Frameless houses. Frameless construction. This kind of framework is applicable

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1. The history of the construction of panel houses

2. Construction of the first large-panel houses in Magnitogorsk

3. Construction technology of frameless buildings

List of Internet resources

1. historyi construction of panel houses

From the beginning of the 1960s, housing construction in the USSR was based on industrial housing construction - the construction of microdistricts from 5- and 9-story serial panel houses. This reduced the cost of construction and made it possible to increase the commissioning of housing, and also made it much more comfortable than communal apartments, just because from now on each apartment was designed based on the settlement of one family, and not several. Simultaneously with the construction of large-panel houses, serial houses from “blocks” began to appear - the same panels, but not in the entire wall.

“The development of our large-panel construction was preceded by a long-term experimental work of Soviet scientists and civil engineers, which began back in 1931-1933.”

These words open the article "On the architecture of large-panel buildings" by K. Zhukov in the journal Architecture of the USSR No. 9, 1952. In the text, the author notes that in block construction, which preceded panel construction, the USSR was ahead of America. However, back in 1910, in one of the suburbs of New York, the first houses appeared in which large panels made of reinforced concrete were used. In the 20s - 40s of the twentieth century, inexpensive panel houses began to be built in Germany, France and other European countries. In Russia, the mass production of 1-2-storey large-panel residential buildings was launched during the Great Patriotic War. It was then that the authorities saw in large-panel housing construction a solution to the housing problem.

In 1947, the USSR Academy of Architecture began the development of a prefabricated large-panel dwelling. The author of the project of the first apartment buildings of the K-7 project was the Soviet civil engineer Vitaly Lagutenko (by the way, the grandfather of the musician Ilya Lagutenko). At first, the four-story Lagutenkovskiye Dom was built with a steel frame, but due to the high consumption of metal, they soon switched to a prefabricated reinforced concrete frame. Since 1950, in addition to frame-panel houses with connected joints, the construction of frameless panel houses began in Moscow, Leningrad, Kyiv, Magnitogorsk and other cities.

The experience was recognized as successful, and the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated May 9, 1950 No. 1911 “On reducing the cost of construction” initiated the design of the first highly mechanized reinforced concrete plants.

A large-scale transition to new solutions in the field of construction began with the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of August 19, 1954 "On the development of the production of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures and parts for construction." According to this decree, it was necessary to build 402 factories of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures in the Union and organize the manufacture of parts at 200 polygon-type sites.

On July 31, 1957, the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a resolution "On the development of housing construction in the USSR", which marked the beginning of a new housing construction.

After some time, the fields around the village of Cheryomushki near Moscow became the first practical construction site, where five-story residential buildings were erected from ready-made house-building structures in a short time. According to some reports, the first Moscow "Khrushchev" is house number 16 on Grimau Street, built in 1957. The experience of Cheryomushkino construction was subsequently extended to the whole country.

According to other sources, at the very beginning of the 1950s, in the large industrial centers of the USSR (Moscow, Sverdlovsk, Kuzbass), entire blocks of four-story capital houses were built, the structures of which were prefabricated at the factory.

panel frameless house technology

In 1955, Nikita Khrushchev signed a decree "On the elimination of excesses in design and construction." The excesses included arches, porticoes of the tower, sculptures and "unacceptably high areas of the front, corridors and other ancillary premises." In the next two years, standard projects of prefabricated panel houses were developed.

2. Construction of the first large-panel houses in Magnitogorsk

The construction of the first large-panel house in the USSR began in 1949 in Magnitogorsk according to the projects of the USSR Academy of Architecture and the Magnitostroy trust.

In 1952, a second experimental house was built. Subsequently, the trust Magnitostroy and Gipromez designed and carried out in Magnitogorsk in experimental and mass housing construction 4-storey large-panel houses with transverse load-bearing walls.

Projects of large-panel houses of the "Magnitogorsk" type were carried out on the basis of planning solutions for typical brick houses; their cases have a width of 13.2 meters and dimensions between the transverse load-bearing walls 3; 3.6 and 4.96 m. All vertical and horizontal loads in the buildings were perceived by ceilings and internal transverse and longitudinal load-bearing walls. The outer walls were designed as self-supporting structures.

The cutting of the outer walls was provided on a panel the size of a room. Their outer layer was made of decorative concrete, the inner layer was made of heavy concrete 4 cm thick. The panels were insulated with blocks of non-autoclaved foam concrete with a volume weight of 600 kg/m3. The total thickness of the panel is 22 cm. The internal load-bearing panels were made of grade 100 structural cinder block with upper and lower horizontal support strips made of heavy concrete.

In the first houses built, the joints of the outer panels were closed with wide insulating pilasters; in subsequent construction, the facades of the houses were solved with open seams.

For ceilings, panels were used with dimensions per room, resting on three sides on internal load-bearing walls. They were made two-layer 12 cm thick, consisting of heavy concrete 3 cm thick, in which the working reinforcement was located, and from a layer of cinder concrete 9 cm thick.

In 1958, a house-building plant was put into operation in Magnitogorsk, designed to produce sets of products for panel houses with a total living area of 30 thousand m2 per year. Since that time, it can be considered that mass construction of frameless large-panel residential buildings with transverse load-bearing walls began in Magnitogorsk.

Experience in the construction of large-panel residential buildings in Magnitogorsk has revealed a significant advantage of frameless structures in comparison with frame-panel solutions. The use of the same type of planar prefabricated products has sharply increased their factory readiness and reduced labor costs for the manufacture and installation of structures. The cost of living space in panel houses turned out to be 10-15% lower than in similar brick houses.

Further in Murmansk since 1955, large-panel 4-storey residential buildings with transverse load-bearing walls have been built using structural solutions used in Magnitogorsk. Floor panels here were made the size of half a room with open seams on the ceiling.

Also, with a slight revision of the design solutions, residential buildings of the "Magnitogorsk" type were designed and built by the Center-Akademstroy in 1957-1959. in Novye Cheryomushki in Moscow three 5-storey corridor-type large-panel buildings for dormitories.

The experience of building frameless large-panel houses in Magnitogorsk was used in Czechoslovakia, where several dozen large-panel houses with transverse load-bearing walls were built in Gottwald, the suburbs of Prague and Brno.

3. Construction technologyframeless buildings

External and internal walls of frameless panel buildings are cut into panels with the size of "per room". In the standard projects being developed for 4-5-storey residential buildings, the outer wall panels have dimensions in length - per room, height - per floor (3.0-3.3 m) and a weight of about 5.0 m. Panels are made with door and window openings. Transverse partitions separating rooms in frameless houses, as a rule, are located against the joints of wall panels. There are two design schemes for frameless houses: 1) with load-bearing transverse partitions made of concrete, in this case the floor panels rest on the transverse partitions; 2) with non-load-bearing partitions, which are made from local and low-strength materials (for example, gypsum), and the floor panels do not rest on partitions, but on longitudinal walls. Due to the large size of the wall panels of frameless houses, they are made, as a rule, from lightweight concrete (slag concrete, expanded clay concrete, thermosite concrete) or from cellular materials (foam concrete, aerated concrete, foam silicate). Large wall panels of frameless houses are made with an applied outer textured layer of decorative concrete and with an inner surface prepared for painting. At the plant, window and door openings of such panels are filled, window sills and drains are installed, heating devices are mounted. Partitions and ceilings in such houses are also made in the size of "per room". Wall panels and floor panels of frameless houses are supplied with steel embedded parts during manufacture, which are welded during installation, which ensures the strength and stability of the building. Installation of panels of frameless houses should be carried out in a certain sequence, ensuring the stability of structures during installation. The order of installation and fastening of elements is indicated in the installation organization projects.

Components of a panel house, which are large reinforced concrete slabs that are manufactured in factories. In the factory, reinforced concrete products are manufactured according to existing GOSTs, so it is assumed that their quality should differ in a positive direction from products manufactured directly at the construction site. But in reality, some factories do not follow the proper technology. The construction of a panel house resembles the assembly of a children's design kit. Ready-made parts of the structure are delivered to the construction site, which the builders only have to mount. As a result, labor productivity in such a building is very high. The area of the construction site is much smaller than that required for the construction of a brick house. Such long and labor-intensive processes, such as installing reinforcement or concreting, which are typical for monolithic housing construction, are completely excluded. It is precisely in this that experts see the main advantage of panel housing construction over other types of construction. The disadvantages of this type is the poor-quality assembly of the structure. A sore point are the interpanel seams, through which, if performed incorrectly, wind and water penetrate. Also, panel houses are characterized by poor sound insulation, unlike houses with wooden floors and some types of monolithic houses.

Listinternet resources

1. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki - typical series of residential buildings

2. http://ria56.ru/posts/kratkaya_istoriya_panelnogo_stroitelstva_v_rossii.htm - Brief history of panel construction in Russia

3. http://bigpicture.ru/?p=470469 - "How the Khrushchevs were built"

4. http://inf-remont.ru/design_buildings/dbui5 - Construction of the first large-panel houses in Magnitogorsk

5. http://for-engineer.info/builder/elements/steny-panelnyx-beskarkasnyx-zdanij.html - Engineering Handbook

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Company "Live House"

The chip of this company is the construction of houses from straw blocks. The basic principle is the construction of frame or frameless houses, in which the walls are lined with blocks of pressed straw.

We offer a choice of developments of the company's designers: single and round and rectangular, frame and frameless. And if you still want something completely atypical, then an individual project will be completed.

Consider the option of a small house.

Typical project "SZD Beskarkasny 6 x 9" - thatched residential building from the company "Zhivoy Dom"

Since the material of the walls has a very small specific gravity, a good savings comes from the simplification of the zero cycle.

Instead of a massive slab or strip foundation, the specialists of the design bureau calculated and used a screw pile foundation, connected, which easily bears the load from the walls of high-density straw blocks with a thickness of 80 cm.

The attic floor is insulated with straw, the roof is not insulated. Outside, the walls are sheathed with CSP (cement-bonded particle boards), painted with water-based compositions. The floors are wooden, insulated.

These are the main design features. Inside can be sheathed with clapboard. The ceiling is hemmed with a board.

The advantages of a straw house:

environmental friendliness;
12 times warmer than brick;
availability of materials;
durability about 100 years;
excellent sound insulation;
construction speed (maximum - a week);
you can easily make a house of any shape;
ease of construction and no need for heavy construction equipment;
low price.

Like every material, straw blocks have disadvantages:

blocks must be from completely dry straw; if it is straw with the addition of clay (such as adobe), then the finished blocks, all the more, should be dried perfectly;
the need for protection against rodents, which is solved by plastering on a thick metal mesh or facing DSP;
during the production of work, fire safety measures must be observed;
to maintain clear vertical and horizontal lines, the straw must be well compacted and carefully tied.

As a comparison of all the pros and cons of thatched buildings shows, shortcomings can be dealt with without much difficulty.

Details and the cost of completing turnkey houses at the moment can be clarified on the company's website http://proekt-sam.ru/.

LLC "CANADIAN ECODOM"

The secret of the technology of this company is the use of panels of its own manufacture in the construction of frame houses using Canadian technology.

On the lines of the Avangard plant, with high dimensional accuracy, panels are produced from outer layers of OSB (oriented strand boards) and with an inner insulation layer of foam or expanded polystyrene.

Typical project of the house "Prague" from the company LLC "CANADIAN ECODOM"

Area of 135 sq. m can not be called small - it is quite suitable for a comfortable stay for a family of average composition.

A small mass of structures, which does not create special loads on the foundation, makes it possible to perform lightweight screw pile or strip foundations with a small depth, which are quite capable of bearing the weight of two or three floors.

Walls, partitions, ceilings are made of the same panels. A solid concrete slab of a weak layer, on which the same panels are laid, creates an insulated floor structure.

Expanded polystyrene, which is not a natural material, is at the same time quite environmentally friendly: it does not cause allergies, has no smell and is recognized by sanitary services as a harmless material. OSB boards are prepared on the basis of wood waste.

The advantages of such houses are as follows:

light weight;
strength;
high moisture resistance;
retain heat well;
ease of installation;
terms of performance of works - the shortest;
fire resistance;
durability (about 80 years);
stability (seismic resistance within 9 points);
low price.

The disadvantages include the fact that, after all, polystyrene foam is not a natural material, although with excellent characteristics. Another minus is the use of German-made OSB boards by this company, which negatively affects the cost.

Interior and exterior decoration - at the choice of the owners.

The cost of building a turnkey house can be found on the website http://can-eco.ru/

Company "ASD-Arbolit"

The eco-houses of this company are built from blocks, the basis of which is wood waste in the form of chips. A mixture of concrete with woodchip aggregate produces a material with excellent qualities.

The thickness of the walls of blocks of 300 mm can withstand both heat and cold. The porosity of the structures provides the building with the ability to "breathe" - there is no blockage effect.

Series "Economy: turnkey" from the company "ASD-Arbolit"

The construction of a house in this series promises the owner to soon have comfortable, warm and relatively inexpensive housing with an area of about 100 square meters. m.

Monolithic reinforced concrete foundations carry the load from the walls and wooden floors; timber roofs covered with metal tiles.

Wall decoration - plaster, with siding.

The advantages of the house of this configuration can be presented in the form of a list of convincing arguments:

environmental friendliness (chips occupy 80% in the composition of wood concrete);
excellent heat and sound insulation;
availability of raw materials;
high strength;
resistance to decay, fungi;
good sound insulation;
short construction period;
affordable cost.

There are also disadvantages:

when erecting a two-story house, the floor must be solid - from prefabricated floor slabs, therefore, wood concrete blocks must have a thickness of 400 mm and a high density;
for reliable support of the plates and tying the blocks into a more rigid structure, a device is required along the top of the walls of a monolithic belt;
this technology requires the use of blocks without chips and irregularities.

Details about the cost of wood concrete houses can be found on the website http://arbo-lit.ru/.

Any of the companies can link to the relief of your site the model project of a residential building they like or design a dwelling individually.

A full-fledged arched construction of a residential building in our time is increasingly beginning to interest architects and designers.

Now the industry is building a lot of pre-fabricated frameless arched hangars and warehouses made of steel on lightweight foundations. However, a frameless arched steel house requires high costs for insulation.

Arched house - design features and benefits

Nowadays, arched small houses of a country or garden type are gaining popularity (for example, like), which, with a very strong desire, can even be transported from place to place photo 1. These houses have the shape of a pointed arch of the Gothic style.

Photo 1. Small arched houses

Let's take a quick look at these arched houses. In arched houses, the supporting elements of the frame are curved trusses and arches, photo 2, which can be made from:

become;
reinforced concrete (very rare);
wood.

Photo 2. Designs of the arched house

Features of arched houses

1 .Enclosing structure the house has good thermal performance due to the use of insulation with a thickness of at least 100 mm. Used as a heater:

polyurethane foam (PPU) - the recommended thickness is at least 80 mm;
mineral wool;
glass wool;

Interior decoration of the house, photo 3.

Typically, the interior decoration of the house is made of the following materials:

wooden lining;
laminated fiberboard;
plywood;
OSB boards.

Exterior decoration of the house.

Typically, the exterior of the house is made of the following materials:

metal profile;
soft bituminous tiles;
wooden shingle;
roofing from galvanized steel sheets;

Roofing in the form of galvanized steel increases the strength and rigidity of the entire roof structure.

Photo 3. Interior decoration of arched houses

Type of flooring. Usually in such houses they try to arrange the floor from wooden boards, but other types of flooring can be used without problems ( | | ).
Windows and doors perform from:

wood;
metal-plastic.

Foundation under the arched lungs of the house, the following is used, photo 4:

columnar (including TISE foundation);
monolithic slab.

Photo 4. Types of foundations: a) pile-screw; b) tape; c) monolithic slab

The advantages of small arched houses

Sufficiently high strength of the house and resistance to weather conditions, such as strong winds, hail, snow load, etc.
Low fuel consumption, heats up quickly and retains heat (low heat loss).
Savings on cooling the air in the house in the summer, since the house practically does not heat up from the sun.
Beautiful and original shape of the house.
Lightweight construction.

The dimensions of the arched house are different, the most common:

width - 2.4 ... 4.5;
length - 3.6 ... .6 m (not limited);
height - 2.4 ... 5 m.

Arched houses of this type can be performed both on one level with relatively high ceilings, and on two levels. On the photo 5 options for planning such arched houses are given.

Photo 5. Layout of the arched house

Arched houses can be not only small, light and temporary, but also large, expensive and massive, photo 6.

So, for example, in the suburbs of New York, a huge arched house with an area of 890 m 2 was built worth $ 3,500,000, photo 7. A house made of concrete, glass and steel.

» article. Where in general terms we will talk about this and, most importantly, reliable and economical technology of alternative house construction.

Frame and frameless straw house is a tradition. So, in many countries, including Ukraine, the roofs of some 60 years ago were mostly covered with straw. The same is true, for example, in England. And what objections can be raised by various adobe structures (adobe), where, along with clay, up to 50% of organic materials (the same straw) were often added to the building blocks?

But can straw really be used as the main building material? Can! Now this will be discussed.

In the practice of building houses from straw blocks, two main approaches can be distinguished.

The first is the use of an additional supporting frame made of wood (sometimes metal), which is filled with blocks. The second approach is that load-bearing walls are laid out directly from straw blocks. The choice of construction technique mainly depends on the specific local conditions. It may also depend on factors such as the quality of the straw blocks.

It is believed that the frame gives the structure additional strength, but practice shows that houses where load-bearing walls are built exclusively from straw blocks are fully justified, which is also confirmed by experiments.

The advantage of the frameless method is the low cost and ease of construction. But at the same time, it should be noted that there are additional requirements for the device of the roof, and above all this applies to its weight.

The construction of walls from straw blocks does not differ in principle from the construction of brick walls - the blocks, like bricks, are laid so that the seams do not match. To give the structure additional rigidity and strength, even in traditional houses in Nebraska, wooden stakes were driven vertically into straw blocks. Nowadays, metal rods are usually embedded in the basement, the first two rows of straw blocks are put on them. The next rows are stacked up, and rods are driven into them. As the height of the wall increases, the bars must be taken longer.

Also, cement mortar can be used to fasten the blocks together (this technique is mainly used in Canada, where the climate is more humid) or clay mortar can be used as a binder.

The roof structure must be securely attached to the building frame, especially in areas where there are strong winds. The roof of a thatched house can be of almost any type (even reed), but if possible, use of heavy roofing materials, such as tiles, should be avoided. Also, the roofs of frame buildings can have a variety of shapes - gable, four-slope, curving, domed, conical.

The construction of load-bearing walls exclusively from straw blocks without the use of an additional frame provides significant savings in materials and costs, and this advantage should not be neglected. Moreover, this technique is sufficiently tested and reliable. The only requirement is the fulfillment of some design requirements, which include the installation of the roof.

What type of roof is most suitable in this case? The answer is simple: the one that has the greatest ease of construction and provides a uniform load on all walls of the building. In this case, the most suitable is a hipped roof. Roof trusses can be installed on the Mauerlat already assembled.

The mauerlat itself (what the roof is attached to) usually consists of two boards laid on the upper plane of the wall, fastened with transverse strips every meter. It is also necessary to provide for a sufficient overhang of the cornice to protect the walls from precipitation (at least 60 cm).

And in conclusion, we suggest that you familiarize yourself with two videos on the topic of building a thatched house. First video:

The second video is about the stages of building a straw house.

You give the construction of a straw house!

More details at http://domir.ru/house_dom_soloma/dom_soloma1.php

According to http://www.strawhouse.ru/tehnology/soloma/builder/

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