Rules for the safe operation of technological equipment and production equipment. Equipment operating rules
2.2. Basic rules for safety and operation of equipment for bakery and pasta production
The rules for the technical operation of technological equipment provide for ensuring normal external conditions for its operation (compliance with the premises, temperature, humidity, air purity, etc.), the proper condition of the workplace (maintenance of approaches to equipment, storage of semi-finished products, inventory in the premises established for them), maintenance of equipment cleanliness, timely and correct lubrication according to the modes established for this machine, compliance with the permissible modes of operation of mechanisms (power loads, high-speed loads, etc.), compliance with the rules for controlling the machine, the rules for overhaul maintenance provided for by the PPR system (scheduled preventive maintenance).
Supervision of the technical condition of the equipment at the plant is carried out by the department of the chief mechanic, which not only controls
operating conditions, but also prepares technical recommendations for improving the condition of the equipment, and, together with shop mechanics and production foremen, periodically conducts a comprehensive check of the condition of the entire fleet of shop equipment.
The worker must know the structure and interaction of the main mechanisms of machines, be able to regulate them, carry out minor repairs, carefully clean the machine and the workplace. The state of the equipment entrusted to him and the preservation of its operational qualities depend on the knowledge and implementation of the rules for operating the equipment by the operator, driver, any production worker operating the machine. The rules of operation must be well known to the repairmen, as well as mechanics, who must convey this information to the performers and ensure that these rules are observed by production personnel.
Maintaining your equipment is essential to keep it in good working order. With careful care, you can increase its service life until the next repair. Before starting work, the worker is obliged to inspect the machine, check whether it is clean by the worker handing over the shift, turn it on and check it in working condition, and inspect the lubrication points for its presence. If any damage or malfunctions are found, the worker, without starting work, is obliged to report them to the foreman.
In the process of work, it is necessary to ensure that the working bodies of the machine are in good order. Damage caused by improper operation is the responsibility of both the worker and the foreman. Do not leave a running machine unattended.
During the shift, the worker must lubricate all the places provided for in the lubrication chart for this machine with the oil specified in the instructions. With centralized lubrication, it is necessary to ensure that the oil reservoir is filled with grease at all times; when using grease fittings that supply grease by turning the cap on, fill the grease fittings in a timely manner and screw the cap on several times per shift. When filling grease fittings with grease, grease guns must be used.
During operation of the machine, the temperature of the bearings must be monitored. When extraneous noise appears in the working mechanism, the worker must stop the machine and make the necessary adjustments. In case of minor breakdowns that do not cause downtime, the broken part should be immediately replaced with a spare part; in case of breakdowns that cause a downtime of the machine, the worker is obliged to immediately notify the shift foreman about this.
For a breakdown or accident of equipment due to its improper operation and improper elimination of any breakdowns and accidents,
personal responsibility of employees directly servicing the equipment; for each breakdown or accident that occurred due to untimely repairs and poor-quality acceptance of equipment after repairs - employees who repair equipment; for breakdowns and accidents during the operation of equipment that occurred due to the fault of the chief engineer, chief mechanic (energy), heads of workshops, mechanics and their subordinate personnel, as well as as a result of unsatisfactory operation, repair and failure to comply with emergency response measures - chief engineer, chief mechanic ( power engineer), heads of shops and mechanics (energy) shops.
The main condition for using the equipment for its intended purpose is to guarantee its safe impact on the operating personnel and the environment. Safety requirements and standards are determined by the system of state labor safety standards SSBT. In addition, there are industry regulations on labor safety, fire safety and industrial sanitation.
Occupational safety requirements provide for such a technical condition of the equipment, in which the impact on the operating personnel of dangerous and harmful production factors leading to injury or reduced performance is excluded. Persons who know the principle of its operation and device, the rules of operation and maintenance, who have passed the appropriate briefing and medical examination, are allowed to service the equipment.
Units and parts of machines must be made of safe and harmless materials. As a rule, new materials undergo sanitary and hygienic and fire safety checks. Workplaces should be safe and convenient for performing machine maintenance work.
If necessary, local lighting of individual production sites is provided. During visual control of the technological process, lamps are installed to illuminate the working areas, taking into account the category of explosion safety of the room. In this case, the possibility of accidental contact of illuminators with current-carrying parts should be excluded.
The design of machines must provide for the protection of operating personnel from electric shock, including erroneous actions. In addition, the possibility of accumulation of static electricity charges in hazardous quantities must be excluded. To this end, all machines, apparatus, sections of gravity pipes and other devices that generate a charge of static electricity are provided with a reliable grounding system. The design of the equipment should include
availability of alarm systems, automatic stop and power off in case of malfunctions, accidents and dangerous operating modes.
In order to prevent industrial injuries during equipment maintenance, it is necessary to install special devices for fencing hazardous areas.
Technological and transport equipment, material and air ducts should be located so that their installation, repair and maintenance ensure safety and convenience, as well as the ability to maintain the necessary sanitary condition of industrial premises.
When installing equipment, create certain passages and gaps provided for by industry safety and industrial hygiene regulations. Permissible passages and gaps are the minimum distances between objects of which one or both pose a potential injury hazard if the distance between them is reduced.
When placing stationary equipment in the production premises of bakeries and pasta factories, it is necessary to provide for transverse and longitudinal passages directly connected with exits to staircases or adjacent premises, gaps between groups of machines with a width of at least 1 m, and between individual machines - a width of at least 0, 8 m (except for separately stipulated cases).
Group installation of machines that require the approach of service personnel from all sides is not allowed.
A gravity pipeline (material pipeline, air duct) must be installed at a distance of at least 0.25 m from the wall.
When installing equipment, carefully check its position vertically and horizontally and fix it on bases, foundations and ceilings.
In accordance with Article 209 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2002, No. 1, Art. 3; 2006, No. 27, Art. 2878; 2009, No. 30, Art. 3732; 2011, No. 30, Art. 4586 ; 2013, No. 52, art. 6986) and subparagraph 5.2.28 of the Regulations on the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 19, 2012 No. 610 (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2012, No. 26, art. . 3528), I order:
1. Approve the Rules for labor protection, maintenance and repair of technological equipment in accordance with the appendix.
2. This order comes into force three months after its official publication.
Appendix
to the order of the Ministry of Labor
and social protection of the Russian Federation
dated June 23, 2016 No. 310n
Labor protection rules
during placement, installation, maintenance and repair of process equipment
I. General provisions
1. Rules on labor protection during the placement, installation, maintenance and repair of technological equipment (hereinafter referred to as the Rules) establish state regulatory requirements for labor protection during basic technological operations and work related to the placement, installation, maintenance and repair of stationary machines, mechanisms , devices, instruments and other equipment used in the manufacture of industrial products (hereinafter referred to as technological equipment).
2. The requirements of the Rules are mandatory for employers - legal entities, regardless of their organizational and legal forms and individuals (with the exception of employers - individuals who are not individual entrepreneurs) when organizing and carrying out work related to the placement, installation, maintenance and repair of technological equipment.
3. Responsibility for the implementation of the Rules rests with the employer.
On the basis of the Rules and requirements of the technical documentation of the manufacturer of technological equipment, the employer develops instructions for labor protection, which are approved by the local regulatory act of the employer, taking into account the opinion of the relevant trade union body or another authorized by employees engaged in work related to the placement, installation, maintenance and repair of technological equipment (hereinafter referred to as employees), a representative body (if any).
4. In the case of the use of materials, technological equipment and equipment, the performance of work, the requirements for safe use and the performance of which are not regulated by the Rules, one should be guided by the requirements of the relevant regulatory legal acts containing state regulatory requirements for labor protection * (1), and the requirements of the technical (operational) ) documentation of the manufacturer.
5. The employer provides:
2) training of employees in labor protection and testing knowledge of labor protection requirements;
3) control over compliance by employees with the requirements of labor protection instructions.
6. When performing work related to the placement, installation, maintenance and repair of process equipment (hereinafter referred to as work), workers may be exposed to harmful and (or) hazardous production factors, including:
1) moving vehicles, lifting machines and mechanisms, moving materials;
2) moving parts of process equipment;
3) sharp edges, burrs and roughness on the surface of process equipment;
4) falling objects (elements of technological equipment);
5) increased dust and gas content in the air of the working area;
6) increased or decreased temperature of the surfaces of process equipment;
7) increased or decreased air temperature of the working area;
8) increased noise level at the workplace;
9) increased level of vibration;
10) high or low air humidity;
11) increased or decreased air mobility;
12) an increased value of voltage in the electrical circuit, the closure of which can occur through the body of the worker;
13) increased level of static electricity;
14) increased level of electromagnetic radiation;
15) increased electric field strength;
16) increased magnetic field strength;
17) absence or insufficiency of natural light;
18) insufficient illumination of the working area;
20) the location of jobs at a considerable height relative to the surface of the earth (floor);
21) chemical production factors;
22) psychophysiological production factors.
7. When organizing the performance of work related to the impact on employees of harmful and (or) hazardous production factors, the employer is obliged to take measures to eliminate them or reduce them to the levels of permissible exposure established by the requirements of the relevant regulatory legal acts.
If it is impossible to exclude or reduce the levels of harmful and (or) dangerous production factors to the levels of permissible impact due to the nature and conditions of the production process, it is prohibited to carry out work without providing workers with appropriate personal and collective protective equipment.
8. The employer has the right to establish additional safety requirements in the performance of work that improve the working conditions of employees.
II. Occupational safety requirements for the organization of work
9. Employees who have been trained in labor protection and tested their knowledge of labor protection requirements in the prescribed manner * (2) are allowed to perform work.
When organizing the performance of work for which additional (increased) labor protection requirements are imposed, the employer ensures that employees' knowledge of labor protection requirements is tested at least once every twelve months, as well as they undergo repeated training on labor protection at least once every three months. The list of professions, positions of employees and types of work that are subject to additional (increased) labor protection requirements is approved by the local regulatory act of the employer.
The employer ensures that employees undergo mandatory preliminary (upon employment) and periodic (during employment) medical examinations in the prescribed manner*(3).
At certain jobs with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions, the use of women's labor is limited. Lists of jobs with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions, in which the use of women's labor is limited, are approved in the prescribed manner * (7).
It is prohibited to use the labor of persons under the age of eighteen years in jobs with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions. The lists of jobs where it is prohibited to use the labor of persons under the age of eighteen are approved in accordance with the established procedure * (5).
10. Employees must be provided with special clothing, special footwear and other personal protective equipment (hereinafter - PPE) in the prescribed manner * (6).
When concluding an employment contract, the employer is obliged to ensure that employees are informed about the PPE they are entitled to, and employees are obliged to correctly use the PPE issued to them in the prescribed manner.
11. Work and rest regimes of employees are established by the internal labor regulations and other local regulations of the employer in accordance with labor legislation.
12. According to the established standards, the employer must equip sanitary facilities, rooms for eating, rooms for medical care, rooms for rest during working hours and psychological unloading, organized first aid posts, equipped with first aid kits *( 7), devices (devices) were installed to provide workers of hot shops and sites with carbonated salt water.
13. The employer ensures the investigation, registration, registration and accounting of accidents that have occurred with employees in the prescribed manner * (8).
III. Labor protection requirements for the territory of the organization, for production buildings (structures), production premises (production sites) and organization of workplaces
Labor protection requirements for the territory of the organization, for industrial buildings (structures) and industrial premises (production sites)
14. The employer must develop a scheme for the movement of vehicles and pedestrians on the territory of the organization.
The scheme of movement of vehicles and pedestrians should be posted in front of the entrance and entrance to the territory of the organization.
15. The territory of the organization in the dark must be illuminated.
16. On the territory of the organization in places where explosive and fire hazardous industries are located, the vapors and gases of which are heavier than air, it is prohibited to construct channels, unfilled trenches that can serve as a place for the accumulation of vapors and gases.
It is allowed to install pits covered with removable gratings with a depth of not more than 0.8 m and trays with a depth of not more than 0.4 m for collecting and discharging storm water.
17. Trenches, underground communications on the territory of the organization must be closed or fenced. Warning inscriptions and signs should be installed on the fences, and at night - signal lighting.
In places of transition through trenches, pits, ditches, transitional bridges with a width of at least 1 m should be installed, fenced on both sides with railings with a height of at least 1.1 m, with solid sheathing along the bottom to a height of 0.15 m and with an additional fencing bar for height of 0.5 m from the flooring.
18. Wells and technological tanks located on the territory of the organization must be closed. Temporarily open wells and technological tanks must have fences with a height of at least 1.1 m.
19. Industrial buildings (structures) and production premises (production sites) must comply with the requirements of the Federal Law of December 30, 2009 No. 384-FZ "Technical Regulations on the Safety of Buildings and Structures" * (9).
20. Entrances and exits, passages and driveways both inside industrial buildings (structures) and industrial premises (production sites), and outside on the territory adjacent to them must be free and equipped with lighting for the safe movement of workers and the passage of vehicles.
It is forbidden to obstruct passages and driveways or use them for placing goods.
21. External exits of industrial buildings (structures) must be equipped with vestibules or air-thermal curtains.
22. Passages, stairs, platforms and railings to them must be kept in good condition.
For the period of repair, a temporary fence should be installed instead of the removed railings. Railings and floorings, removed during the repair, after its completion must be installed in place.
Crossings, stairs and floorings of platforms located in the open air in winter should be cleared of snow and ice and sprinkled with anti-slip agents.
23. In industrial premises, the height from the floor to the bottom of the protruding structures of the floor (cover) must be at least 2.2 m, the height from the floor to the bottom of the protruding parts of communications and equipment in places of regular passage of workers and on evacuation routes - at least 2 m, and in places of irregular passage of workers - at least 1.8 m.
24. The boundaries of transport passages inside the production premises (if it is an integral part of the production process) must be marked by marking on the floor with lines at least 50 mm wide, made with white or yellow indelible paint, or using recessed metal checkers, or in another way that provides safety of restrictive lines during the production process.
Boundary lines should not be drawn closer than 0.5 m to the process equipment and walls of production facilities.
25. The width of the passages inside the production premises must correspond to the dimensions of vehicles or transported goods.
The distance from the borders of the roadway to the structural elements of the building and equipment must be at least 0.5 m, and when employees move, at least 0.8 m.
26. Intra-shop rail tracks should be laid flush with the floor.
27. Channels, pits and other recesses in the floor of industrial premises must be covered with strong ceilings (slabs), and open recesses and platforms protruding more than 0.3 m above the floor level must be protected by railings with a height of at least 1.1 m .
28. Openings in the floor for the passage of drive belts, conveyors must have minimum dimensions and be protected by boards with a height of at least 0.2 m, regardless of the presence of a common fence. In cases where, according to the conditions of the technological process, channels, gutters and trenches cannot be closed, they are protected by railings with a height of at least 1.1 m with sheathing along the bottom to a height of at least 0.15 m from the floor.
29. Lifting and transport vehicles (cranes, overhead cranes, telphers, hoists, winches) must be provided in production facilities for the performance of work on the repair of technological equipment.
To lift a load to a height of more than 6 m, as well as with a runway length of more than 18 m, it is necessary to use electric crane equipment.
For lifting and moving technological equipment weighing up to 0.3 tons, it is allowed to use rigging tools and devices (jacks, metal racks, rollers, connectors, carabiners, chains, cables).
30. In industrial premises with crane equipment, places for installation sites must be allocated. The dimensions of the mounting sites must provide passages with a width of at least 0.7 m around the crane equipment installed on the mounting sites in the service area.
31. In industrial premises where liquids accumulate due to working conditions, the floors must be made of waterproof materials, impervious to liquids, and have the necessary slope and drainage channels. Channels in the floors for draining liquids or laying pipelines are blocked with solid or lattice covers at the same level as the floor.
32. Artificial lighting of industrial premises should consist of two systems: general (uniform or localized) and combined (local lighting is added to general lighting). The use of only local lighting is prohibited.
33. To open, install in the required position and close the sashes of window and lantern covers or other opening devices in industrial premises, devices should be provided that are easily controlled from the floor or from work platforms.
Labor protection requirements for the organization of workplaces
34. When organizing workplaces, labor protection of employees is ensured by:
1) protection of workers from exposure to harmful and (or) hazardous production factors;
2) rational placement of technological equipment in production premises and outside them: ensuring a safe distance between equipment, equipment and walls, columns, a safe width of passages and driveways;
3) convenient and safe handling of materials, blanks, semi-finished products;
4) regular maintenance and repair
technological equipment, tools and fixtures;
5) protection of workers from adverse meteorological factors.
35. Workplaces should be located:
1) at the maximum distance from the process equipment that generates harmful and (or) dangerous production factors;
2) outside the line of movement of goods transported with the help of lifting equipment.
Workplaces located in the open air outside the production premises must be equipped with canopies or shelters to protect workers from precipitation.
36. The layout of the workplace should provide free passage and access for workers to the consoles and controls of process equipment, convenience and safety of actions when performing production operations, as well as the possibility of quick evacuation of workers in the event of an emergency.
37. Technological equipment serviced by several workers or having a significant length must have a starting device in only one place on the control panel. Devices for stopping equipment should be at all workplaces.
38. Control panels for technological equipment and instrumentation should be located in an easily accessible place.
39. For maintenance of fittings and mechanisms of technological equipment that do not have remote control, as well as instrumentation and control devices located above the floor at a height of more than 1.8 m, stationary metal platforms with railings with a height of at least 0.9 m with solid sheathing along the bottom with a height of at least 0.1 m.
The width of the free passage of the platforms should be at least 0.8 m.
Stairs to the platforms must be equipped with handrails and have an angle of inclination:
permanently operated - no more than 45 °;
used periodically - no more than 60 °.
Ladders and landings must be made of corrugated metal.
The use of smooth platforms and steps of stairs, as well as their execution from bar (round) steel is prohibited.
40. Platforms intended for maintenance of technological equipment must have a height from the flooring to the structural elements of the production facility of at least 2.0 m. In galleries, tunnels and overpasses, the specified height may be reduced to 1.8 m.
The requirements of this paragraph also apply to sites intended for passage through equipment or communications.
41. Workplaces, depending on the type of work, are equipped with workbenches, racks, tables, cabinets, tool cabinets for convenient placement of materials, equipment, workpieces, finished products, storage of tools and fixtures and safe performance of work.
The location of workbenches, racks, tables, cabinets, tool cabinets at the workplace should not hamper the actions of workers and prevent the movement of workers during the operation, maintenance and repair of technological equipment.
42. The minimum width of single passages to workplaces and at workplaces, taking into account protruding parts of process equipment, must be at least 0.6 m.
All moving, rotating and protruding parts of process equipment and auxiliary mechanisms must be securely guarded or located so that the possibility of injury to workers is excluded.
43. When performing work in the “sitting” position, comfortable chairs and stools should be installed at each workplace.
When performing work in a “standing” position, workplaces must be provided with chairs for workers to rest during breaks.
44. Materials and blanks must be delivered for processing in a special container and located at the workplace separately from the tool.
Released containers and packaging materials must be promptly removed from workplaces to storage facilities specially designated for this purpose.
Cluttering of workplaces, as well as passages and driveways with materials, equipment, blanks, finished products, production waste and packaging is prohibited.
45. Materials, equipment, blanks, finished products, stacked on racks or on tables, should not protrude beyond their dimensions. For small parts and blanks, special containers should be provided.
For convenience and safe use of hoisting mechanisms in the production process, when laying material, long workpieces and products, gaskets should be used.
46. When organizing workplaces and performing work using tools and fixtures, it is necessary to comply with the requirements of the Labor Protection Rules when working with tools and fixtures * (10).
47. To move heavy materials, equipment, blanks and finished products at the workplace, lifting devices and mechanisms must be provided.
48. The organization of workplaces should ensure the possibility of their daily cleaning.
Cleaning of workplaces from dust, sawdust, shavings should be done with the help of brushes or with the use of vacuum (dust suction) installations.
The use of compressed air for cleaning workplaces, for blowing parts (products), technological equipment and clothing is prohibited.
49. Work areas related to the placement, installation, maintenance and repair of process equipment must be provided with fire fighting equipment and equipment to protect production facilities in accordance with the requirements of the Fire Prevention Regulations in the Russian Federation * (11).
IV. Labor protection requirements for the performance of work (implementation of production processes)
General requirements
50. Work must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of regulatory legal acts containing state regulatory requirements for labor protection, and the technical (operational) documentation of the manufacturer.
51. When performing work with the use of hoisting machines, the requirements of the Safety Rules for hazardous production facilities that use lifting structures * (12) must be observed.
In cases where manual labor is used by women and workers under the age of eighteen, the established norms for maximum permissible loads when lifting and moving heavy loads by hand * (13) must be observed.
52. Work related to the placement, installation, maintenance and repair of heat-producing and heat-consuming process equipment must be carried out in accordance with the requirements established by the authorized federal executive bodies * (14).
53. When performing electric welding and gas welding work, it is necessary to comply with the requirements of the Rules for labor protection when performing electric welding and gas welding work * (15).
54. Work on current-carrying parts of process equipment, as well as work in existing electrical installations, must be carried out in accordance with the requirements established by the authorized federal executive bodies * (16).
55. When performing work related to the placement, installation, maintenance and repair of technological equipment used in woodworking, the requirements of the Rules for labor protection in logging, woodworking industries and during forestry work * (17) must be met.
56. Work performed using scaffolding, scaffolding, mobile scaffolding, ladders and ladders must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the Rules for labor protection when working at height * (18).
57. When performing work at height, the tools and devices used must be placed in portable tool boxes or bags.
The descent of materials and any objects must be carried out along specially arranged gutters, descents or with a rope.
Throwing down materials and any objects is prohibited.
58. Work with increased danger in the process of placement, installation, maintenance and repair of technological equipment must be carried out in accordance with the work permit for the production of work with increased danger (hereinafter referred to as the work permit), issued by officials authorized by the employer in accordance with the recommended sample , provided for in Appendix No. 1 to the Rules.
The work permit determines the content, place, time and conditions for the production of work with increased danger, the necessary security measures, the composition of the team and the workers responsible for the organization and safe production of work.
The procedure for the performance of work with increased danger, the issuance of a work permit and the duties of officials authorized by the employer responsible for the organization and safe performance of work, are established by the local regulatory act of the employer.
59. Works with increased danger, for the production of which a work permit is issued, include:
1) earthworks in the area of underground power networks, gas pipelines, oil pipelines and other underground utilities and facilities;
2) work related to the dismantling (collapse) of buildings and structures, as well as the strengthening and restoration of emergency parts and elements of buildings and structures;
3) installation and dismantling of process equipment;
4) performance of installation and repair work in the immediate vicinity of open moving parts of operating equipment, as well as near electrical wires under voltage;
5) installation and repair work performed in the conditions of existing production facilities of one division of the organization by the forces of another division (combined work);
6) installation and repair work at a height of more than 1.8 m from the floor level without the use of inventory scaffolding and scaffolding;
7) repair of steam and hot water pipelines of technological equipment;
8) work in confined spaces, in confined spaces;
9) electric welding and gas welding works in closed tanks, in tanks, in pits, in wells, in tunnels;
10) work on testing pressure vessels;
11) work on cleaning and repairing air ducts, filters and fans of exhaust ventilation systems of premises where strong chemical and other hazardous substances are stored;
12) work on the maintenance and repair of electrical installations on cable or overhead power lines, installation work with cranes near overhead power lines;
13) carrying out gas hazardous work;
14) carrying out hot work in fire hazardous and explosive premises;
15) repair of load-lifting machines (except for wheeled and caterpillar self-propelled), crane bogies, crane runways;
16) repair of rotating mechanisms;
17) work in places that are dangerous in terms of gas contamination, explosion hazard, electric shock and with limited access to visits;
18) thermal insulation work, application of anti-corrosion coatings;
19) carrying out repair work on heat-producing and heat-consuming installations, heat networks and other heat equipment.
60. The list of work performed under work permits is approved by the employer and may be supplemented by him.
61. Issued and issued work permits are taken into account in the journal, in which it is recommended to reflect the following information:
1) the name of the subdivision;
2) the number of the work permit;
3) the date of issue of the work permit;
4) a brief description of the work on the permit;
5) the period for which the work permit was issued;
6) the names and initials of the officials who issued and received the work permit, certified by their signatures indicating the date of signing;
7) the surname and initials of the official who received the work permit closed for the performance of work, certified by his signature indicating the date of receipt.
62. Works of the same name with increased danger, carried out on a permanent basis and performed by a permanent staff in similar conditions, are allowed to be carried out without issuing a work permit according to the labor protection instructions approved for each type of work with increased danger.
63. For work in electrical installations, a work permit is drawn up in the form established by the Rules for labor protection during the operation of electrical installations * (19).
64. Depending on the characteristics of the organization and the nature of the work performed with increased danger, a work permit may be issued in accordance with the Federal Norms and Rules in the field of industrial safety "Regulations on the use of work permits when performing work of increased danger at hazardous production facilities of the mining and metallurgical industry" * (20).
65. For carrying out electric and gas welding works outside permanent welding posts at temporary places (except for construction sites), the employer or the person responsible for fire safety issues a work permit for performing hot work in the form established by the Rules of the fire regime in the Russian Federation * (21 ).
66. When work is performed by third-party (contractor) organizations, the responsible representatives of the customer and the contractor must draw up for the entire period of work performance an act of admission for the performance of work on the territory of the organization in accordance with the recommended model provided for in Appendix No. 2 to the Rules, develop and implement organizational and technical measures aimed at ensuring the safety of these works, as well as the safe operation of operating process equipment.
67. The head of the organization (contractor) performing the work is responsible for compliance with the requirements of the Rules and the technical (operational) documentation of the manufacturer.
Labor protection requirements for the placement of technological equipment and ensuring the collective protection of workers
68. When designing production processes and making a decision on the placement of specific technological equipment for each production facility, the employer must identify and take into account harmful and (or) dangerous production factors that can be generated by technological equipment during production processes and in emergency situations.
69. When placing technological equipment, it is necessary to ensure the grouping of equipment with similar generated harmful and (or) hazardous production factors.
Technological equipment, during the operation of which there is a release of harmful, flammable and explosive substances (dust, gases, vapors), should be installed in isolated rooms equipped with general exchange supply and exhaust and local exhaust ventilation.
If production sites with different sanitary and hygienic conditions are located in the same production room, measures should be taken to prevent the spread of harmful and (or) dangerous production factors throughout the production room.
70. Technological equipment should be located in production facilities in accordance with the general direction of the main cargo flow. The placement of process equipment should ensure the safety and convenience of its installation (dismantling), maintenance and repair.
71. Placement of technological equipment above and under auxiliary and amenity buildings and premises is not allowed.
72. Stationary technological equipment must be installed on solid foundations or foundations.
When constructing foundations, placing equipment on them, preparing foundation bolts, it is necessary to be guided by the design documentation, as well as the requirements of the technical (operational) documentation of the manufacturer.
It is allowed to use non-foundation installation of equipment on vibration-damping supports.
73. The arrangement of technological equipment must be carried out in accordance with the technological planning approved by the employer or another official authorized by the employer, subject to the norms of technological design.
74. The technological layout displays:
1) contours and dimensions of production sites, building elements (columns, partitions, door and window openings, gates, channels, hatches, wells, ladders);
2) overall contours and dimensions of the technological equipment located on the production areas, platforms for its maintenance (tables, tool cabinets, racks), lifting and transport devices;
3) places for storing materials, blanks, equipment, finished products and production waste;
4) contours and dimensions of passages and driveways.
75. Any rearrangement of existing technological equipment should be displayed on technological layouts.
76. The distances between the technological equipment, between the equipment and walls, columns of industrial premises should be established depending on the specific conditions of the production process and should be:
1) not less than 0.6 m - for small equipment (with plan dimensions up to 1.5 x 1.0 m);
2) not less than 0.7 m - for medium-sized equipment (with plan dimensions up to 4.0 x 3.5 m);
3) for large equipment (with plan dimensions up to 8.0 x 6.0 m): from walls - at least 1.0 m, from columns - at least 0.9 m;
4) for technological furnaces: from walls - not less than 1.2 m, from columns - not less than 1.0 m.
77. When installing technological equipment on an individual foundation, the distances from the equipment to walls and columns should be taken into account taking into account the configuration of adjacent foundations.
78. When servicing equipment with lifting structures (bridge cranes), its placement (distance from walls and columns) should be carried out taking into account the provision of safe maintenance by lifting structures.
79. The distance between the controls of adjacent technological equipment controlled by one operator must exclude the possibility of erroneous switching on of the control of adjacent equipment.
80. The width of the main aisles along the service front and between the rows of technological equipment in the presence of permanent jobs should be at least 1.5 m.
The main passages along the service front of control panels must be at least 2.0 m wide.
81. During multi-machine maintenance, technological equipment should be placed taking into account the maximum possible reduction in distances between workplaces.
82. When placing technological equipment, the width of the passages should be taken into account the dimensions of the vehicles used or the goods being transported.
83. The placement of technological equipment in industrial premises should ensure the possibility of safe evacuation of workers in case of emergency.
84. To protect workers from exposure to harmful and (or) hazardous production factors, in addition to PPE, collective protective equipment should be used to protect any employee (group of workers) located (situated) in the work area.
The means of collective protection include means that are structurally or functionally associated with the production process or technological equipment.
85. Collective protective equipment provides protection for workers:
1) from the impact of mechanical factors (protective, safety and braking devices; remote control, automatic control and signaling devices);
2) against electric shock (fencing devices; automatic control and signaling devices; insulating devices and coatings; protective grounding and grounding devices; automatic shutdown devices; potential equalization and voltage reduction devices; remote control devices; safety devices; lightning rods and arresters);
3) against falling from a height (fences, protective nets);
4) from an increased noise level (soundproofing, sound-absorbing devices; noise silencers; remote control, automatic control and signaling devices);
5) from an increased level of vibration (protective devices; vibration isolating, vibration damping and vibration absorbing devices; remote control devices for automatic control and signaling);
6) from an increased level of static electricity (grounding, shielding, moisturizing devices; neutralizers, anti-electrostatic substances);
7) from low or high temperatures of the surfaces of equipment, materials and workpieces (protective, thermally insulating and shielding devices; remote control, automatic control and signaling devices);
8) from high or low air temperatures and temperature fluctuations (protective and thermal insulating devices; devices for heating and cooling; devices for remote control, automatic control and signaling);
9) from an increased level of ultrasound (protective, soundproof and sound-absorbing devices; devices for remote control, automatic control and signaling);
10) from an increased level of ionizing radiation (protective devices, sealing and protective coatings; devices for trapping and purifying air and liquids; decontamination devices; automatic control devices; remote control devices; means of protection during transportation and temporary storage of radioactive substances; containers for radioactive waste) ;
11) from an increased level of infrared radiation (protective, sealing, heat-insulating and ventilation devices; remote control, automatic control and signaling devices);
12) from an increased level of electromagnetic radiation (protective devices, sealing and protective coatings; devices for remote control, automatic control and signaling);
13) from increased intensity of electromagnetic fields (protective devices, insulating and protective coatings; protective grounding devices);
14) from an increased level of laser radiation (protective and safety devices; devices for remote control, automatic control and signaling);
15) from the impact of chemical factors (protective, sealing devices; devices for ventilation and air purification, for the removal of toxic substances; devices for remote control, automatic control and signaling);
16) from the impact of biological factors (protective and sealing devices; equipment and preparations for disinfection, disinsection, sterilization, deratization; devices for ventilation and air purification; devices for remote control, automatic control and signaling).
86. Installation (application) of means of collective protection of workers is carried out by the employer depending on specific harmful and (or) dangerous production factors on the basis of design decisions adopted in accordance with regulatory legal acts and technical (operational) documentation of the manufacturer.
87. Collective protective equipment also includes signal colors, safety signs and signal markings in accordance with GOST R 12.4.026-2001 “SSBT. Signal colors, safety signs and signal markings "* (22) (published in the IUS "National Standards", No. 10, 2005).
88. Safety signs must be clearly visible and distinguishable, not distract the attention of workers and not interfere with the performance of production operations.
Signal colors are used to designate surfaces, structures, fixtures, assemblies and elements of process equipment that are sources of danger to workers, to designate protective devices, fences and interlocks, as well as for safety signs, signal markings, marking escape routes and other visual means of ensuring safety. workers.
Signal marking is carried out on the surface of building structures, elements of buildings, structures, vehicles, equipment and is used in places where there are dangers and obstacles.
Labor protection requirements during the installation of technological equipment
89. Before starting work on the installation of technological equipment, the places for the passage of vehicles, the movement of installation equipment and the passage of workers must be determined, the boundaries of dangerous zones and the necessary fences must be established, safety signs and warning signs posted.
At night, driveways, walkways and workplaces in the installation work area must be illuminated.
90. Mounting openings for mounted technological equipment, channels, trenches, ditches, foundation wells must be closed (covered) with removable wooden shields. If necessary, railings or barriers should be installed.
91. In order to prevent workers from falling, installation openings in technological basements and deep pits in foundations must be fenced with inventory protective barriers or covered with solid flooring.
92. Units and parts of process equipment during installation must be securely fastened with appropriate fixtures, clamps, spacers.
Units and parts temporarily placed in the installation area must be stored on stands at least 0.1 m high or on special racks.
93. Installation of heavy-weight technological equipment in the design position using one or two cranes should be carried out under the direct supervision of the installation manager.
94. It is forbidden to perform any work on (or under) process equipment if it is in an elevated position and supported by winches, jacks and other lifting mechanisms.
95. When performing high-altitude assembly and assembly operations, those parts of process equipment that will be mounted at a height must be cleaned of dirt, snow or ice and foreign objects before lifting. Mounting joints and butt elements must be cleaned of rust, oils, burrs.
The fastening systems of individual assemblies and parts must be checked in order to prevent the fall of assemblies and parts.
96. If the installation of technological equipment is carried out on the territory of the operating production unit, then the head of the installation work must develop and coordinate with the management of the production unit measures for the safe performance of installation work.
97. Installation of technological equipment in production units where there is a possibility of the release of explosive gases must be carried out using a tool made of non-ferrous metals or coated with copper. When installing technological equipment in such conditions, it is prohibited:
1) use an open fire to warm up various components and parts in the cold season (it is allowed to warm the components and parts in the cold season only with warm water or steam);
2) use tools, mechanisms and fixtures that can cause sparking, as well as throw tools, metal parts and other spark-producing objects onto the surface of the mounted technological equipment;
3) leave oiled rags and other cleaning material at the workplace after completion of work (it is necessary to clean it in a metal box installed in a specially designated place);
4) use special shoes with spark-forming metal linings, lined with metal horseshoes or metal nails.
98. It is forbidden to use oiled rags and gaskets when performing the installation of oxygen installations. The tool used in the installation of oxygen installations must be thoroughly degreased.
99. Technological equipment that is a source of increased vibration should be installed on vibration isolators or vibration-damping supports in a separate room, on vibration-absorbing bases (vibration-isolating pads) or on separate massive foundations isolated from neighboring building structures.
100. When installing technological equipment that is a source of increased noise level, it is necessary to provide for the installation of silencers on air ducts and air intake chambers, the compressor suction pipe, insulation of suction pipes and air ducts, as well as soft inserts and soft gaskets on air ducts.
The most noisy equipment (compressors, blowers, pumps, fans) should be located in isolated rooms.
101. Auxiliary equipment of gas compressors and vacuum pumps must be installed not lower than the zero mark. Gas compressors must be arranged in one row.
The location of the compressors should provide free access for cleaning and replacing the tubes of the end and intermediate coolers.
102. Pumps must be installed in such a way as to ensure the minimum length of suction lines.
The location of the pumps should ensure the possibility of collecting and draining fluid from the stuffing boxes during operation, as well as during repairs and flushing of the pumps.
In cases where stuffing box seals are cooled with water, water drainage must be provided from all types of process equipment.
The piping of the pumps during their installation should be carried out in such a way as to provide free access for packing stuffing boxes and carrying out repair work.
103. Pumps for pumping flammable and combustible liquids when servicing a production flow may be located in a common production room, and when pumping liquids from a warehouse to a production shop or for shipment from a shop - in separate isolated rooms.
104. Pipelines adjacent to process equipment should not be rigidly attached to building structures or should have appropriate compensating devices.
When installing technological equipment, technological pipelines passing through walls and ceilings should be passed in steel sleeves from pipes whose inner diameter is 10–20 mm larger than the outer diameter of the pipeline (taking into account its thermal insulation).
The gap between the pipeline and the sleeve at both ends must be filled with a non-combustible material that allows the pipeline to move along its longitudinal axis.
105. Supporting structures for fastening air ducts of ventilation systems must be reliable, made of non-combustible materials, not cause or transmit vibrations.
Local suctions must be attached to non-vibrating or least vibrating elements of process equipment.
106. Technological equipment serviced with the help of hoisting mechanisms should be installed in the zone of approach of the hook of the mechanism. In the same area, sites for the installation of transported equipment parts should be provided.
107. When installing stationary conveyors in production and storage buildings, galleries, tunnels, on overpasses along their route, passages for safe maintenance and repair, as well as places for mechanized cleaning of spillage or fallen cargo, should be provided on both sides.
108. Heating furnaces should be installed in such a way that the workers serving them are not exposed to the heat flow from the loading windows simultaneously from two or more furnaces and there is no need to transfer the heated metal to the deforming technological equipment along the aisles and driveways.
Ovens-baths should not be located under skylights in order to prevent drops of water condensing on the lights from getting into the product.
109. Technological equipment, pipelines, air ducts and fittings that are not used in the implementation of production processes as a result of a change in the technological scheme or for other reasons must be dismantled.
110. After completion of the installation work, it is necessary to check the presence and serviceability of all protective and safety devices and alarm systems included in the design of the process equipment.
Occupational safety requirements for the maintenance and repair of technological equipment
111. Maintenance and repair of technological equipment must be carried out in accordance with the developed technological regulations (operating instructions, technological maps, projects for the organization and production of repair work), which establish the procedure and sequence of work, necessary fixtures and tools, and also determine officials responsible for their implementation.
112. The employer must provide employees involved in the maintenance and repair of technological equipment with the necessary set of serviceable tools, appropriate fixtures and materials.
113. Process equipment and communications stopped for maintenance or repair must be disconnected from steam, water and process pipelines, gas ducts. Plugs must be installed on pipelines; technological equipment and communications must be freed from technological materials.
Maintenance and repair of technological equipment must be carried out when the propulsion (power) plant is not in operation, with the exception of operations that cannot be performed when the propulsion (power) plant is not in operation. When performing repair work, it is allowed to supply electricity in accordance with the project for the organization and production of work, approved by the employer.
The electrical circuits of the drives of the stopped technological equipment must be disassembled, prohibitory signs are posted on the starting devices: “Do not turn on! People are working”, as well as measures have been taken to exclude erroneous or spontaneous activation of starting devices.
114. If there are toxic or explosive gases, vapors or dust in the process equipment, it must be purged, followed by an analysis of the air environment for the residual content of harmful and (or) hazardous substances.
Control analyzes of the air environment must be carried out periodically during maintenance or repair.
115. It is forbidden to carry out maintenance in the immediate vicinity of unprotected moving and rotating parts and parts of related process equipment, electrical wires and live parts under voltage.
116. When carrying out work on the repair of technological equipment, its assembly and disassembly, the place of repair work (repair site) must be fenced off. Safety signs, posters and signaling devices should be posted on the fences.
The dimensions of the repair sites must correspond to the dimensions of the units and parts of equipment, materials, fixtures and tools placed on them, as well as provide for the arrangement of safe passages and driveways.
It is forbidden to clutter up the repair site, aisles and driveways.
117. During the performance of repair work in areas with air temperatures above 32 ° C, mobile air-dusting installations should be provided.
118. For lifting and moving process equipment, assemblies and parts, hoisting equipment and devices should be provided.
119. Disconnected round or long parts of the repaired equipment must be placed on special stands or racks.
120. When chopping, cutting metal, refueling and sharpening tools, it is necessary to work with the use of appropriate PPE.
121. Shavings, sawdust and cuttings of metal during repair work should be removed with brushes, scrapers, hooks.
It is forbidden to blow off shavings, sawdust and scraps of metal with compressed air.
122. Pressing out and pressing bushings, bearings and other parts with a tight fit should be carried out using presses and special devices.
123. To check the alignment of the holes of the parts, special mandrels should be used.
It is forbidden to check the alignment of the holes of the parts with your fingers.
124. Maintenance of electrical installations, including those that are part of process equipment, must be carried out in accordance with the requirements established by the authorized federal executive bodies * (23).
Workers allowed to maintain electrical equipment must have an appropriate electrical safety group.
125. When repairing equipment in explosive premises, it is prohibited to use open fire and the use of mechanisms and devices that cause sparking.
126. Work on the repair of technological equipment in which toxic or toxic substances were located must be carried out using appropriate PPE after the removal (neutralization) of toxic or toxic substances.
127. Ladders and scaffolds used for repair work must be in good condition, not have breaks, cracks and deformations.
Ladders installed on smooth surfaces must have bases upholstered in rubber, and those installed on the ground must have sharp metal tips.
Ladders must be securely supported by their upper ends on a solid support.
When installing ladders at a height on the elements of metal structures, it is necessary to securely attach the top and bottom of the ladder to the metal structures. Lean ladders must be tested and tagged accordingly.
During maintenance and repair of electrical installations, it is prohibited to use metal ladders.
128. When performing repair work at a height of two tiers or more, strong ceilings must be arranged between the tiers or nets must be hung to prevent materials, parts or tools from falling on workers.
129. Upon completion of the repair of technological equipment and communications, it is necessary to make sure that no materials, tools and other foreign objects remain inside the technological equipment and communications.
130. A trial run of technological equipment after repair must be carried out by employees who have the right to operate this equipment in the presence of the head of the repair work and an official appointed by the order of the employer responsible for the safe operation of the equipment.
V. Labor protection requirements during transportation (movement) and storage of technological equipment, components and consumables
Labor protection requirements during transportation (movement) of technological equipment, components and consumables
131. When transporting (moving) technological equipment, components and consumables, one should be guided by the technical (operational) documentation of the manufacturer and the requirements established by the authorized federal executive bodies * (24).
132. To ensure cargo flows in the organization, access roads and driveways must be arranged that correspond to the dimensions of the vehicles used and the goods transported, equipped with the necessary handling equipment to ensure loading and unloading operations.
133. When transporting technological equipment, components and consumables, it is necessary to ensure the safety of transport communications.
134. The security of transport communications is ensured by:
1) development of transport and technological schemes;
2) organization of traffic in the territory in accordance with the scheme of movement of vehicles and pedestrians;
3) installation of road signs and signs.
135. In order to avoid shifting or falling of cargo when the vehicle is moving, the cargo must be placed and secured in accordance with the specifications for loading and securing this type of cargo.
Maneuvering of vehicles with loads after removal of fastenings from loads is prohibited.
136. Appropriate packaging should be used for transportation of small components of the same type and consumables.
137. When transporting goods in glass containers, measures must be taken to prevent shocks and impacts.
138. The supply of motor transport in reverse in the area where loading and unloading operations are carried out must be carried out by the driver only at the command of one of the workers employed in these works.
139. In industrial premises with a high level of noise, it should be possible for workers to timely determine sound or light signals given by moving vehicles.
140. Transportation of large-sized and heavy-weight technological equipment by road on roads open for public use must be carried out in compliance with the requirements established by the authorized federal executive bodies * (25).
141. Tank trucks carrying flammable and combustible liquids must be equipped with grounding, fire extinguishing equipment, marked in accordance with the degree of danger of the cargo, and exhaust pipes must be led under the radiator and equipped with spark arresters.
142. When operating auto-loaders and electric loaders, the requirements established by the authorized federal executive body * (26) must be observed.
143. In industrial premises with heavy traffic, preference should be given to means of continuous transport (conveyors, conveyors).
144. Moving and rotating parts of conveyors and conveyors, to which workers can have access, must be protected.
145. When using mounted conveyors for transporting goods at a height of more than 2 m, protective devices must be installed under the conveyor to ensure the safety of workers in the event of an accidental fall of the load.
Occupational safety requirements for the storage of process equipment, components and consumables
146. Storage of process equipment, components and consumables should include:
1) the use of storage methods that exclude the occurrence of harmful and (or) dangerous production factors;
2) using secure storage devices; mechanization and automation of loading and unloading operations.
147. Storage of components and consumables must be carried out taking into account their flammable physical and chemical properties, signs of compatibility and uniformity of fire extinguishing agents.
148. When placing technological equipment, components, consumables, blanks, semi-finished products, finished products and production waste, it is necessary to comply with the requirements of the Rules for labor protection during loading and unloading operations and placement of goods * (27).
149. Storage of flammable and combustible liquids, combustible and explosive materials must be carried out in compliance with the Rules of the fire regime in the Russian Federation * (28).
150. Combustible materials of exothermic mixtures must be stored in warehouses specially designed for this purpose that meet the requirements of fire safety and explosion safety.
151. In rooms where chemicals and solutions are stored, instructions for their safe handling should be posted.
152. Refractory materials and products must be stored in closed warehouses. In open areas, refractory materials may only be stored in containers.
153. Powder, powder materials should be stored in closed containers (boxes, tubes, bags).
154. Bulk materials should be stored in bins with an angle of repose.
155. Dies, molds, flasks, molds, ingots, forgings must be stored in stacks in compliance with the established dimensions of the stacks, depending on the nature of the stored products, their rows and gaps between the stacks.
Large and medium sized dies should be placed in specially designated areas on wooden pads, providing sufficient clearance for removable load-handling devices or forklift forklift.
156. Details and products during storage must be installed in a stable position.
157. The place of waste storage must be fenced with a solid fence with a height of at least 0.5 m.
158. Components and small parts should be placed in special containers on racks serviced by a stacker crane.
159. Chemicals should be stored in tightly closed containers in specially designated and equipped places.
160. Storage of clean and used cleaning material in production facilities should be carried out separately in metal boxes closed with lids.
Boxes with used cleaning material should be emptied as they are filled, but at least once per shift.
The use of cleaning material made of synthetic and artificial fibers in the premises of explosive industries is prohibited.
VI. Final provisions
161. Federal state supervision over compliance with the requirements of the Rules is carried out by officials of the Federal Service for Labor and Employment and its territorial bodies (state labor inspectorates in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation) * (29).
162. Heads and other officials of organizations, as well as employers - individuals guilty of violating the requirements of the Rules, are held liable in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation * (30).
_____________________________
*(1) Article 211 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation (Sobraniye Zakonodatelstva Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 2002, No. 1, Art. 3; 2006, No. 27, Art. 2878; 2009, No. 30, Art. 3732).
*(2) Decree of the Ministry of Labor of Russia and the Ministry of Education of Russia dated January 13, 2003 No. 1/29 “On approval of the Procedure for training in labor protection and testing knowledge of labor protection requirements for employees of organizations” (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on February 12, 2003, registration No. 4209 ).
*(3) Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia dated April 12, 2011 No. 302n “On Approval of the Lists of Harmful and (or) Hazardous Production Factors and Works, During the Performance of Which Mandatory Preliminary and Periodic Medical Examinations (Examinations) Are Conducted, and the Procedure for Conducting Mandatory Preliminary and periodic medical examinations (examinations) of workers engaged in hard work and work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions ”(registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on October 21, 2011, registration No. 22111) as amended by orders of the Ministry of Health of Russia dated May 15, 2013 No. 296n (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on July 3, 2013, registration No. 28970) and dated December 5, 2014 No. 801n (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on February 3, 2015, registration No. 35848).
*(4) Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 25, 2000 No. 162 “On approval of the list of heavy work and work with harmful or dangerous working conditions, in the performance of which the use of women’s labor is prohibited” (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2000, No. 10, article 1130).
*(8) Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 25, 2000 No. 163 “On approval of the list of heavy work and work with harmful or dangerous working conditions, in the performance of which the use of labor of persons under eighteen years of age is prohibited” (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2000, No. 10, item 1131; 2001, No. 26, item 2685; 2011, No. 26, item 3803).
*(6) Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia dated June 1, 2009 No. 290n “On approval of the Intersectoral Rules for Providing Workers with Special Clothing, Special Footwear and Other Personal Protective Equipment” (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on September 10, 2009, registration No. 14742), as amended, introduced by the order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia of January 27, 2010 No. 28n (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on March 1, 2010, registration No. 16530), orders of the Ministry of Labor of Russia of February 20, 2014 No. 103n (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on May 15, 2014, registration No. 32284) and dated January 12, 2015 No. 2n (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on February 11, 2015, registration No. 35962).
*(7) Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia dated March 5, 2011 No. 169n “On Approval of the Requirements for Completing First Aid Kits with Medical Devices for Providing First Aid to Employees” (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on April 11, 2011, registration No. 20452).
*(8) Articles 227-231 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2002, No. 1, Art. 3; 2006, No. 27, Art. 2878; 2008, No. 30, Art. 3616; 2009, No. 19, 2270; 2011, No. 30, article 4590; 2013, No. 27, article 3477; 2015, No. 14, article 2022).
*(9) Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2010, No. 1, art. 5; 2013, no. 27, art. 3477.
*(10) Order of the Ministry of Labor of Russia dated August 17, 2015 No. 552n “On approval of the Rules for labor protection when working with tools and devices” (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on October 2, 2015, registration No. 39125).
*(11) Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 25, 2012 No. 390 “On the fire regime” (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2012, No. 19, Art. 2415; 2014, No. 9, Art. 906, No. 26, Art. 3577; 2015, No. 11, item 1607; No. 46, item 6397; 2016, No. 15, item 2105).
*(12) Order of Rostekhnadzor dated November 12, 2013 No. 533 “On Approval of the Federal Norms and Rules in the Field of Industrial Safety “Safety Rules for Hazardous Production Facilities Using Lifting Structures” (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on December 31, 2013, registration No. 30992) as amended by Rostekhnadzor Order No. 146 dated April 12, 2016 (registered by the Russian Ministry of Justice on May 20, 2016, registration No. 42197);
*(13) Decree of the Council of Ministers - Government of the Russian Federation dated February 6, 1993 No. 105 "On new norms for maximum permissible loads for women when lifting and moving weights manually" (Collection of acts of the President and Government of the Russian Federation, 1993, No. 7, Art. .566);
Decree of the Ministry of Labor of Russia dated April 7, 1999 No. 7 “On approval of the Norms of maximum permissible loads for persons under eighteen years of age when lifting and moving weights manually” (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on July 1, 1999, registration No. 1817).
*(14) Order of Rostekhnadzor dated March 25, 2014 No. 116 “On approval of the Federal norms and rules in the field of industrial safety “Industrial safety rules for hazardous production facilities that use equipment operating under excessive pressure” (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on May 19, 2014 city, registration number 32326);
order of the Ministry of Energy of Russia dated March 24, 2003 No. 115 "On approval of the Rules for the technical operation of thermal power plants" (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on April 2, 2003, registration No. 4358);
order of the Ministry of Labor of Russia dated August 17, 2015 No. 551n “On approval of the Rules for labor protection during the operation of thermal power plants” (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on October 5, 2015, registration No. 39138).
*(15) Order of the Ministry of Labor of Russia dated December 23, 2014 No. 1101n “On approval of the Rules for labor protection when performing electric and gas welding works” (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on February 20, 2015, registration No. 36155).
*(16) Order of the Ministry of Labor of Russia dated July 24, 2013 No. 328n “On approval of the Rules for labor protection during the operation of electrical installations” (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on December 12, 2013, registration No. 30593) as amended by order of the Ministry of Labor of Russia dated February 19 2016 No. 74n (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on April 13, 2016, registration No. 41781);
order of the Ministry of Energy of Russia dated January 13, 2003 No. 6 "On approval of the Rules for the technical operation of electrical installations of consumers" (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on January 22, 2003, registration No. 4145).
*(17) Order of the Ministry of Labor of Russia dated November 2, 2015 No. 835n “On approval of the Rules for labor protection in logging, woodworking and forestry operations” (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on February 9, 2016, registration No. 41009).
*(18) Order of the Ministry of Labor of Russia dated March 28, 2014 No. 155n “On approval of the Rules for labor protection when working at height” (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on September 5, 2014, registration No. 33990) as amended by order of the Ministry of Labor of Russia dated 17 June 2015 No. 383n (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on July 22, 2015, registration No. 38119).
*(19) Order of the Ministry of Labor of Russia dated July 24, 2013 No. 328n “On approval of the Rules for labor protection during the operation of electrical installations”.
*(20) Order of Rostekhnadzor dated January 18, 2012 No. 44 “On Approval of the Federal Norms and Rules in the Field of Industrial Safety “Regulations on the Application of Work Permits When Performing Highly Hazardous Works at Hazardous Industrial Facilities of the Mining and Metallurgical Industry” (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia March 6, 2012, registration number 23411).
*(21) Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 25, 2012 No. 390 "On the fire regime".
*(22) Technical Regulations of the Customs Union "On the safety of machinery and equipment" (TP TS 010/2011) (approved by the decision of the Commission of the Customs Union of October 18, 2011 No. 823) as amended by the decisions of the Collegium of the Eurasian Economic Commission of December 4, 2012 No. 248 and dated May 19, 2015 No. 55.
* (23) Order of the Ministry of Labor of Russia dated July 24, 2013 No. 328n “On approval of the Rules for labor protection during the operation of electrical installations”;
order of the Ministry of Energy of Russia dated January 13, 2003 No. 6 "On Approval of the Rules for the Technical Operation of Consumer Electrical Installations".
*(24) Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 15, 2011 No. 272 “On approval of the Rules for the carriage of goods by road” (Sobraniye zakonodatelstva Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 2011, No. 17, Art. 2407; 2012, No. 10, Art. 1223; 2014 , No. 3, item 281; 2015, No. 50, item 7162);
order of the Ministry of Transport of Russia of August 8, 1995 No. 73 "On approval of the Rules for the transport of dangerous goods by road" (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on December 18, 1995, registration No. 997) as amended by orders of the Ministry of Transport of Russia of June 11, 1999 No. 37 (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on July 8, 1999, registration No. 1826) and dated October 14, 1999 No. 77 (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on October 28, 1999, registration No. 1960);
order of the Ministry of Labor of Russia dated September 17, 2014 No. 642n “On approval of the Rules for labor protection during loading and unloading operations and placement of goods” (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on November 5, 2014, registration No. 34558).
*(25) Order of the Ministry of Transport of Russia dated July 24, 2012 No. 258 “On Approval of the Procedure for Issuing a Special Permit for Driving on Motor Roads of a Vehicle Carrying out the Transportation of Heavy and (or) Bulky Goods” (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on October 11, 2012, registration No. 25656) as amended by Order of the Ministry of Transport of Russia dated January 15, 2014 No. 7 (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on June 5, 2014, registration No. 32585).
*(26) Decree of the Ministry of Labor of Russia dated May 12, 2003 No. 28 “On approval of the Intersectoral Rules for Labor Protection in Road Transport” (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on June 19, 2003, registration No. 4734).
*(27) Order of the Ministry of Labor of Russia dated September 17, 2014 No. 642n “On approval of the Rules for labor protection during loading and unloading operations and placement of goods” (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on November 5, 2014, registration No. 34558).
*(28) Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 25, 2012 No. 390 "On the fire regime".
*(29) Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 30, 2004 No. 324 “On Approval of the Regulations on the Federal Labor and Employment Service” (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2004, No. 28, Art. 2901; 2007, No. 37, Art. 4455; 2008, No. 46, article 5337; 2009, No. 1, article 146; No. 6, article 738; No. 33, article 4081; 2010, No. 26, article 3350; 2011, No. 14, article 1935; 2012, No. 1, item 171; No. 15, item 1790; No. 26, item 3529; 2013, No. 33, item 4385; No. 45, item 5822; 2014, No. 26, item 3577; No. 32, article 4499; 2015, No. 2, article 491; No. 16, article 2384; 2016, No. 2, article 325);
order of the Ministry of Labor of Russia dated May 26, 2015 No. 318n “On Approval of the Model Regulations on the Territorial Body of the Federal Service for Labor and Employment” (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on June 30, 2015, registration No. 37852).
*(30) Chapter 62 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation (Sobraniye Zakonodatelstva Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 2002, No. 1, Art. 3; 2006, No. 27, Art. 2878).
Application No. 1
to the Labor Protection Rules
during placement, installation, technical
maintenance and repair
technological equipment,
approved order
Ministry of Labor and
social protection of the Russian Federation
dated June 23, 2016 No. 310n
PERMIT N_____
FOR THE PRODUCTION OF WORKS WITH INCREASED DANGER
(name of company)
1.1. To the foreman of works _______________________________________________
(position, name of the unit, last name and initials) with a team in
consisting of ________ people are instructed to do the following work: _______
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.
1.2. When preparing and performing work, ensure the following measures
security:
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________,
1.3. Start work: at ____ hour. ____ min. "_____" ___________ 20____
1.4. Finish work: at ____ hour. ____ min. "_____" ___________ 20____
1.5. The order was issued by the head of work ____________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(position title, surname and initials, signature)
1.6. Familiar with the working conditions
Foreman _________ "___" _______ 20___ ___________________
Allowing _________ "___" _______ 20___ ___________________
(signature) (surname and initials)
2.1. Briefing on labor protection in the scope of instructions ____________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(indicate the names or numbers of instructions on which the
briefing)
carried out by a team of ____________ people, including:
2.2. Measures to ensure the safety of work have been completed.
The foreman and members of the team are familiar with the features of the work.
The object is ready for work.
Allowing to work ________________ "_____" ____________ 20_____
(signature)
2.3. I got acquainted with the conditions of work and received a work permit.
(signature)
2.4. Checked the preparation of the workplace. I allow you to start
production of works.
(signature)
3. Registration of a daily permit for the production of work
3.2. Work completed, jobs removed, workers left
production works are withdrawn.
The work permit is closed at ______ hours. _______ min. "_____" _________ 20____
Foreman of works ________________ "_____" ____________ 20_____
(signature)
Work Manager ________________ "_____" ____________ 20_____
(signature)
Note.
The work permit is issued in two copies: the first is kept by
the employee who issued the work permit, the second - from the work manager.
Application No. 2
to the Labor Protection Rules
during placement, installation, technical
maintenance and repair
technological equipment,
approved order
Ministry of Labor and
social protection of the Russian Federation
dated June 23, 2016 No. 310n
ACT-PERMISSION
FOR THE PRODUCTION OF WORKS ON THE TERRITORY OF THE ORGANIZATION
"______" ______________ 20____
________________________________________________________________________
(name of company)
1. We, the undersigned:
representative of the organization _______________________________________________,
representative of the contractor ______________________________________________,
(surname and initials, position)
have drawn up this certificate of admission as follows.
The organization provides a plot (territory) limited
coordinates ________________________________________________________________,
(name of axes, marks and drawing number)
for production on it ________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(Name of works)
under the guidance of technical staff - a representative of the contractor for
next date: start "____" ____________________ 20___, end
"____" ___________________ 20____
2. Before starting work, the following must be done
measures to ensure the safety of work:
3. Upon completion of the work, you must perform the following
Events:
Representative of the organization _________________________________
(signature)
Contractor's representative _________________________________
(signature)
Document overview
The state regulatory requirements for labor protection have been approved when carrying out basic technological operations and work related to the placement, installation, maintenance and repair of stationary machines, mechanisms, devices, instruments and other equipment used in the production of industrial products.
Responsibility for compliance with the established rules rests with the employer. He ensures the maintenance of technological equipment, tools and devices in good condition and their operation in accordance with the approved requirements and technical (operational) documentation of the manufacturer.
Persons who have been trained in labor protection and knowledge testing are allowed to perform work.
When performing work that is subject to additional (increased) labor protection requirements, knowledge testing is carried out at least once every 12 months, and repeated briefing is carried out at least once every 3 months. The list of relevant professions, positions and types of work is approved by the local regulatory act of the employer.
The labor protection requirements for the territory of the organization, for industrial buildings (structures), premises (production sites), for workplaces, for ensuring the collective protection of workers are spelled out.
The employer has the right to establish additional safety requirements for the performance of work that improve working conditions.
The order comes into force 3 months after its official publication.
Technological equipment must be safe for workers during its installation, commissioning, operation, repair, transportation and storage. All equipment must have technical documentation (passport, operation manual). Installation of equipment must be carried out in accordance with the design and estimate documentation developed in accordance with the established procedure and the requirements of the manufacturer. It is not allowed to perform installation work without an approved project or with a deviation from it without the consent of the design organization - project developer, except for the installation of single equipment. The equipment must be fully equipped. Removal of any components and parts, as well as operation without them, is not allowed. The design of the equipment should provide for a straight and free position of the worker's body or its inclination forward by no more than 15 °. Stationary equipment must be installed on the foundation and securely fastened with bolts. Equipment that is a source of vibration must be mounted on special foundations, bases and vibration isolating devices that meet the technical calculation and provide an acceptable level of vibration. The equipment must not have sharp corners, edges and surface irregularities that pose a risk of injury to workers. The layout of the components of the equipment should provide free access to them, safety during installation and operation. Overturning parts of the equipment must not be a source of danger. The equipment must be designed so that the exposure of workers to harmful radiation is excluded or limited to safe levels. Equipment construction materials should not have a dangerous and harmful effect on the human body in all specified operating modes, as well as create fire and explosion hazard situations. The equipment must meet safety requirements during the entire period of operation when the consumer fulfills the requirements established in the operational documentation. The equipment must be fire and explosion proof under the intended operating conditions. In accordance with the Fire Safety Rules in the Russian Federation, the following requirements must be observed:
the design of exhaust devices (cabinets, etc.), devices and pipelines should prevent the accumulation
flammable deposits and ensure the possibility of their cleaning by fireproof methods; spark arresters, dust collectors, static electricity protection systems installed on process equipment, pipelines and in other places must be kept in working order; for washing and degreasing equipment, non-flammable detergents, as well as fire-safe methods, must be used; heating of ice plugs in pipelines should be done with hot water, steam and other safe methods, the use of open fire for these purposes is not allowed; combustible waste collected in metal containers, boxes must be removed from the premises in a timely manner; in explosive and fire hazardous areas, capacitive structures (wells, doshniks, etc.), a tool made of non-sparking materials or in an appropriate explosion-proof design should be used; walls, ceilings, floors, structures and equipment of rooms where combustible dust is emitted should be systematically cleaned.
The design of equipment powered by electrical energy must include devices (means) to ensure electrical safety (fencing, grounding, insulation of live parts, protective shutdown, etc.). Do not operate equipment that does not have protective grounding with the case cover removed, covering current-carrying parts, as well as after the expiration of the next annual test and checking the condition of protective grounding. Measurement of grounding resistance and insulation of wires is carried out periodically, at least once a year. The equipment must be designed in such a way as to exclude the accumulation of static electricity charges in an amount that poses a danger to the worker and the possibility of fire, explosion. To protect against static electricity discharges, equipment (dispensers, feeders, pipelines, etc.) must be grounded in accordance with GOST 12.1.030. Equipment operating under pressure must have instrumentation, emergency, warning and technological alarms, provided for by the approved technological process, regime and regulations. Control and measuring devices should be verified at least once a year. Equipment, the operation of which is accompanied by the release of harmful substances, must include built-in devices for their removal or provide the possibility of attaching removal devices to the equipment. The equipment must be equipped with local lighting, if its absence can cause overstrain of the organ of vision or lead to other types of danger. Parts of the equipment that pose a danger to operating personnel must be painted in signal colors with safety signs. Buttons and keys for starting and stopping machines and their individual components must be made of insulating material and securely fixed in the installed position. The temperature on the surface of controls designed to perform operations without the use of personal protective equipment for hands, as well as to perform operations in emergency situations, in all cases should not exceed 40 ° C for controls made of metal, and 45 ° C - made of materials with low thermal conductivity. Heat-generating equipment must be thermally insulated so that the temperature of the outer surfaces does not exceed 45 °C. If it is impossible for technical reasons to reach the specified temperatures, measures must be taken to protect workers from possible overheating. The shape and size of the pedal support surface (for foot control of the equipment) should provide easy and comfortable control of the foot or toe. The supporting surface of the pedal must be at least 60 mm wide, non-slip and, if necessary, have a foot rest. The forces applied to the controls must not exceed
normative dynamic or static load on the human motor apparatus. Parts of the equipment (including safety valves, cables, etc.), the mechanical damage of which may cause a hazard, must be protected by guards and located so as to prevent accidental damage by workers or maintenance equipment. Pipelines, hoses, wires, cables and other connecting parts and assembly units must be marked in accordance with the installation diagrams. The marking of equipment intended for connection to the water supply must indicate the pressure or pressure range of the water consumed. Occupational safety posters or warning signs are hung near the machines or in specially designated places. If the safety of the work of maintenance personnel is ensured with a certain direction of rotation of the engine and their working bodies, then it must be indicated on the engine or on the equipment case. The rotating rolls must be covered with a casing, and the moving working bodies must be protected. Parts and assemblies that need to be removed and disassembled during sanitization must be provided with easily detachable connections. In manual filling equipment, the nominal level mark must be clearly visible. Loading bowls of electromechanical equipment must have protective screens; the distances from the holes to the working bodies must not exceed the permissible values. During operation of the equipment, the cutting tool must have a gap relative to the walls of the casing of not more than 3 mm. Product feed carriages must have guard rails that ensure the safety of hands and fingers when they approach the working tool. Removable, hinged and sliding guards of working bodies, as well as opening doors, guards, covers in these guards or equipment cases must have devices that prevent their accidental removal or opening, or have devices, interlocks that ensure the termination of the working process when the guards are removed or opened, doors, etc. Before starting the equipment, guards and devices removed from the site must be installed in place, firmly and correctly fastened. Guards and similar devices must have sufficient mechanical strength. They shall not be removed without the use of a tool unless their removal is necessary in normal use. In equipment equipped with doors to protect workers from contact with moving parts of the equipment, there must be an interlock from the operation of the electric drive when the doors are opened. Hinged, removable, sliding doors or covers should have convenient handles and brackets and should be opened manually with a force of not more than 70 N when used more than twice per shift. Doors that are lifted vertically must not create a risk of injury (they must have stops, latches, etc.). Guards and safety devices should not reduce the illumination of the workplace, increase the noise generated by moving parts of the equipment. The devices for fixing the working parts of the connected accessories of the equipment must not be accidentally disconnected, the rotation shafts must be protected from accidental contact with them. The design of the locking device must exclude the possibility of its accidental opening, if this may endanger workers. The equipment must have a reliable starting and stopping device, located so that it can be conveniently and safely used from the workplace and that the possibility of spontaneous starting is excluded. The “start” button must be recessed by at least 3 mm or have a front ring. If the units and production lines have starting devices of separate mechanisms, a blocking should be used, which excludes the possibility of starting these mechanisms from other places. Starting devices must ensure the speed and smoothness of switching on the equipment. Multiple launch sites are not allowed. The equipment must be equipped with an emergency shutdown device “stop”, which is mounted at each workplace for controlling this equipment. Emergency stop buttons should be red in color and larger than other buttons. To stop the equipment, working bodies with a dangerous inertial motion must have automatic braking. It is forbidden to leave working machines and mechanisms unattended. After completion of work, all equipment and mechanisms must be transferred to a position that excludes the possibility of their launch by unauthorized persons; power supply, gas supply, water and steam pipelines must be turned off. Equipment must be kept properly clean. Sanitization, disassembly, cleaning and washing are carried out after disconnecting the equipment from power sources, a complete stop of moving and rotating parts, and heating equipment after the heated surfaces have completely cooled down. Before repair, the equipment must be disconnected from the power sources and a poster must be posted on the starting (switching off) devices: “Do not turn on - people are working.” Imported equipment must have a certificate and a conformity mark confirming its compliance with the established requirements. These certificates and marks of conformity must be issued or recognized by the authorized federal executive body. The engine room of equipment with a built-in refrigerating machine (unit) must have a fence. It is allowed not to install a fence on equipment with an overhead arrangement of the unit, as well as a fence from the side of the wall on wall-mounted equipment. Doors of chambers and doors of cabinets with container loading must be opened both from the outside and from the inside. The design of the door lock should provide the possibility of opening the door from the inside when the lock is closed. The doors of other equipment must open from the outside. The door opening (closing) force should not exceed 100 N for chambers and 70 N for other equipment.
In chambers with container loading, devices (ramp, guides) are provided for rolling in containers and equipment containers. The floor of the chamber must withstand a specific static load of at least 2000 N/m, the floor or bottom of the rest of the equipment - at least 1200 N/m. Devices for rolling in containers and packaging equipment must have sufficient strength and rigidity.
The hook for hanging meat carcasses in the chambers must withstand a load of 1000 N.
If there is a thermal indicator of the equipment that shows the temperature of the useful volume, it must be placed in a place convenient for observation by maintenance personnel without opening the doors. The use of mercury thermometers is not allowed.
Weight measuring equipment must comply with GOST 7328, GOST 29329 and the requirements established by regulatory documentation.
When operating weighing equipment, the following requirements must be observed:
a) installation of bench scales on a horizontal surface should be carried out in such a way that the frame firmly rests on all four reference points and during operation there is no spontaneous movement or fall of the scales;
b) commodity scales must be installed on a flat floor that does not sag under load. When loading barrels, heavy bales, an inclined bridge should be used;
c) with constant weighing of loads weighing 50 kg or more, the scales must be installed in a special recess in the floor so that the level of the platform and the floor coincide;
d) before connecting the scales operating with the use of electrical energy, it is necessary to reliably ground the scale case with an insulated wire through a special terminal (screw) for grounding or by connecting through a special three-pole socket;
e) the goods to be weighed and the weights should be placed on the scales carefully, without pushing, if possible in the center of the platform without protrusions beyond the dimensions of the scales. Bulk (bulk) cargo must be placed evenly over the entire area of the weighing platform;
f) when weighing goods, it is not allowed to place loads on the scales that exceed the maximum weight limit in mass, load and unload commodity scales with open cages and isolations;
g) to prevent injury to the worker, ordinary weights should be stored in a case or box, and conditional weights should be stored on the bracket of commercial scales.
The operation of auxiliary equipment, fixtures, containers must ensure safety requirements.
The arrangement of containers must ensure the safety of transport, loading and unloading, reloading and storage operations. Shutters, locking devices, door hinges, surfaces of walls and doors of containers should exclude the possibility of cuts and injuries.
Rules for the operation of refrigeration equipment
The service life of commercial refrigeration equipment and the failure-free operation of it depend on compliance with the rules for its operation, keeping it clean, and using it for its intended purpose. The main conditions for the smooth operation of refrigeration equipment are as follows: high quality installation; qualified technical service; compliance with all operating rules by store personnel. Installation, that is, preparation for operation and start-up of refrigeration equipment, must be carried out by a mechanic who has a certificate for the right to carry out such work and maintain refrigeration units. In the period between maintenance and repairs, the personnel of the trade enterprise must carry out the following: control over the condition of the product, its correct loading and installation of shields, the condensate drainage system; visual inspection of the engine room, during which the tightness of the pipelines is checked (the appearance of traces of oil in detachable joints indicates a refrigerant leak); daily cleaning and impregnation of the product after completion of work; removal of a snow “coat” (a layer of frost more than 3 mm thick); visual control of the temperature in the cooled volume using a thermometer. The reliability of the equipment and the reduction of the cost of its operation largely depend on the quality of the performance of these duties by the personnel. Commercial refrigeration equipment is installed in a dry, coldest place in the room. For normal and economical operation, refrigeration equipment should be installed in places not exposed to direct sunlight, and as far as possible, but not less than 2 m from heaters and other heat sources. It is not recommended to open the doors towards the flow of warm air. When placing the equipment, it is necessary that the unit's condenser has free access to air, so it must be installed at a distance of at least 0.2 m from the wall. Equipment with a built-in unit must also have free air access to the engine room grilles. Equipment must be kept clean. The outer part should be periodically wiped with a slightly damp flannel and wiped dry. The inner walls should be washed with soap and water every week, then rinsed with clean water and wiped dry. In order to achieve minimal cold losses, it is recommended to open sliding doors of showcases and counters, doors of refrigerated cabinets and chambers only if necessary and for a short period of time. In showcases, cabinets, products are placed with a gap so that the distance to the glass or walls is at least 100 mm. Failure to comply with this requirement adversely affects the temperature regime. The lower the temperature of the air surrounding the unit, the lower the condensing pressure and, consequently, the higher the cooling capacity of the unit and the more economical its operation. The maximum allowable temperature of the air surrounding the refrigerating machine is 25…35°C. At higher air temperatures, the condensing pressure reaches the set upper limit and the controller automatically switches off the unit. In case of malfunction of the refrigeration equipment, it is necessary to immediately turn off the compressor motor and call a mechanic servicing the refrigeration unit.
During the operation of refrigeration equipment, it is prohibited:
allow unauthorized persons to inspect, repair the refrigeration machine and adjust automation devices, as well as perform these works on their own; touch the moving parts of the refrigeration unit during operation and automatic stop; remove frost from the evaporator mechanically using scrapers, knives, etc.); clutter the refrigeration unit and passages with foreign objects that impede technical inspection and verification of its operation, as well as hinder the normal circulation of air cooling the condenser; turn on the refrigerating machine with the cover of the magnetic starter, terminal block of the electric motor, pressure regulator and other devices removed from the unit, as well as from its rotating and moving parts.
The long-term operation of the chiller depends on the following rules:
the equipment should be loaded with products only when the normal temperature is reached; the number of loaded products should not exceed the allowable rate of one-time loading of equipment; for free movement of cold air and better, uniform cooling of the product, they are laid or suspended loosely among themselves at a distance of 8-10 cm from the walls; do not store food on evaporators, cover wire racks and food with paper, cellophane, etc.; storage of foreign objects in the refrigerated equipment is not allowed; joint storage of dissimilar products that transmit odor to each other should be avoided; closed doors of refrigeration equipment around the entire perimeter should be tightly pressed against the body, they should be opened as rarely as possible and for a short time; there should be no frost on the evaporator, cold air should circulate freely between its fins.
Reasons that negatively affect the performance of the equipment:
Use of equipment in overvoltage mode. First of all, this applies to refrigerated display cases that serve to demonstrate goods, and not to store them. Reloading showcases according to the level of display of goods in the demonstration volume leads to an overstressed mode of operation of the unit, which reduces its service life. The loading height when displaying goods in refrigerated or freezing display cases should not exceed the level marked on the sidewall. Almost all refrigeration equipment is designed to operate at an ambient temperature of up to 25 C. In summer conditions, the temperature in retail premises reaches 30 ° C and above. It also negatively affects the operation of the unit. Savings on the installation of additional ventilation systems or air conditioning systems can lead to failure of refrigeration equipment. Irregularity of preventive maintenance. This is especially characteristic of the spring-summer period, when the engine room is clogged with poplar fluff and dust.
Rules for the operation of equipment.
WARNING: When using the equipment, observe the following basic operating rules:
1. Please read this manual. Save this manual.
2. Pay attention to all warnings. Follow all instructions.
3. Do not use this equipment near water, such as in, near a pool, sink, or on a wet floor. 
4.Clean the equipment only with a dry cloth.
5. Do not block the ventilation openings of the equipment. Install the equipment in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.
Do not install the equipment close to a wall or in a location where the cooling of the equipment may be impaired.
6. Do not install the equipment near heat sources such as radiators, stoves, or other equipment (including amplifiers) that produce heat.
7.Be careful not to step on the power cord or pinch the cord, especially near the plug and where it connects to the equipment.
8.Use only accessories specified by the manufacturer.
9.Unplug equipment during thunderstorms or long periods of inactivity.
10. To avoid damage to the dynamic head of the equipment, IT IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED:
a) connect and disconnect connecting cables while the equipment is running (amplifier, amplifier). Before you remove (insert) the cable, you must bring the VOLUME potentiometer (MASTER, VOLUME) to the “0” or “min” position;
b) include in the equipment (amplifier, amplifier) sound sources that are not regulated by the purpose of the equipment (bass guitar and line sources in a guitar combo amplifier, amplifier, etc.)
c) Avoid prolonged use of the equipment at maximum volume! This may cause destruction of the dynamic head.
11. Any service to the equipment should only be performed by qualified personnel. Repair/maintenance of the equipment is necessary if the equipment has been damaged, for example, if the power cord has been damaged, if moisture has entered the equipment, objects have fallen on it, if the equipment has been exposed to rain or high humidity, if the equipment does not work properly, or his fall.
12. Exposure to loud sound can cause permanent hearing loss. The degree of hearing loss depends on individual susceptibility, but hearing loss occurs in anyone with prolonged exposure to intense noise.
WARNING: Risk of electric shock - DO NOT OPEN!
WARNING: To reduce the risk of electric shock, do not remove the front or back panels. There are no user serviceable parts inside the equipment. Maintenance and repair of the equipment must be carried out by qualified personnel.
WARNING: To reduce the risk of electric shock, do not operate the equipment in rain or wet conditions. Read the user manual before using the equipment.
Basic rules for safe
1. Safe operation of chemical production machines
For the safe operation of machines of chemical and related industries (grinders, mixers, centrifuges, centrifugal separators, filters, etc.), a number of general requirements must be met, the fulfillment of which ensures their safe operation. Among these basic requirements, we note the following:
- all moving and transmission mechanisms (V-belt drives, clutches, etc.) must have guards,
protecting access to them during operation;
- when processing hazardous products, good sealing of shafts, detachable joints (covers, fittings, valves) and other structural elements where products can seep into the environment should be ensured;
- starting devices should be located in such a way that the operator has the opportunity to view all workplaces and passages near the running machine;
− the machine must be immediately stopped in case of unacceptably large vibration, changes in the nature of noise during operation (sharp sounds, knocks), heating of the bearings above the norm;
− the machine must be necessarily grounded to ensure the safety of the operating personnel from the
tic electricity and prevent possible ignition of dust in some machines.
Consider the general conditions of safe operation for some machines of chemical and related industries.
The general conditions for safe operation for shredding machines are:
− mechanized uniform loading and unloading of materials;
− prevention of ejection of material from the machine;
- installation of devices that prevent breakage of parts and ensure a quick stop of the machine in case of breakage;
− measures to prevent or reduce dusting.
To prevent dust release, grinding machines must be closed, provided with aspiration suction, blocked with starting devices and maintaining a small vacuum inside the machine.
To prevent ignition and explosion of dust when grinding coal, sulfur and other combustible materials, as well as many
organic substances, it is necessary to eliminate the possibility of ignition primarily from static electricity (for example, by grounding), maintain a high concentration of dust at which it is not capable of igniting, in some cases, carry out the process in an inert gas environment.
In screw and cone crushers to remove metal objects in places of loading on the way of transport
magnetic traps must be installed.
In disintegrators, hammer mills and mills, there is a danger of centrifugal force ejection of wear-
the moving parts of the fingers or beaters, so the body of these machines must be strong enough.
When operating vibrating mills, vibration and noise are especially dangerous. To reduce noise and vibrations, relatively “soft” support elements should be used to dampen the vibration transmitted to the support structures. Typically, mills operate in a superresonant mode with a ratio of forced and natural oscillation frequencies of more than 4:1. Workplaces where maintenance personnel are located should be installed on vibration pads made of porous rubber, or workers should be provided with special anti-vibration clothing - boots and gloves, in which soft porous rubber serves as an insulating material.
The noise level increases significantly when the fastenings of the shock absorber springs are loosened, therefore, with a profile
During lactic inspections, in addition to the revision of the technical condition of the units and parts of mills, special attention should be paid to the condition of the attachment points of springs, lining, hatches, etc.
The mill body is very hot, so it must be protected by guards that exclude the possibility of
ness of contact between the operating personnel and the heated parts of the mills.
Most mixers have moving parts, so they are subject to the same requirements as other machines.
us chemical industries.
Batch mixers for bulk materials must have aspiration systems that
suction of dusty air mass from discharge and loading fittings and subsequent separation of dust from air.
When operating mixers for polymeric materials, the health of the cooling system should be monitored.
the mixer body and rotor, since if the temperature exceeds the established limit, the technological process may be disturbed, additional stresses may arise in the machine elements, which will lead to a violation of the machine’s tightness, a decrease in bearing clearances, jamming of the rotors and, as a result, to breakage. In mixers for highly viscous materials, increased demands are placed on the protection of motors against overload. Both inside the mixer and during its opening, the formation of an explosive mixture is possible, therefore, it is necessary to strictly observe the established ventilation modes, use inert gases, especially in cases where combustible gases are released during the mixing process itself.
Centrifuges are fast machines, so the rotation of the drum must be especially carefully monitored. If the balance of the rotor is disturbed, when there is a visually noticeable vibration, the centrifuge must be stopped immediately.
During the operation of centrifuges, important safety factors are the compliance of the processed product with the operating conditions, continuous and uniform loading of the rotor. Before starting the centrifuge, make sure that there are no foreign objects inside the drum. During operation, it is necessary to systematically control the amount of oil in the drive bearings (it should be enough); the state of ball bearings in column suspensions and beds; reliability of fastening of all knots; the condition of the fluid coupling guard, pulley and belts.
After each repair of the rotor, it is necessary to carry out its static and dynamic balancing.
2. Safe operation of heat exchangers
Safe operation of heat exchangers involves:
− control of pressure and temperature in heat exchangers, excluding the excess of their permissible limits;
- systematic monitoring of the condition of steam traps, safety valves and air cocks, which serve to remove air or other non-condensable gases from the steam space of the apparatus and which should be kept ajar so that the surface temperature of the outlet pipe is approximately 50 °C;
− quality control of thermal insulation of heat exchangers, as the exposed surfaces of the apparatus can cause burns if accidentally touched.
In vacuum apparatuses, it is necessary to observe the rarefaction, and in shell-and-tube apparatuses, for temperature compensation.
ny stresses.
Proper operation of the heat exchanger requires systematic cleaning of the surface of its elements from contamination.
neny. For this, mechanical, chemical, hydraulic, thermal cleaning methods are used.
In evaporator heat exchangers heated by flue gases, the liquid level in the evaporator should not be lower than the so-called “fire” level, since the apparatus body can become excessively heated with the appearance of thermal stresses in it. It is unacceptable to overfill a closed vessel with liquid.
3. Safe operation of mass transfer column apparatus
During operation, the bodies of the apparatus are subjected to mechanical and corrosive wear and gradually lose their reliability. To prevent failure of the device, it is necessary to systematically monitor and care for it both during operation and during repairs. Only with strict observance of the operating rules, it is possible to ensure the long-term performance of the device and prevent accidents. Each apparatus must be used only in accordance with its design purpose and for those media and parameters for which the metal of the apparatus is designed. The devices must be equipped with the safety and protective devices provided for by the designs.
Special responsibility is required for the operation of pressure equipment. The Rules for the Construction and Safe Operation of Pressure Vessels, approved by Rostekhnadzor, provide, in particular, for supplying the apparatus with devices for measuring pressure and temperature of the medium, safety devices and shutoff valves. The apparatus operating at varying wall temperatures must be equipped with instruments along the length of the body and benchmarks (control strips) to control thermal movements.
Additional safety measures are provided for mass transfer apparatuses that process substances prone to oxidation with the formation of polymeric and other high-viscosity, spongy materials that can clog pipelines, as a result of which the pressure may exceed the set pressure (for example, when processing diene and acetylene hydrocarbons). In such cases, common safety measures are the use of effective inhibitors of polymerization and polycondensation processes and the conduct of processes in "soft" modes (at low optimum temperatures and pressures, under vacuum, etc.).
Conditions for safe operation exclude: repair of devices during their operation; failure of fittings, instrumentation and safety devices; non-compliance with instructions on the mode of operation and maintenance. In emergency situations, the device must be stopped in accordance with the instructions in force at the enterprise.
The casings of apparatuses are especially carefully controlled, corrosion of which not only leads to a violation of their strength, but is also dangerous because corrosion products can contaminate the product contained in the apparatus, clog small-section pipelines, heat exchangers and other apparatuses connected by a single technological scheme. Therefore, it is necessary to strive to prevent corrosion of apparatuses of any intensity and nature.
To reduce the risk of formation of explosive mixtures, mass transfer apparatuses are placed in open areas. Moving the equipment to open areas reduces the impact of heat releases on the operating personnel, reduces the risk of poisoning by toxic gas emissions, and eliminates the need for expensive ventilation.
4. Safe operation of reactors
Uninterrupted and safe operation of contact devices with a fixed catalyst bed is achieved with strict stability of both exothermic and endothermic processes under any hydrodynamic conditions. In order to avoid disruption of the regime of gas filtration through the catalyst bed, a certain granulometric composition of the catalyst is required. During regeneration and replacement of the catalytic converter, there is a risk of fire, poisoning and thermal burns. Therefore, before regeneration, the contact gas, and after regeneration, the air is displaced from the reactors by water vapor or an inert gas. Loading and unloading of the catalyst must be carried out pneumatically through the bunker and cyclone or using lifting mechanisms.
In reactors with a granular moving bed of a catalyst, the main danger is the breakthrough of the contact gas from the reactor into the regenerator through the transport system. This danger is prevented by supplying inert gas to the areas through which the contact gas can penetrate into the regenerator, as well as by installing special closures. The formation of dust from catalyst attrition is also dangerous, which leads to a violation of the grain size distribution and uneven gas filtration through the catalyst flow. Dust is removed when changing the catalyst in the system.
Violation of the normal operation of the reactor-regenerator unit with a moving catalyst bed is possible, for example, when the air or nitrogen pressure drops and the pressure in the reactor rises due to the compressor shutdown. To prevent an accident, it is necessary to stop the supply of initial substances to the reactor and bleed the gas into the suction line of the compressor.
In reactors and regenerators with a fluidized pulverized catalyst, it is abraded and the resulting dust is carried away by the exhaust gases. Electrostatic precipitators or wet scrubbers are used to trap catalytic dust. It is dangerous to supply steam or gas to the transport line, since this causes the catalyst to stop boiling and quickly settle. In this case, vapors of organic substances can get into the regenerator, which leads to their ignition. To prevent an accident, it is necessary to stop the entire system.
In fully mixed reactors, due to the large volume of the reaction space, uneven contact of the incoming products is possible, as a result of which undesirable side reactions and secondary processes develop. To eliminate this phenomenon, the devices provide devices for better mixing. In modern designs, glandless drives with a shielded electric motor are used, since in reactors with agitators, sealing the shaft seals is a difficult task.
In high-pressure column reactors, the main factor in the reliability and safety of operation is the automation of the protection system, which makes it possible to transfer the entire unit to a safe state in the event of an emergency. For the most critical controls, a so-called third autonomous power source is provided, to which it is possible to connect electric actuators of valves installed on the main technological flows, alarm and interlock systems, backup devices for measuring the parameters of systems that are most dangerous in terms of emergency.
Reaction apparatus operating under pressure, which is created as a result of the reaction, in addition to inspection tests, are subjected to leak tests after each opening of the apparatus. These tests are carried out under air or inert gas pressure.
5. Safe operation of dryers and process ovens
In continuous dryers, the places of unloading and loading of solid dusty materials should, if possible, be sealed and provided with exhaust ventilation. When drying harmful substances, vacuum devices are used, which allow better capture of dust, harmful fumes and reduce the drying temperature.
Explosive products are dried in a stream of inert gas, which circulates through a closed system. Moisture and organic substances are removed from the gas in a hermetically sealed scrubber, the gas after the scrubber is heated by a heater and returned to the dryer. Sometimes an explosive product is mixed with a non-flammable inert filler and the resulting paste is dried. When drying in a fluidized bed, stagnant zones can form, in which the clumping of the product occurs, causing it to overheat, and sometimes decompose and catch fire. To eliminate this phenomenon, dryers are equipped with rippers, movable grates, provide for a pulsating gas supply, etc.
During the drying process, during the movement and friction of the particles of the product, their electrification and the formation of static electricity charges are possible. Electrification is most pronounced in devices with a suspended bed during the drying of organic substances, especially plastics. To prevent the accumulation of static electricity, special devices are used to remove it.
When drying flammable products, it is necessary to provide automatic water and steam fire extinguishing devices in the dryer. For example, when drying rubber, water fire extinguishing pipelines are provided that are constantly under water pressure. They are located above the upper branches of the conveyors with built-in sprinkler heads that automatically operate at a temperature of 182 ° C. Steam fire extinguishing pipelines are located under the upper branches of the conveyors. Steam is supplied to them by opening one of the two shut-off valves located at the receiving hopper of the dryer and under the conveyor drive platform. Leaving through the holes in the pipes, the steam fills the working volume of the dryer, thereby preventing oxygen from entering the zone.
Furnaces used in the chemical industry can be divided into two main groups - reaction apparatus
rata and furnaces for obtaining the heat necessary for the technological process.
Fire, pops and explosions are typical hazards for all types of stoves, while operating personnel may be subjected to thermal burns and poisoning by combustion products. To ensure safe operation, special attention must be paid to the choice of refractory and binder materials for lining the internal working space of furnaces. In furnaces operating on liquid and gaseous fuels, flames, pops and explosions are possible if the ignition is not correct or the combustion process is disturbed, if fuel is supplied when starting the furnace without a fuse, or if the fuel supply to the furnace is suddenly interrupted and resumed. To avoid explosions, the furnace furnace must be equipped with a starting ignition device, blocked with a device for supplying fuel to the furnace. In case of any breakdown of the flame in the furnace, it is necessary to shut off the fuel supply and blow the furnace space with steam to remove the explosive mixture. The possibility of explosion of gas mixtures inside the furnace can be prevented by the use of flameless panel burners, in which heat transfer is carried out not from a gas torch, but from the hot walls of the furnace. To protect the furnaces from destruction during small explosions, exhaust windows or easily destroyed safety panels are provided in the end walls.
One of the most important conditions for the safe operation of furnaces is the presence of draft generated by smoke exhausters or chimneys. To increase labor safety, the working openings of the furnaces are closed with dampers with locking devices and thermal insulation coatings. Opening and closing of dampers must be mechanized. Observation windows should be covered with blue glasses to limit the radiation intensity.
In the case of using liquid fuel (fuel oil), consumable storage facilities are located separately from the furnace. They must have ventilation, a level gauge, overflow lines without shut-off valves to prevent overfilling of the tank and drain lines connected to an emergency tank installed outside the furnace room. In furnaces intended for obtaining the heat required for the technological process, water vapor is widely used as a heat carrier. The special properties of steam as a heat carrier are that with an increase in its temperature, the pressure in the pipes increases significantly. Therefore, saturated steam is used at temperatures up to 180 ... 190 ° C, and this is possible at a pressure of 1.0 ... 1.2 MPa. The presence of pressure in systems is always associated with negative phenomena, therefore, other high-temperature liquid heat carriers are also used that do not have this disadvantage, for example, derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbons (oils), which make it possible to obtain a heating temperature of up to 400 ° C at atmospheric pressure, or inorganic heat carriers (molten salts and metals), with the help of which, at atmospheric pressure, heating is carried out up to 800 ° C and above.
6. Safe operation of pipelines
The main purpose of technological pipelines is the transportation of liquid and gaseous products in the system of production plants. The number of pipelines is usually large. In the petrochemical industry, the cost of process pipelines reaches 25% of the cost of all equipment.
Supply lines, as well as pumps and valves, are much more vulnerable than pressure vessels and are therefore a potential cause of accidents. When designing industrial pipelines, in connection with the specifics of operating conditions, the following are taken into account: the possibility of formation of a gassed zone (due to leaky structures), which is dangerous, especially when laying gas pipelines indoors; corrosive effect of both external and internal environments, especially if they contain sulfur and other aggressive impurities; abrasive effect of the flow of suspended particles in the gas; influence on the construction of technological and atmospheric temperature regimes.
The forces arising in pipelines from external loads and thermal stresses, as well as transferred to the equipment, should be minimal, which is achieved with optimal layouts of the pipeline system of minimum rigidity and the use of special compensatory links. Pipeline systems with low rigidity (flexible systems) are able to compensate for thermal stresses due to bending and rotation with a rational arrangement of supports. In rigid systems, various types of expansion joints are used - hinged, longitudinally movable, etc.
In technological processes occurring at high pressures and temperatures, high-pressure pipelines are used. The high level of requirements for these pipelines is determined by these factors, as well as pressure pulsation in the pipes, variability in temperature conditions, an increased level of vibrations, frequent hydraulic shocks and often corrosive effects of transported products.
Reliability and safety of operation of pipelines require external inspections, selective and general audits, as well as periodic tests in accordance with the instructions.
During periodic revisions, the condition of the pipeline is determined (wall thickness, density and strength of welded
seams, wear of fasteners) and, based on the results, determine the possibility of its further operation.
Pipeline sections where the direction of flow changes and local hydraulic resistances arise (bends, tees, valve installation sites, etc.) are subject to the greatest wear. A very reliable way to prevent accidental failure of the pipeline due to wear is a control check of the thickness of the pipeline wall (for example, drilling).
Particularly careful supervision requires the condition of the fittings. It must be sealed. Trouble-free operation is guaranteed by a systematic check of the spindle seals, which must run smoothly. The valve must be reliably opened and closed without additional leverage applied to the flywheel.
7. Basics of safety during installation and repair work
Installation of equipment includes many labor-intensive operations, the implementation of which is associated with the use of various machines, mechanisms, fixtures and tools. Safe working conditions are provided only with the unconditional implementation of approved instructions, which involve the preparation of the workplace, training and testing of knowledge of all personnel involved in the installation.
The equipment is assembled both on the ground and in its working position. It is necessary to
reduce the amount of work at height, for which the individual blocks assembled on the ground should be as large as possible.
For the safety of installation work, the most important is the correct organization and sequence of assembly and installation.
production of technological equipment and machines.
To prevent accidents during installation work in explosive workshops, non-ferrous metal or copper-plated tools are used. It is forbidden to use open fire and use mechanisms that create the possibility of sparking.
All involved in the installation must have reliable communication with each other; they must see each other directly or transmit commands through intermediate persons (signalmen), clearly visible, or use radio communications, mobile communications. During the lifting of the equipment, all operations are carried out at the command of only one person.
The ascent or descent of the equipment must be carefully prepared and begun in such a way that it is completed within one day. If the duration of the work is such that it is necessary to use artificial lighting, it is necessary that it be sufficient and uniform throughout the installation site and not blind the workers.
The lifting and lowering of loads is prohibited at wind speeds of more than 11 m/s, with icy conditions. When lifting, do not change the speed of the tractor winches and turn off the engines. Jerks and shocks due to unskilled driving of tractors can lead to overloads not provided for by the project.
In preparation for the repair work, a schedule and plan are drawn up, which provides for the necessary measures for. In the process of preparing equipment for repair, i.e. during the dismantling of equipment and communications, if they contain flammable and explosive substances, there is a danger of fires and explosions. In this case, it is necessary to monitor the trouble-free operation of general and local ventilation systems. It is forbidden to carry out welding and other works during the dismantling of process equipment, when the release of flammable and explosive gases and vapors is possible.
Operation of high-risk equipment
8.3.1. Obtaining permits for the operation of high-risk equipment is carried out in accordance with the requirements of the Procedure for issuing permits by the State Committee for Supervision of Occupational Safety and Health and its territorial bodies, approved by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine dated October 15, 2003 N 1631 (NPAOP 0.00-4.05-03).
8.3.2. Keeping records of data on the technical condition of machines, mechanisms, equipment of increased danger is carried out in accordance with the requirements of the Procedure for keeping records of data on the technical condition of machines, mechanisms, equipment of increased danger, approved by order of the State Committee of Ukraine for the supervision of labor protection dated 06.12.2004 N 270, registered with the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine on December 20, 2004 under N 1604/10203 (hereinafter referred to as NPAOP 0.00-6.07-04).
8.3.3. Inspection, testing and expert examination of machines, mechanisms, equipment of increased danger are carried out in accordance with the requirements of NPAOP 0.00-8.18-04.
8.3.4. Specialists who have the right to conduct technical inspection and expert examination of high-risk equipment must undergo certification in accordance with the requirements of the Procedure for attestation of specialists entitled to conduct technical inspection and / or expert examination of high-risk equipment, approved by order of the State Committee of Ukraine on industrial safety, labor protection and mining supervision of Ukraine dated 20.12.2006 N 16, registered with the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine on 07.02.2007 under N 103/13370 (hereinafter - NPAOP 0.00-6.08-07). 
8.3.5. The operation of pressure equipment is carried out in accordance with the requirements of regulatory enactments regarding the structure and safe operation of pressure vessels.
8.3.6. Each pressure vessel must be marked with the following data: trademark or manufacturer's name; name or designation of the vessel; serial number of the vessel according to the manufacturer's numbering system; Year of manufacture; working pressure, MPa; design pressure, MPa; test pressure, MPa; permissible maximum and (or) minimum working temperature of the wall, deg; vessel mass, kg.
8.3.7. Apparatus and pipelines operating under pressure must be equipped with pressure gauges. On the pressure gauge scale, red dashes should be applied to indicate the working pressure in the apparatus.
8.3.8. The operation of cranes is carried out in accordance with the requirements of the Rules for the Construction and Safe Operation of Cranes, approved by order of the State Committee of Ukraine for Industrial Safety, Labor Protection and Mining Supervision dated 18.06.2007 N 132, registered with the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine on 09.07.2007 under N 784/14051 (hereinafter - NPAOP 0.00-1.01-07).
8.3.9. The operation of lifts is carried out in accordance with the requirements of the Rules for the Construction and Safe Operation of Lifts, approved by order of the State Committee of Ukraine for Supervision of Occupational Safety dated 08.12.2003 N 232, registered with the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine on 30.12.2003 under N 1262/8583 (hereinafter - NPAOP 0.00- 1.36-03).
Room requirements.
- 1. The room must be prepared for the installation of the supplied equipment.
- 2. Repair, finishing work and other work not related to the placement of equipment must be completed in the premises.
- 3. The room should not emit dust, and there should be no sources of dust in the room.
- 4. Vibration of any kind and origin should not be observed in the room.
- 5. There should be no rodents and insects in the room, as well as rodents and insects should not be able to penetrate the equipment and its components.
- 6. Floors must not emit dust, abrasive chips, etc. Floors must be of sufficient rigidity to accommodate the equipment and must be able to support the weight of the press with printing material and consumables. It is not allowed to install the equipment on a cement screed, on a wooden floor, on an asphalt surface, on an open concrete floor.
Requirements for ventilation, lighting, climatic conditions
- 1. The room must have good general lighting in accordance with the standards for industrial premises.
- 2. The room must be equipped with supply and exhaust ventilation in accordance with the volume of air consumed by the equipment and the relevant requirements for handling consumables that will be used when operating the equipment.
- 3. Meteorological conditions for the working area of industrial premises are regulated by state standards. (For example, GOST 12.1005-88<Общие санитарно-гигиенические требования к воздуху рабочей зоны>and Sanitary norms for the microclimate of industrial premises SN 4088-86.)
- 4. The room temperature should be stable within +19:+25 degrees.
- 5. Humidity in the room should be stable within 40:60%.
Electrical Requirements
- 1. The parameters of the electrical network in the room intended for the installation of equipment must comply with the quality standards of electrical energy in general-purpose power supply systems for three-phase and single-phase alternating current with a frequency of up to 50 Hertz.
2. Parameters of the electrical network: Three-phase AC network with grounding
Basic concepts of equipment reliability
The tasks of scientific and technological progress and increasing the efficiency of trade cannot be reduced only to increasing the technical equipment of an enterprise. An integral part of this process is the ability to effectively use the equipment with the greatest return. To maintain it in working order, it is necessary to organize maintenance and repair of equipment.
Rational organization of operation and high quality of technological service increase the reliability of the equipment.
Under reliability is understood as the property of a technical system to perform production functions, maintaining technical and operational indicators within the established limits during a given period of operation.
Reliability is a complex property of the system, which depends on the totality of the influence of such qualities as durability, reliability and maintainability. What are these qualities and how are they measured?
durability is called the property to remain operational until the onset of the limiting state with the established system of maintenance and repair.
Any technical device, when it is created, is designed for a certain life time, i.e. calendar period corresponding to the technical resource during which the operation of this product is economically and technically feasible. The service life includes the duration of all types of repairs. For most technical systems, the service life T lies within 5 - 15 years.
A shorter service life does not justify the costs that were made for the development and creation of a product, and a longer one leads to the fact that either the technical parameters of the product no longer correspond to the level of science and technology, or due to an increase in the number of malfunctions, the operation of the “old” product becomes economically inappropriate.
Since operation consists of several phases (transportation, storage, installation, intended use, etc.), the duration of the working period is especially distinguished in the service life, i.e. during the main phase of operation - intended use. This option is called resource systems. It is considered as a quantitative measure of the durability of the machine.
resource a technical device is a reasonable value of the operating time of the device (in hours, cycles, kilometers, etc.), at which, with a certain probability, operability will be maintained without an unforeseen stop.
As you know, any equipment (device) consists of a certain number of machine parts. Due to a number of technical and economic conditions, it is currently impossible to make all parts equal in strength, i.e. having the same durability. Therefore, the resource, as a measure of durability, is an individual property of a single part. At the same time, durability is physically determined by the ratio between the real ability of a material with a given configuration to resist destruction and the action of certain external influences (force, chemical, thermal, etc.) to which the part is subjected during operation.
Maintainability. In order to maintain the operation and reliability of the equipment at the established level, maintenance and scheduled repairs of the equipment are provided. Maintenance in its essence is a set of preventive measures, the implementation of which should maintain the serviceability or performance of the equipment during its service life. At the same time, the serviceable state of the machine is understood as the state in which the machine meets all the requirements of the regulatory, technical and design documentation, and the operable state is the state in which the machine is capable of performing functions that meet the requirements of this documentation. This is achieved by timely detection of damage (diagnostics), exclusion of excess wear (due to timely cleaning of dirt and grease), minor repairs, etc.
Certain material and labor resources are spent on maintenance and repair.
Maintenance may include monitoring the technical condition, cleaning, lubricating, fixing connections, replacing some of the product's components, adjusting, etc.
Reliability is the property of an object to continuously maintain a healthy state for some time.
As follows from the definition, such a property of machines as reliability determines the cyclic nature of the operation process, in which the operable state is periodically violated and the machine goes into an inoperable state, in which it is unable to perform the specified functions.
Refusal- this is an event that consists in a violation of the accuracy of the measured portions of the product. Failures can be caused by design, operational and other factors.
For most types of equipment, trade and public catering currently do not have a complete system for analyzing reliability indicators, of which the most important are: the probability of failure-free operation, operating time to the limit state, failure rate parameter, technical utilization and operating costs.
Probability of failure-free operation Р(τ) is a function decreasing in time from 1 to 0, which characterizes the probability that within a given operating time of product failures does not occur. The function is determined from the expression
where n 0 is the number of faulty items of equipment at the initial time (τ=0); n(τ) is the number of equipment elements that failed during time τ.
For example, if Р(τ)= 0.86, this means that out of a larger number of machines of this model, on average, 86% of the machines will work for a given time, and 14% will not work.
Function F(τ)=1-P(τ) called probability of failure.
Operating time to the limit state depends on many factors, it is found using various categories. Often, economic indicators are taken as the basis for the calculation, the essence of which is as follows. With an increase in operating time, the unit cost of equipment, related to 1000 hours of its operation, decreases, which is the ratio
where C is the cost of equipment; τ is its service life in hours.
Value C beat. does not remain a constant value, during operation it decreases, since with an increase in the service life, depreciation of equipment decreases. The cost of maintenance and repair from some point begins to rise rapidly. Accordingly, the specific costs (in rubles per 1000 hours of operation) for maintaining the equipment in working condition are growing. The operating time, when the sum of the specific cost of the equipment and the specific costs of maintaining it in working condition, is the smallest, and is considered the operating time to the limit state.
Fault flow parameter is a time-dependent function that for a certain number of pieces of equipment N of the same type is calculated by the formula
where m is the total number of failures in the group; τ is the observation time, h.
Technical utilization factor represents the relation
where τ sums is the total operating time of the equipment for the period of operation, h; τ time + τ obs is the total downtime caused by repair and maintenance for the same period of operation, h.
The closer K m is to one, the more reliable the machine.
The operating cost coefficient characterizes the economic side of the machine evaluation and is determined from the expression
where Сizg is the cost of manufacturing the machine; C o - The total cost of its operation, repair and maintenance.
The operation of technical means is understood as a set of organizational actions of engineering and technical workers and workers to bring equipment into the required state, its effective use and maintenance of operational and technical parameters within the specified limits.
In general, the entire period of operation consists of the following stages: transportation of equipment to the place of operation, pre-installation storage, installation of equipment, preparation for use, intended use (operation), maintenance and repair.
Under transportation equipment is understood as the delivery of equipment and its installation at a trade enterprise. This period is episodic and occurs when new equipment is installed or old equipment is replaced due to the end of its service life. Transportation of the equipment must be carried out in full accordance with the "Transportation Instructions" developed by the manufacturer.
Storage is a set of measures that ensure the safety of equipment in a non-operating state at intervals not related to the use of equipment for its intended purpose (operation). During storage, the equipment may be located in warehouses, open or closed areas, in the working premises of trade and public catering enterprises. During storage, the safety of equipment is ensured by maintaining conditions that limit the impact of the external environment on it, through conservation and appropriate maintenance.
Mounting equipment is intended to install equipment in the working room of the enterprise, its debugging and start-up. Installation of equipment is carried out in full accordance with the design and design documentation.
Preparation of equipment for use includes a set of measures, as a result of which the equipment is brought from non-operational to a state of readiness for use as intended. Preparation for operation of the equipment can be carried out both after its installation and after its intended use. In the latter case, it is called operational preparation for work. Typical activities that are carried out in the preparation of equipment for use are; re-preservation, external inspection, checking the functioning (operability) of all systems and testing in various modes. During operational preparation for use, an external inspection, technical diagnostics of the performance of all equipment systems, its testing in various modes, testing of devices that ensure safe operation, and other labor protection measures are carried out.
Use of equipment for its intended purpose represents the direct use of equipment to perform technological processes. The use of equipment for its intended purpose is the most critical stage of operation, the correct implementation of which depends on the reliability and safety of its operation. The work of operators in this period is regulated by a certain set of technological and operational documentation. At the same time, in this period, the engineering and technical personnel of the enterprise carry out work on the generalization of operating experience, ultimately aimed at improving operational reliability and operational safety.
Maintenance is a stage of operation aimed at maintaining the health and other operational and technical characteristics within the established limits. The essence of maintenance is the control and prevention of all equipment systems.
Repair- this is the stage of operation during which operations are carried out with the aim of bringing the equipment into working condition both according to a certain preventive plan, and to restore equipment due to failures.
On fig. 10.1 shows a block diagram of equipment operation.
As follows from the above diagram, a significant number of enterprises, engineering and technical workers and workers (operators) are involved in the operation process. In this regard, the operation of the equipment requires purposeful actions of engineers, operators, mechanics, workers - repairmen and other maintenance personnel.
This problem can be solved if all participants in the operation process operate according to a single technology.
As you know, technology is understood as a documented scientific generalization of methods of work.
The entire operation process consists of a set of certain technological processes, which are based on technological operations performed by the operator (worker) at one workplace. In this case, each individual action of the operator is a technological transition.
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Rice. 10.1. Block diagram of commercial equipment operation.
A consistent description of technological operations with the necessary illustrations and diagrams is displayed in the main engineering and technological document - the operational technological map.
An operational-technological map is compiled for each operator participating in this technological process. The operational-technological map should contain the following information:
Name of technological transition;
Transition time;
production rate;
A sketch of the execution of transitions or an operation as a whole.
The ultimate goal of carrying out operational and technological processes is to ensure maximum efficiency in the use of equipment.