburg named after V.B. Bobkov branch

Russian Customs Academy

Department of Informatics and ITT

on the topic "Automated workplace of a specialist"

Performed:

5th year student

full-time education

Faculty of Economics

groups 541

Vershinina Irina

Introduction

The problem of automation of production processes and management processes, as always, has been and remains relevant in the national economy. The need to automate the management of the national economy and its links is explained by the tasks of facilitating the work of managerial personnel, curbing the growth of their numbers, caused by the development of production; the complication of industrial relations; increase in the volume of management functions. An important role is played by the task of matching the technical base of management with a similar base of production, in relation to which automation is carried out.

At the present stage of automation of production management, the most promising is the automation of planning and management functions based on personal computers installed directly at the workplaces of specialists. These systems are widely used in organizational management under the name of automated workstations (AWPs). This will allow people who do not have special knowledge in the field of programming to use the system, and at the same time will allow supplementing the system as needed. The current scale and pace of introduction of management automation tools in the national economy with particular urgency poses the task of conducting comprehensive research related to a comprehensive study and generalization of the problems that arise in this case, both practical and theoretical.

This essay discusses the concept of AWS and its main characteristics. This topic is very relevant in our time of modern technology and innovation. The active implementation of the automated workplace leads to the improvement and acceleration of production processes, and, accordingly, to the growth of economic indicators in general.

§ 1. The concept and general characteristics of the workstation

Analyzing the essence of workstations, specialists most often define them as professionally oriented small computing systems located directly at the workplaces of specialists and designed to automate their work.

For each control object, it is necessary to provide automated workstations corresponding to their functional purpose. However, the principles of creating workstations should be general: consistency, flexibility, sustainability, efficiency. According to the principle of consistency, workstations should be considered as systems, the structure of which is determined by the functional purpose.

The principle of flexibility means the adaptability of the system to possible restructuring due to the modularity of the construction of all subsystems and the standardization of their elements.

The principle of sustainability lies in the fact that the AWP system must perform the main functions, regardless of the impact on it of internal and external possible factors. This means that malfunctions in its individual parts should be easily eliminated, and the system's performance should be quickly restored.

The efficiency of the workstation should be considered as an integral indicator of the level of implementation of the above principles, related to the costs of creating and operating the system.

AWP is a set of software and hardware that provides human interaction with a computer, provides the ability to input information and its output. Most often, the workstation is part of an automated control system (ACS). AWP - can be defined as a set of information, software and technical resources that provide the end user with data processing and automation of management functions in a specific subject area.

According to their purpose, workstations are computer systems located at the workplaces of specialists, which serve to automate their work. The role of workstations is determined by the nature of their participation in the management process of a particular area of production activity.

AWP as a tool for rationalization and intensification of management activities is created to ensure the performance of a certain group of functions. The simplest function of the workstation is information and reference services. Although this function is inherent in any workstation to one degree or another, the features of its implementation significantly depend on the user category. Workstations have a problem-professional orientation to a specific subject area.

AWP has the following properties:

availability. (The set of technical, software, information and other means available to the user);

the possibility of creating and improving projects for automated data processing in a specific field of activity;

data processing by the user;

interactive mode of interaction between the user and the computer both in the process of solving control problems and in the process of their design.

The following main functions of the ARM can be distinguished:

Satisfying the information and computing needs of a specialist;

Minimum response time to user requests;

Adaptation to professional needs;

Ease of mastering work on the workstation; - Ability to work in the network.

The ARM usually includes:

A set of software tools and software (applied and auxiliary programs);

Complex of information and methodological support

The use of workstations in a modern office facilitates the work of a specialist as much as possible, freeing up time and effort that was previously spent on performing routine data collection operations and complex calculations for creative, science-based activities in solving professional problems.

The advantages of implementing AWP are:

Automation of labor, the use of labor-saving technologies (for example, the use of computers);

Improving production safety (when used in industry);

Faster management decision making;

Mobility of workers;

Increasing labor productivity

The functioning of an automated workplace can give a numerical effect only if the functions and workload are properly distributed between a person and machine tools for processing information, the core of which is a computer. Only then will the workstation become a means of increasing not only labor productivity and management efficiency, but also the social comfort of specialists.

§2. Purpose and types of workstation

industrial workstation

automation of labor, the use of labor-saving technologies (for example, the use of computers);

improving production safety (when used in industry);

faster management decision making;

mobility of workers;

increase in labor productivity

To characterize the workstation, we can single out the main components of the information technology that implements it. These include:

Technical and hardware support (computers, printers, scanners, cash registers and other additional equipment);

Information support (standards of documents and unified forms, standards for the presentation of indicators, classifiers and reference information);

Network and communication devices (local and corporate networks, e-mail).

The characteristics of these components determine the level of the workstation, its purpose and features. Workstations are designed to provide conditions for comfortable, high-performance and high-quality work of a specialist and must meet the following requirements:

the user interface should be simple, convenient and accessible even to an unprepared user. It should contain a hint system, preferably in a demonstration form (video, sound, animation);

it is necessary to ensure the safety of a specialist and the fulfillment of all ergonomic requirements (comfort, color and sound gamut corresponding to the best perception, convenience in the location of information and the availability of all the means necessary for work, a unified style of performing operations, etc.);

the user of the workstation must perform all actions without leaving the system, therefore, it is required to be equipped with all the necessary operations;

ensuring the uninterrupted operation of the workstation should guarantee the user the timely completion of tasks, in accordance with the work schedule. Failures in production are unacceptable;

rational organization of work of a specialist creates comfortable working conditions and increases the productivity of a specialist;

AWP software must be compatible with other systems and information technologies, so the most valuable technologies are those that combine several AWPs.

§3.Principles used in the creation of workstations

The creation and use of workstations is based on a number of general principles for designing data processing systems:

The principle of maximum orientation to the end user. This principle is implemented by creating special means of adapting the workstation to the level of user training and to the possibility of his learning and self-learning, so the workstation is often supplied with special demonstration videos. It is necessary that the input of new data and the correction of information be accompanied by automation of operations, built-in control and a hint system, which allows even an unskilled worker in the computer field to quickly learn how to work in the workstation.

Problem orientation. Each workstation specializes in solving a certain class of tasks, united by a common data processing technology, unity of operation modes, unity of data processing algorithms.

The principle of matching the information needs of users to the technical means used. The characteristics of the technical means used must correspond to the amount of information and algorithms for its processing. This means that only after a thorough analysis of the user's information needs, one can begin to determine the composition and functions of the workstation.

The principle of creative contact between AWS developers and their potential users. The joint participation of the user and the developer in the creation of the workstation helps to better understand the problem situation, stimulates the intellectual activity of the future user of the workstation and, ultimately, improves the quality of the workstation.

Complete documentation, which should contain explanations for the tasks performed using the workstation, instructions for installing and operating the workstation, instructions for filling out and maintaining input and output documents.

§four. Workstation and prospects for its development

The current scale and pace of introduction of management automation tools in the national economy with particular urgency poses the task of conducting comprehensive research related to a comprehensive study and generalization of the problems that arise in this case, both practical and theoretical. In recent years, the concept of distributed systems for managing the national economy has emerged, which provides for local processing of information. To implement the idea of distributed control, it is necessary to create automated workstations (AWPs) based on professional personal computers for each level of control and each subject area. Analyzing the essence of workstations, specialists most often define them as professionally oriented small computing systems located directly at the workplaces of specialists and designed to automate their work. For each control object, it is necessary to provide automated workstations corresponding to their functional purpose. However, the principles of creating workstations should be general: consistency, flexibility, sustainability, efficiency. According to the principle of consistency, workstations should be considered as systems, the structure of which is determined by the functional purpose. The principle of flexibility means the adaptability of the system to possible restructuring due to the modularity of the construction of all subsystems and the standardization of their elements. The principle of sustainability lies in the fact that the AWP system must perform the main functions, regardless of the impact on it of internal and external possible factors. This means that malfunctions in its individual parts should be easily eliminated, and the system's performance should be quickly restored. The efficiency of the workstation should be considered as an integral indicator of the level of implementation of the above principles, related to the costs of creating and operating the system. The functioning of an automated workplace can give a numerical effect only if the functions and workload are properly distributed between a person and machine tools for processing information, the core of which is a computer. Only then will the workstation become a means of increasing not only labor productivity and management efficiency, but also the social comfort of specialists. The development of electronics has led to the emergence of a new class of computers - personal computers (PCs). The main advantage of a PC is its relatively low cost and at the same time high performance. So, for example, if we analyze the characteristics of large computers of the early 60s, minicomputers of the early 70s and PCs of the 80s. , it turns out that the performance is about the same. Low cost, reliability, ease of maintenance and operation expands the scope of the PC, primarily through those areas of human activity in which computers were not previously used due to the high cost, complexity of maintenance and interaction. These areas include the so-called institutional activities, where the use of PCs.

Conclusion

In recent years, the concept of distributed systems for managing the national economy has emerged, which provides for local processing of information. To implement the idea of distributed control, it is necessary to create automated workstations (AWPs) based on professional personal computers for each level of control and each subject area.

List of sources used

1. Automated workplace for statistical data processing / V.V. Shurakov, D.M. Dayitbegov, S.V. Mizrokhi, S.V. Yasenovsky. -

M.: Finance and statistics, 1990. - 190 p.: ill.

Appak M.A. Automated workplaces based on personal computers. - M.: Radio and communication, 1989.-176 p.: ill.

Automated systems for processing accounting and analytical information /

V.S. Rozhnov, V.B. Lieberman, E.A. Umnova, T.V. Voropaev. - M.: Finance and

statistics, 1992. - 250 p.

Information systems for leaders / Ed. F. I. Peregudova M.: Finance and statistics, 1999.

Computer technologies in personnel services / M.A. Vinokurov, R.D. Gutgarts, V.A. Parkhomov - I.: IGEA Publishing House, 1997. - 198 p.

Automated workstation (AWP) — a complex of computer equipment and software, located directly at the workplace of an employee and designed to automate the work of an employee within his specialty.

The ARM includes:hardware, software, as well as information support and methodological documentation.

The software is divided into system-wide and functional. The functional software includes text editors, spreadsheet editors, DBMS, email programs, etc.

Integrated office software packages are widely used. A typical example is Microsoft Office.

The composition of the AWS of specific specialists is determined depending on their job responsibilities and the functions they perform.

Currently, there is a huge selection of different software products that meet almost all the requirements imposed on it by representatives of various professions. However, there are situations when there is a need for some other programs. In such cases, special workstations for professional purposes are developed.

When creating such programs, it is necessary to take into account such points as:

tasks to be solved;
interaction with other specialists;
professional habits and inclinations of the employee;
development of not only FPO, but also special technical means (mouse, network, automatic dialing of telephone numbers, etc.).

The creation of efficient professional workstations allows to increase the productivity of specialists and reduce the number of staff. This increases the speed of information processing and its reliability, which is necessary for effective planning and management.

For the effective use of the AWS complex, it is necessary, first of all, to clearly define for which particular specialists (managers, economists, statisticians, accountants) automated workplaces will be created. The composition and number of workstations depend on the profile of the organization, its structure, scale and other parameters.

In practice, the development of specific workstations most often represents the automation of the most typical functions performed by an employee at a given workplace. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account that the employee's workstation should draw up only those programs that are really necessary for the specialist to work. An excessive amount of software in the workplace takes up PC resources and can distract an employee from performing their duties.

To solve this problem, it is necessary to clearly define the information needs of each specialist - the intended user of the workstation. Generally speaking, each user must formulate such needs independently. The optimal implementation of the system being created is possible only if users can define their goals and indicate the nature of the information they need to achieve these goals. In addition, such an approach to solving the problem of creating automated workplace software eliminates the psychological barrier in the relationship between man and machine. In this case, the user himself determines the operations that he constantly performs, and clearly knows which programs were installed for their automated execution.

However, in practice, it is not always easy for employees of an organization to clearly define their needs for the information necessary for their work. In this case, you can get information about the operations performed by the employee and the data used for this in two different ways: by asking the employee a direct question or by obtaining such information indirectly.

In the first case, employees draw up special certificates in writing containing:

a list of their main responsibilities;
specific types of information required to fulfill the above responsibilities.

The information needs are determined by the employee based on the composition of the main duties and the decisions made in the process of their implementation.

In a different approach, responsibilities and information needs are obtained indirectly. The developer of the workstation asks employees - users of future workstations - to describe what happens in the process of performing their job duties. After that, the developer must formulate specific questions that need to be answered, assuming that the workstation is already functioning. This approach also allows the employee to gain a greater understanding of their activities and, in particular, the process of making complex decisions.

The result of applying any of the above approaches should be a clearly articulated list of functions performed by the employee and his information needs. The next step towards the creation of an automated workplace is the definition of those functions of the published list that can be automated, and the choice of programs with which this can be done.

An employee of any specialty using the AWP can perform the following operations:

enter written information from the keyboard and visually control this process using a monitor;
edit data;
move, copy, delete information;
display information on the screen, printer, record it on magnetic media;
transfer data from one computer to another using magnetic media;
exchange data via communication channels within the local area network or the Internet;
collect and store data;
search and collect the necessary information, update the data;
receive information from databases;
protect information.

Let's determine the composition of the software required to create standard workstations. Recall that the composition of specific workstations largely depends on the specific organization and job duties performed by employees.

Workstation of the head

Let's consider the main approaches to completing the manager's workstation. Under the head we will understand not only the head of the organization, but also his deputies, chief accountant, chief engineer, heads of structural divisions of the enterprise, i.e. managers of various levels. For these categories of employees, the functions performed by them are largely similar, so the composition of the functional AWP Software will be approximately the same.

Most often, the manager needs information in connection with the implementation of the management process. The nature of information needs depends mainly on two factors: the personal qualities of the leader (knowledge of information systems, management style, understanding of information needs) and the organizational structure of management within which decisions are made.

The higher the competence of the manager in the field of information systems, the more complex and precise his information needs will be. A realistic understanding of the possibilities and costs involved puts him in a much better position to help develop an efficient system.

The manager's technical background, leadership style, and decision-making ability all influence the nature and amount of information they require. Some managers prefer to make decisions based on detailed information, while others prefer to make decisions based on more general information, while using personal consultations with subordinates.

Own representations of the manager about the needs for information are also of great importance on the composition of the AWP software. Leaders often vacillate between wanting to know only the data they need or wanting to know all the information. Many managers do not realize what information they need. There are several points of view of managers regarding their responsibilities regarding the dissemination of information to their subordinates. A manager who is unable or unwilling to distribute authority usually seeks to withhold information.

The problems of management information support depend on the scale of the enterprise and the complexity of its organizational structure. Larger enterprises with more complex organizational structures require more formal information systems, and information needs become more critical to operations.

At each level of management, different types of information are needed and, as a rule, in different forms. At the planning level, a one-time message, conclusions, or a single request is required. At the scheduling management level, a deviation report, conclusions, and various periodic evaluation reports are required. At the level of operational control, a formal report on established procedures is necessary, a daily report on the implementation of the operation to ensure operational control of activities.

The more complex the structure of an organization, the easier it is to identify information needs. Where rights and responsibilities are clearly defined, relationships are understood, and decision-making areas are limited, information needs are easier to identify.

The responsibilities of the leader include:

making managerial decisions within their range of responsibilities;
analysis and generalization of the information necessary for making these decisions;
determination of the necessary actions for the implementation of the decisions made and the determination of the circle of persons who must ensure their implementation;
formulating tasks for specific employees involved in the process of implementing a management decision, and bringing these tasks to them;
control over the execution of tasks.

Obviously, most modern workstations cannot take on the function of making managerial decisions, but they can significantly facilitate and speed up the performance of this function by the manager.

It is advisable to include at least the following software tools in the functional software of the manager's workstation:

word processor;
spreadsheet processor;
personal information system (organizer);
DBMS (to work with databases on all aspects of the organization's activities, to obtain the necessary archival and operational information);
applied expert system (if necessary);
Web browser;
email program.

When developing the workstations of specialists, it is necessary, first of all, to take into account the nature of their duties. The information needs of ordinary employees, as well as those of the managerial apparatus, depend on such factors as the personal qualities of the employee and the structure of the organization. With regard to personal qualities, knowledge of information systems and technologies, as well as an understanding of the need for information, is important.

In the field of the structure of the organization, the profile of its activities plays a significant role. For example, although the functions of an accounting department are essentially the same in a large industrial enterprise and in a small trading company, the specific tasks performed by accounting employees, as well as the types of documents that they have to work with, can be very different. Therefore, the correct selection and configuration of software products for the work of a particular organization is extremely important.

Consider the composition of the software workstations of the most common specialties. The following programs constitute the minimum set of software tools for the average specialist.

As a result of the increase in the amount of information, the need for its correct and timely processing also increases. Computing and information processing technology is an indispensable component in the modern world. That is why such a definition as workplace automation today is an urgent issue for both employees and management.

The workplace may differ in purpose, target value, and specialization. However, in all cases it is important to provide additional provision of computer office equipment. The number of options for such equipment and the composition of the workstation is determined by the skill level of the employee himself, as well as the specifics of his duties.

For example, according to the specifics of work, one employee will need a computer with special programs for calculating and transmitting information. For the functional provision of a place for the labor activity of another employee, multiple office equipment is required with options for transmitting information flows, deductions and processing.

AWP is an abbreviated definition of an automated workplace, which includes the provision of hardware and software, methodological and information documentation.

Fundamental principles of formation

#1 Sustainability

The functions performed by the automated workplace must be stable, recoverable or mutually complementary, compensated. So, for example, in the event of a malfunction in the electrical network, computer office equipment should automatically save all previously processed and entered information. When restoring data, the necessary and relevant information is not distorted, it remains in the same volume. Such a stable and sustainable work is a must for an employee who will not spend extra time recovering data and information.

№2 Consistency

Consistency is the interconnection of all components in the workplace. All automation must be timely, correct, and work in one system.

Distinguish systemic point (one workplace), intra-corporate (several places in one system), public.

#3 Flexibility

In conditions of high and constant development of technologies, techniques and capabilities, this principle of formation makes the automated place of a specialist or manager as adapted as possible.

Flexibility refers to the ability to adapt workplace technology to efficient new processing options. This process is called modernization.

#4 Efficiency

The last point means the effectiveness of the work performed by the employee. All automated processes carried out should not cause discomfort that would have an impact on the original functional duties of the employee.

In turn, such a clause has several sub-clauses that must be observed:

fast processing of requests;
compliance with the level of knowledge of the employee;
understandable managed interface;
ease of maintenance;
opportunity to acquire new knowledge and improve it.

An automated work system is an integral part of any workflow today. Simply put, if not the AWP, then most of today's elementary options for work would be performed with multiple difficulties.

For example, the search for the necessary information 20 years ago was archival extraction, compilation of data and their reconciliation. Today, such a process boils down to submitting an application online to the right place and waiting for a response. Everything is as simple as possible, and most importantly - with a minimum of risk, errors and inaccuracies.

Arrangement of automated places for employees: composition

The structured basis of automated technical (industrial) means includes the implementation and provision of computer functions, as well as peripheral devices, equipment (office equipment). On the basis of a computer, a place is realized for a specialist or manager, and the connected peripheral technical means differ from the goals and realizable tasks of a separate option under consideration.

The efficiency of the work performed directly depends on the quality of the equipment provided, the provision of workstations. Before choosing a technique, it is necessary to pay attention to its technical characteristics, specific points that help to integrate into the market at the proper level of professionalism.

Otherwise, it will be extremely problematic to implement, to implement the choice of implementation and implementation of production resources that is necessary in terms of efficiency and volume, satisfying the needs of a particular employee. At the same time, it is worth considering such an important factor as the flexibility of technology, its adaptability to the innovations being introduced.

The composition and development of an automated place of an employee depends entirely on his profession, functions and responsibilities. However, in general terms, all support can be divided into technical support, computerization and additional specific management tools. At the same time, the set of special management tools differs in the duties of the manager and the performer.

Classification (groups) of workstations by types of tasks to be implemented:

solution and calculation of information-computing problems;
tasks for preparing the necessary information;
processing of information and reference information;
bookkeeping;
processing of statistical information;
analytical calculations;
mathematical, chemical or physical calculations.

The basis of the workstation is a personal PC. Computerization or providing a workplace with a personal computer is an simplification of the work process, control of all actions, and the most accurate execution of work instructions. For additional automation of the workflow, special paid control software - CPM systems - can be introduced. Such software allows you to control all functional obligations, monitor the correctness of the chosen strategy in work, and also calculate shortcomings.

CPM is often used for large companies that are difficult for managers to manage. There are both personal CRM systems and collective ones (up to 50 people). Such a system is relatively “young”, but many managers give preference to such a system of control of the entire work process as a whole and the work of a separate department, a person.

A PC or personal computer is considered the main mechanism in automation, since it is this technique that contains a lot of options, features and benefits that successfully simplify the entire process of work of any level of complexity.

An automated workplace for an operator, technologist, engineer or teacher cannot be implemented without the introduction and use of a computer in the future. In turn, the speed and efficiency of the processes in each profession is different.

A personal computer is a complementary component parts:

system block with processes in control;
monitor for image transmission;
loudspeakers for transmitting sounds and signals;
keyboard and mouse for entering, controlling and executing information from requests;
memory disk as a component link in the processor for storing information performed by the work.

The work and its quality depends on the model of office equipment chosen, its functional content. The newer the technology, the greater the flexibility and the possibility of upgrading the process of performing tasks for personnel.

Workstation programs (AWP)

If you have the necessary equipment and a PC, you need to worry about the introduction of a special program for an automated process. So, there are several options for paid or free (on a temporary basis, like a probe) software, however, the development of a specific paid component allows you to use all the convenient options.

A popular frequently chosen workstation program (AWP) is MS Excel. The spreadsheet processor, which is Excel, provides work where it is necessary to constantly manipulate graphs, numbers, and comparative tables. The program helps to automate the procedure for processing information from tables.

You can also use spreadsheets to:

perform economic, accounting, engineering functions;
build diagrams;
conduct economic analysis;
to model the decision of economic structures.

The cheapest and most commonly used automation program, Microsoft Excel, is an alternative solution for creating the necessary databases. It is possible to import information from other (third-party, including) accounting systems, attach text files.

The following features of VB MS Excel are highly valued:

file structure;
macro language VBA;
combo boxes;
switches, other controls;
the ability to create dialog boxes;
making changes to the menu;
adding new items to the menu;
creating a new menu;
format programming in Excel;
manage the objects you need with easy-to-understand Excel instructions.

The system of automated places can be implemented both at the beginning of the formation of the workflow, and during its development. However, the need for such measures is clear. An automated place for work processes is a unique opportunity for a modern person who wants not only to work, but also to develop.

Task one. 3

1. The concept of an automated place (AWP) of a specialist. The main types of support for automated workplaces. ARM classification. Types of tasks solved on the workstation .. 3

2. Types of computer networks and features of information technologies based on them. The possibilities of the Internet and the characteristics of its services. 6

Task two. 16

List of used sources. eighteen

Task one

The concept of an automated place (AWP) of a specialist. The main types of support for automated workplaces. ARM classification. Types of tasks solved on the workstation

An automated workplace (AWP), or, in foreign terminology, a "workstation" (work-station), is a place of a user-specialist of a particular profession, equipped with the means necessary to automate the performance of certain functions.

Such means, as a rule, is a PC, supplemented as necessary with other auxiliary electronic devices, namely disk drives, printers, optical readers or bar code readers, graphics devices, interfaces with other workstations and with local area networks, etc. .d.

The most widely used workstations in the world are based on professional PCs with the IBM PC architecture.

Workstation is a specialized system, a set of hardware and software focused on a specific specialist - administrator, economist, engineer, designer, designer, architect, designer, doctor, organizer, researcher, librarian, museum worker and many others.

At the same time, a number of general requirements can be presented to the workstation of any “profession”, which must be ensured during its creation, namely:

Direct availability of information processing facilities;

Ability to work in a dialog (interactive) mode;

Fulfillment of the basic requirements of ergonomics: rational distribution of functions between the operator, the elements of the AWP complex and the environment, the creation of comfortable working conditions, the convenience of the AWP designs, taking into account the psychological factors of the human operator, the attractiveness of the shapes and colors of the AWP elements, etc .;

Sufficiently high performance and reliability of a PC operating in the AWP system;

Software adequate to the nature of the tasks to be solved;

Maximum degree of automation of routine processes;

Optimal conditions for self-service of specialists as operators of workstations;

Other factors that ensure maximum comfort and satisfaction of the specialist using the workstation as a working tool.

In the most complex systems, workstations can be connected through special equipment not only to the resources of the main computer of the network, but also to various information services and general-purpose systems (news services, national information retrieval systems, databases and knowledge, library systems, etc. ).

Many well-known workstations can be classified based on the following generalized features:

Functional sphere of use (scientific activity, design, production and technological processes, organizational management);

Type of computer used (micro-, mini-, macrocomputer);

Operating mode (individual, group, network);

User qualifications (professional and non-professional).

Within each of the selected groups of workstations, a more detailed classification can be carried out.

For example, organizational management workstations can be divided into workstations of heads of organizations and departments, planners, logistics workers, accountants, etc. Conventionally, all these workstations can be called an economist's workstation.

The conceptual difference between a PC-based workstation is that an open PC architecture is functionally, physically and ergonomically configured for a specific user (personal workstation) or a group of users (group workstation).

Business workstations bring the user closer to the possibilities of modern computer science and computer technology and create conditions for working without an intermediary - a professional programmer. This provides both autonomous work and the ability to communicate with other users within organizational structures (taking into account the characteristics of these structures).

The parametric series of business workstations makes it possible to create a unified technical, organizational and methodological basis for computerization of management. Initially, information technology is localized within a personal or group workstation, and later (when the workstation is combined by means of communication), the sector, department, institution workstations are created and a collective technology is formed. This achieves the flexibility of the entire structure and the possibility of increasing information capacity.

Three classes of typical workstations can be distinguished:

workstation of the manager;

workstation of a specialist;

Workstation of technical and support staff.

A number of classification features can also be used as the basis for the classification of AWS. Taking into account the areas of application, it is possible to classify the workstation according to the functional feature:

1. AWP of administrative and managerial personnel;

2. Workstation of a designer of radio-electronic equipment, automated control systems, etc.

3. Workstation of a specialist in the field of economics, mathematics, physics, etc.

4. Workstation for production and technological purposes.

An important classification feature of the workstation is the mode of its operation, according to which single, group and network modes of operation are distinguished.

One of the approaches to the classification of workstations is their systematization by types of tasks to be solved. The following groups of workstations are possible:

1. To solve information and computing problems;

2. To solve the problems of preparing and entering data;

3. To solve information and reference problems;

4. To solve accounting problems;

5. To solve the problems of statistical data processing,

6. For solving problems of analytical calculations.

Reasonable attribution of workstations to a certain group will contribute to a deeper and more thorough analysis, the possibility of a comparative assessment of various similar workstations in order to select the most preferable.

The tasks solved on the workstation can be conditionally divided into informational and computational. Information tasks include coding, classification, collection, structural organization, correction, storage, search and issuance of information. Often, information tasks include simple computational and logical procedures of an arithmetic and textual nature and relationships (connections). Information tasks are, as a rule, the most time-consuming and occupy most of the working time of specialists. Computing problems are both formalizable and not completely formalizable. Formalized problems are solved on the basis of formal algorithms and are divided into two groups: direct counting problems and problems based on mathematical models. Direct counting problems are solved using simple algorithms. More complex tasks require the use of different mathematical models. Recently, much attention has been paid to the development of means for solving problems that are not completely formalizable, called semantic ones. Such problems arise very often in the course of operational management of economic objects, especially when making decisions in conditions of incomplete information.

Automated workstation (AWS) is a specialist's workplace equipped with a personal computer, software and a set of information resources for individual or collective use, which allow him to process data in order to obtain information that provides support for his decisions when performing professional functions.

The creation of an automated workplace assumes that the main operations for the accumulation, storage and processing of information are assigned to computers, and the economist performs some of the manual operations and operations that require a creative approach in preparing management decisions.

Personal equipment is used by the user to control production and economic activities, change the values of individual parameters in the course of solving the problem, as well as enter the initial data into the AIS to solve current problems and analyze control functions. Analyzing the essence of workstations, specialists most often define them as professionally oriented small computing systems located directly at the workplaces of specialists and designed to automate their work. The structure of a specialist's workstation includes five main components:

Personal Computer;

complex of programs for information processing;

training system (hypertext user documentation system; integrated hint system; system of bookmarks, pointers and references; system of examples; error control and detection system);

tools for setting up workstations (calculation algorithms, analytical and technological parameters; devices: printer, scanner, modem; ergonomics of screen forms, etc.);

AWP operating tools (classifiers, reporting forms generator, tools for receiving / transmitting data via communication channels, copying and storing data, database administrator, monitoring the work of specific users).

In addition, the workstation is completed with documentation and methodological materials on the application of programs, as well as regulations for the performance of work on information processing. The specific saturation of each of the components is determined by the tasks to be solved. Workstations can function autonomously or as part of a computer network. In the autonomous mode of operation, workstations are created to solve individual functional tasks and cannot quickly use the entire information base of an economic object, and the exchange of information between different workstations is carried out using machine media. Work on the basis of computer networks allows you to organize the exchange of data between workstations via communication channels, combine the information space of the control object and organize access to it for any employee within his authority.

Each workstation is considered as an independent subsystem, and together they form a single whole. At the same time, the head of the department has the opportunity to manage the process of solving functional problems and integrate the results of the work of individual specialists, quickly receiving processed information for decision-making. At the same time, the possibility of autonomous work of each specialist is preserved. As a rule, workstations are organized in accordance with the existing distribution of work. Depending on the amount of work and the total number of computers at one workplace, various tasks can be solved. Another option is also possible, when one task will be distributed among several jobs.

Classification of workstations.

1. According to the degree of automation:

Manual workstations - special furniture available to the employee (table, chair, cabinets, telephone, rulers, tables and other auxiliary tools);

Mechanical workstations also contain simple or programmable calculators;

Automated workplaces necessarily use a PC with the appropriate software.

2. By the number of employees using workstations and the functions they perform:

Individual workstations, which are typical for leaders of various ranks;

Group workstations used by persons who prepare information for the purpose of its further use and management decision-making by managers (workstation of accountants, financiers, clerks, etc.).

3. By typing the functional tasks to be solved:

Unique workstations, highly specialized for solving a set of non-standard tasks;

Mass workstations created to solve typical problems in various industries.

4. By specialization: The workstation of the manager is characterized by functional isolation, which fully ensures the autonomous work of the manager. The workstation of a specialist should provide him with the opportunity to solve any functional tasks facing him, making the most of all the necessary information. The workstation of a technical worker should save him from the daily routine work performed, which requires certain professional skills.

5. According to the technical basis for creating workstations: workstations based on large (universal) computers that provide specialists with the opportunity to work with large amounts of data with technical and software support provided by employees of their own information center (ICC). Workstations based on personal computers are the simplest and most common option for creating automated workstations, as they eliminate all the shortcomings of workstations based on large computers.

The general principles of creating workstations remain unchanged, they include: consistency; flexibility; stability; efficiency. The principle of consistency means the following: an automated workplace should be a system of interconnected components. At the same time, the structure of the workstation must clearly correspond to the functions for which this workstation is created.

The principle of flexibility is of great importance in the creation of modern and efficient workstations. This principle means the possibility of adapting the workstation to the proposed modernization of both software and hardware. At present, when the rate of obsolescence of software and hardware is constantly growing, compliance with this principle is becoming one of the most important conditions for creating workstations. To ensure the principle of flexibility in real working automated workplaces, all subsystems of a single workstation are implemented as separate, easily replaceable modules. To avoid incompatibility problems when replacing, all elements must be standardized.

The principle of sustainability is of great importance. It consists in performing the functions inherent in the workstation, regardless of the impact of both internal and external factors. In the event of failures, the performance of the system should be quickly restored, the malfunctions of individual elements should be easily eliminated.

The principle of efficiency implies that the costs of creating and operating a system should not exceed the economic benefits from its implementation. In addition, when creating an automated workplace, it must be taken into account that its effectiveness will be largely determined by the correct distribution of functions and workload between the employee and the computer means of information processing, the core of which is a PC. Only if these conditions are met, the workstation becomes a means of increasing not only labor productivity and management efficiency, but also the social comfort of specialists.

It is necessary to develop an automated workplace for a department specialist. The software should have an intuitive interface, be easy to use, convenient, informative, flexible and multifunctional. The essence of the automated workplace of a department specialist is as follows: the formation of an individual load; creating schedules for control, independent, consulting work, schedules for defending term papers. Graphs are created for convenience in Microsoft Word.

Using the capabilities of modern computer technology to automate the information processing process allows you to increase labor productivity, improve the efficiency of working with documents and speed up the exchange of management information. At present, the concept of distributed automated control systems aimed at local processing of information has become widespread. This allows you to organize the division of labor of management personnel and automate the performance of their functions. To implement this idea, it is necessary to create automated workstations based on personal electronic computers (PCs) for each level of management and each subject area.

At present, the concept of distributed automated control systems aimed at local processing of information has become widespread. This allows you to organize the division of labor of management personnel and automate the performance of their functions. To implement this idea, it is necessary to create automated workstations based on personal electronic computers (PCs) for each level of management and each subject area.

Distributed control systems allows you to highlight the following requirements for an efficiently and fully functioning workstation:

Timely satisfaction of the information needs of the user;

Minimum response time to user requests;

Adaptation to the level of user training and the specifics of the functions performed by him;

The ability to quickly train the user in the basic methods of work;

Reliability and ease of maintenance;

Friendly interface;

Ability to work as part of a computer network.

AWS consists of hardware and software (Fig. 10) of computer technology, as well as the necessary methodological documentation that allows the user to effectively interact with these tools.

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