Making stairs with your own hands projects drawings. Drawing of a wooden staircase to the second floor. Turning stairs with landings

The popularity of wood in construction has many explanations, it is an environmentally friendly material with high performance. Building a wooden staircase with your own hands will take time and certain knowledge.
There are many types of stairs, consider the installation of the most popular and sought-after marching structure.

Preparatory work

Marching stairs are divided into two main types: one-flight and two-flight. These two structures can be assembled without the involvement of specialists.

Before construction, it is required to determine the following indicators:

Height between floors;
What is the free area for the installation of the structure;
Under what maximum load will the ladder be designed;
Type of railings and steps, as well as their width.

Tools and material

In the process of building stairs, softwood is used, due to low cost and easy processing.

Required material

According to the design of the staircase, boards of the required dimensions are purchased;
Bar for steps more than 40 mm thick;
Beam for stringers 5x25 cm;
Beams for risers over 30 mm;
Beams for tread over 30 mm;
Handrails, balusters, railings;
Self-tapping screws, screws and anchor bolts.

Necessary tool for construction

Pencil, ruler, tape measure;
Electric drill;
Hacksaw for wood and metal;
A hammer;
Screwdriver;
Planer and chisel;
Sandpaper with different grits.

Main design details

The most significant element of a wooden staircase is the kosour, since almost all the load occurs on it. The bowstring can replace the kosour.

Steps are presented in the form of wooden beams. Their design consists of risers and treads, the shape of the steps can be different: rotary, rectangular or radius.
Balusters are used for fencing, the forms can also be varied, everything will depend on the preferences of the owner.

Calculations of the details of the mid-flight wooden stairs

At the first stage, a project is drawn and the necessary material is calculated. Design is the most complex and longest technological process, which can be divided into the following steps:

Here it is necessary to measure the height of the stairs, for this you will need to add the width of the interfloor ceiling to the height of the ceilings;
It is calculated what will be the height of the risers and the total number of steps. To calculate the steps, the total height of the structure is divided by the height of the risers;
The most common and convenient tread width distance is 30 cm;
For convenient operation, and so that you can move the furniture, it is recommended to choose the width of the stairs 1.2 m;
The length of the structure is calculated by multiplying the number of steps by the width of the tread;
For self-installation, the height of the clearance is considered an important dimension, the indicator should be at least 1.95 m;
The length of the kosour is calculated by the formula: length of the structure x 2 + height x 2.

Do-it-yourself wooden staircase installation

Step-by-step instructions for installing a wooden staircase with your own hands:

The assembly of the wooden staircase with your own hands is completed, all that remains to be done is to treat the wood with impregnations from insects and environmental influences, and then you can paint the structure.

Design features of the stairs with a turn

There are three types of stairs with a turn:

Circular stairs are installed near the bearing wall, the rotation angle is 360 degrees. This type is not suitable for mid-flight stairs, since the design takes up a lot of space, and the height of the second floor will not allow installation, but it is ideal for a screw type;
Wooden quarter-turn stairs are installed in the corner of the room, the angle of rotation will be 90 degrees;
Semi-turn structures are installed near the load-bearing partitions, the rotation angle is 180 degrees.

The most common staircase design with a turn is presented in the form of 2 marches and several steps at the turn. The middle step of the turn in most cases serves as a stumbling block.

To increase the comfort of movement along the wedge-shaped steps, it is required to make special calculations for the broadening in proportion to the winder steps due to the area of the straight lines. The design of the turning staircase will be complicated, but will significantly increase the comfort of descending and ascending the stairs. To build such a wooden staircase to the second floor with your own hands, you will need some experience and knowledge of installation technology, it is better to entrust this work to specialists.

Today, more and more people are trying to expand the space in apartments and houses. The second floor has long been considered a whim. To connect several floors allows a staircase structure, the construction of which must be thought of even at the beginning of construction or repair. The ladder must be safe and secure to use. This is especially true for the version made independently.

The ladder structure can be assembled independently from ready-made elements that can be bought at a specialized store. Many choose the option of self-construction of stairs. This requires a particularly careful and thoughtful approach.

When working on the stairs yourself, it is important to make the right calculations, since any mistake can lead to injuries and falls.

If we make a staircase ourselves, we should also consider its design. It is important that the design fits into the overall style in the interior. It can complement it or become the main design element of the decor.

What is the staircase made of?

Step. It consists of two simple elements: vertical (riser) and horizontal (tread). It can be based on a riser, or it can act as an independent element.
Support. It may consist of a bowstring that supports the steps from both sides, and a stringer that supports the steps at the bottom.
railing. A supporting element that ensures the safety of movement. It may be absent in the staircase structure.
Balusters. Functional and decorative detail that supports the railing.
Rack. It is used to fix the elements of the screw structure.
Boltsy. Supporting parts that are attached to the wall and steps.

Knowing the structure of the stairs, you can easily make it yourself. While working on the stairs, a temporary stepladder can serve as a means of transportation between floors.

Types of stairs: how to make a staircase on the second floor with your own hands

There are three types of stairs. Each of them has its own features and characteristics. Which ladder to choose, each owner decides for himself.

The choice of the type of stairs is influenced by many factors: the area of the apartment or house, the functional features of the design, the load on the stairs and the overall interior of the room.

Before choosing steps, it is important to decide where it is best to put it. It can be located in the center of the room, or it can be in the corner. This will save space in an apartment or house with a small area.

Types of stairs:

Marching. Convenient and most secure design. The only drawback is that it takes up a lot of space. The staircase can be open or closed, straight or turning, circular.
screw. The design looks beautiful and saves space, but is considered the most dangerous type of stairs. For a house with several floors, a staircase with a rack and wedge-shaped steps is suitable.
On the Bolts. Such a ladder is fixed with bolts. Such designs have a beautiful and stylish design. Such structures are located against the wall.

For houses with a large area, it is best to choose marching models. But for an apartment, house or garage with a small area, a screw design is ideal. All types of stairs can be made from a variety of materials: wood, metal, stone, glass, plastic.

Requirements for stairs to the house: 2nd floor

Homemade stairs can be dangerous if even the slightest mistake has been made in their design. You can calculate the distance, the angle of inclination and the potential load on the stairs using special formulas. At the preparatory stage, it is better to carefully calculate all the parameters, then the building will be easy to use and will reliably last for many years.

When making stairs yourself, you need to take into account the number of people using the structure, as well as the presence of children and the elderly in the house.

You should carefully study the requirements for the construction and installation of stairs. Of course, it is easier to purchase a finished structure, which remains to be mounted. But if the owner decided to do everything himself from A to Z, then it is important to follow the following requirements.

Staircase requirements:

Determine the width and height of the steps.
Calculate the angle of inclination of the steps.
Choose a reliable method of fastening the structure.
Maintain the correct spacing between the balusters. If there are children in the house, then it should not exceed 100 by 200 mm.
The width of the steps should be suitable for the size of the foot of the person who uses the stairs. The optimal width is 200-300 mm.
Follow the recommendations for loading the ladder.
The outer texture of the steps must be safe, preventing slipping.

To avoid falls and injuries, maintain the correct distance between spans. Fasteners must be made from high-quality and reliable materials.

How to build a staircase to the second floor with your own hands: parameters

Before building a house with several floors, it is important to decide on the type of staircase structure, as well as draw up a staircase design and follow it strictly. Depending on the type of construction, it is important to decide where to place the stairs. After all the calculations and the manufacture of the main elements, it remains to securely fix the structure.

The calculations take as a basis the height of the room and the length of the part of the wall to which the staircase will adjoin. These values are scaled down and a drawing is made on their basis.

What to consider in the parameters:

Comfortable step width;
riser height;
Kosour dimensions;
Ladder width.

After the calculations have been made, you can begin to manufacture the details of the structure. Mostly wood is used for self-production. It is important that it is of high quality and well dried.

Details: how to build a staircase to the second floor

The simplest design for self-production is a mid-flight ladder on stringers. You can place such a design both in the center of the room and in the corner.

The device of the stairs will be performed correctly only if all the calculations are made correctly, starting from the calculation of the place and ending with the width of the flight of the stairs.

The reliability and strength of the stairs will depend on the quality of the stringers. If the ladder is made of wood, it must be solid, without cracks and knots. It is important to take care of the sufficient thickness of the tree.

Step-by-step instruction:

According to preliminary calculations, cut out stringers.
Calculate the width of the canvas steps. They should be neat, with rounded safe edges.
To support the stringers, risers can be made. They must be made of high quality and reliable material.

It is better to equip the stairs with purchased balusters and handrails. If there are children in the house, then a pair of balusters are installed on the steps. In the usual version, one supporting element can be completely dispensed with.

Concrete structure: how to fill the stairs to the second floor

Making a concrete staircase using technology is similar to pouring concrete on a porch. Before proceeding to the main stage of work, the builder must make all the necessary calculations: the number of steps, their height and the load that they can withstand. In order for the concrete structure to be reliable, you should start making the frame.

If the staircase is massive, then the frame must be made of very reliable and durable wood.

After the frame is made, it is necessary to make a special overlap. The formwork for the steps must be securely attached - this will protect the frame from deformation. For fastening the formwork, it is best to use metal fasteners.

Step by step filling:

To make the structure durable, a reinforced metal frame must be laid at the bottom of the frame.
Cells between parts should not be too close.
To make a metal frame, the bars rest against holes in the wall.
Experts advise pouring concrete from the first stage.

When pouring, it is important to pay attention to the fact that the concrete needs to be stirred from time to time. If this is not done, heterogeneity may appear in it, which will violate the design, and it will have to be redone. The formwork can be removed only ten days after pouring.

Do-it-yourself staircase to the second floor (video)

It will not be difficult to build a staircase on your own, if you first study the instructions, familiarize yourself with all the difficulties and features. It is important to determine the type of construction and materials from which the staircase will be made. In order for the staircase to be reliable and durable, as well as easy to use and have a beautiful appearance, you need to take care of the accuracy and correctness of all calculations.

Most private residences today have more than one floor, which means there are stairs to the upper levels. This article will provide instructions on how to properly make a ladder to the second floor out of wood on your own and according to your own project, it will tell you what rules you should follow, as well as how to make calculations.

Calculation of the main parameters

A ladder made by one's own hands will not only be cheaper than ordered in specialized workshops, but it will also exactly meet your requirements and desires. The main thing is to approach its creation with intelligence and patience. To do this, the first step is to take accurate measurements and calculate all the important design parameters.

Consider the calculation of the dimensions of the steps and other parameters of the stairs using the example of a marching structure on stringers - the simplest project. This design consists of load-bearing boards, steps or treads and risers. In addition to the dimensions of the stairs, it is also necessary to determine its slope. It is clearly visible what angle range will be acceptable for the design in the diagram below.

As you can see, the most convenient, and most importantly, safe angle of inclination is considered to be in the range of 23-37 °. When choosing the slope you need for your room, it is worth considering that with a small area, you should choose the largest angle, then the required space for the structure will be the smallest, and vice versa.

Attention! If the angle of inclination of the stairs is too high, it will be more problematic to lift or move something to the second floor. And if the angle is less than 23 °, then it is easier to install a ramp.

The width of the march is determined by the number of people that can climb it at the same time. At least this value can be about 1 m, but it is recommended to build a structure from 1.25-1.5 m wide. The height of the stairs will be fixed depending on the layout of the house. It is the distance from the floor of the 1st floor to its ceiling plus the thickness of the floor of the second level.

Now we need to calculate how many steps will be needed for our stairs. We carry out the calculation based on the height of the steps recommended for comfortable movement - from 18 to 20 cm. Having chosen the height of the step, you can calculate their number by dividing the fixed height of the entire structure by the height of the step itself, chosen independently.

In addition, it is also necessary to determine the width of the tread, which should vary in the range of 25-30 cm. It depends on the size of the legs of the residents of the house - the length of the foot. By multiplying this value by the number of steps, you can get the projection of the structure on the floor of the first floor. It remains to determine only the length of the entire staircase.

The length is calculated using a simple formula that you probably still remember from the school course - the Pythagorean theorem. The figure above shows all the parameters and the calculation formula. When all the parameters are calculated, you can proceed to the procurement of material and the manufacture of structural elements.

Manufacturing and installation of stairs according to the calculated parameters

As a material for a wooden staircase, most often today craftsmen use oak, coniferous trees, linden and so on. Choose according to the overall style of the interior and your budget possibilities. Excellent railings can be made from a blockhouse, and wooden bars 500x500 mm can be used for balusters.

To create a kosour with precise recesses for steps, it is necessary to mark up according to the template. Below is an illustrated guide to this event. For marking, you will need a pattern and a square, and of course a pencil. The kosour itself can be made from a timber beam about 14x16 in size.

According to the marked marks, now you need to work with a circular saw. When cutting steps, you must move with extreme caution so as not to go beyond the markings. When one kosour is ready, cut the rest along it.

Note! The more stringers in the design, the stronger and tougher the staircase will come out. It will also avoid unwanted deflections of the steps and loosening of the entire structure.

Now only the cutting of steps and risers remains, the size of the former will depend on the thickness of the latter. In addition, do not forget about the protrusion of the step by about 2-4 cm above the step itself. To create a more attractive appearance of steps, you can process the edges with a round cutter.

When all the details are ready, it is necessary to conduct a trial fitting of the structure. If everything is in order, you can start grinding the parts and assembling the structure. The connection of all the components of the stairs is coated with carpentry or PVA glue, and it is also necessarily fastened with stainless steel screws for reliability.

The final finishing touch will be the decorative design of the stairs - varnishing or coating with stain, paint and other means. First of all, a stain is applied, and when the layer dries, you can start varnishing (recommended in more than 1 layer) with a waterproof agent. The stain can also be replaced by drying oil.

Attention! It is even better to cover with a stain before assembling the entire structure, in this case, the joints that will be smeared with glue must be protected with molar tape.

When building a frame house, the question sometimes arises how to build a wooden staircase? Most of the projects involve the presence of a second or attic floor. Stairs come in a wide variety of materials.

But wood is the most popular and simple material, as well as eco-friendly and convenient. Anyone can handle this material. Building and installing stairs with your own hands is a tangible cost savings.

There are two main types of wooden stairs - spiral and mid-flight.

Mid-flight stairs are the most common and simple, and if you are new to construction, choose this kind of stairs.

As a rule, such schemes are compiled in electronic form. There are special computer programs and applications that will allow you to create such models. Professional programs for construction organizations have a 3D function. Although, this is not at all necessary for the construction of a marching staircase, the usual one on paper will suffice.

Standard interfloor wooden stairs are installed on stringers or bowstrings. The difference lies in the following: the bowstrings are located on the side of the steps, and the stringers are under the steps.

A marching ladder usually has two side bowstrings. Its steps are attached on both sides. Consider the installation and installation of stairs with just such a technology.

Installation of a marching staircase

Initially, we draw up a detailed diagram for the stairs and its parts. We pre-cut the steps from the boards, make 2 bowstrings and special supporting bars. Next, we connect the steps with bowstrings. Under each step we make a supporting bar. We mount all bowstrings to the floor and to the walls.

Kosuar and bowstrings

Spiral interfloor wooden staircase

Oak spiral staircase

If you can’t build a staircase with your own hands, then you can opt for a ready-made helical wooden structure. The advantage of this staircase is that it will significantly save space in the house.

It is important to take into account when building a spiral staircase its angle of inclination. If it is too steep, it can be hazardous to health, especially if there are children and elderly people in the house.

An easy way to install and install a spiral staircase is to buy a ready-made, measured design. on the installation will also bring you significant benefits.

A spiral wooden staircase consists of three main parts: a rack, a railing and steps. When choosing wood for stairs, choose oak. It is not only one of the most durable materials, but also has a beautiful appearance and excellent performance.

Before buying a spiral staircase, measure the dimensions in detail in order to choose the right design for your home. There is another option - to hire a specialist who will take all the measurements himself, and after that already place an order for the stairs. If you have building skills, you can make the steps yourself, ordering only the rack and railing. Usually racks and railings are made to order, chiseled, although there are also rectangular ones.

The device of the spiral staircase

On the one hand, the steps are attached to the rack, and on the other, they have holes for the railing.
Racks are mostly metal. They have a flange to which steps are attached.
The most common staircase design is "duck step". It involves a special form of steps.
The rack is mounted between floors. It is attached to the floor with anchor bolts.

After installing the rack, the steps are installed. The distance between the steps should not exceed 20 cm. This is necessary for your safety. When assembling and installing steps, make sure that the last rung of the stairs fits exactly to the floor of the second floor.

The spiral staircase, like the march staircase, has many decorative elements and details. And each set has its own decorations and different details, and elements of fasteners. When installing and assembling a simple mid-flight staircase, the calculation is different, the geometry of the opening here is rectangular. The opening at the spiral staircase is a circle.

If you decide to order a finished wooden staircase, then contact a trusted and reliable company with good reviews. Buy a ready-made wooden staircase or make it yourself with your own hands.

Staircase painting

Stair painting

Painting stairs is divided into three main parts:

preliminary preparation of all the details of the stairs;
painting stairs and its details;
painting the stairs with a protective varnish layer.

Before starting work, you need to prepare each element of our stairs for painting. And this means: and. Puttying must be done with special mixtures for wood. The use of compounds that are not suitable for wood is strictly prohibited.

When the putty layer has dried, we proceed to polishing the surface. Grinding takes place in two stages. The first stage is rough, it is also called superficial. After that, you have to wait a few days. You will notice that lint forms on the surface of the wood. Blow them with air before the second sanding.

After the completion of the grinding work, the board will become perfectly flat and smooth. Now feel free to start applying the first coating.

Before you start painting, apply a coat of primer to the wooden stairs. And it is better to choose a primer to match the paint.

When choosing a paint, stop your attention on alkyd or urethane types of coating. Such paints are ideal for a flight of stairs. From the color scheme, choose lighter tones.

If desired, instead of paint, you can use, or use stain or varnish. The advantages of wood stain are that it perfectly emphasizes and highlights the unique pattern of wood. Your staircase will look perfect. Choose stain along with varnish. And don't skimp on the purchase. The better the coloring composition, the longer the staircase will last you. Stain is not only a decorative finish, but also protection from various factors.

After the paint has dried, apply the final coat of varnish. Choose from a matte or semi-matt finish. Lacquering is carried out in three stages. Moreover, before each subsequent application, the previous layer of varnish must dry. If air bubbles form on the varnish, then after painting, simply sand them.

Video on making a straight staircase

Video on the manufacture of a spiral staircase

You can turn to professionals for help, but keep in mind that they may not pay attention to minor defects during construction, which can later lead to serious damage and subsequent repairs. Stairs to the second floor, made by yourself, will give you several advantages:

the result will meet expectations;
help save money and nerves;
a staircase made by yourself will become your pride.

If you are limited in funds for the purchase of materials, you can buy cheaper analogues: instead of wood, use chipboard, which can be varnished or painted.

In the pursuit of economy, quality can be overlooked. Although a cheap wooden staircase can also last quite a long time, it will start to creak very soon. In order not to encounter this trouble, the stairs must be assembled using silicone sealant, which cannot be done without pre-painting the parts.

In this article, we will talk about how to make a staircase to the second floor with our own hands from wood and metal, and also show photo and video instructions.

For the manufacture of an interfloor staircase, concrete with a tile or marble lining, metal (a welding machine is required), as well as wood can be used. The last option is the most practical and convenient. The wooden structure is lightweight, easy to install and beautiful in appearance.

In the presence of a room with a ceiling height of 2.8 m, preference should be given to direct structures, or with a 25% turn of the stairs. The flight of stairs is made with a length of 80 cm. This option allows you to use the space under the stairs for storage. It is impossible not to note the minus: on the upper and lower floors, the free space will be significantly reduced.

To save precious square meters, the spiral version of the staircase is ideal, but it is also not without drawbacks:

too steep climb;
small width stairs.

To install a spiral staircase, you will need 3 m² of free space and a lot of work.

Another variant of the ladder device is possible, in which it is located along the wall surface. In this case, it is worth considering two marches and a turn. Thus, you will make it as compact and comfortable as possible for movement.

Calculation of the dimensions of the stairs. Measure the distance between the floors of the first and second floors together with the ceiling. Thus, you determine the height of the structure. The step should have a height of 18-20 cm. Further dividing the height of the stairs by the height of the steps, you will get the total number of steps.
Projection of dimensions on the floor surface. To design a structure, it is necessary to determine the width of the steps (about 30 cm), after which their number must be multiplied by their width. As a result, you will get the projection size.
Production of staircase elements. To make a kosour, you will need a 14 × 16 beam, steps - 4 cm boards, risers - 2.5 cm boards. You will determine the length of the steps yourself, remember that the larger it is, the better.
Pre-sampling. If during the preliminary fitting of the parts everything came up, process each element with a grinder and assemble the structure. To fix the parts of the stairs to each other, coat all the places where they come into contact with each other with glue (PVA or carpentry) and additionally fix it with screws.
Stain and lacquer finish. First, apply a stain on the surface, and after waiting for it to dry, cover with several layers of varnish.

As a design solution, you can consider mortise steps that are inserted into the grooves cut in the stringer:

Make markings on the stringer at the places where the steps are installed. Using a hacksaw and a chisel, cut out the grooves.
In the center of the groove, make several holes with a size of 9 mm.
Screw the turbo coupling into the holes made.
Install the step into the groove and tighten the bolts.

When buying planed wood, the following requirements must be considered:

there should be no dark spots on the surface;
the presence of cracks, chips, roughness and other defects is unacceptable.

Knots (diameter up to 1 cm) can only be present if steps or risers are made from the material. Also pay attention to humidity, the large mass of the board suggests that you should refuse to purchase.

When making a structure without experience, you may encounter certain difficulties, but your desire and desire will help you achieve the desired result.

Now we invite you to familiarize yourself with the technology of manufacturing stairs made of wood. First of all, it is necessary to make drawings with individual structural details. To do this, take a well-dried wood and transfer the appropriate dimensions to it. In doing so, several factors should be taken into account:

The strength and reliability of the stairs will depend entirely on the correct cutting of the stringers. Therefore, their production must be approached responsibly. Moreover, for the kosour, it is necessary to choose a solid board that does not have large knots in large quantities. The thickness of the board can be 45–50 mm.
The board for risers can have a thickness of 15-20 mm more than allotted for them on the stringer, and the thickness of the riser is also taken into account. The treads themselves should have a perfectly flat surface with neatly rounded edges. The thickness of the board can be in the range of 30–35 mm.
If you want to make a closed staircase with risers, then their manufacture must also be extremely accurate. Its thickness should not be large, 15-20 mm is enough. In this case, the main load will go to the stringers. The risers themselves play the role of support.
As for balusters and handrails, it is recommended that they be purchased ready-made with stationary mounts.

If you have small children at home, then for safety reasons, install 2 balusters on each step. In all other cases, you can install one at a time.

When all the blanks of the structure are ready, you can proceed to the most important stage of work - the installation of the stairs. All subsequent work looks like this:

Stringers are mounted at the selected location. To do this, fix the support beam on the floor, it is on it that the kosour will be attached. At the top, the fastening is carried out in a cut groove in the beam. In some cases, a metal support is used for fastening. In this case, an anchor bolt is used for fastening. During the installation of the kosour, be sure to check everything by level or plumb.
Before laying the tread sheet, the risers must be screwed on.

After that, treads are fixed on the stringers and on top of the risers with self-tapping screws in the direction from bottom to top.
After that, the installation of balusters is carried out.

So, on top of the stairs and below you mount support drains. They will serve as the border of the handrails and also support the railing.

In addition, the support posts serve as a decoration. Therefore, they are often made using wood cutting.

Balusters, in turn, can have different shapes, sizes and fastening methods. Some, for example, are simply screwed on with self-tapping screws, others are mounted in pre-drilled holes. But in any case, the attachment point must be closed with a decorative plug. Further work is as follows:

On top of the installed balusters, fasten the railing to the extreme support posts. Additionally, 1 or 2 additional support posts can be installed in the middle.
When using two, three or more support posts, instead of balusters between the posts, you can install several boards parallel to the slope of the stairs.
At the next stage, you can start grinding with an emery or grinder. After that, a paint coating is applied.

The first layer acts as an antiseptic against rotting and the appearance of mold / fungus. The design should dry out, after which you can proceed to the main painting.

The stairs are covered with water-based varnish, hot wax or paint. You can also cover the wood with stain, which will slightly darken the structure. Everything depends on your desire.

Thus, the wooden staircase is ready for operation.

Ladder made of metal requires a lot of labor, plus not everyone has the skills to work with a welding machine. And yet, if you are ready to complete the work of such a plan, then you need to prepare such a set of tools:

Welding machine and electrodes for DC Ø3.2 and 1.6 mm.
Protective mask of the welder.
Mittens.
Bulgarian and cutting discs 125 × 1.6 mm.
Grinding disc 125 mm.
Drill and a set of drill bits for metal.
Metal table.
Clamp that can be adjusted in height from 0 to 800 mm.
Vice.
Pencil.
Square.
Roulette.
Metal paint.
White Spirit.
Primer.

With all this, as well as suitable material, you can proceed with the installation work. As for the selection of material, this can be done according to the completed drawing. We invite you to familiarize yourself with the principle of manufacturing a metal staircase on two stringers.

It is worth noting right away that the whole process consists of the following phased actions:

Production of blanks.
Filly making, i.e. step attachment points.
Corner welding.
Kosour installation.
Welding steps and railings.
Sanding and priming/painting.

All work should be done slowly, strictly adhering to all dimensions of the drawing. Otherwise, any small distortion will be problematic to fix, moreover, it will spoil the appearance of the finished structure. So, the work is carried out as follows:

From the corners it is necessary to make fasteners for the steps (filly). In relation to each other, they should be mirrored.
You can make fillies from a corner. To do this, cut out the samples and dock the corners together. The result should be L-shaped blanks with shelves down and inward. Depending on the number of steps, you make a pair of fillies. One of them will be on the left, the other on the right.
Between each pair of corners, weld brackets for fastening the steps and crossbars. The crossbar is similarly made from a corner.
To increase the strength, you can install small scarves from the bottom of the step towards the stringer.
Now take a square profile pipe and mark it on it, or rather, on its edge. On it you can weld fillies to the kosour. Transfer exactly the same markup to another kosour. As a result, it will be possible to achieve the geometry of the entire structure.

If the metal staircase has a width of more than 1.2 m, then you will need to install an additional stringer.

Next, you need to mount the kosour. At the bottom, it is welded to the support platform, and at the top it is fixed to the floor slab or to the wall with anchors. In each case, the method of fastening may differ. Therefore, be guided by the features of your opening. During this process, it is important to stick to the level. Moreover, two stringers must be strictly on the same level. In conclusion, it remains to weld the steps to the fillies. As an option, you can install wooden steps on the filly. But for this you need to use mounting bolts.

The uppermost step should be installed as close as possible to the wall (if the stringers are anchored to the wall). Next, weld the fence. At the same time, install it on the side so as not to reduce the width of the steps.

When arranging the railing, you can use forging or purchase prepared elements. Here again, it all depends on your personal taste and vision of the final result.

When all welding work is completed, it's time to grind all welding joints. It is also necessary to eliminate all burrs and notches. Using a wire brush, sweep away all particles. After that, the surface of the stairs is primed and painted in the desired color.

If the steps are wooden, then their installation is carried out after the paint has dried.

Finally, you can decorate the stairs. For example, trim the steps from the bottom side with wood. Stainless steel railings are also available. Lay steps with ceramic tiles. Due to this, a seemingly careless and bulky design will acquire beautiful outlines and will be an excellent addition to the interior of the house.

Although this whole process may seem easy, working with metal is very tedious. Unlike working with wood, when it is easy to fix defects in case of shortcomings, it is much more problematic with metal. However, the life of the entire structure significantly exceeds its analogue from wood.

If we talk about attractiveness and a bright element of the interior, then competitors to the spiral staircase can hardly be found. With the right construction, it will last for many years. It can be made both from wood and from metal with forging elements. There are 4 main types of spiral staircases:

Design with wedge-shaped steps, which with a narrow side rest on a supporting central column, and with a wide side on a wall or a fabricated frame. In this case, spiral bowstrings are constructed on stringers.
A free-standing structure, remote from the walls with cantilevered steps on a monolithic pillar placed in the center.
Design without a central support column. The steps are supported by curved bowstrings or stringers, which smoothly pass into the railing. This option is very beautiful and sophisticated. However, it is very difficult to manufacture.
Design with a central support rod (an asbestos-cement or steel pipe Ø50 mm can act as a support). This type of ladder is the most common.

As practice shows, the most convenient spiral staircases with a span of 0.8–0.9 m wide. As a result, the diameter of the entire staircase structure will reach up to 2 m, this is taking into account the central support post and railings. If we talk about the shape of the stairs, then it can be round, square, rectangular or oval.

If the traffic intensity in your house is small, then the total diameter of the stairs is enough to make up to 1.5 m. In this case, the treads will have a width of up to 0.6 m.

It is also necessary to consider the ergonomics of the spiral staircase. The principle of the size and height of the steps is the same as on ordinary straight stairs, we have already talked about such measurements above. But there are some features, namely a comfortable lifting height for a person. For example, we suggest you consider the option of a spiral staircase, 3 m high and 0.8 m march wide.

The calculations are presented below:

The total diameter of the stairs with such dimensions is equal to twice the width of the march, and the thickness of the support post is 20 cm. As a result, we get the following - D = 0.8 × 2 + 0.20 = 1.8 m.
The lifting radius is equal to half the width of the flight of stairs and support: Rn \u003d 0.4 + 0.1 \u003d 0.5 cm.
Now dividing the length of the trajectory of movement by the depth of the tread, we can determine the number of steps in one turn: L = 2 π: 200 = 2 × 3.14 × 500: 200 = 17.2. As a result, there can be 17 steps in one turn of the flight of stairs.
It is also necessary to calculate the ergonomic step height. This must be done from the point of view that a person in full growth can move freely. Take for example a height of 1.8 m, add operational 20 to this value and divide by the number of steps in one turn. As a result, it turns out like this: h \u003d 2000: 17 \u003d 120 mm.

If the spiral staircase has a height of 3 m, then to determine the number of steps, perform the following steps n \u003d 3000: 120 \u003d 25. The result is 25 steps, 12 cm high.

In order for the spiral staircase to be durable and easy to use, it is important to observe the following rules:

On a spiral staircase, it is better not to install risers. This will increase the safety of the structure, and the foot will rest well on the step and not slip off the step in a narrow place.
If the height of the passage is 2 m, then even a tall person can comfortably move up the stairs.
To install the support stand, choose a place that will support the weight of the entire structure and 2-3 people.

For steps, it is best to choose a durable wood, such as oak or beech. Although it is much easier to buy ready-made steps. For example, you get a rectangular step and cut out the required configuration from it. The thickness of the product can be 40mm or 30mm. If one step is divided diagonally, then the result will be two steps at once. The edges of the workpiece must be rounded and sanded with a grinder. Then you can cover them with varnish or paint. A special sleeve should be fixed on the step, which will hold it on the support post.

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