Modern Russian language - complex sentences. Pronominal type of a complex sentence, its structural and semantic characteristics, main varieties, delimitation from adjacent structures
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Compound sentences of the pronominal-correlative type
Correlative words and allied means
The constitutive feature of pronominal-correlative sentences is the presence of a correlative word, which is part of the main part as its member and with which the subordinate part is correlated, replenishing its specific lexical unimportance, synsemanticity.
The nature of the correlative word determines the range of possible allied means by which a subordinate clause can be attached to it. Allied means in pronominal-correlative complex sentences can be all relative pronouns and some conjunctions. However, this set of connecting means is not completely allowed in any of the varieties of pronominal-correlative sentences. On the one hand, a certain correlative word presupposes a corresponding range of allied means possible with it, on the other hand, certain allied means also presuppose a corresponding range of correlative words. The combination of the correlative word and the allied means constitutes the structural basis of the pronominal-correlative sentence.
The nature of the relationship between the correlative word and the subordinate part of the pronominal-correlative complex sentence has no analogues either in the field of word combinations or in other types of complex sentences. Being formally, like the supporting word of a verbal sentence, a member of the main part to which the subordinate part belongs, the correlative word, due to its lexical incompleteness, itself plays a service role in relation to the subordinate part: it connects its content with the content of the main part. At the same time, the correlative word also plays an auxiliary role in relation to the main part: it is an indicator of its formal and semantic dependence, an expression of the fact that it is part of a complex sentence. The function of correlative words is performed by pronouns that have the meaning of a distant indication (that, that, that, there, there, from there), and pronouns, in the semantics of which there is no indication of remoteness or proximity (so, so, so much, so much). Each demonstrative pronoun, functioning as a correlative word, has the ability to combine with a semantically corresponding relative pronoun (one or more): So- how is it there- where exactly- where, there- where. Some demonstrative pronouns, in addition, are also combined with certain groups of unions.
In the function of correlative words, in addition to the listed demonstrative pronouns, definitive, negative and indefinite pronouns that have a subject or spatial meaning can be used: all, all, one, any, each, any(these words in pronominal-correlative sentences have a substantive nature), nothing, something etc.; everywhere, everywhere, nowhere, nowhere, somewhere etc. Definitive, negative and indefinite pronouns act as more lexically meaningful "substituents" of the corresponding demonstrative pronouns.
"Deputies" of correlative words can also be demonstrative pronouns that have the meaning of a close indication. These pronouns, due to the peculiarity of their meaning, are closely related to the situation and context, and therefore are semantically more meaningful. How correlative words from among the pronouns of this type can be used here, here, from here.
Types of pronominal-correlative sentences
According to the nature of correlative words and means of connection of parts, pronominal-correlative complex sentences are divided into three types.
Sentences of the first type are characterized by the fact that they allow any of the correlative words, except for the most abstract word then 2 and sustainable combinations so far, so far, thus, the choice of allied means in them is limited - only relative pronouns are possible in them, corresponding in meaning to correlative words: The forest book is given onlythose who wants to read it without any tangible benefit for himself or self-interest(Etc.); That,what I took it for a cloud, there was a thick morning fog over the Klyazma River(Ant.); Serpilin had a good idea of what this night was like.where Now there is a major war(Sim.); And does "The storm covers the sky with mist" sounds to meas did this sound, for example, for Bryusov, who grew up on the Pipe in Moscow?(Boon.).
2. In sentences of the second type, the circle of correlative words and the circle of allied means are equally limited. They contain correlative words with a definitive - qualitative or quantitative - meaning, and asemantic unions serve as allied means in them. what to and unions expressing the meaning of an unreal comparison: I, brotherSo love her,what even afraid of my love(Buoy.); stoodsuch darkness,what there were no windows in the room(Ant.); Serpilin saw with my own eyesso many deathswhat long lost count(Sim.); But apparently notsuch the time has cometo old people, it was possible to die quietly in their native kurens(Sh.); The rains weresuch as not water, but silver poured from the sky(Paust.); Motya met Trubnikovas if he came to visit her(Nag.).
3. In sentences of the third type, the range of correlative words is as limited as possible and the range of allied means is as wide as possible. These complex sentences contain the most semantically empty, formalized correlative word then 2 , as allied means, all relative pronouns are possible here (except what) and asemantic unions what and to; compare: The difficulty washow combine speed and precision of part processing.- The difficulty wasin that Accuracy decreased as the part was processed faster.- The task wasin that, to simultaneously increase both the speed and accuracy of processing the part.
These formal features in the set of possible correlative words and allied means are associated with differences in the principle of organizing a complex sentence - in the nature of the anaphoric function of correlative words. Sentences of the first type (with correlative words that have a subject, spatial or attributive meaning, and with relative pronouns corresponding in meaning as allied means) are built on the basis of a direct correlation between the correlative and allied words and the identification of their semantic content. In sentences of the second type (with correlative words that have a definitive meaning, and with conjunctions), the correlative word is associated with the entire subordinate part, but this connection is indirect, mediated in nature, relies on elements of meaning that do not receive a separate verbal expression, but are inherent in the construction as a whole , and implies a correlation between the content of the subordinate and main parts as a whole. In sentences of the third type (with the correlative word then 2 , allowing both a relative and allied way of expressing a connection), the correlative word contains the entire content of the subordinate part and includes it in the main one as a single component of its semantic-syntactic structure. So, in sentences of the first type I took with me what was needed; As the book says, so I did there is a correspondence: then- what, so- as. In a second type sentence I'm so tired that I barely made it home between relative word So and the subordinate part there is no direct correlation, the connection between them is based on the relations of the consequence, which presuppose a semantic correlation between the main and the subordinate parts. In a third type sentence This book is good because it makes you think. semantic content then 2 (this word is represented by the instrumental form) is equal to the content of the subordinate part: there is a direct correlation between them, based on the containing function of the correlative word.
These three types of sentences also differ in the peculiarities of the order of the parts. Sentences of the second type have a fixed order of parts: the subordinate clause is necessarily postpositive. Sentences of the first and third types are flexible structures, but the patterns of arrangement of parts, the influence of word order on the structure and meaning of the complex sentence are different in them.
Of all the features that distinguish the types of pronominal-correlative complex sentences, the most significant and deepest is the nature of the anaphoric function of the correlative word, which determines the relationship between the main and subordinate parts. Therefore, the following designations can be adopted for them, indicating the specifics of the anaphoric function of the correlative word: 1) identifying sentences;
2) sentences of phraseological type; 3) containing sentences.
| Material index |
|---|
| Course: Complex Sentence Syntax |
| DIDACTIC PLAN |
| The grammatical nature of a compound sentence |
| Communicative organization of a complex sentence |
| Structural types of complex sentences |
| Block diagram of a complex sentence |
| Composition and submission in a complex sentence |
| Classes of compound sentences |
| Traditional classification of compound sentences |
Pronominal-correlative NGN are considered here as a special type of complex sentences, in which the connection is based on a pronominal-correlative pair, the demonstrative word in which is obligatory, 85 since the substitution of the supporting substantive is impossible. In explanatory and attributive NGN, the indicative word is optional and can easily be omitted. Just as in other NGNs built according to the positional principle, in pronominal-correlative NGNs the subordinate clause fills in the declared syntactic position of the subject, predicate, circumstance of the mode of action, degree, measure. In explanatory NGN - the position of the complement is filled (on the periphery - the subject), in attributive NGN - the position of the definition.
The most common in the novel were the pronominal-correlative subjects of NGN, and in the form of MSP:
Who lived and thought that can not
In the soul do not despise people;
Who felt Togo worries
The specter of irretrievable days.
Blessed who knew their worries
And finally left them behind.
more blessed that, who didn't know them
Who cooled love by separation,
Enmity is slander.
What given to you then does not attract
The serpent is constantly calling you
To myself, to the mysterious tree.
And here in the same row with a structurally obligatory pronoun that in the main clause, various pronouns in the allied function are possible, semantically deepening the sentence:
But pathetic the one who predicts everything
Whose no head spinning
Who all movements, all words
In their translation hates
Whose the experience has chilled the heart
And forget forbidden!
Pronominal-correlative predicates of SPP are rare and are not noted in the text of the novel. Rarely there are pronominal-correlative adverbial NGN of the mode of action:
What he is the most dangerous eccentric;
degrees:
Heso used to getting lost in that,
What almost made me crazy
Or not become a poet.
SPP measures are not marked.
Dissected adverbial NGN
In temporary NGN most commonly used union-invariant when, but other temporary unions are also noted:
When brilliant lady
He gives me his in-quarto,
And trembling and anger takes me,
And the epigram moves
In the depths of my soul...
The temporal clause at first glance refers to both main clauses, however, the coordinative connection is semantically complicated by the taxis semantics of the result. Usually such a semantic complication occurs in a highly complicated MSP, here it is presented in a tripartite structure. Sometimes, in one sentence, the subtlest taxis transitions between the past, present and future are conveyed by a combination of temporary unions, based on the positional structure of the SSP (Chapter 2, XXVIII):
She loved on the balcony
Warn dawn dawn
When in the pale sky
Stars disappear dance,
And quietly the edge of the earth brightens,
And the messenger of the morning, the wind blows,
And rises gradually day;
When shooting star
Flew across the dark sky
And crumbled -then
Tanya was in a hurry in confusion,
Till the star was still rolling
Whisper her heart's desire.
Other temporary unions also met in the novel, including compound ones:
Shouldn't they laughBye
Their hand did not turn red,
Do not part amicably?
Many, many days have passed
Since young Tatiana
And with her Onegin in a vague dream
Appeared to me for the first time -
And the distance of free romance
I'm through the magic crystal
Haven't made a clear distinction yet.
The compound union is not yet recognized as such, the pronominal component semantically predominates in it.
Featured targeted NGNs, in which there are no compound unions yet:
I know: my age is already measured;
But so that my life has been extended
I have to be sure in the morning
That I will see you in the afternoon.
I'm always glad to see the difference
Between Onegin and me
To mocking reader
Or any publisher
Intricate slander
I didn’t repeat it then shamelessly,
That I smeared my portrait,
Like Byron, a poet of pride.
AT conditional NGN union-invariant is more often noted if along with the surreal union whenever, characteristic of the era of the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries:
Latin is out of fashion now:
So,if to tell you the truth
He knew enough Latin
To parse the epigraphs ...
Union whenever easily forms periods:
Whenever life around the house
I wanted to limit
When would me to be a father, husband
A pleasant lot commanded
When would family picture
I was captivated at least for a single moment, -
That, right b, except for you alone,
The bride was not looking for another.
frequency conditional WBS:
When the nanny collected
For Olga on a wide meadow
All her little friends
She didn't play with burners
She was bored and sonorous laughter,
And the noise of their windy joys.
Met syncretic conditionally explanatory NGN with causal semantics, forming an expressive structure:
…He happy if she will throw
Boa fluffy on the shoulder,
Or touch hot
Her hands, or spread
Before her is a motley regiment of liveries,
Or raise a handkerchief to her.
The emotive predicate of the main clause also extends from the side of semantic insufficiency (happy what?), and from the side of substantiating the conditions of this emotional state ( happy under what condition?), there is also a seme of the cause ( happy why?).
AT concessive SPP, along with the union although, allied combinations of a pronominal character are often used:
And you would rightly agree
That Nina marble beauty
I couldn't outshine my neighbor
Though was dazzling.
He used to joke funny
Able to fool the fool
And it's nice to fool a smart one,
Or obviously, or on the sly,
Though and him other things
Did not pass without science,
Though sometimes myself in a mess
He came across as a simpleton.
Pushkin makes extensive use of various allied combinations with the particle neither concessionally:
No high passion
For the sounds of life do not spare,
He could not iambic from a chorea,
how we neither fought, distinguish.
Such structures are often included in blocks of meditative reasoning, structure them compositionally (Chapter 8, XL1X):
Whoever you were, my reader,
Friend, foe, I want to be with you
To part now as a friend.
Sorry. What would you follow me
Here neither searched in careless stanzas,
Are rebellious memories
Rest from work,
Living pictures or sharp words,
or grammatical errors,
God grant that in this book you
For fun, for dreams
For the heart, for magazine hits
Although he could find a grain.
Such fragments are marked by combinations of expressive means: repetitions of identical SPPs, inside them by rows of homogeneous members, metaphorically marked. Here the semantics of contradictory conditionality is smoothed out by the final particle although, "calming down" the emotionality of the author's appeal to the reader.
In the novel, there is a process of formation of concessive semantics, when there is still no clear opposition between the particles not and neither as part of pronominal-union components:
And what her soul neither confused
how strongly neither was she
Surprised, amazed
But nothing changed her.
She kept the same tone.
Her bow was just as quiet.
A complex case of the formation of concessive semantics based on the general semantics of negation.
Particularly frequent and varied comparative NGN:
Write odes, gentlemen,
how they were written in powerful years,
how was old-fashioned...
His unexpected appearance
Instant tenderness of the eyes
And strange behavior with Olga
To the depths of your soul
She is imbued; can not
No way to understand it; worries
Her jealous longing
Like a cold hand
Her heart is squeezing, as if the abyss
Under it blackens and rustles ...
Note that in the poetic texts of Pushkin's contemporaries they are not so common.
The text of the novel shows interesting developmental processes causal SPP, uncharacteristic for the nature of a lyrical and even lyrical-epic text. Causal SPPs organize reasoning. Causal unions in the text of the novel in verse are fixed at the stage of formation. It is interesting to observe how clearly causal semantics is formed on the basis of object syntactic relations, and the model is repeated several times, filled with expressive content:
Why is it more guilty Tatyana?..
For that, what love without art
Obedient to the attraction of feelings,
What she is so trusting
What gifted from heaven
rebellious imagination,
Mind and will alive,
And wayward head
And with a quivering and tender heart?
Why more guilty than Tatyana?
For the fact that in sweet simplicity
She knows no lies
And believes the chosen dream?
The impulse to the causal meaning is set by the emotive semantics of the predicate of the first sentence. The pronominal component in the sentence-response has a pronounced subject semantics, which is smoothed out due to repetitions, the union is the only means of communication in subsequent arguments what, the pronominal component with it is expressed implicitly. Object semantics is also dissolved due to the fact that word forms with a specific meaning are replaced by predicative units. In parallel, there is a merging of the prepositional-case form of the pronoun into a single word but, which acquires an allied function.
Union because almost not noted in the lyrics of the Pushkin era. Union what not yet merged with pronominal components because, then, because but the pronoun itself has already connected with the marked preposition or merges with it:
I am this because writing,
What I haven't sinned in a long time.
…I wanted to write - but hard work
He was sick; nothing
did not come out of his pen,
And he did not get into the fervent shop
People I don't judge
Then what I belong to them.
…Others even claimed
That the wedding is perfectly coordinated,
But stopped then,
What fashionable rings did not get.
More often, new allied components are used in the catechetical structure of the text, which strengthens the object seme of syntactic relations. The causal meaning is reinforced in a multicomponent sentence. The syntactic relations of purpose and cause are still poorly differentiated (Chapter 8, XL1Y):
What for do you have me in mind?
Is it not because in high society
Now I must appear;
What I am rich and famous
What husband in battle mutilated,
What the yard caresses us for that?
Pronoun because"trying on" different unions:
She loved Richardson
Not because read
Not because Grandison
She preferred Lovlace ...
Sometimes, in one context, the formation of a subordinating conjunction is supported by the use of the traditional form of the causative circumstance next to the subordinate clause:
…He silently bowed to her
But somehow the look of his eyes
He was wonderfully gentle. Is that why
What he was really touched
Or he coquettish, naughty,
Involuntarily or il out of good will,
But this look of tenderness expressed ...
It is surprising how subtly the author feels the degree of semantic syncretism of single gerunds: the first is equated with an adverb, in the second Pushkin feels this causal procedurality, therefore he singles it out. gerund silently throughout the text is recognized as an adverb:
…A child by herself, in a crowd of children
Didn't want to play and jump
And often all day alone
Sat silently near the window.
Causal semantics is still intertwined with object semantics, but the expressive condensation of subordinate clauses "pulls" in the direction of the cause. The differentiation between causal and target semantics has not yet clearly taken shape, although it is this connection that is often the leading one in the stanza - MSP (Chapter 1, ХХХУШ):
Early feelings in him cooled down;
He was tired of the light noise;
The beauties didn't last long
The subject of his habitual thoughts;
Treason managed to tire;
Friends and friendship are tired,
Then what could not always
Beef- steaksand Strasbourg pie
Pouring champagne in a bottle
And pour sharp words
When I had a headache...
All this is now dilapidated,
I don't really know why;
Yes, but my friend
There was very little need
Then what he yawned anyway
Among fashionable and ancient halls.
The most complex syncretism of meanings comes through especially clearly in the catechetical structure (ch. 8, 1X):
- What for so unkind
Do you respond to him?
For that eh, what we are restless
We're busy, we judge everything?
What ardent souls imprudence
selfish insignificance
Or offends, or makes laugh,
What the mind, loving space, crowds,
What talk too much
We are happy to take on business
What stupidity is windy and evil,
What important people care about nonsense
And what mediocrity alone
We are on the shoulder and not strange?
Union what and here it does not merge with the pronominal component. This merging is hindered by an overtone of object semantics.
Investigative alliances not marked, they formed later, not earlier than the second half of the 19th century. But in the novel there are several connecting clauses with a pronominal component what as a binder:
…There he was in fragrant gray hair
The old man, joking in the old way:
Excellent, subtle and smart,
Which is kind of funny these days.
freely used comparative SPP:
How less woman we love,
Tem it's easier for her to like us,
And topics rather destroy it
Among seductive nets.
Frequency locative NGNs, which will be analyzed in detail in the section on syncretic NGNs.
In multicomponent SPP, there are all types of subordination, which manifest themselves in all their multidimensional diversity. Homogeneous subordination is more common, and there is a condensation of adnexal undivided suggestions:
But where Melpomene stormy
A lingering howl is heard,
Where waving a tinsel mantle
She is in front of the cold crowd,
Where Thalia is taking a nap
And does not heed friendly splashes,
Where Terpsichore only one
The young spectator marvels
(Which was also in former Years,
During yours and mine)
Didn't contact her
I will not give you jealous lorgnettes,
Not a tube of fashion connoisseurs
From boxes and chair rows.
The repetition of the main clause makes it easy to build (and not overload) a multicomponent complex sentence, it quite often determines the structure of the whole stanza:
Hebelieved that dear soul
Must connect with him
What, hopelessly languishing,
She is waiting for him every day;
He believed that friends are ready
For his honor, accept fetters
So what their hand will not tremble
Break the slanderer's vessel;
What there are chosen by fate,
People's sacred friends:
What their immortal family
By irresistible rays
Someday we will be enlightened
And the world will be blessed.
Surprisingly, in multicomponent complex sentences, undivided subordinate clauses are more often used: explanatory, attributive, spatial, associated with the supporting word of the main sentence:
But sad to think which is in vain
We were given youth
What cheated on her all the time,
That she deceived us;
That our best wishes
That our fresh dreams
Decayed in rapid succession,
Like leaves in autumn rotten.
There are MSPs with leading definitive semantics that make up a whole stanza (Ch. 8, XX):
Reallythe same Tatyana ,
Which he is alone
At the beginning of our romance
In a deaf, distant side,
In the good fervor of moralizing,
I used to read instructions
The one from which he keeps
letter where heart says
Where all outside, all at will,
That girl... is this a dream?..
The girl who is he
Neglected in humble share,
Was she with him now?
So indifferent, so bold?
Anaphoric supporting words allow you to build a clear rhythm of the stanza against the background of expressive interrogative intonation. Interestingly, in the first clause, three blocks of common circumstances have different semantics - time, place, manner of action - but are strung together intonation as semantically correlated clarifying members of the sentence. A cluster of various repetitions is supported by bright defaults.
Less commonly noted is parallel subordination in its classical version: a prepositive dissected adverbial clause - the main clause - a postpositive undivided subordinate clause, most often explanatory:
AND, so that dispel her grief,
The sensible husband left soon
AT my the village where she is,
God knows who surrounded
I broke down and cried at first
Almost divorced her husband;
Then she took up housekeeping
I'm used to it and I'm satisfied.
Pushkin freely creates multi-component complex sentences with different types of connection, rethinking the semantics of conjunctions, updating, shifting the fixed positions of subordinate clauses (ch. 1U, XXUP):
will arrive whether home, and Houses
He is busy with his Olga,
Flying album sheets
Diligently decorates her:
That in them draws rural views,
Tombstone, temple of Cyprida,
Or a dove on a lyre
Pen and paint lightly;
That on the pages of memory
Below the signatures of others
He leaves a gentle verse
Silent monument of dreaming
Instant thought a long trail,
Still the same after many years.
union-particle whether is used in the function of a conditional union characteristic of Pushkin and forms a determinant conditional leading connection in SME, which is syncretic, as it is supported by a connecting union and, which brings the semantics of the result. Union-particle whether in a conditional meaning, Pushkin uses as an organizing, leading conditional connection and in lyrics (“Echo”, “Signs”, etc.).
The second semantic part according to the leading connection is a complex non-union explanatory sentence, the second semantic part of which is a compound sentence with divisive semantics, both predicative parts are rather complicated.
In the novel, disjunctive conjunctions are widely and variedly represented, which is uncharacteristic for the language of fiction.
A complex sentence with a combination of verbal and dissected links forms a whole stanza (ch. 6, XXX1U):
Well, if with your pistol
A young friend is smitten,
With an immodest look, or an answer,
Or another trifle
Who offended you over a bottle,
Or even himself in an ardent annoyance
Proudly challenging you to battle,
Say: with your soul
What feeling will take over
When immovable, on the ground
Before you with death on your forehead,
He gradually stiffens
When he is deaf and silent
To your desperate call?
In a multicomponent sentence, the leading link is the determinant conditional, which organizes it, since the non-union link correlates with the adverbial explanatory one, and the second part of the NGN contains three subordinate clauses, two of them are temporary. The elevated, noble tone with its oratorical modulations is created by a harmonious syntactic structure. Half of the stanza is occupied by a highly complicated conditional clause, which forms the theme of the SME, its rheme is formed by a block of the main sentence, consisting of one word tell with three common adjectives. Again, dynamic tension is created by the seemingly hidden antonymy of the syntactic structure.
In the semantic parts of the MSP, meanings that are rarely found in bipredicate NGN appear, for example, degrees (Chapter 1, XLP):
Freaks of the big world!
He left you all before;
And the truth is that in our summer
The higher tone is rather boring;
Maybe a different lady
Interprets Sey and Bentham,
But in general their conversation
Unbearable, though innocent nonsense;
Besides, they So immaculate
So majestic, So smart,
So full of piety
So prudent, So accurate
So inaccessible to men
What the sight of them already gives rise to spleen.
The harmony of the stanza is created, first of all, due to the anaphora. The anaphora structures a stanza consisting of the same name undivided explanatory subjects of the SPP (Ch. 6, XXX), although according to the leading connection this is a compound adversative sentence:
Nicely bold epigram
Enrage a blundered enemy;
Nicely look like him, stubbornly
Bowing his boisterous horns,
Involuntarily looking in the mirror Evgeny Literature
Petersburg, 2007 M. Mikhailova, 2007 ISBN Polytechnic, 2007 Syntax novel « EvgenyOnegin"(Excerpts from travel Onegin): I lived...
Association of Gymnasiums of St. Petersburg “Annual City Gymnasium Student Readings or Conference of Winners”
LiteraturePetersburg, 2007 M. Mikhailova, 2007 ISBN Polytechnic, 2007 CONTENTS... Yu., Shiryaev E.N. Modern Russian language: Syntax. Punctuation. M., 1997. Lapteva O. A. ... in the last chapter novel « EvgenyOnegin"(Excerpts from travel Onegin): I lived...
unlike complex sentences of the pronominal-correlative type in sentences of this type, the connection between the main and subordinate parts is carried out not by the ratio of the demonstrative and allied words, but by the ratio of the demonstrative word and the union. In such complex sentences, the subordinate part, filling with its content correlative pronouns so (such), to that, to such an extent, so much, so much, expresses not only the corresponding values of the degree of quality, measure of quantity or mode of action (quality of action), but also the meanings due to allied subordination: consequences (union what), unreal consequences or goals (union to), presumptive comparison with a shade of consequence (unions as if, as if, as if, exactly). For example: Masha squeezed his hand so friendly and tightly that his heart beat with joy (Turgenev); She [Elena] was praised, it was nice. Since then, she tried to do everything so that she was praised (Panova); In my current mood, five minutes is enough for me to get tired of him as if I see and listen to him for an eternity (Chekhov).
Thus, this subtype is characterized by the ambiguity of the subordinate part. Some meanings (degrees of quality, measure of quantity, method or quality of action) depend on the semantics of the demonstrative word in the main part and on its position (whether it stands with qualitative adjectives, adverbs, words of the state category or with verbs, nouns). Other meanings (consequences, goals, comparisons) are related to which union is in the subordinate clause. The first meanings arise as a result of the relation of the subordinate part to the phrases defined in the lexical and grammatical sense in the main part, the second - as a result of the ratio of the content of the entire main part and the entire subordinate clause, which finds its expression in the allied subordination. Therefore, complex sentences of this type occupy an intermediate position between undivided and dissected structural
- Compound sentences with conjunction what. For example: And she leaves so quickly that I don’t have time to say goodbye to her (Chekhov); She was so beautiful that no one tried to look after her (Granin); Before that, I suddenly felt ashamed that literally tears flowed down my cheeks (Kuprin) (in all these sentences, the clauses have a quantitative meaning, indicate the degree of quality, filling the correlative words with their content so, so much, before that, standing with the words of qualitative semantics: adverbs (1), adjectives (2), the word of the category of state (3); in all these sentences, the clauses also have the meaning of the consequence, that is, we can say that they denote the degree by indicating the consequence); She cried in such a way that it was not hard to see, although a little sad (Gorky) (in this sentence, the subordinate part fills with its content the correlative word so, standing with the verb, and, like this word, has a qualitative meaning, indicates the mode of action with a touch of degree; of course, in this case, the subordinate clause also expresses a consequence); But at the end of January, such weather came that it became impossible to hunt (Kuprin) (in this sentence, the subordinate part fills with its content the correlative word such, which is attached to the noun, and, like it, has a qualitative, definitive meaning with a touch of degree (cf. : very bad weather); the meaning of the consequence is clearly manifested in this sentence); Danilov devotes so much time to arranging the train and maintaining the working mood in people that I am ashamed of my idleness (Panov) in front of him (in this sentence, the subordinate part fills with its content the correlative word so much, which is included in the quantitative combination of names for so long, and has the meaning of a measure of quantity and consequence ).
- Complex sentences with the union to have the same quantitative and qualitative meanings as sentences with the union what, but these values are expressed not by indicating the real consequence, but by indicating the unreal (possible or desirable) consequence or goal. For example: Her golden pupils darkened, she frowned, shifting her eyebrows, and wiped her lips with a napkin so hard that everyone understood: her lips were not made up (Bitter) (meaning degree and purpose); But Nils said that a beautiful girl should be dressed in such a way as to stand out from the environment (Paustovsky) (the meaning of the quality (image) of action, degree and purpose). Compare: Now it is not so cold to put on a fur coat (qualitative (determinative) meaning, the meaning of the degree and the unreal - a possible, but denied consequence).
- Compound sentences with comparative conjunctions as if, as if, as if, exactly, as if they have the same quantitative and qualitative meanings as the sentences considered above with unions what, to, but these meanings are expressed by indicating a presumptive comparison, sometimes with a hint consequences. For example; ... My lady gradually stopped smiling, began suddenly - from amazement, it must be - to squint, and, moreover, so strangely, as if for the first time she noticed that she had a nose on her face (Turgenev) (the value of the quantity (degree) and comparisons); And all this small plant sparkled so at our feet, as if it were really made of crystal (Paustovsky) (the meaning of quality (mode of action), degree and comparison); There was such steam from the horses, as if they had taken the station (Gogol) without taking a breath (qualitative (definitive) value, the value of degree and comparison).
In colloquial language, especially in vernacular, it is possible to skip the union while maintaining the demonstrative word. For example: Such darkness - you can’t drill through it with any eye (Paustovsky).
Methodological note. Pronominal-union correlative sentences are considered in the school textbook in the circle of complex sentences with subordinate degrees and mode of action as polysemantic, in contrast to the unambiguous pronominal-correlative sentences considered here. He works as he was told.
More on the topic § 81. Compound sentences pronominal-union correlative (qualitative-quantitative multi-valued):
- § 80. Complicated pronoun-correlative sentences (substantive, adjective, adverbial - qualitative-quantitative)
- 9. Complex sentences of pronominal-correlative type
In undivided complex sentences, subordinate clauses are conditional. They explain, characterize certain word forms in the main part and have a formal connection with them. These word forms are called contact m and words m and. The morphological nature of contact words, inflection features, semantics determine their valency, i.e. the need for a certain distribution, compatibility.
It is known that a noun as a part of speech has an attributive valency, which is realized by agreed words (adjectives in the broad sense), and a verb has an object valency, which is realized by controlled words (nouns, pronouns-nouns). This common valence of a noun and a verb can be realized in an undivided complex sentence. For example:
The right bank rose high steeply, on which a dense pine forest flaunted.(M.-S.) - cf .: high steep - steep, which (on which, which etc.);
Through the window, I saw a large gray bird perched on a maple branch in the garden.(Paust.) - cf .: saw a bird; saw a bird sitting on a branch; I saw a bird perched on a branch in the garden.
In the function of contact words, demonstrative pronominal words are used that (that, that, those), upakoy (such, such, such), such (such, such, such), so, there, there, then. All of them have not only pronominal demonstrative semantics (like all pronominal words), but also proper demonstrative (digital) semantics: they point to the known (from the situation, the previous text). As part of a complex sentence, this semantics is transformed and represents an indication of the obligation, the inevitability of an explanation, of new ("upcoming") information. The explanation itself is made using relative pronouns (adverbs), i.e. allied words: The battle will be won by the one who is determined to win it.(L. T.); The maritime profession is still not at all as safe as it is commonly thought(Paust.).
The morphological nature and semantics of contact words, their valency, on the one hand, and allied means, on the other, form the structure of undivided compound sentences. The same factors form the semantics of the relationship between the contact word and the subordinate clause of a complex sentence. Both of these sides are taken into account when distinguishing varieties (or types) of this type of complex sentences.
According to the structure, undivided complex sentences are divided into three types: pronominal-correlative, substantive-attributive (terms of N. S. Pospelov), explanatory (term of V. A. Bogoroditsky and N. S. Pospelov). They are formed by various types of contact words, on which the choice of allied means also depends. In each form, in turn, it is necessary to note the differences in the expression of the semantics of relations (this operation is included in the syntactic analysis of a complex sentence).
Pronominal-correlative sentences
In a complex sentence, the contact word (demonstrative pronominal word) performs several functions.
Firstly, it organizes the semantic unity of a complex sentence, since its subordinate part fills this pronoun with specific content.
Secondly, the demonstrative word is an auxiliary, connecting component, since together with the allied word or conjunction it forms a bond. These correlative formations are integral and stable: that - that, the one who, such - what, that, which. as much as, as much as, where, as, then when etc., as well as: so, such - that, so - as if etc. For example: What will a person forget to do that nature will make up for him(Brodsk.); There were just so many gentlemen in Tolstoy, how much is needed for serfs (M. G.); There, where in rye last year , now lay in the rows of mowed oats(Ch.); Who has the talent, the purer of all should be the soul(G.); I only love a flower which is rooted in the ground (Es.).
Thirdly, although the pronominal word has an incomplete significance (only points to objects, signs, etc., but does not name them), it performs the function of a sentence member. In the main part, it is in certain relations (predicative, attributive, objective, relative) with other members and is itself a subject, or a predicate, or a definition, or an addition, or a circumstance. The subordinate part, which explains the demonstrative word, as if duplicates its function.
The formal and semantic connection between the main and subordinate parts in pronominal-correlative sentences is the closest of all types of connection in undivided complex sentences; both predicative parts are not semantically autonomous.
The semantics of the relations of the parts of the sentence is also determined by the presence of a demonstrative pronoun - these are the relations of explanation. Accordingly, the subordinate part can be called explanatory. However, the form of the subordinate clause by itself is not sufficient to judge the type of sentence: the allied words used (what, who, who, where, how much, why etc.) can also be used in other types of undivided complex sentences. The explanatory meaning appears only in combination with a demonstrative word; this meaning is identified (determined) by the question "namely?".
Explaining the demonstrative word as a member of the sentence, the subordinate part, as it were, duplicates the function of this member: Everything that a person touches is illuminated by his living soul.(Ahm.). Therefore, the definition of "subordinate explanatory" can be detailed by indicating the function of the member of the sentence being explained (explanatory-subject, explanatory-attributive, etc.): Who fear and avoid love, he is not free(Ch.); It happened o, what I didn't expect(11 pic.); Only then did the heart stop beating when Christia ran up to the gate(A.S.); Everything in the house was the same as Potapov wanted it to be.(Paust.).
The subordinate part has an explanatory meaning in those sentences in which the word is used the whole in place of the demonstrative pronoun: We were afraid of everything, what could reveal our secret to ourselves(Ch.); Long ago I confessed to everything, why did you want(P.).
In the case of a place and a union, the explanatory meaning is complemented by a shade of the investigation. This shade follows from the semantic specifics of demonstrative words (intensity of a feature, indication of a high measure, degree, quantity): The unmowed meadows are so fragrant that, out of habit, the head becomes foggy and heavy.(Paust.); Such a hurricane of joy invaded my soul, that I almost suffocated(Kupr.). The content of explanatory relations also depends on the semantics of conjunctions (with what - the meaning of the real consequence, and with comparative conjunctions - the unreal consequence based on the alleged similarity): A piece of the autumn sky outside the window was so flowing and blue, as if summer was still shining outside(Paust.);
Dunyashka and her husband worked as if they were creating their own nest from scratch(Sh.); And I returned home with such a feeling, as if I had a good dream.(Ch.); The gray winter morning worked with such difficulty, as if it were painful for the invisible sun to shine(M.-S.).
The meaning of degree and consequence arises precisely in a complex sentence as a result of the interaction of the semantics of the demonstrative word, the semantics of the union and explanatory relations. For example: But such is the luminous power of art that nothing can darken it.(G.); It was so quiet that a rare drop of drops from overhanging branches could be heard.(B.) - in the first sentence, the demonstrative word itself does not have a degree value, but in the second it is palpable (even noted in the dictionary; cf .: I was so wrong!).
Substantive-attributive sentences
The structure of substantive-attributive sentences is determined by the verbal connection of the subordinate part with the form of the noun, which can perform any syntactic function in the main part and occupy any place in it: To things I don't understand, I approach cheerfully and do not obey them(Ch.); Room a where Ilya Ilyich lay, at first glance it looked beautiful(Gonch.); Chichikov, for sure, he saw a lady, whom he did not notice at all, bowing at the door with Manilov(G.); Yesterday I entered a green paradise, where there is peace for body and soul under a tent of shady poplars.(Ahm.); So Kasatsky lived in the first monastery, where he entered, for seven years(L. T.); The springs washed away the bitter ashes of the hearths that warmed us(TV).
The verbal connection of the subordinate part with the contact word is formalized by relative pronouns (including pronominal adverbs). At the same time, the modified allied words agree with the contact noun in number and gender: Small swampy lake, along the bank of which we made our way, it was still white among the trees(B.); The service that I thought about with such delight for a minute, seemed to me a great misfortune(P.); And at the white stone gates, that led from the yard into the field, at the ancient strong gate with lions stood two girls(Ch.). The connection of immutable allied words with a contact noun is weakly expressed: The place where you could meet was the forest, where the women went with bags for grass for the cows.(L. T.). The case form of inflected allied words is motivated by their position, by conditional links in the subordinate clause, where they perform the function of certain members of the sentence: along the coast of which(genus p.) - inconsistent definition; thinking about which(preposition) - addition; who led(im. p.) - subject. The secondary members of the adverbial type are allied words in the subordinate part - pronominal adverbs: converge where, went where - the circumstances of the place.
It is the verbal connection of the contact noun and the allied word that forms the attributive relations, on the basis of which the subordinate part, in any of its form and semantics, is interpreted as a definitive.
Definitive clauses are connected to contact nouns through allied words which, what, whose; when, where , where, from where; what. Unions in this type of sentences are not used. Usually the subordinate clause follows immediately after the contact word: The little house where I live in Meshchore deserves a description.(Paust.).
The main, dominant allied word - which; it has a general meaning: The house in which the mysterious stranger settled, stood apart(M.-S.). Word which has a descriptive meaning whose - possessive. union word when connects with nouns of temporary semantics; where, where, where - with nouns denoting space or container: There are d and when life seems to us especially clear and harmonious(Paust.); The next morning the watchman opened the - Natu, where their father lived(Guide.); Here is the case, about which all of Moscow spoke at one time(Tel.); All rhythm and running. Aimless striving. But a scary moment, when there is no desire B.); And Tanya enters the empty house where the naked hero recently lived(P.); special silence, which never happens in the city, didn't let me sleep(Paust.).
A special place among allied words takes what. Firstly, it has not a subject-indicative, but an indicative value. Secondly, in this function what used only in the nominative case. Thirdly, attributive sentences with what stylistically marked as archaic or having a folk poetic character (not to be confused with newspaper stamps such as "in the village of Ivanovka, that in the Oryol region"), For example: I remember only our long companionship, which was never marred by any quarrel.(Tel.); There is his great sadness, which is without edge and end, over you, over the river, to cry, maybe the mother of a fighter will come out(TV); And for that great suffering, do not forget, guys, remember to the account about the soldier who was left an orphan(TV). In formal terms what acts as a substitute for the main allied attributive word which(cf.: sadness that has no end; about a soldier who ...).
Allied word position which as dominant is confirmed by the fact that all other allied words can be replaced by it (cf .: house, wherein; the moment in which; silence, which).
Explanatory sentences
The structure of explanatory complex sentences is determined by the valency of contact words, the need for their "distribution". Valence is formed not so much grammatically, categorically as semantically. Contact words are represented not only by verb forms ( He speaks. asks, thinks, hears, assures, asks etc.), but also substantive (thought, hearing, assurance, request, notice etc.), as well as predicatives ( known, Nice; sure surprised and etc.).
How can one determine the general semantics of contact words that motivate their valency? The term "explanation" has already lost its original content - "speaking, reasoning (i.e. speech-thought)". Now it denotes the semantic sphere, which can be defined as the contact of a person ("linguistic personality") with the outside world (people, things, events, etc.): speech, thought, feeling, expression of will, perception, evaluation, attitude. The contact words of this semantics have subject and object valency. As part of a phrase and a simple sentence, it is realized by the corresponding case forms (talking about the weather), feels tired, sure of victory; I think, I prefer, I hope, see, hear, demand; better pleasant, heard, visible, ashamed, known, wanting, it seems, it seems etc.). As part of a complex sentence, the compatibility of contact words of "explanatory" semantics is realized with the help of a subordinate clause: It is easy to imagine what impression Alexei must have made in the circle of our young ladies.(P.); A minute later it was heard that someone ran in a hurry into the canopy(G.); Suddenly spread with l u x that the master is returning(T.); You yourself know for a long time that it is no wonder to love you(P.); This fleeting meeting made it feel like Garth was present at the start of a new story.(Paust.).
The semantics of relations between the subordinate clause and the contact word is determined, on the one hand, by the valence of this word, and on the other hand, by allied means. The main difference is
expression of relations - subjective or objective. On this basis, it is customary to distinguish between explanatory-subjective and explanatory-objective undivided sentences. According to a long tradition (from F.I. Buslaev) and taking into account the return of these terms to the school course of the Russian language (V.V. Babaitsev), in explanatory-subjective sentences one can speak of subordinate clauses, and in explanatory-objective clauses - additional clauses.
The subordinate clause has a subjective meaning in relation to a contact word that is used in the main part without a subject ( nice, Nice, well etc.), the subordinate part is connected with it for the most part by the union what, sometimes alliances when, if, For example: how good, what is there in the world a magnifying glass and six candles lit by you(Ahm.).
The subordinate clause has an objective meaning relative to the contact word, i.e. as if replaces, replaces the corresponding addition with it: Thunder and jumping gave notice, that the chaise drove onto the pavement(G.) - cf .: notice the entrance to the bridge; News came from the Sich that the Tatars, during the absence of the Cossacks, robbed everything in it.(G.) - cf .: news of a robbery.
The object meaning of the subordinate part is expressed by explanatory conjunctions what, as if. to, whether. The choice of union is determined by the peculiarities of its semantics. Main union what has a general explanatory meaning and is stylistically neutral. Unions what and as if value object relations differently ( what points to their reality, and as if - on doubtfulness, unreliability, presumptiveness): There were rumors in the military environment that Kornilov was in an adventurous environment.(Sh.) - cf .: rumors that...; Napoleon only thought, that everything happened according to his will(L. T.) - cf .: seemed like...; There are rumors about him that he went into the grain trade and became very rich(T.) - cf .: rumors, what...
Unions what and as also differ in usage. With verbs and predicatives of perception ( hear, see, remember", hear, see etc.) what indicates the transmission of the perceived, and as- on his immediacy, "liveness": It was heard that in the distance people were walking quickly along the street and dragging something heavy.(M. G.); Grigory in the evenings heard how the Astakhovs played songs(III.).
Union to indicates the unreality of the relationship; the contact word has the meaning of desire, requirement, aspiration, etc.: You, Epikhodov, make sure that everything is in order.(Ch.); I want a pen to be equated with a bayonet(M.).
The subordinate clause is connected to the contact word with the help of another means - the allied word (relative pronoun or pronominal adverb): Nobody knew, when will the conference session end(A. T.); I want to tell you, what a change has taken place in me in these few hours(Ch.); I asked the cuckoo how many years I will live(Ahm.); So far no one knows, why do spiders fly every autumn, covering the earth with its finest yarn(Paust.). All relative pronouns and pronominal adverbs available in modern Russian are used. Differences in their meanings make it possible to make a semantic emphasis on objects, features, and circumstances indicated by allied words as members of a sentence.
A special means of emphasizing subjective and object relations and strengthening the connection of the subordinate part with the main part is the correlating pronominal element then(substantiated) with a contact word ( think, what i think about, what etc.): And is it a wonder about, that I could not completely part with a friend?(TV.) This element is optional, i.e. can be eliminated; but under certain conditions it is obligatory: for example, when negating and opposing (I didn’t think about what ... but about, what), when combined with particles (felt only that...). Finally, the correlate then necessary as an intermediary when direct communication is not possible: We have women tem and keep the beauty that they never think anything(Sharp). Do not mix with pronominal-correlative constructions: Who fear and avoid love, t o t not free(Ch.).
The contact word - a demonstrative pronominal word - performs several functions at the same time. Firstly, it organizes the semantic unity of the NGN, since its subordinate part fills this pronoun with specific content.
Secondly, the demonstrative word is an auxiliary, connecting component, since it forms a bond together with the allied word or union. These correlative formations are integral and stable: then- what, that- who it- which one- which, so much- how much, how much- how, there- where so- as then- when etc., as well as: So- what, such- what, so- as if and etc.
For example: That will not come true, then it will be forgotten. Where we wandered along the alleys, now the city is noisy. They were so ashamed that they could not utter another word.
Thirdly, although the pronominal word has an incomplete significance (it only points to objects, signs, etc., but does not name them), it performs the function of a sentence member. In the main part, it is in certain relations (predicative, attributive, objective, relative) with other members and is itself a subject, or a predicate, or a definition, or an addition, or a circumstance. The subordinate part, which explains the demonstrative word, as if duplicates its function.
The formal and semantic connection between the main and subordinate parts in pronominal-correlative sentences is the closest of all types of connection in undivided NGN; both predicative parts are not semantically autonomous.
The nature of the relationship between the correlative word and the subordinate part has no analogues either in the field of word combinations or in other types of joint ventures. Being formally, like the supporting word of a verbal sentence, a member of the main part to which the subordinate part belongs, the correlative word, due to its lexical incompleteness, itself performs a service role in relation to the subordinate part: it connects its content with the content of the main part. At the same time, the correlative word also plays an auxiliary role in relation to the main part: it is an indicator of its formal and semantic dependence, an expression of the fact that it is a part of the joint venture.
The function of correlative words is performed by pronouns that have the meaning of a distant indication: that, that, that, there, there, from there, and pronouns, in the semantics of which there is no indication of remoteness or proximity: so, so, so much, so much.
Each demonstrative pronoun, functioning as a correlative word, has the ability to combine with a semantically corresponding relative pronoun, one or more; compare: So- how is it there- where exactly- where, there- from where. Some demonstrative pronouns, in addition, are also combined with certain groups of unions. The compatibility of correlative words with allied means serves as a criterion for their division.
All correlative words are divided into four groups according to the nature of their possible compatibility with allied means. The first is formed by words that combine only with relative pronouns corresponding to them in meaning. This group includes: 1) words with objective meaning - that, that, that; these words in pronominal-correlative sentences have a substantive nature, and 2) words with a spatial meaning - there, there, from there. The second group is formed by words that can be combined with relative pronouns corresponding to them in meaning, asemantic conjunctions what to, as well as with unions expressing an unreal comparison (as if, as if, exactly). It includes words with a qualitative and quantitative meaning: so, such, such, so much, so much. The third group consists of stable combinations, including pronouns such, then which function as whole formations, like the word: up to that point, thus. They have a defining (qualitative or quantitative) value and are combined with conjunctions that, to, as if (as if), as if, exactly. Finally, the fourth group consists of words that, in addition to combinations with relative pronouns, allow combinations with asemantic conjunctions. This group consists of the semantically empty word then, which does not have a specific subject value (Especially bad was the fact that in the evening it began to freeze).
In the role of correlative words, in addition to the listed demonstrative pronouns, definitive, negative and indefinite pronouns can be used, corresponding in categorical meanings to demonstrative pronouns of the first group, i.e. having subject or spatial meaning: all, all, one, any, each, any(these words in pronominal-correlative sentences have a substantive nature), nothing, something and under.; everywhere, everywhere, nowhere, nowhere, somewhere and under. Definitive, negative and indefinite pronouns act as more lexically meaningful substitutes for the corresponding demonstrative pronouns.
Substitutes for correlative words can also be demonstrative pronouns that have the meaning of "close indication". Place; properties with the meaning of close indication, due to this feature, their meanings are closely related to the situation and context and therefore are semantically more meaningful. How correlative words from among the pronouns of this type can be used here, here, from here.
The semantics of the relations of the parts of the sentence is also determined by the presence of a demonstrative pronoun - these are the relations of explanation. Accordingly, the subordinate part can be called explanatory. However, the form of the subordinate clause by itself is not sufficient to judge the type of sentence: the allied words used (what, who, who, where, how much, why etc.) can also be used in other types of undivided complex sentences. The explanatory meaning appears only in combination with a demonstrative word; this meaning is identified (determined) by the question “namely?”.
Explaining the demonstrative word as a member of the sentence, the subordinate part, as it were, duplicates the function of this member: Everything I dreamed about has come true. Therefore, the definition subordinate explanatory"can be detailed by indicating the function of the explained member of the sentence (explanatory-subject, explanatory-attributive, etc.): He who is not afraid of the truth avoids lies. I saw someone I didn't expect to meet here. He was just as he appeared in the letters.
The subordinate part has an explanatory meaning in those sentences in which the word whole is used in place of the demonstrative pronoun: I had to confess everything that happened to us.
With a pronominal-union connection, the explanatory meaning is complemented by a hint of the consequence. This shade follows from the semantic specifics of demonstrative words (intensity of a feature, indication of a high measure, degree, quantity): The meeting was so interesting and touching that I almost shed a tear. The content of explanatory relations also depends on the semantics of conjunctions (with what- the meaning of the real consequence, and with comparative conjunctions - the unreal consequence based on the alleged similarity): Our relationship was now such that we kept some kind of secret from everyone. In the campaign, everyone was tired as if they had circled the entire globe along the equator.
The meaning of degree and effect arises precisely in NGN as a result of the interaction of the semantics of the demonstrative word, the semantics of the conjunction and explanatory relations. For example: But such is the bright power of art that nothing can darken it (G.); It was so quiet that a rare drop of drops from overhanging branches was heard (B.)- in the first sentence, the demonstrative word itself does not have a degree value, but in the second it is palpable (even noted in the dictionary; cf .: I was so wrong!).
Some linguists believe that two main subgroups should be distinguished within the group of pronominal-correlative sentences: those that are joined by allied words, and pronominal-allied sentences. The latter have a number of distinguishing features.
This type of NGN is characterized by the ambiguity of the subordinate part. The subordinate clauses in such sentences express the meanings: measures of quantity, degree of quality, mode of action, comparison, purpose, consequence.
Some subordinate clauses refer to a specific word or phrase in the main part, while other subordinate clauses (comparisons, goals and consequences) refer to the entire main part. Therefore, it is impossible to say which structures (partitioned or unpartitioned) prevail in this type of NGN. Sentences of this type occupy an intermediate position between undivided and dissected structures.
1. Offers with an alliance what.
Combine quantitative value (namely: indicate the degree of quality) and the value of the consequence. The semantics of these sentences is: it was so strong (weak, long, short...) that such-and-such happened...
Before they became ashamed that they could not utter a word in a human way. She reads so fast that I skip entire paragraphs. He was so undeniably brilliant that no one doubted that only he would receive a nominal scholarship.
These sentences (all!) point to a real consequence.
2. Offers with an alliance to.
These sentences are different from the sentences with the union what only by the fact that an indication is given of a consequence that is not real, but unreal (desirable or possible).
Not such a loss as to offend a person with suspicion. The combat weapon must be camouflaged so as not to stand out from the surrounding area. Close the door so that it can be easily opened from the outside.
3. Sentences with comparative conjunctions as if, as if, exactly, as if...
These sentences also have quantitative-qualitative meanings, like sentences with what and to, but these meanings are not so pronounced. In addition, these sentences express the meaning of a putative comparison. For example: And the musician kept playing and playing so calmly, as if he were not real, but mechanical, and inside he had a steel German spring, and not a living heart. She smiled and nodded at me so strangely, as if she saw in front of her not an old cordial friend, but a stupid and annoying college friend, with whom for some reason you must be polite without fail. It reeked of him as if he had drunk all the supplies from the cellar, biting them with a whole bed of onions.