What is the fight against corruption. Fight against corruption in different countries

Everyone has heard about the problem of corruption and loud statements about the fight against it. But, unfortunately, many do not fully understand the causes of this phenomenon and the extent of its prevalence. In this case, it is difficult to understand which methods can really counteract corruption, and which are just populism and beautiful words. Let's look at the main causes and consequences of corruption, as well as the problems associated with its eradication in the world and in Russia.

Definition and types of corruption: what to refer to the concept

First of all, it is necessary to deal with the very concept of corruption. There are many variants of its definitions. If you look at the dictionary, the definition of corruption will sound like “the moral decay of officials and politicians,” which includes illicit enrichment, bribery, theft, etc. But the fight against "moral decay" is more like a fight with windmills, so it's best to rely on the letter of the law. The Federal Law "On Combating Corruption" provides the following definition: "Corruption is the abuse of official position (...) or other illegal use by an individual of his official position contrary to the legitimate interests of society and the state in order to obtain benefits" . Benefits can take many forms, ranging from bribes and embezzlement to illegal aid to friends and family. The legal definition lists the most common forms of corruption:

• giving and receiving bribes;
• abuse of power;
• commercial bribery.

The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation refers to corruption crimes:

• mediation in giving bribes;
• illegal participation in business;
• violation of the procedure for financing an election campaign;
• smuggling;
• impact on the outcome of a sporting or commercial competition.

Corruption is classified depending on the scope, coverage, status of a corrupt official, government agency or enterprise, equality or subordination of subjects of corruption.

But, regardless of the classification, corruption reflects a certain system, a type of thinking that threatens with serious consequences for society. In addition to the obvious consequences in the form of non-compliance with the provided layers of the legislation and the inaccessibility of certain services to the population, corruption brings great harm throughout the country:

• restrains democracy by turning elections at any level from voting for the best program for all to voting for their patron;
• undermines trust in the authorities and leads to social instability;
• slows down economic development by wasting capital on bribery and making it almost impossible to enter the market;
• reduces the quality of personnel, making higher education and employment impossible without a bribe.

Causes and origins of corruption

Corruption is as old as society itself. Since the emergence of social inequality, those in power have not missed the opportunity to abuse their position. Such a problem among bureaucrats is mentioned even in the sources of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. The fight against dishonest officials in Russia began as early as Ivan III, but, as you can see, his work was never completed. And this despite the fact that Ivan the Terrible without hesitation executed corrupt officials, and Peter I and Catherine II tried to introduce high salaries for them - in order to discourage the desire to collect it from the people. The Soviet era, which began under the slogan of the fight against bribe-takers and bureaucrats, eventually gave birth to even more of them. The problem remains relevant now, despite all the laws and efforts. So what are we doing wrong?

To cure a disease, you need to understand its causes. The main causes of corruption, in addition to the properties of human nature and mentality, are the imperfection of legislation and control, the lack of transparency standards, and the instability of the political and economic system. The causes of corruption in Russia are largely rooted in Soviet traditions, the population's tolerance for this phenomenon, and its lack of confidence in the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies.

Interesting fact: According to the World Bank, countries that actively fight against corruption can increase their GDP by 5 times!!! during a year.

Prevention and fight against corruption: measures and principles of struggle

The above factors make the fight against corruption even more difficult. The foundations of combating corruption should lie in a systematic approach aimed not only at actual control and punishment, but also at preventing corruption. Corruption prevention measures include:

• information work with the population, aimed at conveying to society the idea of ​​the inadmissibility of corruption and the need to report it under any circumstances;
• increasing the transparency of state structures;
• media independence;
• increasing the level of social security of civil servants;
• simplification of bureaucratic procedures, their transfer to electronic form.

To fight corruption, it is not enough to adopt normative acts. Significant changes are needed in the system of counteraction, the introduction of new structures and mechanisms. Therefore, anti-corruption measures include:

• active participation of civil society, creation and empowerment of structures of self-organization of the population to combat corruption;
• interaction between law enforcement agencies and civil society;
• particular attention to ensuring the impartiality of judges;
• the adoption of the necessary laws based on the interests of the country, not members of parliament;
• increasing the responsibility of all involved parties.

Corruption is an international problem, and almost every country in the world faces it on one scale or another. The level of corruption in the countries of the world in 2018 is closely related to the level of political and economic indicators of the state. This is due to the legal culture of the population, the effectiveness of the law enforcement system, education and security of the population.

1. Denmark.
2. New Zealand.
3. Finland.
4. Sweden.
5. Norway.
6. Switzerland.
7. Singapore.
8. Netherlands.
9. Luxembourg.
10. Canada.

The most corrupt countries are predominantly in Africa, as well as a few Asian and South American countries.

The high results of Western countries are explained by many years of experience in fighting corruption and building democratic states with civil society. Penalties for corruption in these countries range from fines to 15 years in prison.

Of greatest interest is the experience of fighting corruption in Asian countries, many of which managed to develop their economy and society to the Western level in a very short time. At the same time, corruption was one of the main problems on their way, so the chosen counteraction strategy in most countries was especially tough, up to executions and long-term imprisonment.

Interesting fact: One of the toughest laws against corrupt officials exists in China. Since the early 2000s in the country executed more than 10 thousand officials. However, China remains in 83rd place in the ranking of the least corrupt countries.

But today, some Asian countries are the best example of transparency. South Korea has an Internet control system, and almost every adult citizen has the right to start an investigation about corruption. Singapore's anti-corruption system focuses on the prevention of corruption: the relevant body analyzes the shortcomings in government agencies and corporations and points them out even before they are used dishonestly.

Fighting Corruption in Russia: Foreseen Liability

Corruption in modern Russia is a serious problem. According to the Corruption Perceptions Index, the corruption index for Russia does not change, and the position of the Russian Federation in the ranking of countries is slowly deteriorating: from 119th to 131st place. More than half of citizens do not believe that they can contribute to the fight against corruption in Russia.

Interesting fact: Every year in Russia, bribes are paid in an amount equal to the GDP of a country like Greece.

In order to solve the problem of corruption in Russia, the Council under the President of the Russian Federation for Combating Corruption was established, as well as a special department under the prosecutor's office.

According to the legislation of the Russian Federation, the following liability is provided for corruption:

• fine;
• deprivation of the right to hold a position or engage in activities in a particular area;
• correctional, forced or compulsory labor;
• suspended sentence or imprisonment up to 12 years.

Where to report corruption

As world experience shows, it is possible to achieve real results in the fight against corruption only by involving all citizens in this matter. In most cases, it is possible to collect enough evidence and punish the criminal only thanks to the reports of ordinary citizens. Therefore, everyone should know where to report corruption. An oral or written statement should be made to the nearest police station. You can also apply to the prosecutor's office or court.

It is important for state and municipal employees to remember that reporting on corruption is their direct duty, and failure to comply with it is an offense.

Even if the report of corruption is not confirmed, the reporter is not responsible for this - only if the report was not knowingly false. And yet, for those who are afraid of something, it is possible to report corruption anonymously, using the helpline of the relevant region or by letter by mail.

Corruption is a system in which, in one way or another, the whole society is included, and in order to effectively combat it, the participation of all active members of society is also necessary. The first step - the development of a legislative framework - has already been taken, now all citizens are faced with the task of giving up the temptation to "simplify" their lives with another bribe. Corruption is one of the main obstacles on the way to a developed economy and society, and it cannot be avoided without its elimination.

Corruption is the extraction of personal benefit from the use by an official of the rights and powers entrusted to him through the use of his connections, opportunities, status and authority. Such actions are against the law. In other words, it is getting

5. To use information-propaganda, political, legal, organizational, socio-economic and other measures in the fight against the crime in question.

6. On state cooperation with international organizations, civil society institutions and individuals.

7. On the application of the necessary measures to prevent the manifestation of the crime in question.

In Russia, special commissions and committees are being created to destroy this evil. In some state structures there is a department for combating corruption.

Responsibility

Undoubtedly, each of the deeds deserves a certain punishment. The Anti-Corruption Law provides for disciplinary, administrative, civil and criminal liability. It is determined depending on the type of offense in relation to legal entities and individuals, citizens of Russia, foreign residents and stateless people who have committed acts of corruption.

Commission for Combating Corruption Offenses

The Anti-Corruption Commission is an organization created to prevent and counter the crime in question. It is involved in all spheres of life. Also, the commission is designed to stimulate anti-corruption behavior.

This organization includes a list of persons approved by the President of Russia.

Objectives of the Commission

The main objectives of the Anti-Corruption Commission are:

1. Providing assistance to law enforcement agencies.

2. Assistance in the implementation of the legitimate interests and rights of citizens.

3. Provision of legal assistance to people to protect their rights from corruption encroachments.

4. Attracting the attention of the public and the media to assist in the fight against corruption.

Tasks of the commission

The fight against corruption in Russia includes several main tasks.

1. Public support of state structures, associations and in order to ensure order, law and fight against corruption.

2. Assistance in raising the legal level of informing the population.

3. Participation in the development of scientific and practical recommendations, in federal, regional, international actions and programs to combat the problem under consideration.

4. Annual report on problems related to the fight against corruption.

5. Assistance to citizens in the protection of fundamental freedoms and rights that are violated by actions or, conversely, by the failure to provide services by corrupt structures.

6. Providing information to the public, public authorities through the media on identified cases of corruption.

7. Engagement in publishing activities.

8. Protection of the rights and interests of participants and members of the commission.

9. Development of international cooperation.

10. Analysis of public opinion and conducting sociological surveys.

11. Examination of the activities of local governments and state bodies.

12. Analysis of federal laws.

13. Preparation of proposals and development of measures.

Through its actions, the commission demonstrates that the fight against corrupt officials can be carried out without attracting budgetary funds, based on the desire and initiative of citizens.

Anti-Corruption Committee

The Committee, thanks to the professionalism of its employees, high intellectual potential, is able to solve specific problems and fight corruption.

The Federal Committee provides its employees with legal assistance on any issue. The fight against corruption in Russia takes place through the creation of this committee at the federal level. What is its purpose? This is the fight against corruption and terrorism. The Committee is a public structure that provides legal, social and other forms of protection for the prevention, prevention and assistance in the fight against corruption offenses

Purpose of the Committee

The goals of the committee are:

1. Protection of welfare, freedom, social guarantees and security of citizens.

2. Improvement of the legal and socio-economic situation in Russia.

3. Protection of legitimate interests and rights of citizens, medium and small businesses.

4. Control of the people over the objectivity of prices in the social sphere.

5. Providing protection to citizens, enterprises, institutions, organizations, entrepreneurs from corrupt arbitrariness.

6. Creation of a social and business partnership between society and government.

7. Education in citizens of an active position in order to create a fair and legal balance between government and society.

8. Creation of a progressive, creative, highly moral, intellectual, influential force by means of forces into a single system in order to counteract corruption, supervise and control over the observance by officials of the laws of the Russian Federation.

9. Restoration of social justice, democracy and the rule of law in the fight against bureaucratic arbitrariness and corruption.

10. Creation of a system of youth associations to influence and create behind ongoing processes in the fight against corruption.

11. Providing social protection and guarantees to pensioners, veterans, the disabled, law enforcement officers and military personnel; taking part in the development of civil society.

12. Assistance in the struggle for the development of local self-government and federalism, upholding the integrity and unity of the country, directed against separatism and nationalism.

13. Ensuring the possibility of participation in the management of the state of youth.

International fight against corruption

There are no national borders for the commission of the offenses in question. Therefore, international cooperation in the fight against corruption is to unite states pursuing a common goal. How does this happen? For this, international treaties, agreements, conventions, etc. are adopted.

States exchange information, extradite persons who have committed a corruption crime. They also introduce social measures aimed at preventing the offenses in question. This is how corruption is fought.

Russia is a country of enormous material possibilities, in which, today, according to the apt remark of one Western journalist, "the greatest sale in history" is taking place. Dividing a huge pie in the face of legal uncertainty contributes to the rapid growth of corruption. "Personal preferences, friendly sympathies, a mixture of public and private interests" (that is, everything that is the essence of corruption) in the course of the ongoing redistribution of public property have become widespread practice.

Today, the problem of corruption is extremely important and urgent in the political, economic, social life of both Russia and the whole world. Each of us knows what it is, and perhaps many of us have already experienced bribery in practice. The fact is that corruption exists in almost all spheres of society, it manifests itself in a wide variety of forms and types.

On the official website of the analytical bureau Transparency International (Transparency International), according to data for 2006, Russia occupies 121st place in the rating. Its indicator for 2006 was 2.5. For comparison: the level of corruption in such countries as Finland, Spain, New Zealand - 9.6; Germany - 8; USA - 7.3; China, Egypt - 3.3. Transparency International experts note that corruption remains a characteristic feature of Russia and the situation is getting worse.

This means that our country is one of the most corrupt countries in the world, and its "successes" in this are significantly ahead of the achievements of the national economy.

Corruption destroys a democratic society, hinders the development of business, both small and medium, and large. From the hands of officials, "authorized" commercial structures receive permission to engage in activities that bring huge profits, i.e. get the privilege of being rich. In turn, they pay government officials a new type of bribe that is virtually undiscovered during an investigation.

Corruption is a very complex political and social phenomenon, in which cause and effect are often intertwined, and it often becomes difficult to determine whether this or that manifestation of corruption is a consequence of the old, or is it a manifestation of something new.

Is the Russian situation unique?

On the one hand, no. All countries undergoing social transformation have faced, to a greater or lesser extent, the problems of the lack of effective political and legal control, a clear concept of administration, which has led to an increase in corruption. Insufficient control or the absence of the ability to apply sanctions everywhere encourages nomenklatura workers and officials to abuse power. On the other hand, the objective difficulties and numerous miscalculations in the implementation of economic reforms in Russia have seriously complicated the situation in our country in comparison with a number of countries with economies in transition in Central and Eastern Europe. For a number of reasons, Russian society has become rent-oriented, completely dependent on the decisions of corrupt officials.

The question is often raised in the literature: has corruption become more widespread in modern Russia, if compared with the level of the 80s of the former USSR? It seems to me that attempts to give quantitative estimates explain little. We should talk not only and not so much about the scale of this phenomenon, but about the qualitative changes in corruption at the present stage. They can be traced in several directions: goals, subject, participants in corrupt relations; the position of an employee in the public administration system, the main motives of his behavior.

As you know, the most characteristic feature of a centralized economy is an all-encompassing deficit. It permeates all stages of the reproductive process - the actual production, distribution, exchange and consumption. The development of corruption in these conditions is possible due to the fact that a government official who redistributes a tangible product can do this in the interests of certain business entities, while receiving personal benefit. Personal gain can take the form of money, more often scarce goods or services. As a rule, an official has a non-universal object of shortage and therefore is forced to exchange it for the same non-universal services he needs, becoming at the same time a person who provides someone with personal benefit and receives it due to the emerging corrupt relations. The main function of government officials is the organization of large-scale "shadow barter".

On the basis of corrupt transactions, a significant part of both production factors and personal consumption items is distributed. The scale of corruption is great, but there are natural limits to its spread, mainly related to the position of an official in the state apparatus. The structure of the latter is slender and highly hierarchical. Each rung of this hierarchical ladder presupposes the provision of a certain set of benefits and privileges to the official (special rations, free rest, state machine, etc.). Moving up this ladder, which ensures the growth of the volume of privileges, becomes the main incentive for the activity of the bureaucrat. The presence of strict party-state control forces the official to weigh the risk of participating in corrupt deals.

In modern Russia, personal consumption is removed from the sphere of corrupt relations, many factors of production cease to be the subject of a corrupt transaction. The sphere of development of corruption is narrowing within the framework of the reproduction process, but the scale is increasing. Money becomes a deficit, and the subject of corrupt bargaining is the possibility of obtaining super-profits.

Among the main sources of enrichment are the misuse of state budget funds (soft loans, tax exemptions, subsidized imports), export quotas and privatization. These methods of enrichment, which appeared in the second half of the 1980s in connection with the partial deregulation of the socialist-type economy, since 1991, have assumed unprecedented proportions. Thus, the cost of soft loans to industrial enterprises in 1992 reached 30%, and the total amount of import subsidies - 15% of GDP. What, for example, were import subsidies?

Due to the general fear of famine in the winter of 1991, the state provided large subsidies for imports in 1992. Importers paid only 1% of the current exchange rate when buying foreign currency from the government for food imports, and the government financed this subsidy with Western commodity loans. However, imported products were sold in Russia at normal market prices, and this subsidy benefited a small number, mainly Moscow merchants.

Opportunities to participate in the export of oil, natural gas, metals and other raw materials, due to the huge difference between domestic prices and world market prices that existed at the initial stage, also provided huge superprofits in Russia for well-connected people - officials of manufacturing companies, corrupt

officials. Their income in 1992 amounted to 30% of GDP , according to Anders Åslund, adviser to the Russian government in those years.

Features of the modern system of public administration radically change the position of an official. His position is extremely unstable due to the constant war between the clans. The instability of the situation, low wages ($300-400 for high-level officials), not supported by a system of clearly defined privileges, the absence of any form of effective control by society, the scale of multibillion-dollar transactions passing through the hands of an official make him easily bought. For a huge number of officials, a bribe becomes the only incentive for activity.

1. History and basic concept of corruption

As a kind of deviant political behavior, political corruption has been known since ancient times. Perhaps the first to use the term "corruption" in relation to politics was Aristotle, who defined tyranny as a corrupt (wrong, "spoiled") form of monarchy. Machiavelli, Rycco and many other thinkers of the past wrote about it. In the XX century. due to the growth of the scale of political corruption, this problem has acquired a special significance.

Political corruption is based on the informal, uncontrolled exchange of resources between power elites and other structures of society. The following main types of state resources are at the disposal of the ruling elite: symbolic (national anthem, flag, coat of arms and other signs of state symbols); power-administrative and material (control over the state economy, tax policy, etc.).

Not all types of political corruption are defined by law as criminal acts. It is a socially condemned behavior of those in power, which may or may not include a criminal act.

In the Soviet Union, the fight against bribes was very successful, from the very beginning of the Bolsheviks coming to power, the attitude towards bribery among the people has deteriorated sharply due to the competent policy of the rulers. However, gradually the situation nevertheless began to deteriorate, and in the post-war years, during perestroika and after it, the growth of corruption took place against the background of the weakening of the state machine.

Thus, the current state of corruption in Russia is largely due to long-standing trends and a transitional stage, which in other countries in a similar situation was accompanied by an increase in corruption.

In a broad sense, corruption is the direct use by an official of the rights associated with his position for the purpose of personal enrichment; venality, bribery of officials, politicians. In a narrower sense, corruption is usually understood as a situation where an official makes an illegal decision from which some other party benefits (for example, a firm that receives a government order contrary to the established procedure), and the official himself receives illegal remuneration from this party .

A typical situation is when an official who is obliged by law to make a certain decision in relation to a certain person (for example, to issue a license for some type of business), creates artificial illegal barriers for this, which forces his client to pay a bribe, which, as a rule, , and happens. This situation corresponds to the traditional concept of corruption, because it involves giving and accepting bribes.

2. Forms of corruption in Russia

Throughout history, bribery has traditionally existed in several forms, initially it was bribes received for lawful acts, or for illegal ones. Then other gradations and forms of corruption began to appear.

In our time, the most characteristic and widespread forms of manifestation of corruption are bribery, bribery of state and political figures, officials, illegal protectionism, etc. Favorable ground for corruption is the nationalization of public life, the bureaucratization of society and the state, excessive centralization of management, the prosperity of the shadow economy, rejection of real democracy, etc. Corruption acquires especially wide scale in crisis situations, during periods of decomposition of socio-political regimes, the decline of public morals, as well as during abrupt changes in politics, during the strengthening of the fight against bribery.

There are several forms of corruption: grassroots (petty, everyday); summit (large, elite). The most common and most dangerous is corruption in power structures, corruption associated with the use of administrative resources (political corruption, which can act both in the form of grassroots corruption - a bribe for registering an enterprise, and in the form of top corruption - the use of administrative resources to obtain the "desired" election result ). In addition to the inefficient use of material and financial resources, political corruption leads to the discrediting of democratic values, to an increase in distrust in the authorities.

2.1 Elite corruption

Elite corruption, or, as it is often called, big or pinnacle corruption is a huge threat, a huge threat to the state. Corruption permeates the entire vertical of executive power. Practically in all spheres of state activity where financial or other material resources are distributed, officials abuse their official position.

Elite corruption is characterized by the following features: high social position of the subjects of its commission; sophisticated intellectual ways of their actions; huge material, physical and moral damage; exceptional latency of encroachments; condescending and even careful attitude of the authorities towards this group of criminals.

The main difference between elite corruption and grassroots corruption is the consequences of this act, that is, when there is an illegal transfer of money in the highest echelons of power, this affects the whole country and hits all the people of the state, since the decisions made after giving a bribe are always very large-scale and great. On the other hand, this does not happen in grassroots corruption - giving a bribe to a traffic police officer does not lead to large-scale consequences, although, of course, quantity turns into quality.

We are talking about corruption if the same treatment is not applied to the persons participating in the competition, and preferential conditions are created for one participant, or the public procurement is not carried out, although it should have been.

Of course, the fact that such frauds are taking place in our country makes one wonder how great the scale of corruption is at all levels of power. This story speaks of the absolute impunity of people who give and accept bribes.

Another form of manifestation of elitist corruption is lobbying, or the financing of parties by private individuals who receive useful political decisions as compensation (for example, changing laws to make it easier for supporters to conduct business). It is difficult to give any concrete examples here, because, again, corrupt officials are not punished. This form of bribery is widely used in our country, both in the State Duma and in the Council of Federations. Otherwise it would not be accepted

the number of laws, which are then called meaningless and unnecessary. Of course, all these laws actually play into the hands of certain people.

Despite the fact that in Russia, and in other countries, people serving in the government do not have the right to do business, commerce, nevertheless, such cases are very common in practice. It will be profitable for any deputy to do business when he can overcome all bureaucratic obstacles, and even write a law especially for himself.

During the election of parties and the president, the level of political corruption increases sharply, the stakes are very high here, because we are talking about power, therefore both the amounts and the scale of bribery are colossal. A deputy has a huge number of opportunities to increase his popularity among voters, and almost always a bribe is an essential condition for victory, and sometimes even for participation. Giving a bribe provides the candidate with unequal access to the media, pressure on election commissions, on internal affairs bodies, and on business structures.

This form of corruption can be called vote buying. Vote buying occurs during elections, when candidates promise favors, gifts, etc. to those who voted for them. Vote buying should not be confused with campaign giveaways that do not directly oblige the voter to vote for the candidate.

So, elite corruption has many different forms, types, manifestations, it is not as widespread and not as ubiquitous as grassroots corruption, but nevertheless, any manifestation of top corruption entails many troubles, many problems, threatens the stability of the national economy. In addition, it is important that such manifestations of corruption greatly undermine the authority of the state among citizens, they cease to trust their rulers, therefore, they lose interest in politics, because they believe that absolutely nothing depends on them, that elections are bought, medicines are bought too much. expensive, laws are not passed in the interests of society, but in the interests of individuals and groups of people.

It’s even hard for me to imagine how this kind of corruption can be fought, because when even those people who should help us, who should fight against corruption, themselves take bribes everywhere - how can they write a law that can eliminate their bribes, and eliminate them themselves in this way. If ministers take bribes, if President Yeltsin had an account of about $50 million in a foreign bank by the end of his reign, what can we talk about, with whom can we argue, and where, in whom can we see help?

2.2 Grassroots corruption

Grassroots corruption has a number of significant differences from top corruption: it is, as a rule, bureaucratic rather than political corruption, in addition, it does not affect other subjects, that is, only two persons are involved in a bribe and the consequences may also affect these people. The consequences are often insignificant in the short term.

Sociological studies showing that 98% of motorists at least once in their lives gave a bribe to a traffic police inspector, speak not only of the high degree of corruption in this service. The data testify to the widest corruption of public consciousness, to the fact that grassroots corruption has been introduced into public practice.

The attractiveness of grassroots corruption is that, with minimal risk for both parties, it has a specific value not only for the recipient (or extortionist) of the bribe, but also for the bribe giver. A bribe helps to solve constantly arising everyday problems; it also serves as a small price to pay for the constant possibility of minor violations of laws and regulations. Large-scale grassroots corruption is extremely dangerous because, firstly, it creates a favorable psychological background for the existence of other forms of corruption and, secondly, it breeds vertical corruption. The latter is the source material for the formation of organized corruption structures and communities.

Grassroots corruption in Russia occurs almost everywhere where an ordinary citizen is faced with the need to turn to the state, or, conversely, the state considers it appropriate to disturb a citizen.

There are several basic forms of grassroots corruption, and by far the most common, well-known, ubiquitous, simplest and most understandable of them is a bribe or offering.

A bribe is considered both monetary and other benefits (gifts, study trips, benefits, etc.) that an official receives for violating his official duties. The difference between an offering and a bribe is that in the case of an offering, the official who received the favor does (or does not do) an act that is permitted by law, while in the case of a bribe, he commits an illegal act. A bribe / offering is given both in order to speed up certain processes, and in order to obtain information, a service that would otherwise remain

inaccessible, or in order to prevent the consequences of an act (for example, loss of rights).

Of course, this can also include the banal giving of a bribe to a traffic police officer, or a police officer, or giving a bribe to quickly obtain a certificate, receipt, and more serious bribes - when entering a university, when deferring from the army. In my opinion, although this form of bribe is not a terrible evil, there is still a certain threat in it: a person gets used to bribery, which means that if he was able to give 100 rubles, then later he will be able to make a larger offering. Of course, not only, but not entirely citizens are to blame here, the system that allows such a situation is to blame here.

Grassroots corruption can manifest itself in the following areas of people's lives and commercial activities: first of all, this is the housing and communal sector, as sociological surveys of the Russian population show, they are perceived as the most corrupt. It would seem that the emergence of a housing market should lead to a decrease in corruption in this area. However, its rootedness here is extremely strong. This is a prime example of how measures alone to eliminate the economic conditions of corruption may not be enough to combat it.

Law enforcement agencies, and especially the police, are in second place. Recently, among those held accountable for corruption, one quarter are law enforcement officials. As already mentioned, the most significant contribution to this high result is made by the traffic police. In addition to roads, citizens often engage in corrupt relations with law enforcement agencies in the issuance of driver's licenses, permits to possess firearms, and in other similar cases.

In addition to all of the above, this can also include such a form of grassroots corruption as nepotism, that is, corrupt actions associated with the admission of relatives or in-laws to senior positions in large firms. This also includes a more serious type of corruption - money laundering, in which huge amounts are transferred to the accounts of foreign banks in order to hide from taxes, in order to cover up the traces of crimes. Money laundering, it would seem, is not directly related to corruption, however, if you think about it, it becomes clear that money obtained illegally (otherwise, why “launder” it?) is always associated with bribes.

Another, very important, often absolutely closed for examination, is such a form of bribe as "kickback". The point is that here

bribery occurs without the participation of any state bodies, between employees of firms. For example, a company, or rather a member of this organization participating in a transaction, is ready to pay a partner for a product more money than required, while part of the income will go to the supplier of the goods, and the other part to the party - the buyer. Neither side actually loses, everyone remains in the "plus", and there is simply no need to talk about this to the leadership or the state.

I must say that despite the much more modest amounts of bribes in bureaucratic corruption, people who give them are held accountable much more often. So, you can name a lot of small cases, when for a bribe on the road of 50-1000 rubles, people had to bear, though well-deserved, but unjustified punishment. The story of a motorist that happened a few years ago is very famous; a man was sentenced to several years in prison for giving a bribe on the road, while thousands of law enforcement officers remain completely unpunished.

At the present stage, the most important thing is that people are gradually beginning to understand that the problem can be solved not only with the help of a bribe. That is, now the main task of society is that you just need to stop giving bribes. Theoretically, this is quite possible. Of course, corruption is a very large-scale phenomenon, and it will take many years to eradicate it, but consciousness must constantly change for the better.

3. Consequences of corruption

Corruption in Russia, and not only in Russia, permeates all layers of society: authorities, entrepreneurs, public organizations, thereby bearing negative consequences for both society and the state as a whole.

It inflicts the most tangible blows on the economic security of the country. As a result of the venality of officials, their unscrupulous performance of their official duties, the shadow economy (criminal and semi-legal) provides almost 40 percent of the entire gross domestic product. More than 9 million Russians are involved in the scope of its activities on a permanent basis. Corruption also leads to the fact that the competitive mechanisms of the market are violated, since often the winner is not the one who is competitive, but the one who was able to get advantages for bribes. As a result, the efficiency of the market decreases and the idea of ​​market competition is discredited.

Corruption has given rise to a massive increase in organized crime. According to the estimates of the Russian Interior Ministry, organized crime controls almost half of private firms, every third state-owned enterprise, from 50 to 85 percent of banks. Virtually no sector of the economy is immune from its impact.

Corruption leads to the most serious consequences during the electoral and budgetary processes. Political corruption begins with elections, corruption during elections leads to distrust of the authorities (both elected and hired, who follow the example of people's deputies) and to discredit the institution of elections as a general democratic value. Corruption in the budget process leads both to the theft of budget money and to the loss of the country's attractiveness for domestic and foreign investors.

As for the social sphere, here the results of corruption can be called: the growth of property inequality, because corruption spurs unfair and unjust redistribution of funds in favor of narrow oligarchic groups at the expense of the most vulnerable sections of society and an increase in social tension in society, hitting the economy and threatening political stability in the country.

4. Fight against corruption

The means of combating corruption are mainly divided into two types - preventive or soft methods, and reactionary or hard methods. Soft methods include, for example, training, personal policy (eg rotation) and organizational and cultural development, as well as certain control mechanisms. Harsh methods include laws and punishments. Various methods are used in the struggle of different states against corruption. Thus, television and radio broadcasts, social campaigns, training courses, information for the public, legal acts, corruption studies, information booklets, additions to laws, etc. have been developed for this purpose. In most Western European countries, laws that regulate anti-corruption activities are very similar. parts. One of the biggest fighters for punishing corrupt acts and imposing equivalent punishments for them is the anti-bribery working group. Their purpose is to ensure that a bribe-taker does not go unpunished in one state if the penalties in a neighboring state are very severe. They are also trying to ensure that similar requirements apply for officials in all allied states.

There is no clear position on which of the methods of combating corruption is the most effective. The same methods do not have to be suitable for different cultures. At the same time, it is well known that the freedom of the media, the availability of necessary information, etc. are prerequisites for reducing corruption.

It should be noted that there are several models of corruption in the state, these are Asian, African, Latin American models. Clearly, Russia does not yet fall under either of the models described above, or any combination of them. This means that corruption in Russia has not yet become systemic. The chance has not been lost yet.

Russia's problem in the fight against corruption may lie in the fact that we are fighting not with the causes of bribery, but with its consequences, trying to patch this or that hole in the legislation and in society. We do not look at the root of the problem, we do not solve the problem systematically, totally, everywhere, although only such an approach could bring us benefits, benefits and results. What do we need to do to eliminate this evil. Perhaps the will of the government is needed, which has not yet been observed.

As organizational measures - the creation of specific structures, the exclusion of their departmental and administrative-territorial fragmentation, the provision of powerful legal protection for law enforcement officials, material equipment, taking into account the latest achievements of science and technology.

In order to improve the operational-search and criminal procedural legislation in order to increase the effectiveness of the fight against corruption in the process of lawmaking, it is necessary to take into account a number of provisions of fundamental importance. First, unreasonable restrictions on the rights and freedoms of citizens, and even more so their violation, cannot be allowed. Secondly, legal regulation should be systemic and cover the phenomenon under consideration in general. Thirdly, the state and society must be ready to consciously incur significant material costs in the fight against corruption.

Legislation aimed at preventing corruption as a criminal phenomenon should be based not only on fixing increasingly stringent measures of responsibility, but first of all on a clear limitation and impossibility of state authorities and their employees to carry out or have any relation to any economic activity. I mean precisely economic, and not specifically entrepreneurial activity, since any relation to economic activity gives rise to the temptation of an official to use his position for "commercial" purposes.

Powerful state and commercial activities for the provision of services and profit-making cannot be combined in one person, should not be carried out by one organization. Even with maximum control and no obvious abuse, this combination of two different activities deforms each of them. At present, it is clearly seen that engaging in both economic activity and the implementation of public administration functions serves as a provocative factor, creating favorable conditions for the abuse of power and the penetration of corruption into the state apparatus. The body of state power, exercising the function assigned to it, should be guided only by the state interests. No other interests or motives should influence this activity.

Thus, in order to prevent corruption in the system of public authorities, legislation should be guided by two fundamental rules:

1) state bodies and local self-government bodies should not receive income or derive other benefits for themselves from the exercise of power;

2) they also should not carry out, along with powers of authority, any other activity aimed at extracting income for themselves or obtaining other benefits.

The first normative act designed to regulate the fight against corruption in Russia was the Decree of the President of April 4, 1992 N 361 "On the fight against corruption in the system of public service bodies"

This decree, before the adoption of the "Law on Civil Service in the Russian Federation" and before the adoption of other regulations designed to regulate the fight against corruption, despite its small volume, established the basic principles for protecting the activities of state officials from corruption.

engage in entrepreneurial activities;

provide any assistance not provided for by law to individuals and legal entities using their official position;

perform other paid work (except for scientific, teaching and creative activities);

be a member of economic societies and partnerships.

2. Establishment for civil servants of the mandatory submission of a declaration of income, movable and immovable property, deposits in banks and securities.

Violation of these requirements entails dismissal from the position held and other liability in accordance with applicable law.

The Decree of the President of Russia "On the fight against corruption in the public service system, despite its timeliness and importance, is not without known defects (narrowness of the range of issues to be resolved, insufficient elaboration in terms of legal technique, etc.). The absence of a well-developed mechanism for implementing the Decree and monitoring its implementation creates serious obstacles to the effective application of both the decree itself and the entire meager anti-corruption legislation.

The Law on Corruption has not yet been adopted, the draft of which was rejected several times by the President. It is in this law that a definition of a qualitatively new offense is given - an offense related to corruption.

So, an offense related to corruption is an unlawful act committed by a person who ensures the execution of the powers of a state body or the powers of a local self-government body, or by a person equated to him, which consists in illegally obtaining material benefits and advantages using his official position or the status of a body (institution) ), in which it replaces a public position of the Russian Federation, a public position of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, an elected municipal position, a position of a state or municipal service, or the status of other bodies (institutions).

The difficulty that the State Duma faces in adopting this legislative act is quite understandable. Despite the severity of this problem in Russia, not a single law in Russia, except for the Criminal Code, can establish the criminality of an act, in other words, not a single normative act can determine which acts are considered criminal and which are not. The same can be said about property liability, which is intended to be regulated by the civil code. Some norms established by the Law are at odds with that huge mass of laws and other normative acts, which at the moment constitutes the existing system of law. Unfortunately, the norms of the Law, which allow to more or less adequately regulate the fight against corruption at the present time, inevitably run counter to and contradict the existing legislation, and, therefore, if the Law is adopted, destabilize the system of law already torn apart by various interests. First of all, it is necessary to check all laws for corruption capacity, that is, whether this law can be used to receive a bribe. Here, for sure, many lobbies - laws will come up.

It is wrong to believe that the judiciary is to blame for this problem. Many believe that it is impossible to win a case against a major official. Statistics show that 68% of complaints against state bodies and officials are satisfied by the judicial system. However, in general, lawsuits are filed by owners of medium and large businesses, where the administrative system has already been established and worked out.

To date, there are 3 anti-corruption strategies:

1. Public awareness of the dangers of corruption and its consequences

2. Prevention and prevention of corruption

3. Rule of law and protection of citizens' rights.

There are foundations without which corruption cannot be defeated. First, in the absence of independent media, it is pointless to fight it, because no corrupt government without external public control will be able to remake itself. The media should constantly heat up this problem, keep it in sight, show that the state is fighting corruption, thanks to this there will be a slow, gradual education in this area, young people will realize that bribery in Russia is stopped in the bud, and the level of corruption will gradually begin to fall .

If you suppress the independent press and at the same time proclaim a policy of purity in your ranks, you are deceiving the voters. The second basis is the transparency of power. Power must be open, if society is not aware of the decision-making mechanisms, this increases the level of corruption. And the third indispensable condition is fair political competition in the elections. If the government destroys fair political competition, then it is again subject to corruption.

Conclusion

In order for the level of corruption in our country to begin to decrease at least in small steps, we must act systematically and progressively.

· Give complete freedom of the press to other media conducting their own independent investigations.

· It is necessary to create various structures of control over the work of officials.

· Constantly improve legislation that can keep pace with the emergence of new types of offenses.

· Use a transparent banking system to pay fines and other monetary settlements.

· Do not make exceptions for anyone and impose penalties on people of any social level.

· To increase the material and social security of officials.

· Incriminate state officials in bribery - the entire population must understand that it is necessary to start by stopping giving bribes, that making profit and increasing income in the short term will result in a significant deterioration in the economic development of our country in the long term.

Bibliography

1. Kardapolova T.F., Rudenkin V.N. Political science. Training and metodology complex. Yekaterinburg UIEUIP. 2006

2. Kataev N.A. Serdyuk L.V. Corruption Ufa 1995

3. A.S. Dementiev. The state and problems of organizing the fight against corruption. Corruption and Russia: state and problems. M., Ministry of Internal Affairs, Moscow in-t. 1996, V.1, p.25.

4. Corruption: political, economic, organizational and legal problems. Ed. Luneva V.V. M., Jurist 2001

5. Citizen Valery. Corruption: will the Russians overcome it? // "Power" 12'2004

6. Zamyatina T. Russia and corruption: who wins? Echo of the Planet, 2002, No. 50

7. Satarov G.A. Warmth of sincere relations: something about corruption Social Sciences and Modernity, 2002, No. 6

8. Simonia N. Peculiarities of national corruption // Svobodnaya thought - XXI, 2001, No. 7

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December 9 is celebrated as International Anti-Corruption Day around the world. How is the fight against corruption in Russia, Pravda. Ru was told by the deputy head of the fifth department of the second operational-search unit of the economic security and anti-corruption department of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for the city of Moscow, police lieutenant colonel Vitaly Safonov.

Corruption: Methods of combating it

- Vitaly Fedorovich, with what success did your department come to the International Anti-Corruption Day? And how long has this holiday been celebrated?

- This international day is celebrated on December 9, and it was proclaimed at the UN General Assembly in 2003. On this day in 2003, the UN Anti-Corruption Convention was opened for signing, which obliges countries to declare bribery, bribery, misappropriation of public funds and money laundering as crimes.

And I must say that Russia was among the first countries to join this convention, and in the Criminal Code all these norms that were proclaimed are indicated. They are subject to criminal liability. In Russia, this holiday is not widely celebrated. It is celebrated in the form of educational work, law enforcement agencies talk about the results of this work.

Now let's talk about the successes, or it would be more correct to name the results of the work of the departments of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for the city of Moscow to combat corruption for ten months of 2016.

From January to October of the current year, the departments of the Main Directorate initiated 634 criminal cases of corruption (489 - bribery) committed in the city of Moscow, while 495 crimes have been solved to date (348 - bribery).

In criminal cases of corruption, more than two billion rubles were reimbursed to the state.

- Now nothing stands still, everything develops quite intensively. In connection with this, the actions of a criminal nature in the field of corruption have somehow changed?

“Today, there are many different multi-level schemes for committing this type of crime. Among other things, officials use affiliated legal entities, current accounts, obligations can be transferred to some other, third parties, a bribe can be disguised in the form of services. For example, transferring a car for free use, renting a car, buying a tourist package, repairing an apartment, building a summer house, providing a loan with a low interest rate, forgiving a debt or fulfilling obligations to other persons, and so on.

We are dealing with officials who, as a rule, have a higher education, many of them have a legal education. And they think that by using such schemes they can camouflage their crime. In fact, all modern schemes for obtaining illegal rewards are known to us. Moreover, we already have proven methods of documenting them, which are being improved every day, and in this work we are one step ahead. There is such a form as a bribe-gratitude, for example, that is, when an official performs some actions and thinks that some kind of gratitude received for this is not a bribe. Actually, it's a bribe. The Criminal Code provides for liability for a bribe-gratitude.

- By what indicators is your work evaluated now? What is some criterion for you?

— Today, of course, the main indicator of our work is the assessment of society. There are also internal criteria, departmental orders, in accordance with which our work is built. One of these criteria is bringing to justice the perpetrators of the crime, the inevitability of punishment and bringing all participants in the committed crime to criminal responsibility: intermediaries, those who prepared the crime, etc. Today, the emphasis in the work is on this. And if we talk about numbers, then for ten months, from January to October, 516 officials were prosecuted for corruption-related crimes.

— As a rule, when people talk about corruption, they mean bribes first of all. But there are, apparently, some other types of corruption that also make sense to talk about?

- The concept of corruption is enshrined in the 273rd federal law on combating corruption, which was adopted in 2008. Corruption is the illegal use by an individual of his official position contrary to the interests of the state and society in order to obtain a benefit of a property nature, in the form of money - any.

The concept of corruption crimes includes abuse of power, abuse of power, misuse of funds, forgery, mediation in bribery, so the circle is quite wide.

But if we are talking about a convention that Russia has joined, then in all countries there are still such concepts as protectionism, favoritism, nepotism, or, as we say in Russia, nepotism.

Also today, a “kickback”, which is an illegal secret payment made in response to a service provided, has become quite common.

The most characteristic forms of corruption also include embezzlement, as a type of embezzlement of public resources by an official through the use of granted powers for personal interests. These are all forms and varieties of corruption, which are tools for committing crimes.

In Russia, the phenomenon of getting a job that is not based on professional qualities is also common. This is when a person does not pass any selection, but is appointed to a position, he harms society and the state due to the fact that he does not have professional knowledge, skills, and hence contributes to the commission of crimes.

If we talk about the president's message in 2015, he clearly focused on the fight against corruption in his message and reflected such a phenomenon as a conflict of interest. That is, often civil servants distribute budgetary funds to their relatives, acquaintances, legal entities affiliated with this civil servant. So, in 2016, the work was aimed at preventing such facts, and all officials were required to report. If there is a government contract and this government contract is claimed by the category of persons that I mentioned, then the official must either independently make a challenge if he is involved in the distribution, or bring this information to the authorities, report that in In this situation, there is a so-called conflict of interest.

- And what are the priority areas in the field of combating corruption? Are there any pain points?

— The priority direction in anti-corruption activities has always been the identification of facts of bribery, as well as the identification of corruption crimes in the field of illegal development of budget funds.

Measures taken by operational units in the past period of 2016 revealed 304 crimes in the field of illegal development of budget funds, of which 114 crimes were related to corruption.

Also during this period, 249 crimes under Art. 290 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (taking a bribe), 240 crimes, under Art. 291 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (giving a bribe) and 45 crimes under Art. 291.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (mediation in bribery).

- After all, are crimes of a corruption nature committed more often by individuals, or can we already talk about some kind of criminal communities?

— There are two concepts: household corruption and business corruption. If we are talking about everyday corruption, then there, basically, loners commit crimes. That is, if a citizen addresses a question to an official one-on-one and solves some issue for himself, this is a crime committed by a loner.

If this is more about business corruption, that is, an official acts in the interests of a legal entity, of course, there is already an organized group that acts by prior agreement, and intermediaries. And in this regard, the amount of a bribe in this area is greater than in everyday corruption.

- Can you tell me what is the average size of a bribe in Moscow? Do you think this, as it were, "average temperature in the hospital"?

- Accounting for the amount of a bribe is mandatory, as it is a qualifying sign in determining the corpus delicti. The greater the amount of the bribe received, the more serious the crime. There is also an estimated indicator of the work of the service, we, of course, focus on it. But the amount of the bribe is still not the main thing, the social danger of the committed crime is more important.

For example, employees of the Economic Security and Anti-Corruption Department detained one of the leaders of a very large educational institution, who, for a bribe of 30 million rubles, distributed an apartment to his subordinate out of turn. And another case, when a tax inspectorate employee for a bribe of 15,000 rubles provided representatives of commercial organizations with official information about plans for on-site tax audits. As you can see, the public danger can be very high even with relatively small amounts of bribes received.

The results of the anti-corruption activities of the divisions of the head office for ten months of 2016 showed that the average amount of a bribe in Moscow is 2,784,308 rubles.

— How often do employees of regulatory bodies become a link in the corruption chain?

- The study of the materials of criminal cases initiated by the investigating authorities this year indicates that the objects traditionally affected by bribery are precisely the regulatory authorities.

The most characteristic actions performed by officials of regulatory bodies for bribes are hiding various kinds of violations committed by business entities, as well as understatement of penalties for violations identified during inspections.

Representatives of regulatory authorities use such methods of extorting bribes as artificially delaying the resolution of the issue, creating various kinds of barriers and red tape, hinting at the possibility of making a positive decision only for a certain fee, etc.

— How can society take part in the fight against corruption?

- It is no secret that the state of crime in the region and the results of the activities of the internal affairs bodies largely depend on the participation of society in anti-corruption work, on the readiness of each citizen to actively resist corrupt officials, to assist police officers in identifying and suppressing corruption offenses.

Unfortunately, the low legal awareness of citizens and the mutually beneficial nature of a corrupt deal are still the main reasons that give rise to corruption and increase the latency of this type of crime.

is a complex matter and requires a whole range of measures. One thing, such as raising salaries, as some suggest, cannot cope with corruption. If only to increase the salaries of all officials, they will not stop taking from this. Although the financial support of civil servants is important.

As the saying goes, “we don’t work for a reward, but we live on it.” There is very little chance that a hungry and impoverished official, on whom anything depends, will be honest to the end. There is always a possibility that sooner or later he will take a bribe.

Therefore, an increase in the level of payment of "sovereign people" is not the most important way to fight corruption. Rather, this is the final stage of the fight against it, moreover, at the lower “everyday” levels (inspectors, doctors, teachers, university admissions committees, etc., etc.). And those who are associated with corruption at its highest level - the state - and so the people are not poor. So there, the issue, in principle, cannot be solved by a mere increase in salaries. But it is this “non-domestic” level that is the most important and most dangerous.

I immediately agree with those who say that in order to fight corruption, laws are needed that clearly regulate everything and do not allow the boss's "discretion". What is needed is maximum transparency of the activities of state bodies, including the media. What is needed is an explanation to all of their rights and legal culture. It's like that. And little by little this is being done. Not as fast as we would like and as it should be, but still.

But... In any case, there will always be a number of areas of activity, when very important issues will be decided solely at the discretion of the relevant person, endowed with authority. To put it simply: give this one, but not this one; allow one and forbid the other; give the first, drive the second away. And so, in order to fight corruption among leaders who, by the nature of their activities, are obliged to make a sole decision, the following measures are needed.

1. Careful selection of personnel for admission to the civil service.

Now it is more or less competently done only in and when appointing judges. And you need to do this everywhere. Including using a polygraph, that is, a "lie detector". The machine is reliable if you know how to use it. With it, it is easier to understand why a person goes to power. Serve or Profit.

By the way, here is another interesting question regarding the selection (and at the same time the causes and origins of corruption). What did the future officials finish and how did they study?

- If schoolchildren pay teachers for passing the exam;

- if they then give huge bribes for entering a university (or spending this money officially - studying at "commercial" departments);

Then, having thus received an education, will such officials honestly and disinterestedly serve the people? This also needs to be thought about.

2. Control over the expenses of officials.

This is one of the most important means of fighting corruption. And it should work in such a way that it makes no sense to take it. Because it is impossible to spend illegally obtained money imperceptibly. This requires not only an annual declaration of income and property (both one’s own and relatives, including those that go beyond “relatives”, i.e. not only spouse, parents, children, but also brothers and sisters , grandparents, grandparents, uncles, aunts, nephews and their spouses), but also careful control over the reliability of these declarations. Comparison of amounts and sources of income, with expenses and an increase in the property of officials and their relatives. How proportionate are they? Declaration of income and property is still in place, but examination reliability of declarations is absent.

When verifying the data and figures, it is also important to establish the actual ownership and use of the property. Such a phenomenon as the registration of transport and real estate on other persons is a common phenomenon. Therefore, any civil servant who drives an expensive car by proxy or lives in a mansion registered in the name of another person should always be able to demand an explanation. What kind of good people gave him all this and why are they so generous?

In the absence of clear explanations - dismissal immediately and without options. And at the same time confiscation of property. Fortunately, Article 20 of the UN Vienna Convention of October 31, 2003 allows this.

Only we do not yet have a mechanism for implementing such an action - some people are blocking the adoption of relevant laws. And why this is done is understandable. This rule criminalizes illicit enrichment, that is, a significant increase in the assets of a public official in excess of his legal income, which he cannot reasonably justify.

Thus, property, the legitimacy of the acquisition, which the official cannot prove, will be recognized as criminally acquired, which will entail its confiscation. Can you imagine how many houses on Rublyovka and apartments on Tverskaya will go to the state? And as for cars - in general, a whole fleet of vehicles will be typed.

3. Legislative restriction of the rights of civil servants to all sorts of inviolability and personal secrets.

This is necessary to simplify the activities of the bodies carrying out operational-search activities, so that they can easily check the personal connections of officials, as well as control their telephone conversations and other types of communication.

When appointed to a position, each candidate must immediately be explained that privacy and secrecy of correspondence and negotiations no longer apply to you. You are warned that your home, transport, cottage, etc. at any time can be listened to, as well as your telephone conversations, and e-mail, etc. And to complete the picture - and the annual polygraph test, already mentioned.

In addition, you are forbidden to communicate with dubious personalities during off-duty hours, and if the surveillance service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the FSB, etc. he will see it - you will be in big trouble. By the way, such bans are slowly appearing. For example, Article 6 of the “Judge's Code of Honor” – a judge must avoid any personal relationships that could damage his reputation, affect his honor and dignity.

Less roam the devil knows with whom, for all sorts of presentations, casinos, baths and expensive taverns. In such a situation, it will be much more difficult for unscrupulous persons to do dark deeds and “solve issues”, and it will be easier for law enforcement agencies to expose them.

No matter how the midfielders of human rights yell and no matter how pouting all those affected, this must be done. And the sooner the better. For all liberals and other connoisseurs of freedom who will shout that human rights and the Constitution are being violated, it will be necessary to explain that even the Constitution of the Russian Federation (part 2 of article 23) provides for the possibility of restricting such rights of a citizen on the basis of a court decision.

It is not necessary to violate the Constitution, on the contrary, this document must be respected. So it is necessary to make sure that the court decision in this case would be issued upon appointment of a person to a position and for the entire term of his office. If you retire, then you will have the secret of correspondence, conversations, negotiations, etc. In the meantime, serve - sorry, you have to endure. It is unpleasant, of course, to always be “under the hood”, but if you serve honestly, then there is nothing to hide and be afraid of.

Trust in a civil servant must be absolute. Cleanliness and reliability always and everywhere. Like a surgical scalpel. If there are suspicions that a microbe has got on it, it will have to be treated with fire and boiling water for anyone, without options, without finding out if this is true or not, only doubts. Better to be overdressed than underdressed. If you don't like it, leave the service. This is a voluntary matter, no one pulls into the state service by force

4. And, finally, the most unpleasant, but necessary way is prevention.

It should be carried out not only on the facts of already committed crimes, which are quite difficult to identify, and sometimes impossible to prove at all, but also be proactive, by identifying potential bribe-takers.

To do this, it is periodically necessary to conduct operational experiments, during which, under video or radio control, offer bribes to officials (of any level and in any departments). By the way, and not only bribes, in the classical sense of the word. It's no secret that this type is very common, according to the principle - "you to me, I to you". That is, for a request to do something, nothing can be offered from material goods. But it is implied that the official who has “friended” another person with something can always turn to him for his “solution of the issue”. But this is generally almost elusive and unprovable. And the harm from this is no less than with a classic bribe.

Thus, in the Law "On the system of public service" dated May 27, 2003 N 58-FZ it is necessary to enter the norm, according to which every civil servant is obliged to report to his superior about every attempt to give a bribe and about offers and requests to assist in anything illegal.

By the way, the prosecutor's office already has such an order of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation, issued in 2009. However they forgot to provide a mechanism for its implementation and verification of execution.

Having made a “provocation”, having proposed, you need to watch how the official will act. If you immediately (well, or within a certain time) wrote the appropriate report - well done. (True, he does not need to talk about this, so that the meaning of the whole action is not lost).

I didn’t report within a day or two: goodbye, or rather goodbye, because upon dismissal on such a basis, it should be automatically entered lifetime ban to occupy any public office!

Well, and even if he started doing something, fulfilling an illegal order, it’s easy to bring them to criminal responsibility.

In order for all this not to be reduced to a formal event (and it often happens with us, what is done for a stick, for show), it is necessary to involve in the operational experiment not only citizens, from among volunteers, but also close colleagues and representatives of commercial structures, with whom the official has to deal in the service.

To do this, in the same law on public service, as well as in laws regulating entrepreneurial activity, it is necessary to introduce rules according to which participation in operational experiments to identify potential bribe-takers is the responsibility of every civil servant and entrepreneur. Refusal of this is the basis for dismissal from the service, or a ban on entrepreneurial activity (or liquidation of a legal entity). But an attempt to warn about the check is already a criminal liability.

By the way, such an experiment can and should be carried out in the reverse order, that is, to puzzle someone to offer a bribe, and check whether it will run to warn that an operational experiment is underway. Well, as they say, with all the consequences .... For such rottenness among civil servants is not necessary.

It will be hard, unpleasant, there will be a lot of noise-howling among officials at all levels, but this must be done. And will have to. Nothing else can win. Everyone who holds any position should know that if he does not report an attempt to give a bribe, he will be fired. It is useless to be offended by comrades who will provoke him, because he himself will do the same in relation to them - or, again, will be fired. Nothing personal - such a service. And the official himself, accordingly, will be afraid to ask questions like: “Do you have any acquaintances there?”, “Is it possible to solve the problem?” or “Could you help?” In a year, two, three, such questions will disappear, along with the people who ask them.

Of course, random persons will also fall under the distribution, who never took it, but did not report an attempt to give it or warned about the test out of the kindness of their hearts, but this is not a reason to do nothing. Will have to come to terms with this.

After all, this is how the fight against the drug trade is now being waged. There are situations when, as they say, "the whole house knows that they sell drugs in that apartment, but the police do nothing." Outraged citizens constantly come to my appointment with such complaints. And we have to explain that nothing is being done because it is possible to prove the guilt of a drug dealer in court only by catching him “by the hand”. Even if all the tenants of the house testify that there is such and such a drug den in the apartment, this is not proof. Alas. For this, “test purchases” are carried out.

They find a person who is ready to participate in a test purchase, as a rule, from among drug addicts. They give him marked money, they search it before starting to make sure and record that he has nothing with him, and go ahead. When he returns, they search again and seize the purchased drugs. And then they break into the apartment and search it. Find marked money and intended for sale. They go for an examination, and if it confirms that these are really drugs, the case can be sent to court. That's it, and nothing else.

Corruption will have to be dealt with in the same way.. Otherwise, she is invincible. Every official should be afraid to take. And every giver should be afraid to give, because he will know that every attempt to give will be reported, and there will be a criminal case against the giver.

The stick and the carrot are old and well-tested methods. For honest work, an official must be given a good salary, a pension and some benefits, for bribes, the prospect of losing not only his job, but, accordingly, his salary, pensions and benefits, but also freedom, and maybe life. I'm for the death penalty for malfeasance and not just officials.

There is a positive example of such measures in our history. In the USSR, during the reign of I.V. Stalin, was defeated even in the Asian and Caucasian republics. Where to give baksheesh, it was taken for granted. By the way, it was the scope of corruption that made me take an objective look at the personality and activities of Joseph Vissarionovich. I confess, I am a sinner, I also succumbed to liberal propaganda at one time, which told about “millions” of those who were shot and “tens of millions” of those imprisoned. And then, having fought corruption on duty, first as an assistant to the district prosecutor for police supervision, then as an investigator of the prosecutor's office, and now as a public prosecutor in court (first in the district, then in the regional, including in the jury) - there has been a rethink.

What I had to deal with made me think: is it true what they say about Stalin? If now we pay tribute to every covetous person who took even a penny of a bribe, even a dollar "kickback" or appropriated, sawed, sawed off state property, then how many officials will remain at large? Yes, the 37th year will seem like a childish slit, and