Northwestern Federal District. Northwest Russia
Economic Geography and Regional Studies
Economic and geographical characteristics of the Northern economic region.
1. The administrative composition of the district.
2. Features of the economic and geographical position.
3. Place of the region in the economic complex of the country.
4. Assessment of natural resources and conditions of the area.
5. Characteristics of the population and labor resources of the region.
6. Development and placement of the main branches of industrial specialization of the region.
7. Specialization, the level of development of agriculture in the region.
8. Territorial structure of the economy of the region (largest industrial centers, subdistricts, TPK).
9. Development of external relations of the region.
10.Problems of development of the region in the transition to a market economy.
The administrative structure of the region.
The northern economic region covers a vast expanse of the European part of the country with an area of 1,500 thousand km2, facing the Barents and White Seas of the Arctic Ocean. It includes the Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Vologda regions, the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the Karelian Republic and the Komi Republic. About 6 million people live in it.
Features of the economic and geographical position .
The northern region is the largest region of European Russia in terms of territory (1467 km2), which is 9% of the area of Russia.
But in terms of the number of inhabitants (6 million people), this is the most sparsely populated region of the country. The share of its population among the inhabitants of Russia is only 4%.
The northern region is washed by the waters of the Arctic Ocean. Important ports of the Russian Federation are located here - Murmansk (non-freezing), Arkhangelsk. Part of the Barents Sea, warmed by a branch of the warm North Atlantic Current, does not freeze. Quite a significant part of the territory of the region is located north of the Arctic Circle in the cold zone.
The specificity of the position of the region in a part of the North, which is difficult in terms of natural conditions, rich in natural resources and sparsely populated, makes it close to the Siberian type of regions. At the same time, the extremely favorable economic and geographical position, especially in relation to the Central and North-Western economically highly developed regions of the Russian Federation, determines the special place of the European North in the Western economic zone.
Place of the region in the economic complex of the country.
The development of the economic complex of the Northern Economic Region is based on the use of its natural resource potential, favorable economic and geographical position in relation to the industrialized regions of the country, areas of new development of the Asian North and foreign trade partners.
The development of the economic complex of the region is constrained by the position of the Kola Peninsula in the polar latitudes, the extreme natural and climatic conditions, poor transport development and population of the territory, the low level of development of industrial and social infrastructure, the predominance of extensive methods of development and use of minerals, a large share of the use of manual labor. This leads to an increase in the cost of economic activity, which, combined with insufficiently rational methods, forms and methods of management, determines the subsidized nature of the economy.
Assessment of natural resources and conditions of the area
The northern economic region belongs to the regions, the development of which takes place in difficult natural and climatic conditions. In the Vorkuta region, the maintenance of workers costs, in comparison with Central Russia, 2 - 2.5 times more. The development of natural resources is carried out in conditions of permafrost, waterlogging and harsh climate. All this limits the development in the North of a number of manufacturing industries and open-field agriculture.
The northern region is an important fuel and energy base of European Russia: it concentrates more than 1/2 of its fuel resources (oil, gas, coal, peat, shale), 1/2 of the forest and 40% of the water resources of the macroregion. Large reserves of mining and chemical raw materials (apatites on the Kola Peninsula and salts in the Komi). Significant resources for non-ferrous metallurgy (nephelines, kyanites, bauxites, copper-nickel ores), building materials industry and ferrous metallurgy (Karelia, Kola Peninsula). Large reserves of diamonds (Lomonosov deposit) and vanadium ores have been discovered near Arkhangelsk in southern Karelia.
There are two resource concentration zones in the European North. The main share of fuel resources, along with the reserves of salt and ores of light metals, is concentrated in the Timan-Pechora territory in the north-east of the region. Oil and gas reserves are especially large on the coast and on the shelf of the Barents Sea.
The largest resources of phosphorus-containing raw materials, significant reserves of non-ferrous, rare metals, iron ore, mica are concentrated in the north-west of the region - the Kola-Karelian territory. Everywhere, with the exception of the Far North, forest resources and peat reserves are widespread.
The northern region differs in the composition of minerals in the west and east. In the west: iron ores, copper-nickel ores, apatites, nephelines, forest resources. In the east: gas, oil, coal, bauxite, forest resources.
Recently, there has been talk about the possibility of extracting ores of various non-ferrous metals in the east; the Kholmogorskoye diamond deposit in the Arkhangelsk region has been prepared for exploitation. In the west of the region, the hydropower potential has not yet been fully utilized. The area is most promising for the construction of tidal power plants
Characteristics of the population and labor resources of the district
In the Far North, Russian settlement (Novgorod colonization) led to the formation of a special ethnic group - the Pomors, who were engaged in fishing for fish and sea animals. Later, during the Moscow (largely monastic) colonization, the Russians settled on the banks of the rivers near the sketes and monasteries, were engaged in agriculture, crafts: fur, fish, salt production (the well-known merchants Stroganovs).
With the opening of the White Sea trade and the creation of the Arkhangelsk port, the southern trading bases are rapidly growing: Vologda, Veliky Ustyug.
The second major port - Murmansk (Romanov-on-Murman) was created during the First World War. In Soviet times, it became the base of the Northern Sea Route, a fishing port and the center of the surrounding Navy bases.
One of the stages of the settlement of the North is associated with the use of the labor of prisoners (in Stalin's time), who mined natural resources, laid transport routes (the White Sea-Baltic Canal, the Pechora Railway, etc.).
With a small population and a vast territory in the North, the lowest population density in the Western zone (4 people per 1 km2). At the same time, it is especially low in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug (0.3 people per 1 km2). The Murmansk region was most intensively populated. Since 1926, when only 32 thousand people lived here, the population has increased 30 times, exceeding 1.1 million people. At the same time, in a small strip to the south - in the Vologda Oblast - the population decreased by almost 400 thousand people, despite the rapid growth of the cities of Cherepovets and Vologda.
The northern parts of the district are characterized by an increased proportion of young people compared to the southern ones, while in the Vologda south the percentage of people of retirement age is much higher.
Most of those who arrived in the North (where the proportion of mechanical population growth is high) are men. Previously, the main factor in attracting workers to the North was higher wages. At present, the outflow of the population from the European North has begun, as the rise in prices in the North "eats" the increased payment. The North needs help. In all countries, the northern territories require large subsidies from the state. In addition, it is important to create more favorable cultural and living conditions for northerners.
With a sharp predominance of the Russian population in the east of the district, the inhabitants are Komi, in the west 10% are Karelians. The Nenets and Saami live in the north.
The dynamics of the population is characterized by negative trends common to Russia: natural population decline, aging (the proportion of the population of retirement age has approached 15%), a decrease in the proportion of children and adolescents, and an increase in the proportion of people older than working age.
There is an outflow of people from the region.
The reasons for the increasing outflow of the population from the region, including highly qualified specialists, are the curtailment of production at the enterprises of the mining industry, mechanical engineering, light and food industries, and the social disadvantage of the inhabitants of the region.
Problems of reproduction and rational use of labor resources remain topical problems of the region. The decrease in the growth of the able-bodied population caused a decline in the average annual increase in the employed and a reduction in the absolute number of employees in recent years. The lack of a system for regulating labor flows, the difficult demographic situation create problems in socio-economic development. Thus, a significant aging of the population makes it necessary to attract labor from outside.
With the transition to new economic conditions, the problems of employment of the population become more complicated. This is due to the reduction in the number of new jobs, the territorial discrepancy between the availability of jobs and free labor resources, and the insufficient level of qualifications of labor resources.
The number of people employed in the main branches of production may decrease, but not more than by 10%. The number of unemployed will increase in the coming years by 2.5-3 times, but will not exceed 5% of the economically active population. A deterrent to the growth of unemployment will be the development in the region of the non-productive sector, which absorbs excess labor resources.
Development and placement of the main branches of industrial specialization of the region.
City of St. Petersburg, Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov and Kaliningrad regions.
Economic and geographical position
The area is characterized by a coastal position near the shores of the Baltic Sea and its Gulf of Finland or not far from them. The ancient trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks" passed along the rivers and lakes of the North-West, on which Novgorod Rus arose.,
This is a compact area (196 thousand km2). The main city - St. Petersburg, occupies a central position.
In 1990 St. Petersburg was singled out as a "free enterprise zone".
A special place in the North-West is occupied by the Kaliningrad region, formed in 1946. on the territory of the former East Prussia, which was ceded to the USSR after the Great Patriotic War (the area is only 15 thousand km 2). Kaliningrad is one of the most important ports in Russia, the center of sea fishing and foreign trade.
Natural conditions and resources
Moraine-glacial relief with hills and ridges is typical. There are especially many moraine hills on the hills, where they alternate with lake depressions. The North-West of the Russian Plain is a lake region: there are about 7 thousand lakes here. The largest are Ladoga (area 18 thousand km 2), Onega, Chudskoye, Ilmen. The river network is dense. The relatively short Neva River (74 km), flowing from Lake Ladoga into the Gulf of Finland, is one of the most abundant in Russia.
The climate of the region is temperate continental, on the coast - maritime. The Baltic Sea does not freeze only near Kaliningrad. Podzolic and peat-bog soils are characteristic of the entire territory. Forests occupy a little less than half of the district's area, and in the north-east the forest cover reaches 70%.
Minerals: refractory clays, oil shales, phosphorites, quartz sands, limestones, salt springs (in the Staraya Rusa region), bauxites (Tikhvin).
Population
The population of the region is 8.3 million people; the average population density is 42 people per 1 km 2, however, in peripheral areas, the density of the rural population is only 2-4 people per 1 km 2. The majority of the population is Russian. Urbanization rate - 87%.
economy
The main socio-economic factors for the development of the region: profitable EGP, qualified personnel, the development of science and culture, a developed experimental design base.
The North-West is an industrial region with a developed manufacturing complex with a high proportion of mechanical engineering. Focuses on imported raw materials and fuel.
Branches of specialization- qualified mechanical engineering, non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical and light industries.
Mechanical engineering of the region - with developed intra-industry relations: energy, electrical engineering, shipbuilding, instrument making, machine tool building. The region is a major supplier of instruments, automation equipment, turbines, and tractors.
Power equipment: production of generators and turbines for hydroelectric power plants, state district power plants, nuclear power plants (St. Petersburg plant "Elektrosila", "Izhora" - nuclear reactors);
Shipbuilding: "Admiralteysky", "Baltic" plants of St. Petersburg - nuclear icebreakers, ocean dry cargo ships, etc.
Science-intensive industries are represented by instrumentation, radio engineering, electronics, electrical engineering - a wide range and narrow specialization, close industrial ties (St. Petersburg, Novgorod, Pskov, Velikiye Luki, Staraya Rusa).
Novgorod, Pskov, Vyborg, and Kaliningrad produce radio and television equipment and video recorders.
The chemical industry of St. Petersburg was a pioneer in the production of polymers, plastics, materials for semiconductor technology, and the pharmaceutical industry.
Light industry (footwear, textile, food) is developed in the region.
A number of industries are based on local natural resources. These are the extraction of phosphorites and the production of mineral fertilizers from them (Kingisepp, the modern name is Kuressaare), the production of refractory bricks from local clays (Boroviki), the extraction and production of building materials, the extraction of slates (Slates).
The Northwest is home to the aluminum industry. Non-ferrous metallurgy on local Tikhvin bauxites - Volkhov (aluminum plant), Boksitogorsk and Pikalevo (alumina plants).
Agro-industrial complex. Agriculture specializes in dairy farming, pig breeding, poultry farming, vegetable and potato production. Flax growing has retained its importance in the south and south-west of the region. Flax is processed at numerous factories and at large flax mills in Pskov and Velikiye Luki.
Fuel and energy base The district is oriented (in addition to the local one) mainly to imported raw materials - oil, gas and coal from the Komi Republic. The country's largest oil refinery and state district power station are located in Kirishi. The electric power industry is represented by thermal and hydroelectric power plants (Volkhovskaya is the first hydroelectric power station in the country). One of the largest in Russia, the Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant, operates.
Transport. The St. Petersburg transport hub is second only to Moscow in terms of cargo and passenger turnover. Transport routes depart from this city in rays in different directions. St. Petersburg and Kaliningrad are the largest Russian seaports through which foreign trade is carried out. The Volga-Baltic waterway begins in St. Petersburg; and the White Sea-Baltic Canal gives access to the Baltic Sea.
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Plan
Introduction
1. Composition of the Northwestern economic region
2. Natural resource potential
2.1 Mineral resources
2.2 Forest resources
2.3 Water resources
2.4 Fuel and energy
2.5 Hydroelectric
2.6 Recreational
3. Population and labor resources
4. Structure and location of the leading sectors of the economy
4.1 Mechanical engineering
4.2 Chemical industry
4.3 Forest and pulp industry
4.4 Non-ferrous metallurgy
4.5 Light and food industry
4.6 Agro-industrial complex
5. Transport system of the region and economic relations
6. Intra-district differences by regions
6.1 Saint Petersburg
6.2 Leningrad region
6.3 Novgorod region
6.4 Pskov region
6.5 Kaliningrad region
7. Main prospects for the development of the North-Western economic region
8.Map diagram of the area
Conclusion
List of used literature
Introduction
Long before Peter I “cut a window to Europe”, back in the early Middle Ages, large cities already existed on the northwestern outskirts of the Russian Plain - Pskov and Veliky Novgorod. The greatness of the trade and craft of Veliky Novgorod was ensured by its economic and geographical position - on the trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks", linking northern and southern Russia, Scandinavia and Byzantium. Vessels from the Baltic Sea went along the Neva, Lake Ladoga, Volkhov and further south by lakes and rivers to the main watershed, where they were dragged to the watercourses of the Dnieper basin. Only in the Time of Troubles did the Swedes close the exit to the Baltic Sea. After the return of the Neva lands to Russia as a result of the Northern War, on May 27, 1703, St. Petersburg was founded. Soon becoming the capital of the empire, i.e. having taken commanding heights, he further improved his already not weak (successful) economic and geographical position. For example, in order to communicate with deep Russia, channels were built instead of inconvenient portages. As a result, the city became the final seaside point of a huge lake-river network, through which goods were delivered from the Russian hinterland. The new city became a port, a shipbuilding and military industry center. He retained these functions to this day. Unlike Moscow, which naturally grew out of its surroundings, St. Petersburg was built in an economic "desert" ("from the darkness of forests, from swamps of blat", "on the shore of desert waves"). Therefore, it towers over its surroundings much stronger than Moscow. In fact, the North-Western economic region is St. Petersburg and the territory serving it. The northern capital eclipsed the former centers - Pskov and Veliky Novgorod, which became cities dependent on it. This is not surprising, because Moscow itself faded before the new capital. Petersburg industry worked mainly on imported raw materials (metal, coal, cotton, rubber, raw cane sugar, tobacco). It was only after the revolution that the city's external ties weakened, while internal Russian ones strengthened.
1. Composition of the North-Western economic region
The division into economic regions has been applied since the 1930s to the present. There are 11 economic regions on the territory of Russia (until 1986 there were 10). The structure of the North-Western economic region includes: the city of St. Petersburg (formerly Leningrad), the Leningrad region, the Novgorod region, the Pskov region. After the collapse of the USSR, the Kaliningrad region, previously located in the Baltic economic region of the USSR, was included in the region.
Population: 8.5 million people (2007). Area: 210.8 thousand km². The economic and geographical position of the region is coastal, favorable. The North-Western economic region, which ranks second in the country in terms of development, is one of the smallest regions of Russia in terms of area. It is located in the northwest of the European part of the country and occupies 1.2% of the territory, concentrating 5.4% of the population of Russia. The area is distinguished by a convenient transport and geographical position, a high degree of population, a weak natural resource and rich historical and cultural base, the presence on its territory of the second capital of Russia - St. Petersburg, as well as a developed transport and social infrastructure. western population transport industry
The area is located between the developed European states - Finland, Estonia, Latvia and the Central Economic Region, as well as next to the Northern Economic Region (with its rich resource base). At present, the North-West acts as a large industrial region specializing in the production of science-intensive products, primarily complex and precision engineering, the production of chemical and forestry products, and consumer goods. The presence of a developed port economy (St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad) determines the export-import functions of the region on the Baltic Sea.
In 2001 the district provided 5.2% of the total Russian GRP and industrial production, the production of 9.2% of consumer goods, concentrated 14% of foreign investment, 5.4% of tax revenues and fees to the budget system of the Russian Federation. According to most indicators characterizing the socio-economic development of the territory, with the exception of foreign trade turnover and the volume of paid services, the district is inferior to the average Russian level. A significant gap in the level of development of individual regions of the North-West is due to the unification within the region of both rapidly progressing (Leningrad region) and depressive (Pskov region) territories. The economic potential of the North-Western region is determined by the powerful industry of St. Petersburg, the availability of highly qualified personnel, and a large scientific base.
2.Naturalresource potential
The North-Western region is located on the Russian Plain, which is a lowland with traces of glacier activity (moraine-ridged, hilly relief). The low relief areas are occupied by numerous lakes and peat bogs. Climatic conditions are characterized by high humidity, relatively warm winters and cool summers, due to the influence of the Atlantic. The soils are mostly podzolic, peat-bog soils are also found everywhere. Natural vegetation (spruce-pine forests with birch, etc.) is heavily cut down (by 50%) and changed. In the northeast, the forests are better preserved.
2.1 Mineral resources
In the west of the Leningrad region, oil shale is mined underground (the Leningradskoye deposit in the Slantsy region), peat is ubiquitous. In the Novgorod region (Borovichi) there is a brown coal deposit. The Tikhvinskoye bauxite deposit is being exploited southeast of St. Petersburg. Phosphorites (Kingisepp deposit of the Baltic basin) are mined in the west of the Leningrad region. In the Novgorod region in 1984, diamonds were discovered in the valley of the Msta River. Amber reserves are concentrated in the Kaliningrad region.
Mineral building materials are quite widespread: building stone and crushed stone, clays (raw materials for the production of refractory products) - in the north of the Novgorod region (Borovichsko-Lobytninskoye deposit), cement and flux limestones (Pikalevo), in the Leningrad region - facing stones, granites, quartzites , marbles (Kaarlakhtinskoe or Kuznechnoye granite deposit in the Priozersk region); deposits of mineral paints (umber, ocher, Prussian blue) are located near Vsevolozhsk.
2.2 forest resources
Forest resources are important. Forests cover 45% of the area. In the northern part of the region, coniferous species (spruce, pine) predominate, in the southern part - mixed species. The main forest massifs are located in the Leningrad and Novgorod regions, where forested areas account for 50%.
2.3 Water resources
Inland waters are numerous rivers, lakes, swamps, groundwater, artificial reservoirs, soil moisture, as well as glaciers and permafrost. All of them are closely interconnected by the water cycle and constitute the most important natural resource, since fresh water is necessary for the existence of living organisms. The North-Western region has significant water resources - underground and surface. The rivers are full of water (Neva, Narva, Luga, Volkhov), have a total flow in the average year - 124 cubic meters. There are many large lakes in the region - Ladoga, Chudskoye, Ilmen, Pskovskoye. There are more than 3,700 lakes on the territory of the Pskov region, the largest of which is the Pskov-Chudskoe lake, the area of which is 3,521 sq. km. More than 30 rivers and streams flow into the lake, the river flows out. Narva. Most of the lakes are in the southern part of the region.
The Leningrad region has significant water potential. Large rivers: Neva, Volkhov, Svir, Luga, Vuoksa, Syas. Numerous lakes, especially on the Karelian Isthmus. The Gulf of Finland stretches from west to east for 420 km, its area is 29.5 thousand km2. Salinity is low - 3-6% (large inflow of water from the Neva River). There are more than 1800 lakes in the region, Ladoga and Onega are the largest reservoirs of fresh water.
2.4 Fuel and energy complex
The reserves of fuel and energy resources of the region are small - 6 billion tons. conditional fuel. The lion's share of the resources comes from peat, which is used in agriculture and as fuel for power plants. Deposits are being developed near large cities. The region has reserves of oil shale - 1.8 billion tons. - raw materials for the chemical industry and for agriculture. The energy sector of the region is developing both on local resources - peat, slates (part of the Baltic shale basin), oil and gas (Timan-Pechora oil and gas basin), coal (Pechora coal basin), hydro resources, and on imported fuel. The region's fuel deficit and large quantities of expensive Kuznetsk and Pechora coals make the problem of using nuclear fuel ever more pressing. In the western part of the region, due to the lack of these resources, two nuclear power plants (Murmanskaya and Leningradskaya) were built. Electricity generation is concentrated at large state district power plants and thermal power plants located in St. Petersburg and other centers. The region has small and medium power hydroelectric stations built on the rivers Volkhov (Volkhovskaya hydroelectric power station), Svir and others. Nearly five million inhabitants of St. Petersburg and a powerful industry require a lot of energy and fuel. In addition to thermal power plants and hydroelectric power stations, the Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant operates in the region - one of the largest in the country. There is already a project to commission new capacities on it.
In Kirishi, which is on the way of a powerful pipeline, there is an oil refinery. The laying of new oil pipelines to the region, proximity to export terminals stimulates the expansion of oil refining. Surgutneftegaz plans to build a new refinery, Kirishi-2, next to the existing one; Rosneft plans to build it in Slantsy.
2.5 Hydropower resources
Potential reserves of hydropower in the region amount to 11.5 billion kilowatt-hours, technically possible - 6 billion, and economically possible - 4.7 billion kilowatt-hours. Construction in 1921-1926. Volkhovskaya hydroelectric power station, large for those times, with a capacity of 66 MW, according to the GOELRO plan, the beginning of the rapid development of domestic hydropower was laid. The annual electricity generation at the Volkhovskaya HPP is 0.4 billion kilowatt-hours. A cascade of two small HPPs was built on the Svir. The Narva hydroelectric power station was built on the Narva River; due to the flat nature of the current, an extensive reservoir had to be created for its operation. There are small hydroelectric power stations in the north of the Karelian Isthmus.
2.6 Recreational resources
In Russia, only the famous "Golden Ring" can be compared with the North-West in terms of the number of wonderful historical sites and architectural masterpieces. The oldest Russian museum cities Novgorod (859), Pskov (903), Belozersk (862), Orthodox monasteries on Valaam and Kirillov, wooden architectural ensembles of Vologda and Kizhi, Pushkin's places in Trigorsky and Mikhailovsky - this is just the beginning of a long list of places that are seductive for travelers. The brightest diamond of the tourist collection of the North-West is St. Petersburg and its environs. The residences of Russian autocrats are so different and therefore always so attractive to tourists: Petrodvorets - with grandeur and amazing fountains, Pavlovsk - with the sophistication of the park ensemble, Gatchina - with park lakes and the similarity of the palace with a knight's castle. Tsarskoye Selo - the luxury of the Catherine Palace and Alexander Park, the glory of the Pushkin Lyceum, Oranienbaum - an old shady park and an elegant "Chinese" palace ... And St. Petersburg itself, a huge city at the mouth of the Neva, the northern capital of Russia, clad in granite banks, wide and the full-flowing Neva with its branches and canals, bridges thrown over them, is a true decoration of the city, which is rightly called the Venice of the North. The countless treasures of the museums and palaces of St. Petersburg attract tourists to their quiet luxurious halls.
3. Population and workforce
In the North-Western region, according to the 2007 census, there are 8.5 million people. The population density is about 40 people per 1, which is 5 times higher than the national average. At the same time, among other economic regions of Russia, Severo-Zapadny is distinguished by a very high concentration of residents in one of the regions - about 60% of its population lives in St. Petersburg. The proportion of the urban population is 87% - the highest level of urbanization among the regions of the country. The high share of the urban population is connected with the presence in the St. Petersburg region - the second most populous city in Russia (4.7 million inhabitants), heading the urban agglomeration with a population of more than 5.5 million people. The Novgorod and Pskov regions are relatively poorly urbanized. In the 1990s, the Northwestern region combined a natural population decline (more than 10%, i.e., the maximum among all regions of Russia) and a migration influx in all regions, but a smaller one ( up to 7% in the region as a whole). In previous decades, the Novgorod and Pskov regions were characterized by an intensive migration outflow of residents, which led to the formation of a very old age structure of the population in these regions. People came to St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region, but the birth rate in the city and its environs is traditionally the lowest in Russia (it was here that the demographic transition began first of all in the country), so the age structure of the population is also old. The Pskov region stands out among all regions of Russia with the maximum mortality (up to 23%) and the maximum natural population decline (up to 15%).
The population is one of the most important demographic indicators. From the data below, it follows that the population in this economic region is declining.
Table 1. Population, thousand people
Various negative and positive factors can influence the population size: birth rate, mortality, population migration, the dynamics of which, in turn, depends on the economic and political situation in the region and in the country, the peaceful or military situation in the region, etc. The unfavorable ecological state of the environment in many regions of Russia also influences the decrease in the total number.
Table 2. Natural population growth, per 1000 people
|
Mortality per 1000 people |
St. Petersburg |
Leningrad region. |
Pskov Region |
Novgorod region |
|
|
We give birthawn on1000 people |
|||||
Table 3. Summary data for the North-West region
The labor resources of the district, primarily St. Petersburg and its agglomeration, are distinguished by a high level of qualification. This is due to the fact that from the very beginning of its foundation as the capital of the Russian Empire, the city was the largest scientific, cultural, and industrial center. It retained this significance in the Soviet period - after the return of the capital to Moscow, although on a smaller scale. The high potential for socio-economic development makes it possible to maintain a relatively low unemployment rate in St. Petersburg. Whereas in the Pskov region, which is characterized by the maximum decline in production in the 90s, this level is constantly higher than the average Russian one. In all regions of the North-West region, the Russian population predominates. The indigenous Finno-Ugric peoples (Vepsians, Izhors, etc.) were almost completely assimilated, which was facilitated by their initially small numbers and the long-standing spread of Orthodoxy. In St. Petersburg, as in any large city with an intensive migration influx for many decades, there are numerous diasporas of the peoples of the entire former USSR: Ukrainian, Tatar, Jewish, Estonian, etc.
Table 4. Ethnic composition of the population,%
There are also intra-regional differences in population dynamics: for the Leningrad region, the main source of population growth is the influx from the Pskov and Novgorod regions, as well as from other economic regions. And the regions of the district are characterized by a low birth rate and a constant outflow of the population to the capital. But recently there has been a tendency to stabilize the population of these regions. Currently, there has been a re-emigration of the population to the countryside due to the deterioration of the economic situation and the influx of refugees and internally displaced persons.
4. CStructure and location of the leading sectors of the economy
4.1 Machine building complex
The North-Western region specializes in the production of industrial products, which require deep specialization, combined with numerous and diverse connections for intra- and inter-industry production cooperation and skilled labor. The leading role in specialization belongs to the machine-building complex. The machine-building complex is multi-profile. Historically, heavy engineering develops without a metallurgical base. The peak of development of the machine-building complex fell on the 1930s - 40% of machine-building is provided by the St. Petersburg industrial hub. Mechanical engineering is distinguished by a great need for labor of mass professions (energy, agriculture, printing engineering). Mechanical engineering enterprises focused on highly qualified labor personnel, metal-intensive (radio electronics, instrument making, electronics).
Mechanical engineering in the North-Western region has the following stages:
1) production of machine bodies;
2) production of components and parts, spare parts;
3) iron and steel casting;
4) assembly.
Leading branches of engineering:
1) shipbuilding;
2) electrical engineering;
3) power engineering;
4) tractor engineering;
5) agricultural engineering;
6) instrumentation;
7) machine tool building;
8) electronic industry.
Most of the electricity in our country is generated by turbines and generators produced in the city on the Neva. Domestic nuclear icebreakers were built by Leningrad shipbuilders. Since the time of Peter the Great, the city has been distinguished by military-industrial complex enterprises.
The main part of machine-building enterprises is concentrated in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region. Production associations have been created on the basis of most enterprises.
The largest machine-building enterprises are the Electrosila plant (production of powerful generators for thermal and hydraulic power plants), the Kirov Plant (production of powerful tractors), the Admiralty and Vyborg Plants (unique ships, fishing vessels, tankers), the Nevsky Metallurgical Plant (piece, small-scale machines, equipment for nuclear power plants, powerful excavators), the LOMO association (optical and mechanical products), Svetlana (electronic equipment), as well as machine-tool associations, plants for precision engineering, radio electronics, computer technology and instrumentation.
Nowadays, there has been a revival of engineering in the North-West on the basis of a new automotive industry for the region. In Vsevolozhsk, there is already an assembly plant for Ford cars (with a capacity of 75,000 cars per year). Auto assembly production in St. Petersburg was established by the largest corporations: Toyota (in 2007, with a capacity of 20 thousand per year, it is planned to expand production to 200--300 thousand), General Motors (in 2008, while working in a test mode, when reaching the design capacity, it is capable of producing 70 thousand cars per year). In the workshops of the Leningrad Metal Plant, the assembly of small batches of Yarovit trucks has been established. Subcontractors are also coming to the assembly plants. In Vsevolozhsk, the production of tires (4 million per year) has been established, and an auto glass plant is being built in St. Petersburg. Canadian "Magna" intends to open a factory of auto components. Plans for the creation of car factories were announced by Nissan (50 thousand a year), Hyundai, Suzuki (30 thousand, with the prospect of expanding to 100 thousand). True, in connection with the global economic crisis, global auto giants are now adjusting their production programs in Russia.
Our northern capital attracts auto giants with a skilled workforce, developed infrastructure, seaside location, which ensures the convenience of transporting auto components, and a capacious consumer market. The pre-crisis production program of all automakers in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region is quite comparable with the capacity of AvtoVAZ (728,000 vehicles - sales volume in 2008).
4.2 Chemical complex
One of the leading places in the industry of the North-Western region is occupied by the chemical complex. The production of rubber products, tires, synthetic resins, fertilizers, plastics, paints and varnishes, acids, reagents, chemical and pharmaceutical preparations has received great development in the region.
The production of phosphate fertilizers has been established in St. Petersburg and Volkhov. In Kingisepp local phosphorites are used to produce phosphorite flour (Phosphorite Association), at the Novgorod plant, using natural gas, nitrogen fertilizers are produced; the production of double superphosphate was mastered at the Volkhov Combine.
The enterprise of the chemical production association "Red Triangle", which produces tires, rubber shoes and other rubber products, is widely known. The chemical industry is represented by the processing of slates (the city of Slantsy). On the whole, the chemical industry tends to reduce especially environmentally harmful production.
4.3 Forest complex
The forest complex is also developed in the region, including the forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries. The needs of the complex in wood are covered both by local logging and, to a large extent, by raw materials from neighboring Karelia and other regions of the North.
Lumber, plywood, fibreboard (MDF) and chipboard (chipboard), furniture, cardboard, paper and other types of products are produced in almost all areas of the region. But especially their production is developed in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region. The largest mills of the pulp and paper industry are: Svetogorsk, Kamennogorsk pulp and paper mill, Priozersky, Soviet on the Karelian Isthmus. In St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region, the production of plywood and furniture is developed. Plywood is also produced in the Novgorod region. The main direction of development of the forest complex is the deep processing of wood, improving the quality of its products, and restoring forests.
4.4 Non-ferrous metallurgy
The development of non-ferrous metallurgy is constrained by the tension in the fuel and energy balance and the poverty of the raw material base. Its share in the total volume of industrial production will gradually decrease. Non-ferrous metallurgy is represented by enterprises producing aluminum raw materials (Severoonezhsky bauxite mine, Pikalevsky, Boksitogorsky alumina plants), aluminum plants (Volkhov, Nadvoitsky, Kandalaksha), mining of copper-nickel ores, production of concentrates and nickel smelting (Nikel, Zapolyarny, Monchegorsk), etc.
4.5 Light and food industry
In the complex of branches of light industry, the leading place is occupied by the textile, leather and footwear, porcelain and faience industries. The development of the textile (in particular, cotton, silk, woolen) industry was facilitated by the great need of the region for fabrics, as well as the concentration of highly qualified personnel in St. Petersburg. The main center of the textile and knitwear industry is St. Petersburg. The linen industry is developed in Pskov, the production of footwear - in St. Petersburg (association "Skorokhod"), porcelain and faience products - in the Novgorod region. The glass and porcelain-faience industry is one of the oldest branches of production in the Leningrad region. Glass factory in the village. Druzhnaya Gorka produces chemical laboratory glassware and instruments.
Of the industry enterprises that appeared in the post-Soviet period, we note the Baltika brewery in St. Petersburg - the leader of the Russian beer market, the large Russian Standard distilleries in the northern capital and Veda in Kingisepp. Accordingly, containers were required for alcoholic products. In 1998, a plant for the production of aluminum cans began to operate in Vsevolozhsk (with a capacity of almost 1 billion pieces per year), in 2003, a glass container plant in Kirishi.
4.6 Agro-industrial complex
Agro-industrial complex. Agriculture is at the center of it. It plays an important role in the region. Its goal is to meet the needs of the population of the North-West in food. The structure of agricultural production is dominated by dairy and dairy-meat animal husbandry, potato growing and flax growing. Orientation to meet intra-district food needs determined the territorial organization of agriculture. Dairy, pig, poultry, vegetable farms are concentrated near large cities. In suburban areas, potato growing is developed, in the Pskov and Novgorod regions - flax growing, which has inter-district significance. Agricultural land makes up 1/5 of the entire territory. More than 1/2 of the crops are occupied by grain crops, the main areas of these crops are located in the Pskov region. The same region stands out for its developed animal husbandry - it accounts for 45% of the total number of cattle in the region, the main part of the number of pigs.
All agricultural products are intended for domestic consumption, and only flax and its products are exported outside the region. The need of the population of the region for foodstuffs (except for eggs and vegetables) is met to a large extent by imports from other regions.
In the agro-industrial complex of the North-West, the growth in production is associated with the strengthening of interregional ties, the development of entrepreneurship in the countryside, the diversity of forms of ownership, especially farming and personal subsidiary plots, as well as the creation of a network of processing enterprises of small and medium-sized businesses. Cardinal shifts can be expected if there is a significant increase in farms and their agricultural land. This process in the region is possible, since the reserves of agricultural land are significant, especially in the Pskov and Novgorod regions, and the problem of labor resources in the agro-industrial complex can be solved due to the influx of people from other regions, the CIS states.
5. Transport system of the region and economic relations
The North-Western region has all types of modern transport. It accounts for a significant share of sea and river transport. Currently, the transport system is focused on solving three main tasks:
Access to the Baltic through Moscow throughout the southern and southeastern parts of Russia and the adjacent CIS states,
Access to the Baltic of Belarus and Ukraine and the connection of the Baltic basin with the Black Sea,
Communication with the Baltic of the northern regions of Russia.
It is the solution of these three tasks that makes the North-West the most promising zone of Russia's world economic relations.
St. Petersburg is the largest port in the country and the world, but the prospects for further development of the port are very limited by the fact that it has grown "in the body" of a large city, through which mass transit is inexpedient. And the resources of the urban area are also limited. Therefore, the estimated capacity of the St. Petersburg port after its expansion is estimated at 25-30 million tons of cargo turnover per year. And Russia's needs in this region are estimated in the future at 100-120 million tons annually. Therefore, the creation of a system of Russian ports in the Baltic has begun. It is planned to expand the already existing small ports in Vyborg and Vysotsk and build new large ports at the mouth of the Luga River and in the area of the city of Lomonosov.
The leading mode of transport is rail. In terms of the density of the railway network, the district is one of the first places in the country. From St. Petersburg originate 12 directions of roads to Moscow, the Urals (via Cherepovets-Vologda), Belarus and Ukraine (via Vitebsk-Orsha-Kharkov). Railways connect the North-West with the North (St. Petersburg-Petrozavodsk-Murmansk and through Vologda and Kotlas with Syktyvkar and Vorkuta), the Baltic States (St. Petersburg-Tallinn, St. Petersburg-Pskov-Riga, St. Petersburg-Pskov- Vilnius and further - to Kaliningrad).
Table 5. Operating length of public railways, km:
All these roads are of particular importance because they connect almost all of Russia with the Baltic. This is also where the “introduction” of the Mariinsky water system into the Baltic takes place, providing a direct connection between the northern seas of Russia and its southern seas. At present, a very significant scale of new transport construction is planned in the North-Western region. The project of a high-speed highway, which through St. Petersburg (bypassing the city) will connect Moscow with Scandinavia, has become widely known. At the same time, the reconstruction and modernization of the Oktyabrskaya highway is being planned.
The railways of the region transport timber industry products, metal, fuel, equipment, machinery and other products. Exports are dominated by products of mechanical engineering, chemical, woodworking and pulp and paper industries. In import - fuel and energy resources, timber, metal, building materials, food. In recent years, pipeline transport has been developed. The region is characterized by a significant predominance of imports over exports, which is a consequence of the specialization of the region in the manufacturing industry. The closest ties have developed with the Northern region. Economic ties with the Central Economic Region are developed.
The geopolitical position of the region deserves a substantially new assessment. After the demise of the USSR, this particular region became practically the only direct outlet for Russia to the western (Atlantic) sphere of the world market. And it immediately became clear that this exit was completely insufficiently equipped for the successful fulfillment of its new role - the preferences of previous years (in terms of the number of ports, overland routes abroad, infrastructural support, and the development of the state border) affect. But the problem will inevitably have to be solved, since Russia cannot seriously count on the ports of the Black Sea or the ports of the Baltic states. It should be specially emphasized that the formation of a full-fledged sea access of Russia to Europe is an extremely important task not only for St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region, but for the whole of Russia. But the main role, of course, should be played by the Russian Federation itself. It is possible that this is the most important development resource in the future.
Attention should also be paid to the fact that already in the near future (within the next 5-10 years) the world economic significance of the Northern Sea Route may noticeably increase. There are a lot of ambiguities in this issue, but in general, the trend is such that scientific and technological progress and the polarization of the world market into the western and eastern zones with epicenters in the North Atlantic and the North Pacific Ocean will require more intensive and large-scale development of the Northern Sea Route zone. The ambiguous problem of the development of the Northern Sea Shelf is clearly visible. The North-West will inevitably have to participate in solving both problems.
Currently, the transport of the region, especially maritime transport, which cannot cope with the volume of export-import traffic, is experiencing great difficulties. Therefore, a very significant scale of new transport construction is planned here. The project of a high-speed highway, which through St. Petersburg (bypassing the city) will connect Moscow with Scandinavia, has become widely known. At the same time, the reconstruction and modernization of the Oktyabrskaya highway is being planned.
In the plans for creating a regional intersectoral transport system, great importance is given to the construction of a ring highway around St. Petersburg (this will free the city from a significant part of freight vehicles), the reconstruction of Pulkovo airport and the construction of a new modern airport. Finally, the construction of pipelines (primarily from the Kirishi refinery) should take on a significant scale. Road transport plays a very important role both in intra-district transportation, and in inter-district and foreign. Also, a significant part of the movement of the population, both within the region and outside it, occurs precisely on cars and buses. As already mentioned, the construction of a ring road around St. Petersburg is being prepared, which will greatly facilitate movement to the northern countries of Europe.
Table 6. Density of public roads with hard surface, km of roads per 1000 sq. km of territory
6. Intra-district differences by regions
6.1 Saint Petersburg
Geographical position
The territory of St. Petersburg is 1439 . The city is located in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland.
St. Petersburg is located within the flat Neva lowland, slightly inclined towards the Gulf of Finland and the Neva River. Much of the urban area is at risk of flooding.
Climatic conditions
The maritime climate of the city with frequent changes in air masses determines the instability of the weather throughout the year. The winter is mild, the summer is moderately warm, the average temperature in January is -7.8°С, in July - +17.8°С. Most of the annual precipitation (620 mm) falls in the summer months, fogs are frequent.
Population
According to the preliminary results of the 2002 census, the population of St. Petersburg amounted to 4669 thousand people. The economically active population is 2468 thousand people. In 2002, the registered unemployment rate was 0.9%.
Age structure of the population: 61.6% of the population is of working age, 14.8% is younger than working age, 23.6% is older than working age.
On the territory of the city lives (according to the 1989 census) a population of more than 120 nationalities. The bulk of the population is Russian (89.1%). Ukrainians (1.9%), Jews (2.1%), Belarusians (1.9%), Tatars (0.9%) and others also live here. St. Petersburg is divided into 13 administrative districts. In addition, 8 cities are subordinate to him: Kolpino, Kronstadt, Lomonosov, Pavlovsk, Petrodvorets, Pushkin, Sestroretsk and Zelenogorsk.
The average age of the population is 38.5 years.
Transport system
The transport system of St. Petersburg is represented by all types. 12 railway lines and 11 highways leave in different directions; it is the largest Russian seaport in the Baltic and a major river port, the Volga-Baltic waterway ends here. An international airport was built in Pulkovo.
The St. Petersburg transport hub is second only to Moscow in terms of freight and passenger traffic. Transport routes depart from this city in rays in different directions. St. Petersburg is currently one of the largest foreign trade seaports in Russia. The Volga-Baltic waterway provides connections with other economic regions of the European part of the Russian Federation. The White Sea-Baltic Canal opens access to the White and Barents Seas.
Key Resources
Hydro resources. Surface fresh waters are concentrated in the catchment area of the water system "Lake Ladoga - Neva River - Neva Bay - Gulf of Finland". Within the territory of the city there are 40 rivers, branches, channels and canals, their total length is 217.5 km. The largest are Bolshaya and Malaya Neva, Bolshaya, Srednyaya and Malaya Nevka, Fontanka, Karpovka, Okhta, Zhdanovka, Moika, Black River and Obvodny Canal.
Environmental conditions
St. Petersburg is a city with a difficult ecological situation. To improve the environmental situation, first of all, it is necessary to take measures to disinfect the water flows into the Neva River, dispose of the sewage treatment plant sludge, build additional centralized and local treatment facilities, and expand the use of water supply systems.
The leading industries in St. Petersburg are mechanical engineering and metalworking, and the food industry. Their share in the volume of industrial production is 68.3%.
food industry.
The share of the industry in industrial production is 34.9%. Leading enterprises of the industry: CJSC "Confectionery factory named after. N.K. Krupskaya, OJSC Petmol, CJSC Parnas-M, CJSC St. Petersburg Plant Piskarevsky, CJSC Liviz, CJSC Nevo-Tabak, OJSC Petro, OJSC Baltika Brewing Company, OJSC "Combine them. Stepan Razin, OAO Vena.
.
The share of the engineering industry in industrial production is 33.4%. Compared to 2001, the growth was: in machine building for light and food industries - 122.9%, diesel industry - 119.8%, production of electric welding equipment - 118.9%, hoisting and transport engineering - 113.8%, production of sanitary -technical and gas equipment - 108.2%. The largest machine-building enterprises: OJSC Izhora Plants, OJSC Leningrad Metal Plant, OJSC Kirov Plant, OJSC Nevsky Plant, OJSC Elektrosila.
St. Petersburg is the center of shipbuilding in Russia. JSC Baltiysky Zavod, Federal State Unitary Enterprise Admiralty Shipyards, JSC Shipbuilding Company Almaz build ships of various types: nuclear icebreakers, tankers, refrigerators, hovercraft, racing and cruise yachts.
Power industry.
The share of electric power industry in industrial production is 11.7%. The city's power supply system is represented by the generating capacities of the city's CHPPs, which are part of the structure of Lenenergo OJSC, small installations of individual industrial enterprises, high-voltage lines and transformer substations of the Lenenergo system.
Metallurgical industry.
The share of the industry in industrial production is 4.7%. The largest enterprises: CJSC Metallurgical Plant, CJSC Nevamet, CJSC Stal, CJSC LST Metal, CJSC Splav, OJSC Kermet.
Woodworking, pulp and paper industry.
The share of the industry in industrial production is 2.4%. The volume of production in 2002 increased by 10% compared to 2001. In 2003-2005. growth is expected at the level of 9-10% per year. The largest enterprises: OAO Ust-Izhora Plywood Plant, OAO Lenraumamebel, OAO MKO Sevzapmebel, OAO Svetoch, ZAO PO Parus.
.
The share of the industry in industrial production is 1.2%. The volume of production in 2002 increased by 7% compared to 2001. The largest enterprises: OAO NPF Pigment (paint and varnish industry), OAO Krasny Triangle (rubber products), ZAO Petrospirt (products of basic organic synthesis) , JSC "Plastpolimer" (plastic products).
6.2 Leningrad region
Geographical position
The territory of the Leningrad region is 84.5 thousand km2 (without the city of St. Petersburg). This is the largest region in the North-West (85.9 thousand km2): its length from north to south is almost 300 km, and from west to east - more than 400 km. The region is located in the northwestern part of Russia. In the north-west it borders on Finland, in the west - on Estonia, in the south-west and south - on the Pskov and Novgorod regions, in the east - on the Vologda region, in the north - on the Republic of Karelia. The region has an advantageous transport and geographical position. The military-strategic position of the region is great, where the main naval bases of the Baltic Fleet are concentrated, and proximity to the countries of Western Europe contributes to the rapid integration of the economy with the countries of the Baltic region, where the Leningrad region is also included. St. Petersburg has a huge impact on the development of the region's economy.
Climatic conditions
The Leningrad region is located in a zone with a temperate continental climate.
The average long-term air temperature in January is -10°C, in July +17°C. The average annual precipitation is 550-850 mm.
Population
According to the preliminary results of the 2002 census, the population of the Leningrad Region was 1671 thousand people. The average population density is 19.8 people/km2. The economically active population is 764 thousand people. In 2002, the registered unemployment rate was 6.9%.
Age structure of the population: 62.1% of the population is of working age, 16.3% is younger than working age, 21.6% is older than working age.
The population of the largest cities of the Leningrad region (thousand people, 2002): Gatchina - 82.9, Vyborg - 78.6, Tikhvin - 66.6.
Transport system
In the transport system of the Leningrad region, maritime transport is becoming increasingly important, providing for the expansion of ties between Central Russia and the countries of Western Europe and America. The construction of new ports in Ust-Luga, Bukhta Batareinaya near the city of Lomonosov, and in Primorsk facilitates the solution of this problem. Of great importance is river transport, which carries out navigation along the Volga-Baltic waterway. Railway transport has a length of 2780 km. The transit function of the region, providing access to many areas of the European part to the ports of the Baltic, and the structure of its industrial production determined the traditional list of imported (oil, coal, machinery, equipment, food, consumer goods) and exported goods (paper, cardboard, electricity, engineering products). ).
Key Resources
The main natural resources of the Leningrad region are bauxites, phosphorites, oil shale, molding and glass sands, carbonate rocks for metallurgy and cement production, refractory and cement clays. A total of 26 types of minerals have been explored, incl. 20 types of non-metallic minerals used for the production of building materials and organic fertilizers. There are 173 deposits of solid minerals on the state balance of reserves, of which 46% are being developed.
The groundwater. There are 3 known deposits of mineral waters, which are not yet used. The provision of the region with underground waters suitable for domestic and drinking use in terms of quality is high.
forest resources. The forest fund area is 6.1 million hectares. The following species predominate: pine - 37%, spruce - 29%, birch - 26%. The stock of timber in 2002 amounted to 647 million cubic meters. m. The annual volume of timber harvesting (without prejudice to forestry and the ecological state of forests) is 12.3 million cubic meters. m.
Environmental conditions
A tense ecological situation has developed in the region: there are more than 16,000 sources of emissions of air pollutants, but only 16% of stationary sources are equipped with gas and dust collectors. Significant air emissions have been noted in Kirishi and Slantsy; The largest share in the total volume of dust emissions (36%) is made by enterprises in the city of Slantsy, sulfur dioxide (60%) - in the city of Kirishi, fluorine compounds (80%) - in the city of Volkhov.
On the territory of the region, 9 sources of groundwater pollution have been identified. Characteristic types of pollution are agricultural, municipal and industrial. The main pollutants are ammonia, oil products, phenols, nitrates, lead, ammonium.
Industrial production by main industries
The leading industries of the Leningrad region are: food, timber, woodworking and pulp and paper, fuel industry, electric power industry. Their share in the volume of industrial production is 71.4%. For the period 1998-2002. as a result of the steady growth of industrial production, the total output increased by 1.9 times.
The region's industry is based on about 300 enterprises, most of which are joint-stock companies. Many regional industrial enterprises were formed as branches of enterprises in St. Petersburg.
food industry. The share of the industry in industrial production is 25.3%. The largest enterprises: CJSC Philip Morris Izhora (tobacco products) and CJSC Veda (alcoholic beverages), CJSC Gatchina Feed Mill, OJSC Kingisepp Bakery, LLC Maleta, OJSC Sosnovsky Dairy Plant, LLC National Wine Terminal.
Forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industry. The share of the industry in industrial production is 17.4%. The timber industry complex of the Leningrad region consists of technologically interconnected sub-sectors - logging, woodworking and pulp and paper.
Fuel industry. The share of the industry in industrial production is 17.1%. The largest enterprises: OOO PO Kirishinefteorgsintez, OAO Leningradslanets, OAO Plant Slantsy. The increase in production in the industry in 2002 compared to 2001 was 1.6%.
Mechanical engineering and metalworking. The share of the industry in industrial production is 7%. The largest enterprises: OJSC Vyborg Shipbuilding Plant (shipbuilding), OJSC Burevestnik (production of fittings for ships and the fuel and energy complex), OJSC Pirs (production of equipment for the coal, mining and chemical industries), CJSC Instrument maker (instrument making), Helkama Forste Viipuri LLC (production of refrigeration equipment), OJSC Luga Abrasive Plant (production of abrasive tools), Caterpillar Tosno LLC (production of road construction equipment), OJSC Plant Krizo ( production of marine electric power equipment), JSC "ToMeZ" (production of municipal and road equipment), CJSC "Ford Motor Company" (production of cars), CJSC TZTM "Titran" (production of tractors, metal structures).
Non-ferrous metallurgy. The share of the industry in industrial production is 7%. The largest enterprises are OJSC Boksitogorsk Alumina (production of alumina, hydrate, coagulant for water purification, grinding materials, refractory materials), OJSC Metallurg, which includes branches Pikalevsky Alumina and Volkhov Aluminum (production of aluminum and chemical products).
Chemical and petrochemical industry. The share of the industry in industrial production is 5.7%. The increase in production volumes in 2002 compared to 2001 was 8.3%. The chemical and petrochemical industry of the Leningrad Region is represented by 150 large and medium-sized enterprises, among which: LLC PG Phosphorit (production of mineral fertilizers, feed additives, other chemical production), OJSC Henkel-Era (production of synthetic detergents), OJSC Volkhov Chemical Plant (production of household chemicals), OAO Khimik (production of solvents), State Unitary Enterprise Plant im. Morozov" (production of organo-silicate paint, military products), CJSC "Production of polymer footwear", CJSC "Polymer-Faro" (production of rubber coatings, rubber products) and others. Chemical production facilities have also been set up in PO Kirishinefteorgsintez LLC (production of raw materials for the manufacture of detergents), the Volkhov Aluminum branch of OAO Metallurg (production of fertilizers, additives for metallurgical production, raw materials for the manufacture of detergents (polyphosphate, aluminum sulfate) and other enterprises.
Building materials industry. The share of the industry in industrial production is 4.8%. The increase in production volumes in 2002 compared to 2001 was 31.4%. The production of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures, cement, ceramic tiles for interior wall cladding, and non-metallic building materials has increased. The region's building materials production complex includes: quarries for the extraction of natural building materials (ceramic and refractory clays, limestones and dolomites, crushed stone, sand, gravel); factories for the production of cement, asphalt, lime, clay, building ceramics, slate, soft roofing, bricks, concrete and reinforced concrete products and structures, building parts (more than 50 factories). The enterprises of the building materials industry of the Tosnensky district produce (of the total production in the region) 60% of building bricks, 100% of tiles for interior wall cladding and ceramic tiles for floors.
Light industry. The share of the industry in industrial production is 0.8%. The increase in production volumes in 2002 compared to 2001 was 16.1%. The output of knitwear, fabrics, non-woven materials increased. The main enterprises of the industry: OJSC Fanema, CJSC Luga Knitwear, LLC Komatso, CJSC Volkhovchanka, CJSC Finskor, CJSC Nika, OJSC Scanvokver, OJSC Uzor.
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Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Murmansk regions, Republics: Karelia and Komi, Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
Economic and geographical position.
This is the northernmost economic region in the European part of Russia. The territory is large - 1643 thousand km 2. It is washed by the waters of the Arctic Ocean. Important ports of the Russian Federation are located here - Murmansk (non-freezing), Arkhangelsk. Part of the Barents Sea, warmed by a branch of the warm North Atlantic Current, does not freeze. Quite a significant part of the territory of the region is located north of the Arctic Circle in the cold zone.
The territorial distribution of the region's economy was influenced by many factors, including the proximity of the Arctic Ocean, the severity of the climate, the complex configuration of the coastline of the White and Barents Seas, as well as the direct proximity to the Central and Northwestern economically highly developed regions of the Russian Federation.
Natural conditions and resources.
A feature of the natural conditions and climate of this region is the unusual illumination and heating of the earth's surface in different seasons of the year ("polar day" and "polar night"). In the middle of winter, the duration of the "polar night" at the latitude of the Arctic Circle is 24 hours, and in areas located at the parallel of 70 degrees north latitude - already 64 days a year.
The following natural zones are represented - tundra, forest-tundra and taiga. Forests occupy 3/4 of the territory.
In the geological sense, the area includes the Baltic Shield and the north of the Russian Plain (between the Baltic Shield and the Urals), where the vast Pechora Lowland and the Timan Ridge stand out. The rivers of the region (Pechora, Mezen, Onega, Northern Dvina) belong to the basin of the Arctic Ocean.
Low mountain ranges of the Kola Peninsula (Khibiny) stand out on the Baltic Shield. The peninsula slowly continues to rise (earthquakes up to magnitude 5 occur). The peculiarity and complexity of the relief of the Northern region are due to the action of glaciers (in the Quaternary period). Karelia is called "the land of blue lakes", noting their abundance.
The area is very rich in various minerals. The extraction of granite, marble and other building materials began during the construction of St. Petersburg.
Deposits of iron and non-ferrous metal ores, as well as apatite-nepheline ores are located on the Kola Peninsula. The sedimentary rocks of the Timan-Pechora basin are rich in coal (including coking coal), oil and gas (the Komi Republic and the shelf of the Barents Sea). The Northern region is also rich in bauxites (Arkhangelsk region), as well as ores of titanium, tungsten, molybdenum, and other metals.
Population - 5.9 million people; the average density is 4 people per 1 km 2 (even less in the wrong areas). The urban population prevails (urbanization coefficient - 76%).
The population and economic development of the region is much less than in other regions of the European part of Russia. The region is poorly provided with labor resources. The Russian population prevails. Other peoples of the North also live. In the Komi Republic (1.2 million people), the Komi people make up 23% of the population; in the Republic of Karelia (0.8 million people), Karelians make up about 10% of the population. And in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, there are 6.5 thousand Nenets people (12% of the population of the district).
Economy.
The indigenous population (Komi, Nenets, etc.) has long been engaged in hunting, fishing and reindeer herding. At present, the specialization of the region is determined by the presence of the richest natural resources, as well as the peculiarities of the geographical position.
The branches of specialization of the region are fuel, mining and timber industries. Non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering and the chemical industry have been developed (on the basis of local resources).
This region is the main raw materials and fuel and energy base for many regions of the European part of the Russian Federation. A third of Russia's timber, paper and pulp is produced here (Arkhangelsk, Syktyvkar, Kondopoga, Segezha, Kotlas).
The mining industry is developed. The Kola Peninsula and Karelia produce 1/4 of iron ore, 4/5 of raw materials for the production of phosphate fertilizers (apatites), a significant part of non-ferrous metal ores mined in Russia.
In 1930, large deposits of oil were explored on the Ukhta River and coal deposits near Vorkuta. At present, heavy mine oil is being produced in the Yarega (on the right bank of the Ukhta). In the middle reaches of the Pechora, the Vuktyl gas condensate field is being developed. The reserves of the modern Pechora coal basin are billions of tons. The coking coals of Vorkuta and Vorgashor are the best in the country in terms of quality. Most of them go to the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant, as well as to St. Petersburg and Tula.
Ferrous metallurgy is represented by the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant. Technological fuel is Pechora coking coal, and iron ores of the Kola Peninsula (Kovdorskoye and Olenegorskoye deposits) and Karelia (Kostomuksha GOK) serve as raw materials.
Non-ferrous metallurgy is represented by enterprises in Monchegorsk (copper-nickel plant on the ores of deposits of the Kola Peninsula) and Nikel. An aluminum smelter in the city of Nadvoitsy operates on the nephelines of the Kola Peninsula and the bauxites of the Arkhangelsk region.
The oil refining and chemical industries are developing.
An oil refinery is located in Ukhta, a gas processing plant is located in Sosnogorsk, and a chemical plant is located in Cherepovets.
An auxiliary branch of the economy of the region is mechanical engineering (Petrozavodsk, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Murmansk).
Agro-industrial complex. Malozemelskaya (between the Timan Ridge and the Pechora Bay) and Bolshezemelskaya (east of the mouth of the Pechora) tundra are the best reindeer pastures. Hunting and fishing are developed.
Animal husbandry still prevails over crop production (for the development of which conditions are unfavorable in most of the territory; the cultivation of fodder and grain forage crops prevails). Flax is grown in the south of the region (Vologda region). Floodplain water meadows (along the rivers) have long served, in the same southern part of the region, as a base for the development of dairy farming. Developed oil industry.
A significant place in the economy of the Northern region is occupied by the fishing industry (fish cannery in Murmansk).
Fuel and energy complex.
The fuel industry of the region is one of the branches of its specialization. The fuel industry is associated with the production of electricity.
In the Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions and the Komi Republic, all power plants operate on coal from the Pechora basin (Vorkuta) and gas from the Vuktylskoye field. The largest is Pechorskaya GRES.
In Karelia and the Murmansk region, electricity production is largely concentrated in hydropower plants built on a number of rapids of small rivers. These hydroelectric stations largely ensure the development of energy-intensive industries in this part of the region.
The development of non-ferrous metallurgy and other industries was the reason for the commissioning of the Kola NPP (Murmansk region). Natural resources are also used to generate electricity. The Kislogub tidal power plant has been built.
Transport.
In conditions of poor transport development of the territory, rivers play an important role. Timber is rafted along the rivers, cargo and passengers are transported.
Railways are laid in the meridional direction from the central regions of the European part of Russia to Murmansk, Arkhangelsk and to the northeast, to Vorkuta.
A major transport hub is Cherepovets. Ports: Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, Onega, Mezen, Naryan-Mar. Murmansk (the largest of the polar cities in the world - 400 thousand inhabitants) is the most important non-freezing port of Russia in the North.
Region
2. ECONOMIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION OF THE REGION
Location: northwest of the European part of Russia.
Area: 1.2% of the country's area (196.5 thousand km2).
Population: 5.4% of the population of Russia (8.5 million people).
Economic environment:
a. highly developed neighboring states - Finland, Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus;
b. highly developed economic regions of the Russian Federation - Central and Northern.
Economic characteristics:
The position of the region is borderline, coastal, the region is located near the western border, has access to the Baltic.
It is not one of the fuel, raw materials and energy bases, it is remote from all bases of the country;
Favorable transport and geographical position: the port economy strengthens the export-import functions of the region on the Baltic Sea.
Economic center: St. Petersburg is one of the most important foreign trade ports of the CIS and Russia, the largest cultural and scientific center. It contains 59% of the region's population and 68% of its urban population.
Production of consumer goods.
Highly qualified personnel, a large number of scientific institutions, 1/8 of the country's scientific workers are concentrated in the region. Personnel science intensity is almost 4 times higher than the average Russian indicators, and the science intensity of marketable products is more than 3 times higher.
Developed tourism.
Proximity to the Western free market has created favorable conditions for the concentration of financial and credit institutions of international level here.
Location: the extreme eastern region of the Russian Federation, washed by the waters of the Pacific and Arctic oceans.
Area: 36% of the country's area (6.2 million km2) with a characteristic extension from north to south and from west to east.
Economic environment:
a. Maritime borders with the USA and Japan. The Far East is separated from the United States by the narrow Bering Strait, and from Japan by the Kunashir Strait and the La Perouse Strait. Long borders with China. The southern mainland adjacent to the Sea of Japan is called Primorye. The coastal position of the region determines favorable prospects for the development of economic ties with the countries of the Pacific region.
b. In addition to the mainland, the Far East includes the islands: Novosibirsk, Wrangel, Sakhalin, Kuril and Commander.
c. The region plays an important role in Russia's maritime and foreign trade relations. Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk are the most important ports of Russia on the Pacific Ocean.
The most important features of the EGP of the Far East are its great remoteness from the central most developed regions of Russia, as well as its location at the intersection of sea and land routes to the countries of the Pacific basin.
3. NATURE OF THE REGION AND NATURAL PREREQUISITES FOR ITS DEVELOPMENT
Northwestern economic region
Relief: flat western and elevated eastern parts.
Climate: temperate continental, on the coast - maritime.
Soils: soddy-podzolic and podzolic-marsh, for agricultural use they need fertilizers. Increased swampiness of the area. Agricultural land occupies only 18% of the district.
Water resources, from here have fish resources. Hydroelectric power plants have been built on many rivers.
Forest resources occupy 45% of the district area.
Minerals:
Slates;
bauxites;
Refractory clay;
· Pure limestones;
· Quartz, abrasive glass sands;
· Salt springs;
· Granite;
· Oil and gas;
Brown coal;
· Rock and potash salts.
· 90% of the world's amber reserves are concentrated here.
The North-Western region has unique recreational resources: outstanding historical and architectural monuments are combined with natural landscapes valuable for organizing recreation and tourism areas. The recreation areas on the Karelian Isthmus, the Valdai Upland, on the coast of the Gulf of Finland and the Starorussky resort are of national importance. The network of palace and park ensembles around St. Petersburg, the Pushkin Reserve, the city-museums of Novgorod and Pskov are world famous.
Far Eastern economic region
The area is located at the junction of Eurasia and the Pacific basin. The northern parts of the territory of the Far East region are located in the Arctic zone, and in the southern coastal part, in Kamchatka and Sakhalin.
Climate: temperate, for the most part sharply continental, severe. A significant part of the territory of Yakutia and the Magadan region is located beyond the Arctic Circle. Windless, clear, frosty weather is typical in winter. Summers are hot in the continental regions and cool in the coastal regions.
Natural zones: The Far East region is replaced from north to south - the zone of arctic deserts, tundra, forest tundra, taiga.
Relief: young folded formations, volcanoes, geysers, plains and lowlands. 90% of the territory is located in the permafrost zone. On the southern plains, fertile chernozem-like and brown soils are not uncommon.
Minerals;
Forest (more than 250 million hectares, total timber stock - more than 22 billion m3).
Water resources: rivers, lakes, seas (Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese). The Far East region accounts for 60% of the fish catch in Russia. Mineral resource base: tin, mercury, Icelandic and fluorspar, rock crystal, mica, graphite; tungsten, molybdenum, lead-zinc ores, non-ferrous and rare metal ores, iron ores, diamonds, gold, coal, oil and gas, salt, sulfur, apatite, limestone, marl, refractory clay, quartz sand. cement raw material.
In the south, favorable conditions for agriculture. The main agricultural lands of the region are concentrated here. Climatic conditions are favorable for growing crops of the monsoon climate - rice, soybeans. The forests are rich in valuable fur-bearing animals (ermine, sable, fox, squirrel, Siberian weasel), which are of commercial importance.
4. HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE TERRITORY
Northwestern economic region
The history of the North-Western region begins from 9-8 millennium BC. e.
By the middle of the 1st millennium, settled Finno-Ugric tribes existed .. In the 8th century, the Slavs, tribes of the Prussians, a people related to the current Latvians and Lithuanians, settled on this territory .. By the 750s, the emergence of Ladoga (from the 18th century Staraya Ladoga) - the oldest Russian settlement in Russia. In the 9th-10th centuries, Ladoga became the most important political and economic center for the formation of the statehood of Ancient Russia. Only at the end of the 10th century did it lose its significance, giving way to Novgorod. In 910-1348. The Pskov principality became part of the Novgorod land. In the 12th century, Novgorod gained political independence.
In 1226, the colonization of Prussia by the German knights of the Teutonic Order began. Colonization was carried out under the guise of converting the "wild" people to Christianity. During the conquest, which lasted about fifty years, the knights founded castles, which were strongholds. The first of them was Balga Castle, founded in 1239 on the shores of the Vistula (Kaliningrad) Bay and still preserved. Thus, on the territory of the present Kaliningrad region, a state of knights-crusaders arose. This state waged constant wars with Poland and Lithuania. Such a military overstrain led to a crisis in Prussia, and she even fell into vassal dependence on Poland from the second half of the 15th century.
In 1348, it received autonomy from the Novgorod Republic, in terms of choosing a posadnik, the Pskov Republic, which lasted until 1510. In January 1478, the Novgorod Republic ceased to exist due to its capture by the Moscow principality. At the beginning of the 18th century, the region was again annexed to Russia, a new capital of the country, St. Petersburg, was built here. In 1708, the Ingrian province was formed. In 1710 it was renamed St. Petersburgskaya, in 1914 - Petrogradskaya, in 1924 - Leningradskaya.
In 1657, Prussia became part of the united Brandenburg-Prussian state and freed itself from vassalage from Poland. During the Seven Years' War, between 1758 and 1762, East Prussia was part of the Russian Empire. In accordance with the Potsdam agreements, the northern part of East Prussia (about one third of its entire territory) was transferred to the Soviet Union, the remaining two thirds were transferred to Poland.
On May 16 (27), 1703, the city of St. Petersburg was founded by the first Russian Emperor Peter I. This day marks the laying of the Peter and Paul Fortress, the first building of the city, at the mouth of the Neva River on Hare Island. Peter I gave the city a name dedicated to its patron saint in heaven - the Holy Apostle Peter. The following year, in 1704, the fortress of Kronstadt was founded on the island of Kotlin to protect the sea borders of Russia. Peter I attached great strategic importance to the new city for providing a waterway from Russia to Western Europe. Here, on the spit of Vasilyevsky Island, opposite the Peter and Paul Fortress, the first commercial port of St. Petersburg was founded. From 1712 to 1918, the city was the capital of the Russian Empire (excluding the reign of Peter II, when the status of the capital returned to Moscow for a short time) and the residence of Russian emperors.
The provinces created in Russia were vast in their territory, the provincial offices could not cope with the management, and in 1719 an intermediate administrative-territorial unit was introduced between the county and the province - the province. The Pskov province was formed in 1719 as part of the St. Petersburg province, and then from 1727 was part of the newly formed Novgorod province. The Pskov province was created in 1772 by decree of Catherine II. After the abolition of the provinces, on a territory much larger than the current region, there existed for three years, from August 1927 to August 1930, the Velikoluksky and Pskov districts as part of the Leningrad and Western regions.
In 1927-1929, an administrative reform took place in the USSR (provinces were abolished), within the framework of which the Leningrad Region was formed on August 1, 1927. It included the territories of 5 provinces: Leningrad, Murmansk, Novgorod, Pskov and Cherepovets. The territory of the region was 360.4 thousand km, but subsequently it decreased significantly. During the Great Patriotic War, most of the territory of the region was occupied and suffered significantly. During the blockade of Leningrad, the "Road of Life" passed through the territory of the region - the only highway that connected the besieged city with the country. The partisan movement made a great contribution to the victory over the enemy: by the beginning of 1944, 13 partisan brigades, which consisted of 35 thousand fighters, were operating in the region. The longest and most bloody battle in the history of World War II, connected with the blockade of Leningrad and its deblockade, unfolded on the territory of the region.
The Pskov region was formed on August 23, 1944. On July 4, 1946, the Königsberg region was renamed Kaliningrad, the city of Königsberg - Kaliningrad. The remnants of the German population were deported to Germany by 1947.
Far Eastern economic region
Archaeologists have established that the ancient man settled the Far East already in the early Paleolithic. At the same time, the first archaeological sites appeared, dating from 300 thousand to 3 million years ago. The most famous and well-studied of them is the Lower Paleolithic Deering-Yuryakh site, which is located in the middle reaches of the Lena River. Beginning in the middle of the first millennium A.D. e. the ancestors of the Evens and Evenks appeared on the territory of the Far East. By the XIII century. Tungus tribes settled in the Middle Lena, Vilyui, Olekma. The arrival of the ancestors of the Yakuts in the Lena region forced them to retreat to the west and east of the Lena.
The development of the Far East by Russians begins in the 17th century. The first explorers appeared in the northern territories of the Khabarovsk Territory.
In 1632, on the right bank of the Lena, the Yakut prison was founded, which laid the foundation for the future city of Yakutsk. This date is considered the date of joining Yakutia to the Russian state. Prisoners were exiled to the Far East from the 1640s. Starting in the 19th century, exile became for the most part political.
The first Europeans on Sakhalin appeared in the 17th century, when the Ainu, Nivkh, and Evenks lived here. The Cossacks were the first to visit the island in 1640. At the beginning of the 18th century the process of studying and gradually joining the Kuril Islands to the Russian state began. Simultaneously with the Russian explorers, who were moving along the Kuriles from the north, the Japanese began to penetrate into the South Kuriles and the extreme south of Sakhalin. Soon Sakhalin was annexed to Russia and Russian military posts and villages began to appear on it. In the years Sakhalin was the largest penal servitude in Russia.
Kamchatka was "discovered" in 1697 by a detachment of Cossacks led by Vladimir Atlasov. Before the advent of the Russian Cossacks, the peninsula was inhabited only by local residents: Itelmens, Evens, Koryaks and Chukchi. They were engaged in fishing and reindeer herding.
In 1854, the resettlement of the Cossacks from Transbaikalia to the lower reaches of the Amur began, and the Amur region finally became part of Russia.
Khabarovsk was founded in 1858. In 1856, the Primorskaya Oblast was formed.
In 1860 the city of Vladivostok was founded.
In 1875, Russia handed over to Japan the Northern Kuriles that belonged to her, receiving in return all rights to Sakhalin.
As a result of Russia's defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05. South Sakhalin passed to Japan, but after the end of World War II, the USSR regained this island, as well as the Kuril Islands. The dispute over the three islands of the South Kuriles continues to this day.
The beginning of the history of the Magadan Territory can be considered the 1920s, with the arrival of scientific exploration expeditions there. In the early 1930s, expeditions discovered deposits of gold placers.
Manufacture of reinforced concrete products and structures
Recreational economy:
Sanatorium and resort services;
Excursion service of international importance.
Far Eastern economic region
Industry accounts for 4.3% of the total volume of Russian industry, with mining and manufacturing industries accounting for 7.6% each. Leading Industries:
Food (fish and canned fish);
Mining;
mechanical engineering;
Non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy:
§ mining industry - extraction and processing of tin, mercury, polymetallic ores, tungsten, gold.
§ hard and brown coal, oil.
Chemical and petrochemical industry;
timber industry
§ woodworking industry:
§ sawmilling;
§ furniture;
Agriculture:
§ Crop production:
cereals (wheat, barley, oats, buckwheat, soybeans, rice).
Potatoes and vegetables
fodder crops;
§ Livestock:
reindeer breeding;
· hunting trade;
fur farming (Sikhote-Alin, Sakhalin).
· Cattle breeding;
pig breeding;
· poultry farming;
sheep breeding.
The building materials industry is developing almost throughout the entire territory, but, despite the presence of cement plants, reinforced concrete structures plants, brick production enterprises, etc., this industry does not fully meet the needs of the region.
7. TERRITORIAL STRUCTURE OF SETTLEMENT AND ECONOMY OF THE REGION
Northwestern economic region
In St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region, which occupy less than 1/2 of the district's territory, 80% of its population lives, 80% of industrial and over 50% of agricultural products are produced.
Novgorod region, occupying more than 1/4 of the district, concentrates less than 1/10 of the population. Mechanical engineering is developing here - electrical engineering, instrument making, chemical engineering, the production of medical instruments and the chemical industry - the production of nitrogen fertilizers, synthetic materials, ceramic and glass production, sawmilling, and the manufacture of matches. The main branches of agriculture are flax growing and dairy and meat animal husbandry.
Pskov region engaged in flax breeding, dairy farming and pig breeding. Electrical and radio engineering enterprises are developing, peat-mining machines, spare parts for tractors and agricultural equipment are being produced.
Kaliningrad region stands out for the fish and amber industries, the development of the resort area. In the village of Yantarny, the only amber plant in Russia operates. The pulp and paper industry operates on the timber of the Northern region. The meat and dairy industries were greatly developed.
The North-Western region owns all types of modern transport. Transport plays an important role in providing the processing industry with raw materials and fuel. The main mode of transport is rail. There is also a lot of river and sea transportation.
Far Eastern economic region
According to the level of economic development, the territory of the region is divided into three zones: Southern, Middle and Northern.
Southern zone(Primorsky Territory, southern parts of the Khabarovsk Territory, Amur and Sakhalin regions). The economy is based on mining, fishing, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries.
Middle zone(northern regions of the Khabarovsk Territory, Amur and Sakhalin regions, the southern part of Yakutia). The main branch of specialization is the mining industry. The economy is concentrated along the Baikal-Amur Mainline. The main industries are the coal industry, thermal power engineering, timber industry and, in the future, metallurgy. The South Yakutsk coal basin is located in the Aldan river basin. Near the coal basin is the Aldan iron ore basin. In the basins of the Olekma and Chara rivers, magnetite quartzites have been explored; in the zone of the South Yakutsk mineral complex, apatite deposits, deposits of mica, corundum, and slates have been discovered. Extractive industries are more intensively developed based on the selective use of minerals.
All types of transport operate in the Far East, but the main place belongs to rail transportation (up to 80% of cargo turnover). Of great importance for inter-district and intra-district transportation is sea (15% of internal transportation and 5–6% of external) and river (almost 15% of internal transportation) transport. The district is poorly provided with motor roads, mainly seasonal roads - winter roads, but there are also large motorways. With the help of air transport, passenger transportation and delivery of goods are carried out, including to hard-to-reach areas and islands. In the vast expanses of the north, the reindeer mode of transport is preserved. Pipeline transport is developing: the Okha-Komsomolsk-on-Amur oil pipeline has been built.
8. MAIN PROBLEMS OF THE REGION AND PROSPECTS FOR ITS DEVELOPMENT
Northwestern economic region
The region has a strong economic potential, a special transport and geographical position and great historical and cultural values.
Outlook:
Development of industries producing import-substituting products and export specialization (complex and precise engineering), scientific developments, cultural and tourist services.
Development of non-productive sphere.
Use of the scientific and socio-cultural potential of the region;
The growing international role of the St. Petersburg Seaport and the entire transport system of the region in the transit and export-import systems of Russia requires an increase in its throughput and carrying capacity through reconstruction and new construction.
Organization in the Leningrad and Novgorod regions of free economic zones, contributing to the large-scale attraction of foreign investors in various sectors of the economy.
Far Eastern economic region
District problems:
Weak development due to remoteness from the central and most populated areas;
Severe natural and climatic conditions;
Long distances complicate the development of economic ties with the Center and increase the cost of products when they are delivered from other economic regions;
The development of the richest resources of the Far East requires huge capital investments.
Expansion of the extraction of gold, titanium, tin, polymetals;
Creation of large timber industry complexes;
Creation of free economic zones, joint ventures specialized in the construction of fish breeding plants, ship repair and shipbuilding facilities, seafood farming, the creation of woodworking facilities and the pulp and paper industry.
Now the foreign economic activity of the Far Eastern regions of Russia is not only a source of replenishment of financial resources, but also the most important factor influencing the socio-economic situation of the region as a whole.