Acquaintance with the heroes that were the first to dare to challenge the elements, I owe to my grandfather. He spent more than thirty years at sea, but preferred to talk not about his work, but about the brave discoverers who plowed the vast expanses long before his birth.

The roots of the great geographical discoveries

Why was it necessary to look for this route to India? Why was it necessary to swim in an incomprehensible place? To understand where this need arose, it is necessary to go back in time and consider communication routes of ancient civilizations of Eurasia.

First of all, I'm talking about those extremities:

• European civilization ();
• Han;

The communication of the first two, as far as I know, began by means of Silk Road in the second century BC. The second significant trade route - spice road,connecting India and Europe.

The reader who did not skip history lessons at school may already have guessed where I am leading. In the seventh to eighth century AD Arab conquests cut off European civilization from the routes described above, which brings Europe into the so-called dark ages. A few centuries later, the Arabs are turning from aggressive conquerors into settled traders, and it seems that life is getting better. Or not getting better, in the 15th century begins its capture of post-Mongolian state entities Timurid Empire, around the same time, the Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople, Europe starts to choke again.

However, this time the European civilization is well informed about the outside world, and also has access to Arabic astronomy and a compass. Appears idea to find a workaround first to black africa, and if you're lucky, then and to the much-desired India.

Magellan's motivation and the first circumnavigation of the world

Of all the figures of this era, I was most struck by the feat of one person, we are talking about Fernand Magellane, whose expedition circumnavigated the globe, having made the first circumnavigation of the world in human history.

Magellan was on Portuguese service, but fell into disgrace and decided to offer their services Catholic kings(name of the government of the union of Aragon and Castile). Fernand offers sail to India from the west and thereby impale the system (a loophole in what is really located to the west of the demarcation line). The Spanish leadership approves the expedition and even agrees to appoint an ambitious navigator as governor of the largest of the discovered islands.

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As a child, I had an interesting book - "Encyclopedia of Geographical Discoveries". That's where I read all the details first circumnavigation and I'll add a few facts.

First trip around the world

Almost 500 years ago to the port Spain ship arrived with only 18 people. These people changed the course of history by doing the unthinkable at the time - trip around the world. During the voyage, it was crossed 3 oceans, new trade routes appeared, and most importantly, information was received on the actual size of our planet. Despite the awareness of the expedition, there are still unknown facts.

Commercial purposes

In August 1519 guided only by your intuition, Magellan led an expedition of 5 ships. The goal is not the desire to circumnavigate the globe. As with most expeditions of the time, the main goal is the thirst for profit. Like the journey of Columbus, the expedition involved reaching the cherished shores Asia. The previously discovered continent was little studied and did not bring significant profit, which cannot be said about the Portuguese colonies in India. It was clear that - not Asia, but the cherished country of spices lies a little further. It was for these purposes that 5 ships were equipped:

• Victoria;
• Concepción;

• Santiago.

Made up name

Actually Magellan- a fictitious name. Real name - Fernand de Magalhaes, and was changed upon entering the royal service.

The hardships of circumnavigating the world

In addition to the meager diet and psychological stress, the team members experienced a sense of fear. Even the sky above their heads looked different, and the devout sailors wondered Southern Cross and a cluster of several bright stars surrounded by strange clouds. Nowadays, these clusters are known as the nearest galaxies, and nebulae - magellanic clouds.

Disappointment

Shortly before his death, Magellan was disappointed: such coveted shores of spices ended up in Portuguese hemisphere. It's all about the deal between Spain and Portugal according to which the world was divided into two hemispheres. Everything that extended west of the 49th meridian fell into the dominion of Spain, the eastern part retreated to the eternal enemy - Portugal.

Fernand knew perfectly well what this ultimately meant. After all, all the values ​​were on Spanish side, which means that the whole undertaking was undertaken in vain, and in fact he deceived the king. Much larger than he expected, the size of the globe, could not stop him, but played a cruel joke.

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The first trip around the world was made by Ferdinand Magellan. The journey started on September 20, 1519 and ended on September 6, 1522. It involved five ships with a crew of about 280 people. But as a result of civil strife, conflicts and skirmishes, only 18 people returned to Spain on board one ship - the Victoria.

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Everyone must have watched or read Jules Verne and his immortal “ Around the world in 80 days? Who cares, but I wanted to catch up and overtake this record until the burning sensation in my heels! With a modern transport system, this task can be completed in a couple of days. What was it like for the first travelers? how the first circumnavigation of the world? The textbook about this was boring and small, so I had to rely on my own strength.

Who pioneered the world tour

The pioneer in this endeavor was Spaniard Ferdinand Magellan with his fleet. Of the five ships released on September 20, 1519 from Sanlúcar de Barrameda only Victoria is back to Spain on September 6, 1522. Magellan himself also did not return, killed in a skirmish near the island of Cebu. Completed the route tocaptain of the Victoria Juan Sebastian Elcano, therefore, the laurels of the first circumnavigation can be safely divided into two.

The composition of the flotilla:

• Trinidad;
• Santiago;
• San Antonio;
• Concepción;
• Victoria.

Why was it necessary

Like Columbus, many wanted find a western route to Asia. In addition, through Isthmus of Panama it was clear that America was not the end of the world and there were plenty of prospects for searching. Yes and economic incentive to do without intermediaries in the spice trade is not the last reason. So to The Ukrainians of Europe took an active part in the preparation of the expedition. by the king Magellan and Phaler(companion astronomer) were promised and shares in income from the expedition, and governorship in new lands, and even ownership of part of the new islands.

Route

The flotilla passed along west coast of africa, having wintered in b ukhte San Julian (Argentina), having survived several riots due to distrust, fatigue and lack of food, having lost the Santiago, found the same Prole in the southern part of the South American continent named after Magellan. Already as part of 3 ships (the rebellious San Antonio went back to Spain), the expedition crossed the strait in 38 days.

Almost 4 months took their way to the Marianas. This size of the ocean turned out to be unexpectedly large even for experienced sailors.

On one of the Visayas, Mactan, in conflict with local forces, Magellan was killed.

A few months later, dilapidated ships, already without "Concepcion" abandoned and burned by the crew, reached Molluk Islands, where "Trinidad" was arrested on orders Portuguese kingI.

Team only "Victoria", rounding Africa managed to finish what he started.

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I remember that in my school years I was a fairly well-read child, I was interested in history and geography (and where did I turn the wrong way?). I never pretended to be a know-it-all, but I periodically had disputes with a geographer about different points of view, and somehow she categorically refused to take seriously the hypotheses of eminent scientists from the lips of a seventh grader ...

Seeing a question about first trip around the world, I wiped a stingy nostalgic tear and climbed to refresh my knowledge in Google. Well, now I can tell you who this brave navigator really was.

First round the world expedition

It is believed that first circumnavigation of the world (1519-1522) committed Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese navigator who was going to reach Asia by sailing west and at the same time find a new way to spice islands for the Spaniards.

The journey itself can be divided into several stages:

And exactly Elcano the Spanish king recognized the person who completed the first circumnavigation of the world, a notMagellan. Why? Because he is just did not live to see the end of the expedition. It was a harsh 16th century: Magellan was followed west by almost 300 people on five ships, but only returned 18 .

"Slave Traveler"

Enrique de Malaca born on the island Sumatra, but soon was taken prisoner Portuguese and then ransomed by Ferdinand Magellan. During the trip, he was on the ship something like an interpreter, and after the death of the owner, when the ships stopped at one of Philippine Islands, escaped and soon returned to Sumatra. Perhaps he was the one. the first person in history to circumnavigate the globe.

Travels of Zheng He

I also want to mention one curious assumption of the writer and former submariner Gavin Menzies. He also claims that in the 15th century the first circumnavigation of the world made by the Chinese admiral Zheng He, and takes as an argument old maps found in China, which, among other things, bear

CIRCUITS AND TRAVELING, expeditions around the Earth, during which all the meridians or parallels of the Earth are crossed. Round-the-world voyages passed (in different sequences) through the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans, were made initially in search of new lands and trade routes, which led to the Great geographical discoveries. The first circumnavigation of the world in history was made by a Spanish expedition in 1519-22 led by F. Magellan in search of a direct western route from Europe to the West Indies (where the Spaniards went for spices) under the command of six successive captains (the last - J. S. Elcano) . As a result of this most important navigation in the history of geographical discoveries, a giant water area called the Pacific Ocean was revealed, the unity of the World Ocean was proved, the hypothesis of the predominance of land over water was questioned, the theory of the sphericity of the Earth was confirmed, irrefutable data appeared to determine its true size, the idea arose of the need for an international date line. Despite the death of Magellan in this voyage, it is he who should be considered the first navigator around the world. The second round-the-world voyage was carried out by the English pirate F. Drake (1577-80), and the third - by the English pirate T. Cavendish (1586-88); they penetrated through the Strait of Magellan into the Pacific Ocean to plunder Spanish-American port cities and capture Spanish ships. Drake became the first captain to complete a full circumnavigation of the world. The fourth round-the-world voyage (again through the Strait of Magellan) was carried out by the Dutch expedition of O. van Noort (1598-1601). The Dutch expedition of J. Lemer - V. Schouten (1615-17), equipped by competing compatriot merchants to eliminate the monopoly of the Netherlands East India Company, paved a new route around the Cape Horn discovered by it, but the company's agents seized their ship off the Moluccas, and the survivors sailors (including Schouten) completed their circumnavigation already as prisoners on her ships. Of the three round-the-world voyages of the English navigator W. Dampier, the most significant is the first, which he performed on different ships with long breaks in 1679-91, collecting materials that made it possible to consider him one of the founders of oceanography.

In the 2nd half of the 18th century, when the struggle for the seizure of new lands intensified, Great Britain and France sent a number of expeditions to the Pacific Ocean, including the first French expedition around the world under the leadership of L. A. de Bougainville (1766-69), which discovered in Oceania a number of islands; among the participants of this expedition was J. Bare - the first woman to circumnavigate the world. These voyages proved, though not completely, that in the Pacific Ocean, between the parallels 50° north latitude and 60° south latitude, east of the Asian archipelagos, New Guinea and Australia, there are no large land masses other than New Zealand. The English navigator S. Wallis, in his circumnavigation of 1766-68, for the first time, using a new method of calculating longitudes, quite accurately determined the position of the island of Tahiti, several islands and atolls in the western and central parts of the Pacific Ocean. The English navigator J. Cook achieved the greatest geographical results in three round-the-world voyages.

In the 19th century, hundreds of round-the-world voyages were made for commercial, fishing and purely scientific purposes, and discoveries were continued in the Southern Hemisphere. In the first half of the 19th century, the Russian sailing fleet played an outstanding role; during the first round-the-world voyage made on the sloops "Nadezhda" and "Neva" by I. F. Kruzenshtern and Yu. Dozens of other Russian round-the-world voyages that followed connected St. Petersburg with the Far East and Russian possessions in North America by a relatively cheap sea route, and strengthened Russian positions in the North Pacific Ocean. Russian expeditions made a major contribution to the development of oceanography and discovered many islands; O. E. Kotzebue during his second circumnavigation (1815-18) was the first to make a correct assumption about the origin of coral islands. The expedition of F. F. Bellingshausen and M. P. Lazarev (1819-21) on the sloops "Vostok" and "Mirny" on January 16, February 5 and 6, 1820 almost came close to the coast of the hitherto mythical South Earth - Antarctica (now the Coast Princess Martha and Princess Astrid Coast), revealed an arc-shaped underwater ridge 4800 km long, mapped 29 islands.

In the 2nd half of the 19th century, when sailing ships were supplanted by steamships and the main discoveries of new lands were completed, three round-the-world voyages took place, which made a great contribution to the study of the topography of the ocean floor. The British expedition of 1872-76 on the Challenger corvette (captains J. S. Nares and F. T. Thomson, who succeeded him in 1874) discovered a number of basins in the Atlantic Ocean, the Puerto Rico trench, and underwater ridges around Antarctica; in the Pacific Ocean, the first determinations of depths were made in a number of underwater basins, underwater uplifts and hills were identified, the Mariana Trench. The German expedition of 1874-76 on the military corvette "Gazelle" (commander G. von Schleinitz) continued to discover bottom relief elements and measure depths in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. The Russian expedition of 1886-89 on the Vityaz corvette (commander S. O. Makarov) for the first time revealed the main laws of the general circulation of surface waters in the Northern Hemisphere and discovered the existence of a “cold intermediate layer” that preserves the remnants of winter cooling in the waters of the seas and oceans.

In the 20th century, major discoveries were made during round-the-world voyages, mainly by Antarctic expeditions, which established the contours of Antarctica in general terms, including the British expedition on the ship Discovery-N under the command of D. John and W. Carey, which in 1931-33 in the South Pacific, she discovered the Chatham Rise, traced the South Pacific Ridge for almost 2,000 km, and conducted an oceanographic survey of Antarctic waters.

At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, round-the-world voyages began to be carried out for educational, sports and tourist purposes, including solo ones. The first solo circumnavigation was made by the American traveler J. Slocum (1895-98), the second by his compatriot G. Pidgeon (1921-1925), the third by the French traveler A. Gerbaud (1923-29). In 1960, the first round-the-world voyage took place on the Triton submarine (USA) under the command of Captain E. Beach. In 1966, a detachment of Soviet nuclear submarines under the command of Rear Admiral A. I. Sorokin completed the first round-the-world voyage without surfacing to the surface. In 1968-69, the first solo non-stop circumnavigation of the world was carried out on the sailing yacht Suhaili by the English captain R. Knox-Johnston. In 1976-78, the Polish traveler K. Chojnowska-Liskiewicz was the first woman to circumnavigate the world by herself on the Mazurek yacht. Great Britain was the first to introduce round-the-world single races and made them regular (since 1982). The Russian navigator and traveler F.F. Konyukhov (born in 1951) made 4 single round-the-world voyages: the 1st (1990-91) - on the Karaana yacht, the 2nd (1993-94) - on the Formosa yacht, 3rd (1998-99) - on the yacht "Modern Humanitarian University", participating in the international sailing race "Around the World - Alone", 4th (2004-05) - on the yacht "Scarlet Sails". The first round-the-world voyage of the Russian training sailboat Kruzenshtern in 1995-1996 was timed to coincide with the 300th anniversary of the Russian fleet.

The first round-the-world trip from west to east was made by P. Teixeira (Portugal) in 1586-1601, circumnavigating the Earth on ships and on foot. The second in 1785-1788 was made by the French traveler J. B. Lesseps, the only surviving member of the expedition of J. La Perouse. In the last third of the 19th century, after the publication of J. Verne's novel Around the World in 80 Days (1872), round-the-world travel in record time became widespread. In 1889-90, the American journalist N. Bly circumnavigated the Earth in 72 days; in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, this record was repeatedly improved. In the 2nd half of the 20th century, round-the-world voyages and travels no longer seemed something exotic, latitudinal ones were added to them. In 1979-82, for the first time in the history of mankind, R. Fiennes and C. Burton (Great Britain) made a round-the-world trip along the Greenwich meridian with relatively short deviations to the east and west through both poles of the planet (by ships, cars, motor narts, motor boats and on foot) . Travelers contributed to the geographical study of Antarctica. In 1911-13, the Russian athlete A. Pankratov made the first ever round-the-world trip on a bicycle. The first round-the-world flight in the history of aeronautics belongs to the German airship "Graf Zeppelin" under the command of G. Eckener: in 1929, in 21 days, he overcame about 31.4 thousand km with three intermediate landings. In 1949, the American B-50 bomber (commanded by Captain J. Gallagher) made the first non-stop round-the-world flight (with in-flight refueling). The first space flight around the Earth in the history of mankind was performed in 1961 by the Soviet cosmonaut Yu. A. Gagarin on the Vostok spacecraft. In 1986, the British crew made the first round-the-world flight in an airplane without refueling in the history of aviation (D. Rutan and J. Yeager). Husbands Kate and David Grant (Great Britain) with their three children traveled around the world in a van drawn by a pair of horses. They left the Orkney Islands (Great Britain) in 1990, crossed the oceans, countries of Europe, Asia and North America, and in 1997 returned to their homeland. A horseback round-the-world trip in 1992-98 was made by Russian travelers P.F. Plonin and N.K. Davidovsky. In 1999-2002, V. A. Shanin (Russia) traveled around the world in passing cars, airplanes, cargo ships. In a balloon, S. Fossett (USA) first flew around the Earth alone in 2002, and in 2005 he made the first solo round-the-world non-stop flight in an airplane without refueling in the history of aviation.

Lit .: Ivashintsov N. A. Russian travels around the world from 1803 to 1849, St. Petersburg, 1872; Baker J. History of geographical discoveries and research. M., 1950; Russian sailors. [Sat. Art.]. M., 1953; Zubov N. N. Domestic navigators - explorers of the seas and oceans. M., 1954; Urbanchik A. Alone across the ocean: One hundred years of solo navigation. M., 1974; Magidovich IP, Magidovich VI Essays on the history of geographical discoveries. 3rd ed. M., 1983-1986. T. 2-5; Fiennes R. Around the world along the meridian. M., 1992; Blon J. The great hour of the oceans. M., 1993. T. 1-2; Slocum J. One under sail around the world. M., 2002; Pigafetta A. Journey of Magellan. M., 2009.

The discoveries of Russian travelers are amazing. Let us give, in chronological order, brief descriptions of the seven most significant round-the-world trips of our compatriots.

The first Russian round-the-world trip - Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky's round-the-world expedition

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern and Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky were combat Russian sailors: both in 1788-1790. participated in four battles against the Swedes. The voyage of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky is the beginning of a new era in the history of Russian navigation.

The expedition started from Kronstadt on July 26 (August 7), 1803 under the leadership of Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, who was 32 years old. The expedition included:

• Three-masted sloop Nadezhda. The total team size is 65 people. Commander - Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern.
• Three-masted sloop "Neva". The total number of the ship's crew is 54 people. Commander - Yury Fedorovich Lisyansky.

The sailors were all Russians - this was Kruzenshtern's condition

In July 1806, with a difference of two weeks, the Neva and Nadezhda returned to the Kronstadt raid, making the whole trip in 3 years 12 days. Both of these sailboats, like their captains, have become world famous. The first Russian round-the-world expedition was of great scientific importance on a world scale.
As a result of the expedition, many books were published, about two dozen geographical points were named after famous captains.

On the left is Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. Right - Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky

Description of the expedition was published under the title "Journey around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships Nadezhda and Neva, under the command of Lieutenant Commander Kruzenshtern", in 3 volumes, with an atlas of 104 maps and engraved paintings, and has been translated into English, French, German, Dutch, Swedish, Italian and Danish.

And now, answering the question: "Which of the Russians was the first to circumnavigate the world?", You can easily answer.

Discovery of Antarctica - round-the-world expedition of Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev

Aivazovsky's work "Ice Mountains in Antarctica", based on the memoirs of Admiral Lazarev

In 1819, after a long and very thorough preparation, the southern polar expedition set off from Kronstadt on a long voyage, consisting of two sloops of war - Vostok and Mirny. The first was commanded by Thaddeus Faddeevich Bellingshausen, the second - by Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev. The crew of the ships consisted of experienced, seasoned sailors. There was a long journey to unknown countries. The expedition was given the task of how to fully penetrate further to the south in order to finally resolve the question of the existence of the southern mainland.
The expedition members spent 751 days at sea, covered more than 92 thousand kilometers. 29 islands and one coral reef have been discovered. The scientific materials she collected made it possible to form the first idea of ​​​​Antarctica.
Russian sailors not only discovered a huge continent located around the South Pole, but also carried out the most important research in the field of oceanography. This branch of spiders was just in its infancy at that time. F. F. Bellingshausen was the first to correctly explain the causes of sea currents (for example, the Canary), the origin of the algae of the Sargasso Sea, as well as coral islands in tropical regions.
The discoveries of the expedition turned out to be a major achievement of Russian and world geographical science of that time.
And so January 16 (28), 1820 is considered - opening day of Antarctica. Bellingshausen and Lazarev, despite dense ice and fog, passed around Antarctica at latitudes from 60° to 70° and irrefutably proved the existence of land in the region of the south pole.
Strikingly, the proof of the existence of Antarctica was immediately recognized as an outstanding geographical discovery. However, later scientists argued for more than a hundred years what was discovered. Was it the mainland, or just a group of islands covered by a common ice cap? Bellingshausen himself never spoke about the discovery of the mainland. It was possible to finally confirm the continental character of Antarctica only in the middle of the 20th century as a result of lengthy studies using sophisticated technical means.

Cycling around the world

On August 10, 1913, the finish of the round-the-world bicycle race took place in Harbin, which was passed by a 25-year-old Russian athlete Onisim Petrovich Pankratov.

This journey lasted 2 years 18 days. Pankratov chose a rather difficult route. The countries of almost all of Europe were included in it. Leaving Harbin in July 1911, the courageous cyclist arrived in St. Petersburg at the end of autumn. Then his path ran through Koenigsberg, Switzerland, Italy, Serbia, Turkey, Greece and again through Turkey, Italy, France, Southern Spain, Portugal, Northern Spain and again through France.
The Swiss authorities considered Pankratov crazy. No one would dare to cycle through the snow-covered rocky passes, which are accessible only to experienced climbers. Overcoming the mountains for a cyclist cost no small effort. He crossed Italy, passed through Austria, and Serbia, and Greece and Turkey. He had to sleep just under the starry sky, from food he often had only water and bread, but he still did not stop the journey.

Crossing the Pas de Calais by ship, the athlete crossed England on a bicycle. Then, having also got to America on a ship, he again got on a bicycle and traveled the entire American mainland, adhering to the route New York ─ Chicago ─ San Francisco. And from there by ship to Japan. Then he crossed Japan and China on a bicycle, after which Pankratov reached the initial point of his grandiose route ─ Harbin.

On a bicycle, a distance of more than 50 thousand kilometers was covered. To make such a trip around the earth, Onesimus was offered by his father

Pankratov's round-the-world trip was called great by his contemporaries. The Gritsner bicycle helped him to circumnavigate the world, during the trip Onisim had to change 11 chains, 2 handlebars, 53 tires, 750 spokes, etc.

Around the Earth - the first space flight

At 9 o'clock. 7 min. Moscow time, the Vostok satellite took off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. Having made a flight around the globe, he returned safely to Earth after 108 minutes. On board the spacecraft was a major pilot-cosmonaut.
The weight of the spacecraft-satellite is 4725 kilograms (excluding the last stage of the launch vehicle), the total power of the rocket engines is 20 million horsepower.

The first flight took place in automatic mode, in which the astronaut was, as it were, a passenger of the ship. However, at any moment he could switch the ship to manual control. Throughout the flight, two-way radio communication was maintained with the astronaut.

In orbit, Gagarin conducted the simplest experiments: he drank, ate, made notes with a pencil. "Putting" the pencil next to him, he accidentally discovered that he instantly began to float away. From this, Gagarin concluded that it is better to tie pencils and other objects in space. He recorded all his feelings and observations on the on-board tape recorder.
After the successful completion of the planned research and the completion of the flight program at 10 o'clock. 55 min. Moscow time, the Vostok satellite made a safe landing in a given area of ​​the Soviet Union - near the village of Smelovka, Ternovsky District, Saratov Region.

The first people who met the astronaut after the flight were the wife of a local forester Anna (Anikhayat) Takhtarova and her six-year-old granddaughter Rita. Soon the military from the division and local collective farmers arrived at the scene. One group of military men guarded the descent vehicle, while the other group took Gagarin to the location of the unit. From there, Gagarin reported by phone to the commander of the air defense division:

I ask you to tell the Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force: I completed the task, landed in a given area, I feel good, there are no bruises or breakdowns. Gagarin

The charred descent module of Vostok-1 was covered with a cloth immediately after Gagarin's landing and taken to Podlipki, near Moscow, to the regime territory of the Royal Design Bureau-1. Later, it became the main exhibit in the museum of the rocket and space corporation Energia, which grew out of OKB-1. The museum was closed for a long time (it was possible to get into it, but it was rather difficult - only as part of a group, by prior letter), in May 2016 the Gagarin ship became publicly available, as part of the exhibition.

First round-the-world voyage of a submarine without surfacing

February 12, 1966 - a successful round-the-world cruise of two nuclear submarines of the Northern Fleet started. At the same time, our boats passed the entire route, the length of which exceeded the length of the equator, in a submerged position, not surfacing even in the little-studied regions of the Southern Hemisphere. The heroism and courage of the Soviet submariners were of outstanding nationwide importance and became a continuation of the combat traditions of the submariners of the Great Patriotic War.

25 thousand miles were covered and at the same time the highest degree of secrecy was shown, the duration of the voyage took 1.5 months

To participate in the campaign, two serial production submarines were allocated without any modifications. Project 675 K-116 missile boat and the second Project 627A K-133 boat with torpedo armament.

In addition to its enormous political significance, it was an impressive demonstration of the scientific and technological achievements and military power of the state. The campaign showed that the entire World Ocean has become a global launching pad for our nuclear submarines, armed with both cruise and ballistic missiles. At the same time, it opened up new opportunities for maneuvering forces between the Northern and Pacific Fleets. More broadly, it can be said that at the height of the Cold War, the historical role of our fleet was to change the strategic situation in the oceans, and Soviet submariners were the first to do this.

The first and only voyage in the history of solo circumnavigations, made on a pleasure dinghy 5.5 meters long

On July 7, 1992, Evgeny Alexandrovich Gvozdev on the Lena yacht (micro class, only 5.5 meters long) from Makhachkala set off on his first solo circumnavigation. On July 19, 1996, the journey was successfully completed (it was 4 years and two weeks). This set a world record - the first and only voyage in the history of single circumnavigation of the world, made on an ordinary pleasure dinghy. Evgeny Gvozdev set out on a long-awaited round-the-world trip when he was 58 years old.

Surprisingly, the ship did not have an auxiliary engine, walkie-talkie, autopilot and stove. But there was a coveted "sailor's passport", which the new Russian authorities issued to the yachtsman after a year of struggle. This document not only helped Yevgeny Gvozdev to cross the border in the direction he needed: in the future, Gvozdev traveled without money and without visas.
On his journey, our hero experienced a severe psychological shock after a collision with treacherous Somali "partisans", who robbed him cleanly at Cape Ras Hafun and almost shot him.

His entire first trip around the world can be summed up in one word: "contrary". The chance of survival was too small. Yevgeny Gvozdev himself sees the world differently: it is a world similar to a single brotherhood of kind people, a world of complete disinterestedness, a world without obstacles to global circulation ...

In a balloon around the Earth - Fedor Konyukhov

Fedor Konyukhov was the first in the world to circle the Earth in a balloon (on the first attempt). A total of 29 attempts were made, and only three of them were successful. During the trip, Fedor Konyukhov set several world records, the main of which is the duration of the flight. The traveler managed to fly around the Earth in about 11 days, 5 hours and 31 minutes.
The balloon was a two-level design that combined the use of helium and solar energy. Its height is 60 meters. A gondola was attached below, equipped with the best technical devices, from where Konyukhov piloted the ship.

I thought that I committed so many sins that I would burn not in hell, but here

The journey took place under extreme conditions: the temperature dropped to -40 degrees, the balloon fell into a zone of strong turbulence with zero visibility, and a cyclone with hail and strong wind passed. Due to difficult weather conditions, equipment failed several times and Fedor had to manually troubleshoot.

During the 11 days of the flight, Fedor hardly slept. According to him, even a moment of relaxation could lead to irreversible consequences. In moments when it was no longer possible to fight sleep, he took a wrench and sat down over an iron plate. As soon as the eyes were closed, the hand let go of the key, which fell on the plate, making a noise, which caused the aeronaut to instantly wake up. At the end of the journey, he did this procedure regularly. He almost exploded at a great height when he mistakenly began to interfere with various types of gas. It's good that I managed to cut off the ignited balloon.
During the entire route, air traffic controllers from various airports around the world helped Konyukhov as best they could, clearing the airspace for him. So he flew over the Pacific Ocean in 92 hours, crossed through Chile and Argentina, rounded the storm front over the Atlantic, passed the Cape of Good Hope and safely returned to Australia, from where he began his journey.

Fedor Konyukhov:

I flew around the Earth in 11 days, it is very small, it must be protected. We have no idea about this, we, people, are only at war. The world is so beautiful - explore it, learn

First circumnavigation- Spanish naval expedition led by Ferdinand Magellan, began on September 20, 1519 and ended on September 6, 1522. The expedition was staffed by a large team (according to various estimates, 265-280 people) on 5 ships. As a result of the mutinies, the most difficult crossing of the Pacific Ocean and skirmishes with the population of the Philippines and the Spice Islands, the team was greatly reduced. Only one ship, the Victoria, managed to return to Spain with 18 people on board. Another 18 people who were captured by the Portuguese returned to Europe later. The expedition also turned out to be very successful commercially, bringing the organizers a lot of profit.

In August 1519, the first round-the-world expedition of five ships set off from the harbor of Seville. The Spanish king Charles I approved and equipped her on her way (at home, in Portugal, Magellan's plan was rejected). With luck, Spain could lay claim to the discovered new lands. The path of the expedition lay southwest across America in the direction of the Moluccas.

The journey was not easy. More than once, Magellan's subordinates tried to stage a rebellion in order to return to Spain.

The flotilla moved along the eastern coast of the South American continent for a long time in search of an exit to the "South Sea". Having reached the southern tip of the mainland, the flotilla discovered a deep bay. The ships moved cautiously forward, cutting their way through the labyrinth of winding channels. The shores seemed completely deserted, but in the darkness of the night on the southern shore of the strait, fires suddenly lit up. That is why Magellan called this country Tierra del Fuego, becoming its discoverer.

Passing between Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego along the Strait, which is now called Magellanic, the sailors entered the Pacific Ocean.

For three months, travelers did not see the land, food supplies and drinking water ran out. Famine and scurvy began on the ships. Sailors had to eat ship rats and chew on the ox skin that was used to cover the sails in order to somehow satisfy their hunger. The crew lost 21 men who died of exhaustion. The expedition was plagued by misfortune. When, finally, the travelers reached land (these were the Philippine Islands) and were able to stock up on food and water, Magellan, to his misfortune, got involved in the internecine strife of local rulers and was killed in battle by the natives on April 27, 1521.

Only one ship returned from sailing three years later - the Victoria. Under the command of J. S. Elcano, he completed the voyage in 1522. The surviving members of the crew were greeted with honors and triumph as participants in the world's first circumnavigation.

The importance of Magellan's voyage cannot be overestimated.

First, with his circumnavigation, he proved the sphericity of the Earth.

Secondly, Magellan's expedition gave an idea of ​​the relative sizes of land and sea on the globe.

Thirdly, Magellan proved that the greatest ocean stretches between America and Asia. It was he who gave this ocean the name Pacific, which we still use today. And he chose such a name, because in the course of four months of sailing on the ocean he was fortunate enough not to meet a storm.

In addition, he proved the existence of a single World Ocean on our planet.

Fernan (Fernando) Magellan (Magalhaes)(Port. Fernão de Magalhães, Spanish. Fernando (Hernando) de Magallanes[(f)eɾ'nando ðe maɣa'ʎanes], lat. Ferdinandus Magellanus; 1480, Sabrosa, Traz-os-Montes region, Kingdom of Portugal - April 27, 1521, Mactan Island, Philippines) - Portuguese and Spanish navigator with the title of adelantado. He commanded the expedition that made the first known circumnavigation of the world. He opened the strait, later named after him, becoming the first European to travel by sea from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific.

Around the world

Conquerors of the high seas - the first man to sail around the earth

Age of discovery
The age of discovery was full of sea travel and the desire to find a way to the spices of the Far East, while the eastern Mediterranean was blocked by powerful competitors. When Vasco da Gama sailed around the Cape of Good Hope to reach India in 1488, the Portuguese concentrated their efforts in the south and east. The Spaniards, who agreed to share the world with the Portuguese in the Treaty of Tordesillas of June 7, 1494, sailed west. They did not have the slightest idea about the American continent and no one knew that there was a Pacific Ocean.

Christopher Columbus(1451-1506), an Italian who moved to Spain, on the basis of the theory that the earth is round, decided that it was possible to reach the Far East from the other side. He persuaded the monarchs to finance his expedition and sailed in 1492. After 10 weeks of sailing, he reached an island in the Bahamas, which he named San Salvador. Thinking he had found islands near Japan, he continued swimming until he reached Cuba (which he thought was China) and Haiti. He met black people there, whom he called "Indians" as he was sure he was sailing across the Indian Ocean.

Columbus made 3 more voyages to the New World, which he believed was the East, in 1493, 1497 and 1502, exploring Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Jamaica and Trinidad. He never sailed to North America, and while he was alive he thought he had reached Asia.

North America has already been discovered

Viking ships reached North America nearly 500 years before Columbus set sail. Sailed off Iceland in the mid 990s Biarni Heriolfsson veered off course and arrived on an unknown land. He did not investigate or name her. AT 1002, Leifr Eiriksson followed the course of Biarni and arrived on the coast of modern Canada. He then traveled further south and discovered an island which he named Vinland (today's Newfoundland), where he established a colony and traded with the local people known as the Scraelings for 3 years. Ultimately, the Skraelings forced them to leave, but the Vikings continued to sail to Canada for the forest.

"New Found Earth"

In 1497, King Henry VII granted John Cabot(1450-1498) the right to explore. On May 2nd, Cabot and a crew of 18 others gathered on a small ship called Matthew in Bristol, England. He sailed further north than Columbus to get out of the Spanish territories. On June 24, the team spotted land. Cabot believed he had found an island off the coast of Asia and called it "new found land". This was the first documented landing in Newfoundland since the Vikings. Cabot returned to England on August 6, 1497, and although he brought no treasures or spices, he was the first to mark the North American coast on a map.

Name "America"

The line by which the Portuguese and Spaniards divided the world between them passed through the Atlantic, as a result of which Spain acquired the western lands, including the Americas. Brazil went to the Portuguese, who also had East Africa and India. But, since it was not possible to determine the exact location of the line, the question arose about the exact location of the line. In 1501, the Portuguese king Manuel I sent his fleet to Brazil. One of the members of the flotilla was an Italian Amerigo Vespucci. He was one of those first explorers who said that South America was not an island at all, but a whole continent, calling it the "New World". Vespucci is an excellent cartographer, he sold copies of his maps to the German cartographer Martin Waldsemüller, who, by redrawing them in 1507, honored Vespucci and wrote his name on the South American continent. And so the southern continent began to be called "America".

Amerigo Vespucci, after whom the American continent was named in 1507.

First trip around the world

First to circle the globe Ferdinand Magellan. He was born in Oporto, Portugal in 1480. In 1505, he was enrolled in the fleet, where he learned all the intricacies of ship management and military affairs during a battle in India from the Portuguese royal governor. In 1509 he took part in the Battle of Death, which gave the Portuguese a huge advantage in the Indian Ocean.

For 7 years he traded Cochin, porcelain and canes.

Like Columbus, Megellanus believed that the Far East was reachable through the west. After being snubbed by the Portuguese king, he convinced King Charles I of Spain that at least half of all the "spicy" islands were in the Spanish part of the unexplored world. In September 1519, Magellan set off on 5 ships ("San Antonio", "Santiago", "Trinidad", "Victoria" and "Concept"), consisting of 280 crew members, full of desire to travel, despite adversity and mutinies that arose on the ship.

An Italian nobleman, Antonio Pigafetta, kept a diary during the entire journey.

November 20, 1519 they crossed the equator, and saw Brazil on December 6. Magellan thought it would be unwise to sail near Portuguese territory, as he sailed under the Spanish flag, and on December 13 he anchored near today's Rio de Janeiro. They were met by the Guarani Indians, who believed that white people were gods and gave them gifts. After they replenished their supplies, they headed south, reaching Patagonia (Argentina) in March 1520. Santiago was sent to explore further south, but was lost in a storm.

In August, Magellan decided it was time to sail south to find his way to the east. In October they saw the strait. During their voyage, the captain of San Antonia turned back to Spain, taking most of the provisions.

Into the Pacific

By the end of November, 3 ships left the bay for the Pacific Ocean. Magellan thought that the "spicy" islands were already close, but they sailed for another 96 days without seeing the ends of the earth. The condition of the crew on the ships was terrible. They survived on sawdust, leather strips and rats. Finally, in January 1521, they saw the island and stopped to celebrate. In March, they sailed to the island of Guam. They continued their voyage and sailed to the Philippines, arriving there on March 28.

After being supported by the island king, Magellan was foolishly embroiled in a tribal war and died in battle on April 27, 1521. Sebastian del Cano took command of the ships and 115 survivors. Due to the lack of crew for the third ship, the ship "Concept" was burned.

They sailed to the Moluccas ("spicy" islands) in November and loaded up with valuable spices. To ensure that at least one ship arrived in Spain, the Trinidad sailed back east across the Pacific while the Victoria continued west. The Trinidad was captured by the Portuguese and most of the crew were killed. "Victoria" managed to avoid the attack of the Portuguese in the waters of the Indian Ocean, and they bypassed the Cape of Good Hope. September 6, 1522, almost three years after the start of the historic journey, "Victoria" and 18 team members (among whom was Pigafetta) arrived in Spain. They were first, who circumnavigated the globe.

Reproduction of the ship on which Ferdinand Magellan led the first circumnavigation of the world.

Second trip around the world

The second circumnavigation was completely explorer-a former pirate Englishman Francis Drake(1540-1596). Seeing the Spanish assembling a great new empire, Queen Elizabeth I secretly sent Drake west, with the added purpose of harassing the Spanish. On December 13, 1577, Drake set sail from Plymouth in England, with 6 ships under his command.

In September 1578, 5 ships returned to the Strait of Magellan, but Drake sailed on in his Golden Lane. By June 1579, he reached the shores of today's California and continued north to the current border of Canada and the United States. Then, he turned to the southwest and crossed the Pacific Ocean in 2 months. He sailed across the Indian Ocean and around the Cape of Good Hope. He returned in the Golden Lana, loaded with gold and spices, back to Plymouth on September 26, 1580. He became first captain who circumnavigated the world.

Captain Cook

Another famous circumnavigation was the James Cook. He sailed from England on August 25, 1768 on the ship Indive with 94 crew and scientists on board. April 11, 1769 they reached the island of Tahiti. On government orders, they moved south, arriving in New Zealand on 6 October. By April 1770, Cook had studied and recorded notes on Australia. Then, "Indeva" went to Java, by the end of sailing through the Cape of Good Hope. On July 13, 1771, Cook landed at Dover. For his historic 3-year voyage, he was appointed captain of a sea vessel by King George III.

First solo circumnavigation of the world

Joshua Slocum. Born in Nova Scotia in 1844, he became an American citizen and Captain Slocum at the age of 25. On April 24, 1895, the 51-year-old Slocum set sail from Boston in his 11 meter sloop the Spray, a dilapidated oyster boat he rebuilt himself.

Slocum crossed the Atlantic Ocean and approached the Suez Canal. At Gibraltar, he met Mediterranean pirates, and sailed back across the Atlantic and down the Brazilian coast through the dreaded Strait of Magellan. He faced deadly currents, rocky coasts and rough seas as he sailed near Australia, through the Cape of Good Hope and the Atlantic.

On June 27, 1898, after more than 3 years and 74,000 km, Joshua Slocum entered Newport, Rhode Island, as first person to complete the first solo circumnavigation of the world. He describes his remarkable sea voyage in his book Sailing Around the World.

Joshua Slocum - the first person to sail alone around the world (1895-1898). Planning to start his voyage from the Amazon, Slocum set off from Wynyard Haven on November 14, 1909, but he and his ship disappeared.

Joshua Slocum became the first person to circumnavigate the world on his sloop the Spray.

First around the world with one stop

The honor of sailing around the world with just one stop went to Francis Chichester(1902-1972). In 1966, 64-year-old Chichester set sail on his 16m ketch "Gypsy Mot IV" from England. The steering mechanism broke at a distance of 3,700 km from Australia. Soon, after sailing from Sydney, the Gypsy tipped over, but leveled off on its own. Near Cape Horn, Chichester encountered 15m waves. But he is not a man who deviates from his plans. In 1960 he was the winner of the first transatlantic race for one. He also made the longest solo seaplane flight (from England to Australia). On May 28, 1967, after 226 days at sea, he was greeted by half a million people in Plymouth, England.

Francis Chichester completed the first one-stop circumnavigation of the world on the Gypsy Moth IV.

Around the world alone

Today's solo non-stop sailing around the world still captures the imagination. Chay Blyth, nicknamed "Man of Steel", was one of the few who traveled against the wind around the world from east to west on a British Steel ketch in 1971. He completed his voyage in 302 days. Two years later, French Alain Cola on his trimaran "Manureva" sailed around the world through three great capes, which took him only 129 days of navigation.

First woman who sailed around the world became an Englishwoman Lisa Clayton. She sailed on the 11m tinplate Spirit of Birmingham from Dartmouth, England on September 17, 1994, ending her rigorous voyage after 285 days.

Jonathan Sanders Traveled around the world alone 5 times. He also managed an outstanding non-stop circumnavigation of the world between May 1986 and March 1988, covering 128,000 km.

Circumnavigation has become a passion, as did the Whitbread race. Then the French Philip Janto proposed the idea of ​​a round-the-world race without stopping.

Competitions

In 1982, the British company proposed the BOC competition - around the world alone. It has now been renamed to AroundAlone, whose main goal, as it says: "One man, One boat, Around the world." This is the longest distance in an individual sport. The difficult path, which is 43,000 km long, consists mainly of distant oceans. The finish line is literally beyond the edge of the world. (The next race will take place on September 26).

And there is The Race- a non-stop race around the world without rules and without borders, which starts from the Strait of Gibltar at midnight on December 31, 2000. No rules only means that the only limit is imagination and technology.

In 120 AD The Egyptian mathematician Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemyus) invented several planes by means of which, areas on uneven surfaces of the Earth can be displayed on flat surfaces.

His geography appeared in Europe in 1406, and with the invention of the printing press in 1450, his plans were published and universally accepted.

The Cunard Laconia Ship Company offered the first round-the-world cruise on Laconia in 1922.

Black Henry.

A name that almost no one knows. Enrique de Malaca was a slave and translator of Ferdinand Magellan.

Magellan himself never completed his round-the-world trip. In 1521, he was killed in the Philippines, when he was only halfway to his goal.

Magellan first visited East Asia in 1511, sailing there from Portugal across the Indian Ocean. It was there that he found Black Henry. Magellan bought it in Malaysia at the slave market, and then took it with him to Lisbon, returning back the same way.

On all subsequent travels, Henry invariably accompanied his master - including an attempt to circumnavigate the world, on which Magellan set off in 1519. This time, the caravels went in the opposite direction - across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans - so that when the expedition reached East Asia in 1521, Henry became the first person in history to completely circumnavigate the globe.

No one knows where Black Henry comes from - he was probably captured and sold into slavery as a child by pirates from Sumatra - but when he arrived in the Philippines, he was surprised to find that the locals speak his native language.

After the death of the commander, the expedition continued its journey, successfully completing a round-the-world trip under the command of Magellan's deputy, Juan Sebastian Elcano, a Basque by birth.

True, Black Henry was no longer on the ship. Elcano refused to honor his patron's last will promise to free Henry from slavery, so Henry decided to flee and was never seen again.

Thus, Juan Sebastian Elcano became the first man in history to circumnavigate the globe in one voyage.

He returned to Seville in September 1522. Four years earlier, five caravels set off to sea, but only one Victoria was able to get home. The ship was bursting with spices, but of the 264 people who originally went on a round-the-world trip with Ferdinand Magellan, only eighteen survived: scurvy, malnutrition and skirmishes with the natives dealt with the rest.

The Spanish king granted Elcano a coat of arms with the image of the globe and the motto: "You were the first to sail around me."

In modern times, Black Henry is considered a national hero by several southeastern nations.

: reach Asia by going west. The colonization of America had not yet brought significant profits, unlike the colonies of the Portuguese in India, and the Spaniards themselves wanted to sail to the Spice Islands and reap the benefits. By that time, it was clear that America was not Asia, but it was assumed that Asia lay relatively close to the New World. In 1513, Vasco Nunez de Balboa, passing the Isthmus of Panama, saw the Pacific Ocean, which he called the South Sea. Since then, several expeditions have searched for the strait into the new sea. Around those years, the Portuguese captains João Lishboa and Ishteban Froish reached about 35°S. and opened the mouth of the La Plata River. They could not seriously explore it and took the huge flooded estuary of La Plata for the strait.

Magellan, apparently, had detailed information about the search for the strait by the Portuguese and, in particular, about La Plata, which he considered the strait to the South Sea. This confidence played an important role in his planning of the expedition, but he was ready to look for other routes to India if this one turned out to be false.

Even in Portugal, an important role in the preparation of the expedition was played by Magellan's companion astronomer Rui Falera. He created a method for calculating longitude and made calculations from which it followed that the Moluccas were easier to reach by going west, and that these islands lay in the hemisphere "belonging" to Spain under the Treaty of Tordesillas. All his calculations, as well as the method of calculating longitude, subsequently turned out to be incorrect. For some time, Falera was listed in the documents on the organization of the voyage before Magellan, but in the future he was increasingly pushed into the background, and Magellan was appointed commander of the expedition. Faler made a horoscope, from which it followed that he should not go on an expedition, and remained on the shore.

Training

European merchants, who were unable to participate in the profitable trade with the East Indies due to the Portuguese monopoly, played an important role in equipping the expedition. Juan de Aranda, who, under the treaty with Magellan, was entitled to an eighth of the profits, is pushed back from the feeder, declaring that this agreement "is not in the interests of the nation."

According to an agreement with the king dated March 22, 1518, Magellan and Falera received one-fifth of the net income from navigation, the rights of governorship on open lands, a twentieth of the profits received from new lands, and the right to two islands if more than six islands are discovered.

The Portuguese tried to oppose the organization of the expedition, but did not dare to directly kill. They tried to denigrate Magellan in the eyes of the Spaniards and force them to abandon the voyage. At the same time, the fact that the expedition would be commanded by a Portuguese caused discontent among many Spaniards. In October 1518, there was a clash between the members of the expedition and a crowd of Sevillians. When Magellan raised his standard on the ships, the Spaniards mistook it for Portuguese and demanded that it be removed. Fortunately for Magellan, the conflict was extinguished without much sacrifice. To muffle the contradictions, Magellan was instructed to limit the number of Portuguese on the expedition to five participants, however, due to a lack of sailors, it turned out to be about 40 Portuguese.

The composition and equipment of the expedition

Five ships were prepared for the expedition with a supply of food for two years. Magellan personally supervised the loading and packing of food, goods and equipment. Rusks, wine, olive oil, vinegar, salted fish, dried pork, beans and beans, flour, cheese, honey, almonds, anchovies, raisins, prunes, sugar, quince jam, capers, mustard, beef were taken on board as provisions and fig. In case of clashes, there were about 70 cannons, 50 arquebuses, 60 crossbows, 100 sets of armor and other weapons. For trade, they took matter, metal products, women's jewelry, mirrors, bells and (it was used as a medicine). The expedition cost over 8 million maravedis.

Expedition of Magellan

Ship	Tonnage	Captain
Trinidad	110 (266)	Fernand de Magellan
San Antonio	120 (290)	Juan de Cartagena
concepción	90 (218)	Gaspar de Cassada
Victoria	85 (206)	Luis de Mendoza
Santiago	75 (182)	Juan Serran

According to the staffing table, more than 230 sailors were supposed to be on the ships, but besides them, there were many supernumerary participants in the expedition, among whom was the Rhodes knight Antonio Pigafetta, who compiled a detailed description of the journey. As well as servants and slaves up to Negroes and Asians, among which it is worth mentioning the slave Magellan Enrique, who was born in Sumatra and taken by Magellan as a translator. It is he who will become the first person to return to his homeland, circumnavigating the globe. Despite the ban, several female slaves (probably Indians) turned out to be illegal on the expedition. The recruitment of sailors also continued in the Canary Islands. All this makes it difficult to calculate the exact number of participants. Various authors estimate the number of participants from 265 to at least 280.

Magellan personally commanded Trinidad. Santiago was commanded by Juan Serran, brother of Francisco Serran, who was rescued by Magellan in Malacca. Three other ships were commanded by representatives of the Spanish nobility, with whom Magellan immediately began conflicts. The Spaniards did not like that the expedition was commanded by the Portuguese. In addition, Magellan hid the proposed route of navigation, and this caused discontent among the captains. The opposition was quite serious. Captain Mendoza was even given a special demand from the king to stop bickering and submit to Magellan. But already in the Canary Islands, Magellan received information that the Spanish captains agreed among themselves to remove him from his post if they consider that he interferes with them.

Atlantic Ocean

The captain of San Antonio Cartagena, who was the representative of the crown in navigation, during one of the reports defiantly violated the chain of command and began to call Magellan not “captain-general” (admiral), but simply “captain”. Cartagena was the second person in the expedition, almost equal in status to the commander. For several days he continued to do so despite Magellan's remarks. Tom had to endure this until the captains of all the ships were called to Trinidad to decide the fate of the criminal sailor. Forgetting, Cartagena again violated discipline, but this time he was not on his ship. Magellan personally grabbed him by the collar and declared him under arrest. Cartagena was allowed not to be on the flagship, but on the ships of captains who sympathized with him. Magellan's relative Alvar Mishkita became the commander of San Antonio.

On November 29, the flotilla reached the coast of Brazil, and on December 26, 1519, La Plata, where the prospective strait was searched. Santiago was sent west, but soon returned with the message that this was not a strait, but the mouth of a giant river. The squadron began to slowly move south, exploring the coast. On this route, Europeans saw penguins for the first time.

The advance to the south was slow, the ships were hampered by storms, winter was approaching, but there was still no strait. March 31, 1520, reaching 49 ° S. latitude. the flotilla winters in a bay named San Julián.

rebellion

Family of Magellanic penguins in Patagonia

Getting up for the winter, the captain ordered to cut the food rations, which caused a murmur among the sailors, already exhausted by the long difficult voyage. A group of officers dissatisfied with Magellan tried to take advantage of this.

Magellan learns about the rebellion only in the morning. At his disposal are two ships Trinidad and Santiago, which had almost no combat value. In the hands of the conspirators are three large ships San Antonio, Concepción and Victoria. But the rebels did not want further bloodshed, fearing that they would have to answer for this upon arrival in Spain. A boat was sent to Magellan with a letter saying that their goal was just to get Magellan to correctly carry out the orders of the king. They agree to consider Magellan as a captain, but he must consult with them on all his decisions and not act without their consent. For further negotiations, they invite Magellan to come to them for negotiations. Magellan responds by inviting them to his ship. Those refuse.

Having lulled the vigilance of the enemy, Magellan seizes the boat carrying the letters and puts the rowers in the hold. The rebels were most afraid of an attack on San Antonio, but Magellan decided to attack Victoria, where there were many Portuguese. The boat, which contains the alguacil Gonzalo Gomez de Espinosa and five reliable people, is sent to Victoria. Having boarded the ship, Espinoza hands over to Captain Mendoza a new invitation from Magellan to come to the negotiations. The captain begins to read it with a smirk, but does not have time to finish reading it. Espinoza stabs him in the neck with a knife, one of the arriving sailors finishes off the rebel. While the Victoria team was in complete confusion, another, this time heavily armed, group of Magellan's supporters, led by Duerte Barbosa, jumped on board, quietly approaching on another boat. Victoria's crew surrenders without resistance. Three ships of Magellan: Trinidad, Victoria and Santiago - stand at the exit from the bay, blocking the way for the rebels to escape.

After the ship was taken from them, the rebels did not dare to enter into an open clash and, after waiting for the night, tried to slip past Magellan's ships into the open ocean. It failed. San Antonio was shelled and boarded. There was no resistance, no casualties. Following him, Concepción also surrendered.

A tribunal was set up to try the rebels. 40 participants in the rebellion were sentenced to death, but immediately pardoned, since the expedition could not lose such a number of sailors. Only the one who committed the murder of Quesado was executed. The representative of the king of Cartagena and one of the priests who actively participated in the rebellion, Magellan did not dare to execute, and they were left on the shore after the flotilla left. Nothing more is known about them.

In a few decades, Francis Drake will enter the same bay, who will also have to circumnavigate the world. A conspiracy will be revealed on his flotilla and a trial will be held in the bay. He will offer the rebel a choice: execution, or he will be left on the shore, like Magellan Cartagena. The defendant will choose execution.

strait

In May, Magellan sent Santiago, led by João Serran, south to reconnoiter the area. Santa Cruz Bay was found 60 miles to the south. A few days later, in a storm, the ship lost control and crashed. The sailors, except for one person, escaped and ended up on the shore without food and supplies. They tried to return to their wintering grounds, but due to fatigue and exhaustion, they joined the main detachment only after a few weeks. The loss of a ship specially designed for reconnaissance, as well as the supplies on board, caused great damage to the expedition.

Magellan made João Serran captain of Concepción. As a result, all four ships ended up in the hands of Magellan's supporters. San Antonio was commanded by Mishkit, Victoria Barbosa.

Strait of Magellan

During the winter, the sailors came into contact with the locals. They were tall. To protect themselves from the cold, they wrapped their feet in a lot of hay, so they were called Patagonians (large-footed, born with paws). The country itself was named after them Patagonia. By order of the king, it was necessary to bring to Spain representatives of the peoples who met the expedition. Since the sailors were afraid of a fight with tall and strong Indians, they resorted to a trick: they gave them many gifts in their hands, and when they could no longer hold anything in their hands, they offered them ankle shackles as a gift, the purpose of which the Indians did not understand. Since their hands were busy, the Patagonians agreed to have the shackles hooked to their feet, using this the sailors fettered them. So managed to capture two Indians, but this led to a clash with the locals with casualties on both sides. None of the captives survived to return to Europe.

On August 24, 1520, the flotilla left the bay of San Julian. During the winter she lost 30 people. Two days later, the expedition was forced to stop in Santa Cruz Bay due to bad weather and damage. The flotilla set out on the road only on October 18. Before leaving, Magellan announced that he would search for the strait up to 75 ° S, if the strait was not found, then the flotilla would go to the Moluccas around the Cape of Good Hope.

October 21 at 52°S the ships ended up at a narrow strait leading deep into the mainland. San Antonio and Concepción are sent for reconnaissance. Soon a storm hits, lasting two days. The sailors feared that the ships sent for reconnaissance were lost. And they really almost died, but when they were carried to the shore, a narrow passage opened in front of them, into which they entered. They found themselves in a wide bay, followed by more straits and bays. The water remained salty all the time, and the lot very often did not reach the bottom. Both ships returned with good news about a possible strait.

The flotilla entered the strait and for many days walked through a real labyrinth of rocks and narrow passages. The strait was subsequently named Magellanic. The southern land, on which lights were often seen at night, was called Tierra del Fuego. At the "Sardine River" a council was convened. San Antonio pilot Esteban Gomes spoke out in favor of returning home due to the small amount of provisions and the complete uncertainty ahead. Other officers did not support him. Magellan remembered well the fate of Bartolomeo Dias, who discovered the Cape of Good Hope, but yielded to the team and returned home. Dias was removed from the leadership of future expeditions and never got to India. Magellan announced that the ships would go ahead.

At Dawson Island, the strait divides into two channels, and Magellan again separates the flotilla. San Antonio and Concepción go southeast, the other two ships stay to rest, and a boat goes southwest. Three days later the boat returns and the sailors report that they have seen the open sea. Conspecion soon returns, but there is no news from San Antonio. The missing ship is being searched for several days, but to no avail. Later it turned out that the helmsman of San Antonio, Esteban Gomes, mutinied, chained Captain Mishchita and went home to Spain. In March, he returned to Seville, where he accused Magellan of treason. An investigation began, the whole team was sent to prison. Supervision was established over Magellan's wife. Subsequently, the rebels were released, and Mishkita remained in prison until the return of the expedition.

November 28, 1520 Magellan's ships set sail. The journey through the strait took 38 days. For many years, Magellan will remain the only captain who passed the strait and did not lose a single ship.

Pacific Ocean

Leaving the strait, Magellan walked north for 15 days, reaching 38 ° S, where he turned to the northwest, and on December 21, 1520, reaching 30 ° S, turned to the northwest.

Strait of Magellan. Sketch of the Pigafetta map. North is down.

The flotilla passed through the Pacific Ocean for at least 17 thousand km. Such a huge size of the new ocean was unexpected for sailors. When planning the expedition, they proceeded from the assumption that Asia is relatively close to America. In addition, at that time it was believed that the main part of the Earth was occupied by land, and only a relatively small part by the sea. During the crossing of the Pacific Ocean, it became clear that this was not the case. The ocean seemed endless. There are many inhabited islands in the South Pacific where you could get fresh supplies, but the flotilla's route passed away from them. Unprepared for such a transition, the expedition experienced great hardships.

“For three months and twenty days, - the chronicler of the expedition Antonio Pigafetta noted in his travel notes, - we were completely deprived of fresh food. We ate breadcrumbs, but they were no longer crackers, but breadcrumbs mixed with worms that ate the best crackers. She smelled strongly of rat urine. We drank yellow water that had rotted for days. We also ate the cowhide that covered the grey, so that the shrouds would not fray; from the action of the sun, rain and wind, it became incredibly hard. We soaked it in sea water for four or five days, after which we put it on hot coals for several minutes and ate it. We often ate sawdust. Rats were sold for half a ducat apiece, but even at that price it was impossible to get them.

In addition, scurvy was rampant on the ships. Died, according to various sources, from eleven to twenty-nine people. Fortunately for the sailors, there was not a single storm during the entire voyage and they named the new ocean the Pacific.

During the voyage, the expedition reached 10 °C. and turned out to be noticeably north of the Moluccas, which she aspired to. Perhaps Magellan wanted to make sure that the open Balboa South Sea was part of this ocean, or perhaps he was afraid of meeting with the Portuguese, which for his battered expedition would have ended in failure. On January 24, 1521, the sailors saw an uninhabited island (from the Tuamotu archipelago). There was no way to land on it. After 10 days, another island was discovered (in the Line archipelago). They also failed to land, but the expedition caught sharks for food.

On March 6, 1521, the flotilla sighted the island of Guam from the Marianas group. It was inhabited. Boats surrounded the flotilla, trading began. It soon became clear that the locals steal from the ships everything that comes to hand. When they stole the boat, the Europeans could not stand it. They landed on the island and burned the village of the islanders, killing 7 people in the process. After that, they took the boat and took fresh food. The islands were named Thieves (Landrones). As the flotilla left, the locals chased the ships in boats, throwing stones at them, but without much success.

A few days later, the Spaniards were the first Europeans to reach the Philippine Islands, which Magellan named the archipelago of Saint Lazarus. Fearing new clashes, he is looking for an uninhabited island. On March 17, the Spaniards landed on Homonhom Island. The Pacific crossing is over.

Death of Magellan

An infirmary was set up on the island of Homonhom, where all the sick were transferred. Fresh food quickly cured the sailors, and the flotilla set off on a further journey among the islands. On one of them, Magellan's slave Enrique, who was born in Sumatra, met people who spoke his language. The circle is closed. For the first time a man circumnavigated the earth.

A brisk trade began. For iron products, the islanders easily gave gold and products. Impressed by the strength of the Spaniards and their weapons, the ruler of the island, Raja Humabon, agrees to surrender under the protection of the Spanish king and is soon baptized under the name Carlos. Following him, his family is baptized, many representatives of the nobility and ordinary islanders. Patronizing the new Carlos Humabon, Magellan tried to bring as many local rulers under his rule.

Death of Magellan

Monument to Lapu-Lapu on the island of Cebu

Here is what the historiographer of the expedition, Antonio Pigafetta, wrote about the death of the admiral:

... The islanders followed us on our heels, fishing spears that had already been used once out of the water, and thus threw the same spear five or six times. Recognizing our admiral, they began to aim mainly at him; twice they had already succeeded in knocking the helmet off his head; he remained with a handful of men at his post, as befits a brave knight, not trying to continue the retreat, and so we fought for more than an hour, until one of the natives managed to wound the admiral in the face with a cane spear. Enraged, he immediately pierced the chest of the attacker with his spear, but it got stuck in the body of the slain; then the admiral tried to draw his sword, but he could no longer do it, since the enemies badly wounded him in his right hand with a dart, and it stopped working. Noticing this, the natives rushed at him in a crowd, and one of them wounded him in the left leg with a saber, so that he fell on his back. At the same moment, all the islanders pounced on him and began to stab him with spears and other weapons that they had. So they killed our mirror, our light, our consolation and our faithful leader.

Completion of the expedition

Nine Europeans died in the defeat, but the damage to reputation was enormous. In addition, the loss of an experienced leader immediately made itself felt. Juan Serran and Duarte Barbosa, who led the expedition, entered into negotiations with Lapu-Lapu offering him a ransom for Magellan's body, but he replied that the body would not be given out under any circumstances. The failure of the negotiations finally undermined the prestige of the Spaniards, and soon their ally Humabon lured them to dinner and massacred several dozen people, including almost the entire command staff. The ships had to leave quickly. Near the target, the flotilla spent several months reaching the Moluccas.

Spices were purchased there, and the expedition was to set off on the return route. On the islands, the Spaniards learned that the Portuguese king had declared Magellan a deserter, so his ships were subject to capture. The courts were dilapidated. "Concepción" was previously abandoned by the team and burned. Only two ships remained. "Trinidad" was repaired and went east to the Spanish possessions in Panama, and "Victoria "- to the west around Africa. "Trinidad" fell into a strip of headwinds, was forced to return to the Moluccas and was captured by the Portuguese. Most of his crew died in hard labor in India. "Victoria" under the command of Juan Sebastian Elcano continued the route. The crew was supplemented by a certain number of Malay islanders (almost all of them died on the road). The ship soon became short of provisions (Pigafetta noted in his notes: “Apart from rice and water, we have no food left; due to lack of salt, all meat products spoiled"), and part of the crew began to demand that the captain head for Mozambique, which belongs to the Portuguese crown, and surrender into the hands of the Portuguese. However, most of the sailors and Captain Elcano himself decided to try to sail to Spain at all costs. The Victoria hardly rounded the Cape of Good Hope and then went northwest along the African coast for two months without stopping.

On July 9, 1522, a worn-out ship with an exhausted crew approached the Cape Verde Islands, a Portuguese possession. It was impossible not to make a stop here due to the extreme lack of drinking water and provisions. Here Pigafetta writes:

“On Wednesday, July 9, we reached the St. James Islands and immediately sent a boat ashore for provisions, inventing a story for the Portuguese that we had lost our foremast under the equator (in fact, we lost it off the Cape of Good Hope) , and during this time that we were restoring it, our captain-general left with two other ships for Spain. Having positioned them in this way towards us, and also giving them our goods, we managed to get from them two boats loaded with rice ... When our boat again approached the shore for rice, thirteen crew members were detained along with the boat. Fearing that some caravels would not detain us as well, we hurriedly moved on.

It is interesting that Magellan himself did not at all intend to make a round-the-world expedition - he only wanted to find a western route to the Moluccas and return back, in general, for any commercial flight (and Magellan's flight was such), a round-the-world trip is pointless. And only the threat of an attack by the Portuguese forced one of the ships to continue to follow west, and if "Trinidad" completed his route safely, and "Victoria" would have been captivated, there would have been no round-the-world trip.

Thus, the Spaniards opened the western route to Asia and spice islands. This first ever circumnavigation of the world proved the correctness of the hypothesis about the sphericity of the Earth and the inseparability of the oceans washing the land.

lost day

In addition, as it turned out, the expedition members "lost a day" . In those days, there was still no concept of the difference between local and universal time, since the most distant trading expeditions took place in both directions along almost the same route, crossing the meridians first in one direction, then in the opposite direction. In the same case, recorded for the first time in history, the expedition returned to its starting point, so to speak, "without returning", but moving only forward, to the west.

On ships with a Christian crew, as expected, to maintain the order of the watch, counting the movement, keeping records, but, first of all, to observe church Catholic holidays, time was calculated. There were no chronometers in those days, sailors used hourglasses (from this, in the Navy, there was a counting of time using bottles). The beginning of the account of daily time was at noon. Naturally, every clear day, sailors determined the moment of noon when the Sun was at its highest point, that is, it crossed the local meridian (using a compass or along the length of the shadow). From this, the days of the calendar were also counted, including Sundays, Easter and all other church holidays. But every time the sailors determined the time local noon corresponding to the meridian on which the ship was at that moment. The ships sailed to the west, following the movement of the Sun across the sky, catching up with it. Therefore, if they had a modern chronometer or a simple clock, tuned to the local noon of the port of Sanlucar de Barrameda, sailors would notice that their day is slightly longer than the usual 24 hours and their local noon is more and more behind their native Spanish, gradually moving to Spanish evening, night, morning and day again. But, since they did not have a chronometer, their swimming was extremely unhurried and more important and terrible incidents happened to them, then no one simply thought about this “little thing” over time. These brave Spanish sailors celebrated church holidays with all care, like zealous Catholics, but, as it turned out, according to to his own calendar . As a result, when the sailors returned to their native Europe, it turned out that their ship's calendar lagged behind the calendar of their homeland and the Church by a whole day. This happened on the Cape Zelenogo Islands. Here is how Antonio Pigafetta described it:

... we finally came to the Cape Verde Islands. On Wednesday, July 9, we reached the islands of St. James [Santiago] and immediately sent a boat ashore for provisions [...] We instructed our people, who went ashore by boat, to ask what day it was, and they learned that the Portuguese had a Thursday, which surprised us quite a bit, since we had a Wednesday, and we could not understand why such a mistake could have occurred. I felt good all the time and took notes every day without interruption. As it turned out later, there was no mistake, for we went all the way towards the west and returned to the same point where the sun also moved, and thus gained twenty-four hours, of which there can be no doubt. original text(Italian) Al fine, costretti dalla grande necessità, andassemo a le isole de Capo Verde. Mercore, a nove de iulio, aggiungessemo a una de queste, detta Santo Iacopo e subito mandassemo lo battello in terra per vittuaglia […] Commettessimo a li nostri del battello, quando andarono in terra, domandassero che giorno era: me dissero come era a li Portoghesi giove. Se meravigliassemo molto perche era mercore a noi; e non sapevamo come avessimo errato: per ogni giorno, io, per essere stato sempre sano, aveva scritto senza nissuna intermissione. Ma, come dappoi ne fu detto, non era errore; ma il viaggio fatto sempre per occidente e ritornato a lo stesso luogo, come fa il sole, aveva portato quel vantaggio de ore ventiquattro, come chiaro se vede.

That is, they incorrectly celebrated Sundays, Holy Pascha and other holidays.

Thus, it was discovered that when traveling along the parallels, that is, in the plane of the Earth's daily rotation around its axis, time, as it were, changes its duration. If you move to the west, behind the Sun, catching up with it, the day (day) seems to lengthen. If we move to the east, towards the Sun, lagging behind it, the day, on the contrary, is shortened. To overcome this paradox, the system of time zones and the concept of the international date line were later developed. The effect of jet lag is now experienced by anyone who undertakes long-distance, but fast, travel in a latitudinal direction by plane or high-speed train.

Notes

1. , with. 125
2. , with. 125-126
3. Like the sun ... The life of Ferdinand Magellan and the first circumnavigation (Lange P.V.)
4. , with. 186
5. SURRENDER
6. , with. 188
7. , with. 192
8. Like the sun ... The life of Ferdinand Magellan and the first circumnavigation (Lange P.V.)
9. , with. 126-127
10. , with. 190
11. , with. 192-193
12. Like the sun ... The life of Ferdinand Magellan and the first circumnavigation (Lange P.V.)
13. , with. 196-197
14. , with. 199-200
15. , with. 128
16. , with. 201-202