Recommendations for the selection of frequency converters for water supply and heating pumps. Pump control circuit - dispenser Fuel pump model km02

Pumps used in autonomous water supply and heating systems are productive, but at the same time quite costly equipment in terms of operation due to the high level of energy consumption. You can reduce costs and significantly extend the life of the pump by equipping it with a frequency converter, which we will discuss in this article.

You will find out why you need and what functions a frequency converter performs. The principle of operation of such devices, their varieties, technical characteristics will be considered, and recommendations for choosing converters for borehole and circulation pumps will be given.

1 Why do you need a frequency converter?

Almost all modern pumps sold in the budget and middle price categories are designed according to the throttling principle. The electric motor of such units always operates at maximum power, and the change in the flow rate / pressure of the fluid supply is carried out by adjusting the shut-off valves, which changes the cross section of the through hole.

This principle of operation has a number of significant drawbacks, it provokes the appearance of hydraulic shocks, since immediately after turning on the pump begins to pump water through the pipes at maximum power. Another problem is the high energy consumption and rapid wear of the system components - both the pump and the shut-off valves with the pipeline. Yes, and there can be no talk of fine-tuning such a water supply system at home from a well.

The above disadvantages are unusual for pumps equipped with a frequency converter. This element allows you to effectively control the pressure created in the water supply or heating pipeline by changing the amount of electricity supplied to the motor.

As you can see in the diagram, pumping equipment is always calculated according to the power limit parameter, however, in maximum load mode, the pump operates only during periods of peak water consumption, which is extremely rare. In all other cases, the increased power of the equipment is unnecessary. The frequency converter, as statistics show, allows you to save up to 30-40% of electricity during the operation of circulation and borehole pumps.

1.1 Device and operation algorithm

A frequency converter for water supply pumps is an electrical device that converts the direct voltage of the mains into an alternating voltage according to a predetermined amplitude and frequency. Almost all modern converters are made according to the double current change scheme. This design consists of 3 main parts:

• uncontrolled rectifier;
• pulse inverter;
• control system.

The key design element is a pulse inverter, which in turn consists of 5-8 transistor keys. A corresponding element of the stator winding of the electric motor is connected to each of the keys. Foreign converters use IGBT class transistors, while Russian converters use their domestic counterparts.

The control system is represented by a microprocessor, which simultaneously performs the functions of protection (turns off the pump in case of strong current fluctuations in the mains) and control. In borehole water pumps, the control element of the converter is connected to a pressure switch, which allows the pumping station to operate in a fully automatic mode.

The operation algorithm of the frequency converter is quite simple. When the pressure switch determines that the pressure level in the hydraulic tank has fallen below the permissible minimum, a signal is transmitted to the converter and it starts the pump electric motor. The engine accelerates smoothly, which reduces the hydraulic loads affecting the system. Modern converters allow the user to independently set the acceleration time of the electric motor within 5-30 seconds.

During the run-up process, the signal transmitter continuously reports the pressure level in the pipeline to the transmitter. After it reaches the required value, the control unit stops acceleration and maintains the set engine speed. If the water point connected to the pumping station begins to consume more water, the converter will increase the supply pressure by increasing the pump capacity, and vice versa.

1.2 Operation of the pump in tandem with a frequency converter (video)

If the pump you are using does not have a built-in frequency converter, then you can purchase and install such a power controller yourself. As a rule, pump manufacturers in the technical data sheet indicate which particular converter is suitable for this equipment model.

1. Power - the voltage converter is always selected based on the power of the electric drive to which it is connected.
2. Input voltage - indicates the current strength at which the converter remains operational. Here it is necessary to choose with an eye to the fluctuations that may be in your power supply (low voltage leads to the device stopping, with increased voltage it can simply fail). Also consider the type of pump motor - three, two or single phase.
3. Adjustment frequency range - for borehole pumps, the optimal range will be 200-600 Hz (depending on the initial pump power), for circulation pumps 200-350 Hz.
4. The number of moves and control outputs - the more of them, the more commands and, as a result, the operating modes of the converter, you can configure. Automation allows you to set the speed at start-up, several modes of maximum speed, acceleration rates, etc.
5. Control method - for a borehole pumping station, it will be most convenient to use remote control, which can be located inside the house, while a converter with a remote control is perfect for circulation pumps.

If you have filtered out all the devices on the market and are faced with the fact that there is simply no equipment suitable for its characteristics, you need to narrow down the selection criteria to a key factor - the current consumed by the motor, according to which the rated power of the converter is selected.

Also, when choosing a frequency control unit, especially from domestic or Chinese manufacturers, consider the warranty period. By its duration, one can indirectly judge the reliability of the technique.

A few words about manufacturers. The leading company in this area is Grundfoss (Denmark), which supplies the market with over 15 different models of converters. So, for pumps with a three-phase electric motor, the Micro Drive FC101 model is suitable, for single-phase pumps (operating from a standard 220V mains) - FC51.

More affordable in terms of price is equipment from Rockwell Automation (Germany). The company offers a line of PowerFlex 4 and 40 converters for low-power circulation pumps and a PowerFlex 400 series for borehole pumping stations (3 pumps connected in parallel can work from one converter at once.

Keep in mind that the price of a good converter can sometimes reach the cost of a pump, so the connection and configuration of such a device should be carried out exclusively by specialists.

(51)4 E 04 G 1 / STATE COMMITTEE ON INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES OF THE SCNT OF THE USSR liquid ol1 n. reception with the lower part P 2. B 6 is installed in the upper 1, the edge is placed above the Axis of the pipeline 3 is tangent to the axis P 2. performance by ensuring fluid is pumped during the suction nozzle emptying cycle. 10Per League. 1 shows a diagram of the pump, the initial position, on Lig. 2 - the same, the phase of emptying the suction pipe; on Lig, 3 - the same, Laza filling the chamber with liquid. 15 The impulse pump contains a working chamber 1 with a suction pipe 2 connected to it, placed in the pumped liquid, and a pipeline 8 for supplying compressed gas connected to the upper part of the suction pipe 2. The pump is also equipped with a receiving tank 4, a pipeline 5, through which the latter with the lower part of the suction pipe 2 and the air valve 6 installed in the upper part of the chamber 1, which is located above the container 4. The axis of the pipeline 3 for supplying compressed gas 30 is located tangentially to the axis of the suction pipe 2. The pump operates as follows. In the initial position (figure 1) the chamber 1 and the container 4 is not filled, the suction pipe 2 and the pipeline 5 are filled with the pumped liquid to its original level. When gas is supplied to the pipeline 3 (Fig.2), the pipe 2 is emptied, and the liquid from the pipeline 5 is poured into the receiving tank 4. In the process of further gas supply to the pipeline 3 at a certain level, the valve 6 (Lig.3) opens, the pressure in the chamber 1 drops sharply to atmospheric, and the liquid through the pipe 2 under the action of hydrostatic pressure and inertial forces enters the chamber 1 and container 4, From the container 4 the liquid enters the consumer, the cycle of work is repeated. An impulse pump containing a working chamber with a suction pipe connected to it, placed in the pumped liquid, and a compressed gas supply pipeline connected to the upper part of the suction pipe, characterized by the fact that, in order to increase productivity by providing liquid pumping into during the emptying cycle of the suction pipe, the pump is equipped with a receiving tank, a pipeline through which the latter is connected to the lower part of the suction pipe, and an air valve installed in the upper part of the chamber, which is located above the tank. 2. The pump according to claim 1, differing from the fact that the axis of the compressed gas supply pipeline is located tangentially to the axis of the suction pipe, 1479708 Order 2522/35 Circulation 523. Signature VNIIPI of the State Committee for Inventions and Discoveries under the State Committee for Science and Technology of the USSR 113035, Moscow, Zh, Raushskaya nab., 4/5 Gagarina, 1

Application

4198499, 24.02.1987

EROKHIN SERGEY KONSTANTINOVICH

IPC / Tags

Link code

impulse pump

Related Patents

Reliability, This goal is achieved by the fact that in a device for removing air from the siphon suction pipe of a vane pump, containing an ejector with a starting device, the active nozzle of which is connected to the pump discharge pipe, and the passive one to the air collector, the latter is made in the form of a container equipped with sensors of the upper and lower levels connected to the starting device of the ejector, and connected in the lower part to the upper zone of the siphon. The drawing schematically shows the proposed device, side view. 2 The device for removing air from the siphon suction pipe 1 of the vane pump 2 contains an ejector 3 with a starting device (not shown), the active nozzle 4 of which is connected to the discharge ...

So that the means 3 for directing the gas-liquid mixture in the form of a gas-collecting funnel overlaps the section of the casing string 6. 45 The gas-liquid mixture coming from the formation passes through the means 3 in the form of a funnel and further along the separation element 1. by the movement of liquid during the suction stroke of the pump, but by the ascent of gas in the volume of the gas factor, constrained by the cross-section of the separation element 1. Thus, the velocity of the gas-liquid mixture in the separation element 1 at a given pressure at the inlet в goes into the annulus of the well above the means 3 and is sucked by the pump through the lower end pipes4. Due to the large radius of the turns of the element 1 and the speed...

In the form of a screw 8, the hollow axis 9 of which has radial perforations 10 for the passage of a gas-liquid mixture, and the jet apparatus is placed at the inlet of the gas outlet 6 tube, and the cavity 40 of the axis 9 of the screw communicates with the suction cavity 11 of the jet apparatus. In addition, the device contains a filter 12. The device operates as follows. 45After starting the ESP 4, the gas-liquid mixture, entering through the holes of the filter 12 into the housing 5, performs a helical movement guided by the surface of the screw 8. Under the action of centrifugal force, the liquid particles move towards the wall of the housing 5 and enter the reception of the ESP 4, and the gas bubbles through the perforations 10 enter the the inner cavity of the axis 955 of the screw 8 and further - into the suction cavity 11 of the jet ...

Pulse dosing pumps are called so because of the nuances of their principle of operation: one of the key roles in the operation of such pumps is played by short electrical impulses supplied to the pump drive.

impulsive nature

On our website, there are impulse dosing pumps of the diaphragm (diaphragm) type, also called solenoid pumps. The principle of their operation is as follows: the membrane, bending in one direction or another, increases or decreases the volume of the working chamber of the pump. Accordingly, the chamber is alternately underpressure or overpressure, the liquid is sucked into the chamber or pushed out of it.

The pulsation of the membrane is determined by the reciprocating movements of the pusher, which moves freely inside the solenoid coil. When an electrical impulse is applied to the coil terminals, a magnetic field arises in it, which directs the pusher towards the membrane - the "ejecting" action of the pump is practiced. After the end of the pulse, the magnetic field disappears; the reverse stroke of the pusher is provided by the spring element of the pump mechanism - the working chamber is filled.

scrupulousness

Dosing accuracy is determined by several factors:

• the size of the working chamber;
• the amount by which the membrane is bent;
• the number of membrane pulsations (pump cycles) produced during dosing.

The last parameter - the number of cycles - coincides with the number of pulses applied to the inductor. Technical manuals for solenoid pumps usually list the so-called "pulse volume" in milliliters. Knowing the volume of an individual pulse and the frequency of their supply, you can easily calculate the dosing time.

For example, with a pulse volume of 0.14 ml and a frequency of 120 pulses per minute (pumps of the PKX series, type 01-05), to dispense 420 milliliters,

420 ml / (0.14 ml/imp * 120 imp/min) = 25 minutes.

However, the volume of the impulse can be variable: for example, the pumps of the DLX series have an optional installation of a back cover with a special adjustment knob, with which you can adjust the amount of stroke of the pusher - respectively, the bending of the membrane and the volume of the impulse. In this case, it is better to adjust the dosing taking into account the readings of the external flow meter.

General leadership

The time and volume of dosing for different models of impulse dosing pumps can be adjusted in different ways. The most affordable models have only one option - manual analog or digital adjustment. More "advanced" models support working with an external level sensor or a pulse flow meter. The most complex ones (BT series pump, model PH-RX-CL/M; DLX-PH-RX-CL/M pump, etc.) are equipped with an integrated controller capable of processing signals from sensors of level, flow, acidity, redox potential, chlorine content, temperature. These pumps are essentially compact dosing stations that can be used to solve individual or complex tasks - for example, water treatment or the supply of laboratory reagents.

Dosing systems can also be created using simple models - based on external modular controllers; also such systems are offered in the form of ready-made assembled solutions.

Performance

Impulse dosing pumps are the most common type of pump for dosing relatively small, up to 20 liters per hour, volumes of liquid chemicals. If you need to supply more significant volumes, you can pay attention to the peristaltic pump of the BH3-V PER series (maximum productivity - 100 liters per hour) or industrial diaphragm and plunger pumps (up to 535 and 1027 l / h, respectively).

Detailed information about all the listed series and models of pumps, with detailed technical specifications, application examples and related data can be found in special sections of the site or requested from an online consultant.

The owners of the patent RU 2307958:

The invention is intended for use in self-contained gas-generating cogeneration plants - mini-CHP, systems of pulsed sprinkling for irrigation of farmland or fire extinguishing, hydropercussion dispersers of solid and liquid substances. SUBSTANCE: impulse jet pump contains a pipeline, lower and upper pressure tanks, between which a combustion chamber is installed, equipped with inlet and outlet valves, a spark plug. The pump is equipped with a nozzle for ejection of water and a shock valve installed between the combustion chamber and the upper pressure tank, blocking the inlet to the upper pressure tank, and a valve consisting of a movable needle-rod located in the nozzle and fixed on a piston connected to a spring. Increases the rate of water ejection. 1 ill.

The present invention is intended for use in self-contained gas-generating cogeneration plants - mini-CHP, pulsed sprinkling systems for irrigation of farmland or fire extinguishing, hydropercussion dispersers of solid and liquid substances, etc.

Known pulse sprinkling apparatus, consisting of a barrel and a nozzle with a hole. A water-air tank is placed on the side surface of the barrel, in the upper part of which an ignition device is installed. Inside the barrel there is a locking body made in the form of a piston and a valve. The upper part of the water-air tank is connected to the completely under-piston barrel, communicated with the atmosphere through a check valve (see A.S. No. 501718, class A01G 25/00, B05B 1/08, published 05.02.76, Bull. No. 5). After ignition of the combustible mixture in the tank under the pressure of expanding gases, the piston moves and the valve opens the nozzle hole, from which a portion of water and exhaust gases are ejected.

The disadvantage of the impulse sprinkler is the need to install an additional energy source to achieve the required degree of compression of the combustible mixture in the tank, as well as a special distribution system to control the inlet valves.

The closest device adopted as a prototype is the Humphrey pump, which is a four-stroke internal combustion engine in which a moving column of water plays the role of a piston. After ignition of the mixture of generator gas with air in the combustion chamber, the water column is set in reciprocating motion within the system lower tank - combustion chamber - upper (pressure) tank, each time carrying a new portion of water from the lower to the upper pressure tank (Technical Encyclopedia , v.14 M.: OGIZ RSFSR, 1931, p.331-332).

The disadvantage of the Humphrey pump is a relatively narrow area of ​​​​use: lifting large masses of water to a small height. The Humphrey pump, being an efficient converter of the energy of fuel combustion, mainly into the potential energy of rising water, does not contain in its technological chain a converter of this energy into the kinetic energy of pulsed water emissions.

The kinetic energy of a portion of water moving at high speed can be converted into short pulses of high unit power, following one after another. It is these energy sources that can be most in demand in many branches of technology.

Thus, the technical task of the invention is to expand the capabilities of the well-known Humphrey pump: in addition to lifting large masses of water to a small height, the ability to produce a pulsed ejection of a portion of water with high kinetic energy is added, which allows it to be used in various fields of technology: in agriculture for water lifting , irrigation or fire fighting; in the chemical and mining industries for dispersion, crushing of materials; in the energy sector for converting the energy of fuel combustion into the kinetic energy of pulsed liquid emissions for conversion into electrical and other types of energy, etc.

The technical result of the invention is an increase in the speed of the ejection of water, providing short pulsed ejections of water of high unit power, following one after another.

The specified technical result in the implementation of the invention is achieved by the fact that in a well-known pump containing a lower and upper pressure tank, between which a combustion chamber is installed, equipped with inlet and outlet valves, a spark plug, according to the invention, the pump is equipped with a nozzle for ejecting water and installed between the combustion chamber and an upper pressure tank with a shock valve blocking the entrance to the upper pressure tank, and a valve consisting of a movable needle-rod located in the nozzle and fixed on a piston connected by a spring.

A distinctive feature of the claimed device is the presence of new structural elements, namely the additional installation of a shock valve at the inlet of the upper pressure tank, and a valve consisting of a movable needle-rod located between the combustion chamber and the upper pressure tank. These valves form a hydropercussion system that provides powerful pulsed cyclically repeated bursts of water from the valve nozzle with a movable needle-rod, while the emission power can reach up to hundreds of kW, depending on the closing speed of the shock valve.

During operation of the device with the shock valve open, the liquid is directed through it to the upper pressure tank at a speed increasing with time, and at the moment when the pressure force of the fluid on the shock valve exceeds its weight, it rises and closes the hole to the upper pressure tank. In this case, hydraulic shock occurs and pressure increases in the pipeline and on the surface of the valve piston, as a result of which the needle-rod that covers the nozzle rises and the fluid, accelerated by hydraulic shock, is ejected at high speed from the valve nozzle. Thus, it is thanks to the installation of the above valves, which are a hydraulic shock system that converts the kinetic energy of a moving fluid into the energy of a hydraulic shock due to the rapid closing of the shock valve, it became possible to increase the rate of water ejection by impulses, giving short impulse ejections of water of large unit power, following each other. after each other with great frequency.

The analysis of the level of technology carried out by the applicant, including a search through patent and scientific and technical sources of information, and the identification of sources containing information about analogues of the claimed invention, made it possible to establish that the applicant did not find an analogue characterized by features identical to all essential features of the claimed invention. The definition from the list of identified analogues of the prototype, as the analogue closest in terms of the totality of features, made it possible to establish a set of distinctive features in the claimed device that are essential in relation to the technical result perceived by the applicant and are set forth in the claims.

The claimed invention is illustrated in the drawing, which schematically shows an impulse jet pump, general view.

The impulse jet pump consists of a lower 1 and an upper pressure tank 2, between which a combustion chamber 3 is installed, equipped with outlet 4 and inlet 5 valves, and a spark plug 6. A shock valve 7 is installed between chamber 3 and tank 2, blocking the entrance to pressure tank 2 , and a valve 8, consisting of a movable needle-rod 9 located in the nozzle 10 for ejection of water and fixed on the piston 11, connected by a spring 12. The pump also contains a pipeline 13 and an inlet valve 14 for water.

The proposed device - pulse jet pump - operates as follows.

The principle of operation of the inventive impulse jet pump is similar to a four-stroke internal combustion engine, and the role of the piston is played by a reciprocating column of liquid. In the event of an explosion of a mixture of combustible gas produced by a gas generator installation using wood and other waste, coal or any other fuel, and air in combustion chamber 3, the burnt gases expand and move the water column through pipeline 13 and percussion valve 7 towards the upper pressure tank 2 until the exhaust valve 4 opens, through which the exhaust gases exit. When the exhaust valve 4 is opened, the purge valve opens and the combustion chamber 3 is filled with fresh air. When water moves towards the upper pressure tank 2, an additional expansion of gases is obtained, the pressure becomes less than atmospheric, and water is sucked in through the inlet valve 14. The incoming water partly follows the moving column of liquid, partly fills the combustion chamber 3.

When the shock valve 7 is open, the liquid is accelerated towards the upper pressure tank 2 at a rate that increases with time. At a certain speed, the pressure force on the shock valve 7 increases so much that it exceeds its weight. In this case, the shock valve 7 rises under the force of the liquid pressure and closes the hole in the upper pressure tank 2.

During the lifting of the shock valve 7, a water hammer occurs and the pressure in the pipeline 13 increases. Despite the fact that the shock valve 7 did not have time to close completely, the pressure in the pipeline 13 and on the platform of the piston 11 of the valve 8 reaches a value exceeding the compression force of the spring 12. As a result, the needle-rod 9, which covers the nozzle 10, is thrown back and the water, accelerated by hydraulic shock, is ejected from the nozzle 10 at high speed. 2 is opened due to the weight (lowering) of the impact valve 7 and the water column begins to reverse movement. With the reverse movement of water, the removal of burnt gases continues until the water reaches the exhaust valve 4 and closes it, after which the fresh air is compressed in that part of the combustion chamber 3, which is located above the exhaust valve 4. The pressure of the compressed air in this case reaches the value more than the static pressure corresponding to the height of the upper pressure tank 2, so the water column begins to move towards the upper pressure tank 2, accompanied by repeated water hammer, described above.

When the water level in the combustion chamber 3 reaches the exhaust valve 4, the pressure in the combustion chamber 3 will obviously be equal to atmospheric pressure, and with further movement, a rarefaction occurs again, the intake valve 5 opens, and the mixture of gas and air fills the combustion chamber 3. Repeated reverse movement of the water column compresses the working mixture, after which the latter is ignited and a new working cycle begins.

The proposed device in comparison with the known has the following advantages:

There is no additional source of energy to achieve the required degree of compression of the combustible mixture in the combustion chamber;

There is no special distribution system to control the intake valve;

Possibility of obtaining short impulse water bursts of large unit power.

Pulse jet pump containing a pipeline, lower and upper pressure tanks, between which a combustion chamber is installed, equipped with inlet and outlet valves, a spark plug, characterized in that the pump is equipped with a nozzle for ejecting water and a shock valve installed between the combustion chamber and the upper pressure tank, blocking the entrance to the upper pressure tank, and a valve consisting of a movable needle-rod located in the nozzle and fixed on a piston connected to a spring.

In this article, we tried to collect all the possible principles of operation of pumps. Often, in a wide variety of brands and types of pumps, it is quite difficult to understand without knowing how this or that unit works. We tried to make it clear, because it is better to see once than hear a hundred times.
In most descriptions of the operation of pumps on the Internet, there are only sections of the flow path (at best, diagrams of operation by phases). This does not always help to understand exactly how the pump functions. Moreover, not everyone has an engineering education.
We hope that this section of our site will not only help you in choosing the right equipment, but also broaden your horizons.

Since ancient times, the task was to lift and transport water. The very first devices of this type were water-lifting wheels. It is believed that they were invented by the Egyptians.
The water-lifting machine was a wheel, along the circumference of which jugs were attached. The bottom edge of the wheel was lowered into the water. When the wheel rotated around the axis, the jugs scooped up water from the reservoir, and then at the top of the wheel, the water poured out of the jugs into a special receiving tray. to rotate the device, use the muscular strength of a person or animals.

Archimedes (287-212 BC), the great scientist of antiquity, invented the screw water-lifting device, later named after him. This device lifted water with a screw rotating inside the pipe, but some water always flowed back, because effective seals were not known at that time. As a result, the relationship between the inclination of the screw and the feed was derived. When working, it was possible to choose between a large volume of lifted water or a higher lift height. The greater the inclination of the screw, the greater the feed height with a decrease in productivity.

The first piston pump for extinguishing fires, invented by the ancient Greek mechanic Ctesibius, was described as early as the 1st century BC. e. These pumps, by right, can be considered the very first pumps. Until the beginning of the 18th century, pumps of this type were used quite rarely, because. made of wood, they often broke. These pumps were developed after they began to be made of metal.
With the advent of the industrial revolution and the advent of steam engines, piston pumps began to be used to pump water from mines and mines.
Currently, piston pumps are used in everyday life for lifting water from wells and wells, in industry - in dosing pumps and high pressure pumps.

There are also piston pumps combined into groups: two-plunger, three-plunger, five-plunger, etc.
They fundamentally differ in the number of pumps and their mutual arrangement relative to the drive.
In the picture you can see a three-piston pump.

Vane pumps are a type of piston pumps. Pumps of this type were invented in the middle of the 19th century.
The pumps are two-way, that is, they supply water without idling.
They are mainly used as hand pumps for supplying fuel, oils and water from wells and wells.

Design:
Inside the cast-iron casing, the working bodies of the pump are located: an impeller that performs reciprocating movements and two pairs of valves (inlet and outlet). When the impeller moves, the pumped liquid moves from the suction cavity to the discharge cavity. Valve system prevents fluid from flowing in the opposite direction

Pumps of this type have in their design a bellows ("accordion"), by compressing which they pump liquid. The design of the pump is very simple and consists of only a few parts.
Usually, such pumps are made of plastic (polyethylene or polypropylene).
The main application is pumping out chemically active liquids from barrels, canisters, bottles, etc.

The low price of the pump allows it to be used as a disposable pump for pumping caustic and dangerous liquids with subsequent disposal of this pump.

Rotary vane (or vane) pumps are self-priming positive displacement pumps. Designed for pumping liquids. with lubricity (oils, diesel fuel, etc.). Pumps can suck liquid "dry", i.e. do not require preliminary filling of the body with a working fluid.

Principle of operation: The working body of the pump is made in the form of an eccentrically located rotor with longitudinal radial grooves in which flat plates (gates) slide, pressed against the stator by centrifugal force.
Since the rotor is located eccentrically, when it rotates, the plates, being continuously in contact with the housing wall, then enter the rotor, then move out of it.
During operation of the pump, a vacuum is formed on the suction side and the pumped mass fills the space between the plates and is then forced out into the discharge pipe.

External gear pumps are designed for pumping viscous liquids with lubricity.
Pumps are self-priming (usually no more than 4-5 meters).

Operating principle:
The drive gear is in constant engagement with the driven gear and sets it in rotational motion. When the pump gears rotate in opposite directions in the suction cavity, the teeth, disengaging, form a rarefaction (vacuum). Due to this, liquid enters the suction cavity, which, filling the cavities between the teeth of both gears, moves with the teeth along the cylindrical walls in the housing and is transferred from the suction cavity to the discharge cavity, where the teeth of the gears, engaging, push the liquid out of the cavities into the discharge pipeline. In this case, a tight contact is formed between the teeth, as a result of which the reverse transfer of liquid from the injection cavity to the suction cavity is impossible.

The pumps are similar in principle to a conventional gear pump, but are more compact in size. Of the minuses can be called the complexity of manufacturing.

Operating principle:
The drive gear is driven by the motor shaft. By engaging the pinion gear teeth, the outer gear also rotates.
During rotation, the openings between the teeth are freed, the volume increases and a vacuum is created at the inlet, ensuring the suction of the liquid.
The medium moves in the interdental spaces to the discharge side. The sickle, in this case, serves as a seal between the suction and discharge compartments.
With the introduction of a tooth into the interdental space, the volume decreases and the medium is displaced to the outlet of the pump.

Lobe (rotary or rotary) pumps are designed for gentle pumping of high products containing particles.
The different shape of the rotors installed in these pumps allows pumping liquids with large inclusions (for example, chocolate with whole nuts, etc.)
The rotation frequency of the rotors usually does not exceed 200...400 revolutions, which allows pumping products without destroying their structure.
They are used in the food and chemical industries.

In the picture you can see a rotary pump with three-lobe rotors.
Pumps of this design are used in food production for the gentle pumping of cream, sour cream, mayonnaise and similar liquids, which, when pumped by pumps of other types, can damage their structure.
For example, when pumping cream with a centrifugal pump (which has a wheel speed of 2900 rpm), they are whipped into butter.

The impeller pump (lamella, soft rotor pump) is a kind of rotary vane pump.
The working body of the pump is a soft impeller, planted with an eccentricity relative to the center of the pump housing. Due to this, when the impeller rotates, the volume between the blades changes and a suction vacuum is created.
What happens next can be seen in the picture.
The pumps are self-priming (up to 5 meters).
The advantage is the simplicity of the design.

The name of this pump comes from the shape of the working body - a disk curved along a sinusoid. A distinctive feature of sinus pumps is the ability to gently pump products containing large inclusions without damaging them.
For example, peach compote with peach halves can be easily pumped (naturally, the size of particles pumped without damage depends on the volume of the working chamber. When choosing a pump, you need to pay attention to this).

The size of the pumped particles depends on the volume of the cavity between the disc and the pump housing.
The pump has no valves. It is structurally arranged very simply, which guarantees long and trouble-free operation.

Principle of operation:

On the pump shaft, in the working chamber, a sinusoidal disk is installed. The chamber is divided from above into 2 parts by gates (up to the middle of the disk), which can freely move in a plane perpendicular to the disk and seal this part of the chamber, preventing liquid from flowing from the pump inlet to the outlet (see figure).
When the disk rotates, it creates a wave-like movement in the working chamber, due to which the liquid moves from the suction pipe to the discharge pipe. Due to the fact that the chamber is half divided by gates, the liquid is squeezed out into the discharge pipe.

The main working part of an eccentric screw pump is a screw (gerotor) pair, which determines both the principle of operation and all the basic characteristics of the pump unit. The screw pair consists of a fixed part - the stator, and a movable part - the rotor.

The stator is an internal n + 1-lead spiral, made, as a rule, from an elastomer (rubber), inseparably (or separately) connected to a metal cage (sleeve).

The rotor is an external n-lead helix, which is usually made of steel with or without subsequent coating.

It is worth pointing out that units with a 2-start stator and a 1-start rotor are currently the most common, such a scheme is a classic for almost all manufacturers of screw equipment.

An important point is that the centers of rotation of the spirals, both the stator and the rotor, are displaced by the amount of eccentricity, which makes it possible to create a friction pair in which, when the rotor rotates, closed sealed cavities are created inside the stator along the entire axis of rotation. At the same time, the number of such closed cavities per unit length of the screw pair determines the final pressure of the unit, and the volume of each cavity determines its performance.

Screw pumps are positive displacement pumps. These types of pumps can handle highly viscous liquids, including those containing a large amount of abrasive particles.
Advantages of screw pumps:
- self-priming (up to 7...9 meters),
- gentle pumping of liquid that does not destroy the structure of the product,
- the possibility of pumping highly viscous liquids, including those containing particles,
- the possibility of manufacturing the pump housing and stator from various materials, which allows pumping aggressive liquids.

Pumps of this type are widely used in the food and petrochemical industries.

Pumps of this type are designed for pumping viscous products with solid particles. The working body is a hose.
Advantage: simple structure, high reliability, self-priming.

Principle of operation:
When the rotor rotates in glycerine, the shoe completely compresses the hose (the working body of the pump), located around the circumference inside the housing, and squeezes the pumped liquid into the line. Behind the shoe, the hose regains its shape and sucks up the liquid. Abrasive particles are pressed into the elastic inner layer of the hose, then pushed into the stream without damaging the hose.

Vortex pumps are designed for pumping various liquid media. pumps are self-priming (after filling the pump housing with liquid).
Advantages: simple design, high pressure, small size.

Operating principle:
The impeller of a vortex pump is a flat disk with short radial straight blades located on the periphery of the impeller. The body has an annular cavity. The inner sealing protrusion, tightly adjacent to the outer ends and side surfaces of the blades, separates the suction and discharge pipes connected to the annular cavity.

When the wheel rotates, the liquid is carried away by the blades and simultaneously twists under the influence of centrifugal force. Thus, in the annular cavity of the operating pump, a kind of paired annular vortex motion is formed, which is why the pump is called vortex. A distinctive feature of the vortex pump is that the same volume of fluid moving along a helical trajectory, in the area from the entrance to the annular cavity to the exit from it, repeatedly enters the interblade space of the impeller, where each time it receives an additional increment of energy, and therefore, and pressure.

Gas lift (from gas and English lift - to raise), a device for lifting a droplet liquid due to the energy contained in the compressed gas mixed with it. Gas lift is mainly used to lift oil from boreholes using gas coming out of oil-bearing formations. Elevators are known in which atmospheric air is used to supply a liquid, mainly water. Such lifts are called airlifts or mamut pumps.

In a gas lift, or airlift, compressed gas or air from a compressor is supplied through a pipeline, mixed with a liquid, forming a gas-liquid or water-air emulsion that rises through the pipe. The mixing of gas with liquid occurs at the bottom of the pipe. The action of the gas lift is based on balancing the column of gas-liquid emulsion with a column of dropping liquid based on the law of communicating vessels. One of them is a borehole or reservoir, and the other is a pipe that contains a gas-liquid mixture.

Diaphragm pumps are positive displacement pumps. There are single and double diaphragm pumps. Double-membrane, usually produced with a drive from compressed air. Our drawing shows just such a pump.
The pumps are simple in design, self-priming (up to 9 meters), can pump chemically aggressive liquids and liquids with a high content of particles.

Principle of operation:
The two membranes connected by a shaft move back and forth by alternately forcing air into the chambers behind the membranes using an automatic air valve.

Suction: The first diaphragm creates a vacuum as it moves away from the housing wall.
Injection: The second diaphragm simultaneously transfers air pressure to the liquid in the housing, pushing it towards the outlet. During each cycle, the air pressure on the back wall of the discharge membrane is equal to the pressure, the head from the liquid side. Therefore, diaphragm pumps can also be operated with the outlet valve closed without compromising the service life of the diaphragm.

Screw pumps are often confused with screw pumps. But these are completely different pumps, as you can see in our description. The working body is the screw.
Pumps of this type can pump liquids of medium viscosity (up to 800 cSt), have good suction capacity (up to 9 meters), and can pump liquids with large particles (the size is determined by the screw pitch).
They are used for pumping oil sludge, fuel oil, diesel fuel, etc.

Attention! The pumps are NON-SELF-PRIMING. Priming of the pump housing and the entire suction hose is required for suction operation)

Centrifugal pump

Centrifugal pumps are the most common pumps. The name comes from the principle of operation: the pump works due to centrifugal force.
The pump consists of a housing (snail) and an impeller with radial curved blades located inside. The liquid enters the center of the wheel and, under the action of centrifugal force, is thrown to its periphery and then thrown out through the pressure pipe.

Pumps are used for pumping liquid media. There are models for reactive liquids, sand and slurry. They differ in body materials: for chemical liquids, various grades of stainless steel and plastic are used, for sludge, wear-resistant cast iron or rubber-coated pumps are used.
The mass use of centrifugal pumps is due to the simplicity of design and low cost of manufacture.

Multisection pump

Multisectional pumps are pumps with several impellers arranged in series. This arrangement is needed when high outlet pressure is required.

The fact is that a conventional centrifugal wheel produces a maximum pressure of 2-3 atm.

Therefore, to obtain higher pressure values, several centrifugal wheels installed in series are used.
(in fact, these are several centrifugal pumps connected in series).

These types of pumps are used as submersible well pumps and as high pressure network pumps.

Three screw pump

Three-screw pumps are designed for pumping liquids with lubricity without abrasive mechanical impurities. Product viscosity - up to 1500 cSt. Volume pump type.
The principle of operation of a three-screw pump is clear from the figure.

Pumps of this type are used:
- on ships of the sea and river fleet, in engine rooms,
- in hydraulic systems,
- in technological lines for supplying fuel and pumping oil products.

jet pump

The jet pump is designed to move (pump out) liquids or gases using compressed air (or liquid and steam) supplied through the ejector. The principle of operation of the pump is based on Bernoulli's law (the higher the fluid flow rate in the pipe, the lower the pressure of this fluid). This is due to the shape of the pump.

The design of the pump is extremely simple and has no moving parts.
Pumps of this type can be used as vacuum pumps or pumps for pumping liquids (including those containing inclusions).
The pump requires compressed air or steam to operate.

Steam powered jet pumps are called steam jet pumps, water powered jet pumps are called water jet pumps.
Pumps that suck out the substance and create a vacuum are called ejectors. Pumps forcing a substance under pressure - injectors.

This pump works without power supply, compressed air, etc. The operation of this type of pump is based on the energy of water flowing by gravity and the water hammer that occurs when it is abruptly braked.

The principle of operation of the hydraulic ram pump:
The water accelerates along the suction inclined pipe to a certain speed, at which the spring-loaded baffle valve (on the right) overcomes the spring force and closes, blocking the flow of water. The inertia of the abruptly stopped water in the suction pipe creates a water hammer (i.e., the water pressure in the supply pipe increases sharply for a short time). The value of this pressure depends on the length of the supply pipe and the speed of the water flow.
The increased water pressure opens the top valve of the pump and part of the water from the pipe passes into the air cap (rectangle on top) and the outlet pipe (to the left of the cap). The air in the bell is compressed, accumulating energy.
Because the water in the supply pipe is stopped, the pressure in it drops, which leads to the opening of the baffle valve and the closing of the upper valve. After that, the water from the air cap is pushed out by the pressure of compressed air into the discharge pipe. Since the stop valve has opened, the water accelerates again and the pump cycle is repeated.

Scroll vacuum pump

Scroll vacuum pump is a positive displacement pump for internal compression and displacement of gas.
Each pump consists of two high-precision Archimedes spirals (sickle-shaped cavities) located at a 180° offset from each other. One spiral is stationary, while the other is rotated by the engine.
The movable spiral performs orbital rotation, which leads to a successive decrease in gas cavities, compressing and moving the gas along the chain from the periphery to the center.
Scroll vacuum pumps are classified as "dry" foreline pumps that do not use vacuum oils to seal mating parts (no friction - no oil needed).
One of the areas of application of this type of pumps are particle accelerators and synchrotrons, which in itself already speaks of the quality of the vacuum created.

Laminar (disc) pump

The laminar (disc) pump is a kind of centrifugal pump, but can perform the work of not only centrifugal, but also progressive cavity pumps, vane and gear pumps, i.e. pump viscous liquids.
The laminar pump impeller consists of two or more parallel discs. The greater the distance between the discs, the more viscous liquid the pump can pump. Theory of process physics: under conditions of laminar flow, fluid layers move at different speeds through the pipe: the layer closest to the stationary pipe (the so-called boundary layer) flows more slowly than the deeper (closer to the center of the pipe) layers of the flowing medium.
Similarly, when fluid enters a disc pump, a boundary layer forms on the rotating surfaces of the parallel discs of the impeller. As the discs rotate, energy is transferred to successive layers of molecules in the fluid between the discs, creating velocity and pressure gradients across the orifice. This combination of boundary layer and viscous drag results in a pumping moment that "pulls" the product through the pump in a smooth, almost non-pulsating flow.

*Information taken from open sources.