Section 2. Organization of economic activity

In this section of the textbook, the study of the system of economic relations continues. After considering the subsystem of socio-economic relations, we will now understand the subsystem of organizational and economic relations, without which economic activity cannot exist and develop. This will allow us to find out how production is organized, by whom it is managed, and in what organizational, economic and legal forms it achieves its intended goals.

Topic 4. Enterprises and organizations in the economy

4.1. Economic and legal characteristics of the enterprise

The primary link in the system of social production is the enterprise (firm). Company is an independent economic entity created to produce products, perform work and provide services in order to meet social needs and make a profit.

A manufacturing enterprise is characterized by production, technical, organizational, economic and social unity.

Production and technical unity is determined by a complex of means of production that have technological unity and interconnection of individual stages of production processes, as a result of which the raw materials and materials used at the enterprise are converted into finished products. They also allow you to provide services and perform certain work in order to make a profit.

organizational unity is determined by the presence of a single team and a single leadership, which is reflected in the overall and organizational structure of the enterprise.

economic unity is determined by the generality of the economic results of work - the volume of products sold, the level of profitability, the mass of profits, the funds of the enterprise, etc., and, most importantly, making a profit acts as the main goal of the activity.

However, the enterprise, first of all, is not a production, not an economic, but a social unit. An enterprise is a team of people of various qualifications, connected by certain socio-economic relations and interests, and making a profit serves as the basis for meeting the needs (both material and spiritual) of the entire team. Therefore, the most important tasks of the enterprise are: payment of socially fair wages to personnel, which would ensure the reproduction of the labor force; creation of normal working and leisure conditions, opportunities for professional growth, etc.

An enterprise is not only an economic entity, but also entity . A legal entity is an organization that owns, manages or manages separate property and is liable for its obligations with this property, can acquire and exercise property and personal non-property rights on its own behalf, bear obligations, be a plaintiff and defendant in court. Legal entities must have an independent balance sheet or estimate.

A legal entity is subject to state registration and acts either on the basis of a charter, or a constituent agreement and a charter, or only a constituent agreement.

The charter reflects: organizational and legal forms of the enterprise (firm); Name; mailing address; the subject and purpose of the activity; statutory fund; the procedure for distributing profits; control bodies; list and location of structural units that are part of the company; terms of reorganization and liquidation.

Firm - legally independent business unit. It can be both a large enterprise or organization, and a small company. A modern firm usually includes several enterprises. If the firm consists of one enterprise, both terms coincide. In this case, the enterprise and the firm designate the same object of economic activity. The firm in relation to its constituent production units is a body of entrepreneurial management. Usually, it is the firm, and not the enterprise, that acts as an economic entity in the market, implements a pricing policy, competes, participates in the distribution of profits, sets the pace and determines the direction of scientific and technological progress.

A variety of enterprises operate in the economy. They differ from each other in a number of ways: industry affiliation; sizes; the degree of specialization and the scale of production of the same type of products; methods of organizing production and the degree of its mechanization and automation; organizational and legal forms, etc.

Signs industry affiliation enterprises serve: the nature of the raw materials consumed in the manufacture of products; purpose and nature of the finished product; technical and technological community of production; operating time throughout the year. Thus, enterprises and organizations in our country are distributed in statistics, primarily into three groups of production sectors (parts of the national economy):

mining;

processing;

distributing electricity, gas and water.

The importance of these sectors can be judged by general economic indicators (number of organizations, volume of shipped goods and financial result) - table 8.

Table 8

By appointment finished products All enterprises are divided into two large groups: producing means of production and producing consumer goods.

By sign technological community distinguish between enterprises with continuous and discrete production processes, with a predominance of mechanical and chemical production processes.

By working hours during the year Distinguish between year-round and seasonal enterprises.

By sign enterprise size are divided into large (with more than 500 employees), medium (with 101 to 500 employees) and small (up to 100 employees). The main criterion for attributing an enterprise to one of these groups is not only the number of employees, but also the amount of allowable cash flow.

By specialization and scale of production enterprises of the same type are divided into specialized, diversified and combined.

It is possible to single out enterprises on other grounds. For example, depending on different types of economic and legal relations and the nature of production activities, such enterprises differ, for example:

rental which manufactures products, performs work and provides services using property on the basis of a lease agreement (for a certain period);

venture- a small enterprise in science-intensive sectors of the economy, carrying out scientific research, engineering development and the introduction of innovations of a risky nature;

closed(in some countries), which has an agreement that only members of a union or those who wish to join a union will be employed in this enterprise;

open in which both members of the trade union and non-members of the trade union are employed;

collective, which was created either when buying out a state-owned enterprise, or when acquiring the property of an enterprise by a labor collective.

The classification of enterprises is important in the development of standard documentation for homogeneous enterprises, the application of standard design and technological solutions, production structure and other purposes.

In accordance with the forms of ownership, enterprises can be state, municipal, private, and may also be owned by public organizations.

by an enterprise like object of rights recognized Property Complex, which is generally real estate. This complex includes all types of property intended for its activities, including: land plots; building; equipment; inventory; raw materials; products.

In addition, this complex includes claims, debts, as well as designations that individualize the enterprise, its products, works and services (company name, trademarks, service marks), and other exclusive rights.

The enterprise operates in industry, agriculture, construction, transport, communications and informatics, science and scientific services, trade, logistics, culture, education, services and other sectors of the national economy. An enterprise can simultaneously conduct several types of economic activity.

Economic activity of the enterprise is the production of products, the provision of services, the performance of work. Economic activity is aimed at making a profit in order to satisfy the economic and social interests of the owners and the workforce of the enterprise. Economic activity includes the following stages:

• scientific research and development work;
• production;
• auxiliary production;
• maintenance of production and sales, marketing;
• sales and after-sales support.

Analysis of the economic activity of the enterprise

Makes the FinEkAnalysis program.

Analysis of the economic activity of the enterprise this is a scientific way of understanding economic phenomena and processes, based on the division into component parts and the study of the variety of connections and dependencies. This is an enterprise management function. Analysis precedes decisions and actions, justifies the scientific management of production, increases objectivity and efficiency.

Analysis of the economic activity of the enterprise consists of the following areas:

• The financial analysis
  • Analysis of solvency, liquidity and financial stability,
• Management analysis
• Evaluation of the place of the enterprise in the market of this product,
• Analysis of the use of the main factors of production: means of labor, objects of labor and labor resources,
• Evaluation of the results of production and sales of products,
• Making decisions on the range and quality of products,
• Development of a strategy for managing production costs,
• Determination of the pricing policy,

Indicators of economic activity of the enterprise

The analyst, according to the specified criteria, selects indicators, forms a system from them, and makes an analysis. The complexity of the analysis requires the use of systems, rather than individual indicators. The indicators of economic activity of the enterprise are divided into:

1. value and natural, - depending on the underlying meters. Cost indicators - the most common type of economic indicators. They generalize heterogeneous economic phenomena. If an enterprise uses more than one type of raw materials and materials, then only cost indicators can provide information on the generalized amounts of receipts, expenditures, and the balance of these items of labor.

natural indicators are primary, and cost - secondary, since the latter are calculated on the basis of the former. Economic phenomena, such as the cost of production, distribution costs, profit (loss) and some other indicators are measured only in cost terms.

2. quantitative and qualitative, - depending on which side of phenomena, operations, processes is measured. For results that can be quantified, use quantitative indicators. The values ​​of such indicators are expressed as some real number that has a physical or economic meaning. These include:

1. All financial indicators:

• revenue,
• net profit,
• fixed and variable costs,
• profitability,
• turnover,
• liquidity, etc.

2. Market indicators:

• volume of sales,
• market share,
• size/growth of the customer base, etc.

3. Indicators characterizing the efficiency of business processes and activities for training and development of the enterprise:

• labor productivity,
• production cycle,
• lead time,
• staff turnover,
• number of employees trained, etc.

Most of the characteristics and results of the work of the organization, departments and employees are not amenable to strict quantitative measurement. They are used to evaluate qualitative indicators. Qualitative indicators are measured with the help of expert assessments, by monitoring the process and results of work. These include, for example, indicators such as:

• relative competitive position of the company,
• customer satisfaction index,
• staff satisfaction index,
• command at work
• the level of labor and performance discipline,
• quality and timeliness of submission of documents,
• compliance with standards and regulations,
• execution of orders of the head and many others.

Qualitative indicators, as a rule, are leading, as they affect the final results of the organization's work and "warn" about possible deviations of quantitative indicators.

3. Volumetric and specific- depending on the application of individual indicators or their ratios. So, for example, the volume of output, sales volume, production cost, profit are volume indicators. They characterize the volume of this economic phenomenon. Volumetric indicators are primary, and specific indicators are secondary.

Specific indicators calculated on the basis of volume indicators. For example, the cost of production and its cost are volume indicators, and the ratio of the first indicator to the second, that is, the cost per ruble of marketable products, is a specific indicator.

Results of economic activity of the enterprise

Profit and income- the main indicators of the financial results of the production and economic activities of the enterprise.

Income is the proceeds from the sale of products (works, services) minus material costs. It represents the monetary form of the net output of the enterprise, i.e. includes wages and profits.

Income characterizes the amount of funds that the company receives for the period, and minus taxes is used for consumption and investment. Income is sometimes subject to taxation. In this case, after tax is deducted, it is subdivided into consumption, investment and insurance funds. The consumption fund is used for remuneration of personnel and payments based on the results of work for the period, for a share in the authorized property (dividends), material assistance, etc.

Profit- part of the proceeds remaining after reimbursement of production and marketing costs. In a market economy, profit is the source of:

• replenishment of the revenue part of the state and local budgets,
• enterprise development, investment and innovation activities,
• satisfaction of the material interests of the members of the labor collective and the owner of the enterprise.

The amount of profit and income is influenced by the volume of products, assortment, quality, cost, improvement of pricing and other factors. In turn, profit affects the profitability, solvency of the enterprise and others. The value of the gross profit of the enterprise consists of three parts:

• profit from the sale of products - as the difference between the proceeds from the sale of products (excluding VAT and excise duty) and its full cost;
• profits on the sale of tangible assets and other property (this is the difference between the sale price and the costs of acquiring and selling). Profit from the sale of fixed assets is the difference between the proceeds from the sale, the residual value and the costs of dismantling and selling;
• profit from non-sales operations, i.e. transactions not directly related to the main activity (income from securities, from equity participation in joint ventures, leasing property, excess of the amount of fines received over those paid, etc.).

Unlike profit, which shows the absolute effect of activity, profitability- a relative indicator of the efficiency of the enterprise. In general, it is calculated as the ratio of profit to costs and is expressed as a percentage. The term is derived from the word "rent" (income).

Profitability indicators are used for a comparative assessment of the performance of individual enterprises and industries that produce different volumes and types of products. These indicators characterize the profit received in relation to the spent production resources. Product profitability and production profitability are often used. There are the following types of profitability:

Was the page helpful?

More found about the economic activity of the enterprise

1. Methodology for express analysis of the results of a commercial organization
   This paper provides the content of the first stage of the methodology focused on a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of the economic activity of enterprises. Emphasis is placed on the evaluation criteria and the issue of methodological support for calculating the economic consequences
2. Methodological provisions for assessing the financial condition of enterprises and establishing an unsatisfactory balance sheet structure
   It is most difficult to take into account the impact of inflationary processes, but without this it is difficult to make an unambiguous conclusion about whether the increase in the balance sheet is a consequence of only the rise in the cost of finished products under the influence of inflation of raw materials, or it also indicates the expansion of the economic activity of the enterprise. insolvency should
3. Financial recovery of the enterprise
   The fourth section of the financial recovery plan defines measures to restore solvency and support efficient economic activity debtor enterprise Clause 4.1 contains a table with a list of measures to restore solvency and support
4. Analysis of financial flows of ferrous metallurgy enterprises
   The cash flow from financial activities consists of receipts and payments related to the implementation of external financing of the economic activity of the enterprise. Here, the inflows are long-term and short-term loans and borrowings issuance and sale
5. Analysis of the cost of production of an enterprise on the example of PJSC Bashinformsvyaz
   In this paper, there was an attempt to build an economic and mathematical model, which is a mathematical description of the economic activity of an enterprise with the aim of researching and successfully managing a company. 11 The constructed economic and mathematical model includes
6. Development of methods of economic analysis of working capital
   The complex of indicators of economic activity of the enterprise includes indicators of a direct or indirect time factor, the period of repayment of accounts receivable and accounts payable.
7. Gross income
   The solution of this problem ensures the self-sufficiency of the current economic activity of the enterprise. A certain part of the gross income of the enterprise is a source of profit formation, due to which
8. Methods of regression analysis in planning and forecasting the need for working capital
   The need for forecasting and planning working capital is determined by the special significance of this economic category for the economic activity of the enterprise. The advanced nature of working capital is the need to invest costs in them until economic
9. Comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness of the use of intangible assets
   The current trend suggests that a comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness of the use of intangible assets should be an integral part of a comprehensive analysis of the economic activity of an enterprise. The study showed that the methodological foundations for analyzing the effectiveness of using intangible assets
10. Anti-crisis financial management policy
    They are based on the consistent definition of models of management decisions chosen in accordance with the specifics of the economic activity of the enterprise and the scale of crisis phenomena in its development In the system of crisis financial management
11. 
    The level of efficiency of the economic activity of the enterprise is largely determined by the purposeful formation of its capital. The main goal of the formation of the capital of the enterprise
12. Financial analysis of the enterprise - part 5
    Among the efficiency criteria, priority should be given to such parameters of the system for managing the financial resources of an enterprise as ensuring - determining the actual volume of available funds of financial resources - determining the optimal size of funds of financial resources, their division and use, taking into account the needs of enterprises, the economic feasibility of expenses, as well as their impact on the final results of production economic activity of the enterprise - control over the rational use of resources of production assets by the fulfillment of planned tasks by continuity
13. Management analysis as a function of management
    I Analysis of the economic activity of enterprises operating in a centrally planned economy A powerful theoretical and methodological apparatus of analysis developed by
14. Rent
    The main advantages of lease leasing are an increase in the market value of the enterprise by obtaining additional profit without acquiring fixed assets into ownership an increase in the volume and diversification of the economic activity of the enterprise without a significant increase in the volume of financing of its non-current assets significant savings in financial resources
15. Topical issues and modern experience in analyzing the financial condition of organizations
    This stage is characterized by an active differentiation of analysis by sectors of the national economy by turning the analysis of the financial condition to a comprehensive analysis of all aspects of the economic activity of enterprises and determining its impact on the final results of work. In addition, this period
16. Financial analysis of the enterprise - part 2
    In the course of economic activity, the enterprise provides a trade credit for consumers of its products, i.e. there is a gap in
17. Fixed assets
    The non-current long-term assets of an enterprise are characterized by the following positive features; they are not subject to inflation and therefore are better protected from it; less financial risk of losses in the course of the enterprise’s business activities;

Under economic activity The Commercial Code refers to the activities of business entities in the field of social production, aimed at manufacturing and selling products, performing work or providing services of a value nature that have price certainty (Part 1, Article 3 of the HC).
Law of Ukraine "On foreign economic activity" economic activity- this is any activity, including entrepreneurial, associated with the production and exchange of tangible and intangible goods, acting in the form of a commodity.
A ZU dated June 1, 2000 "On licensing certain types of economic activity" under economic activity understands any, including entrepreneurial, legal entities, as well as individuals-subjects of entrepreneurial activity related to the production (manufacturing) of products, trade, provision of services, performance of work.
Based on the content of Art. 3, 42, 52 HC general types of economic activity can be grouped in this way:
1) commercial economic activity(entrepreneurship) - economic activity carried out to achieve economic and social results and for the purpose of making a profit; Economic commercial activity (entrepreneurship) is carried out by an enterprise (entrepreneur) as an independent, proactive, systematic activity at its own risk in order to achieve economic and social results and make a profit (Article 42 of the HC).
2) non-commercial economic activity- economic activity carried out without the purpose of making a profit; According to Part 1 of Art. 52 HC non-commercial management is an independent systematic economic activity carried out by business entities aimed at achieving economic, social and other results without the goal of making a profit.
3) economic support for the activities of non-economic entities- activities of non-economic entities aimed at creating and maintaining the necessary material and technical conditions for their functioning, which is carried out with or without the participation of entities.
It should be noted that an exhaustive list of types of economic activities subject to licensing (namely, 45 types of economic activities) is established by the Law of Ukraine "On Licensing Certain Types of Economic Activities" dated 01.06.2000.
However, according to Art. 259 HC type of economic activity takes place in the case of combining resources (equipment, technological means, raw materials and materials, labor) to create the production of certain products or the provision of services. An individual activity may consist of a single, simple process, or it may cover a number of processes, each of which falls into the appropriate category of the classification.
Based on the provisions of Ch. 6, VII XK, the following types of economic activity can be distinguished:
1. Economic and trading activities- activities carried out by business entities in the field of commodity circulation, aimed at the sale of industrial and technical products and consumer goods, as well as ancillary activities that ensure their implementation through the provision of appropriate services.
Economic and trading activities are mediated by economic contracts for the supply, contracting of agricultural products, energy supply, purchase and sale, rent, exchange (barter), leasing and other contracts.
2. Agency activity- commercial intermediation, which consists in the provision of services by a commercial agent to business entities in the course of their economic activities through mediation on behalf, in the interests, under control and at the expense of the entity he represents. Commercial mediation is an entrepreneurial activity.
A commercial agent can be a business entity (citizen or legal entity), which, under the authority based on an agency agreement, carries out commercial mediation.
Entrepreneurs acting, although in the interests of others, are not commercial agents, but on their own behalf.
3. Cargo transportation- economic activities related to the movement of industrial and technical products and consumer goods by rail, roads, water and air routes, as well as the transportation of products by pipelines.
The subjects of relations for the carriage of goods are carriers, consignors and consignees.
Carriage of goods is carried out by railway freight transport, road freight transport, sea freight transport and cargo inland fleet, air freight transport, pipeline transport, space transport, and other types of transport.
4. Capital construction- construction of industrial and other facilities, preparation of construction sites, work on equipping buildings, completion of construction, applied and experimental research and development, etc., which are carried out by business entities for other entities or on their order and are carried out on a contract basis .
5. Innovative activity- activities of participants in economic relations, which is carried out on the basis of the implementation of investments in order to implement long-term scientific and technical programs with long payback periods and the introduction of new scientific and technological achievements in production and other areas of public life.
Financial activities includes monetary and other financial intermediation, insurance, as well as ancillary activities in the field of finance and insurance.
6. Financial intermediation- activities related to the receipt and redistribution of financial resources, except as provided by law. Financial intermediation is carried out by banks and other financial and credit organizations.
Business insurance- this is an activity aimed at covering the long-term and short-term risks of business entities with the use of savings through the credit and financial system or without such use.
Ancillary activities in the field of finance and insurance are non-state management of financial markets, exchange transactions with stock values, other activities (mediation in lending, financial consulting, activities related to foreign exchange, cargo insurance, assessment of insurance risk and losses, other types of ancillary activities ).
7. Commercial concession- under a commercial concession agreement, one party (right holder) undertakes to grant to the other party (user) for a period or without a specified period the right to use in the user's business activities a set of rights belonging to the right holder, and the user undertakes to comply with the conditions for the use of the rights granted to him and pay the right holder the remuneration stipulated by the contract .
A commercial concession agreement provides for the use of the set of rights granted to the user, business reputation and commercial experience of the copyright holder in full, with or without indicating the territory of use in relation to a certain area of ​​business activity.
8. Foreign economic activity- economic activity, in the course of which property and / or labor force cross the customs border of Ukraine.

Classification of business firms

activities

The classification of firms according to various principles underlying it makes it possible to obtain, as a result of studying a particular firm, a complete picture of its organizational and legal status, the nature and scope of its activities, the firm's position in world commodity markets, intra-company relations in large firms.

The proposed classification distinguishes firms by type and nature of economic activity; legal status; the nature of the property; ownership of capital and control; field of activity.

Type and character

economic

activities

On the nature of economic activity, the following types of firms are distinguished: industrial, trade, transport, insurance, freight forwarding, engineering, tourism, rental, etc.

Industrial firms their activities are based on the production of goods (usually industrial firms include those with more than 50% of their turnover in the production of industrial products). As a result of the huge concentration and internationalization of production, the vast majority of output and a significant part of international trade are concentrated in the hands of a small group of the largest industrial giant firms, among which transnational corporations (TNCs) stand out in terms of size and scale of activity.

The decisive role of giant firms in the world market is determined by the fact that they occupy a dominant position not only in production and commercial exports, but also in the trade in patents and licenses, the provision of technical services, since the bulk of scientific and technological achievements and production are concentrated in their hands. experience of developed countries.

The largest industrial firms are, as a rule, also the main exporters of productive capital directed to the creation of their own network of branches and subsidiaries abroad, while they import a significant part of the products from their foreign enterprises. Export from the largest industrial firms is increasingly being replaced by production at foreign enterprises and is included in the concept of "foreign operations". Under foreign operations is meant both export from the country where the parent company of an industrial firm is located, and the sale of products manufactured by foreign enterprises owned by it. Under these conditions, the importance of individual firms in international trade is determined not so much by their exports, but by their shares in the world production of individual goods.

A large number of large industrial companies in the USA, Germany, Japan and some other countries are characterized by their transformation into complex diversified complexes, uniting a large number of industrial enterprises of various industries and various production profiles, as well as trading and transport companies, research institutes and laboratories, design bureaus. The formation of diversified complexes is a consequence of the process production diversification, widely used in many developed countries. The essence of this process is to connect within the framework of the complex an ever wider range of industrial production sectors by penetrating one company into completely new industries for it and areas of activity that are technologically unrelated to each other. Diversification is carried out in order to expand the range of manufactured heterogeneous products, which ensures the economic stability of the company. At the same time, the concentration of products belonging to different industries in one firm makes it difficult to determine the firm structure of specific industries on a global scale and by country, as well as the share of individual firms in world commodity markets. Therefore, the attribution of the company to any one industry is conditional and refers mainly to the types of products that prevail in terms of share in the turnover of the company.

trading firms engaged in the implementation of operations for the purchase and sale of goods. They can either be part of the sales system of large industrial companies, or exist independently legally and economically from other firms and carry out trade and intermediary operations. Trading firms are either highly specialized or trading in a wide range of products. Among trading firms, large monopolistic associations stand out, occupying a dominant position in the world market for individual goods or in the foreign trade turnover of individual countries. Thus, the vast majority of international trade in sugar, non-ferrous metals, grain, rubber, cotton, furs, timber, and hides is concentrated in the hands of a small number of large specialized trading firms.

Among the universal trading firms, the largest trading companies stand out, which, in terms of scale of activity and financial power, are at the level of industrial giant firms. By the nature of their activities, such trading companies are usually international. Through an extensive network of foreign branches and subsidiaries, they penetrate the markets of many countries, create their own procurement apparatus (at home and abroad), acquire their own production enterprises for cleaning, primary processing, and sorting of goods. Many large trading firms carry out production activities related not only to the processing of the commodities they trade, but also to the products of other industries, both in their own country and abroad.

Transport companies carry out international transportation of goods and passengers. Typically, transport companies specialize in certain types of transportation, in connection with which shipping, road, air, and rail are distinguished among them.

Shipping companies carry out sea transportation of goods. Maritime transport in Western countries is characterized by an extremely high level of concentration. Linear shipping has the highest concentration. Aviation companies have developed significantly due to the rapid growth of air transport, which is increasingly being used for the transport of goods. The degree of concentration in air transport is extremely high. In the United States, there are five largest airlines that carry out about 2/3 of the total air traffic within the country and 1/3 of the world.

Railway companies are significantly inferior in size to shipping and aviation companies; in most countries, they carry out a smaller part of the transportation, are unprofitable or even unprofitable. Railways are in the hands of the state and are managed by special state organizations or companies. Railway companies act on the world market mainly as buyers of railway rolling stock and various types of equipment.

insurance companies, providing cargo insurance for international maritime, air, road and other transportation, play a significant role in the world market. The vast majority of insurance operations are concentrated in the hands of giant insurance companies, dominated by US companies. The latter account for over 60% of the volume of insurance operations performed on the world market.

Freight forwarding companies specialize in carrying out operations for the delivery of goods to the buyer, carrying out orders from industrial, commercial and other firms. The functions of transport-forwarding companies are very diverse. This includes checking the condition of containers and packaging, labeling, issuing shipping documents, paying the cost of transportation on behalf of the cargo owner, loading and unloading operations, storage, insurance, selection and assembly of small shipments, informing the consignee about the arrival of the cargo, obtaining a commercial act (if the cargo is damaged), implementation of customs formalities, organization of container transportation, provision of cargo shipments with documents of quarantine, sanitary and veterinary supervision, etc.

Legal status

firms

But it determines who, to what extent, is responsible for the obligations of the company, i.e. who will pay the company's debts in the event of bankruptcy. It depends on the legal status of the company who is granted the right (authority) to conclude transactions on behalf of the company. In relations with counterparties, a transaction is considered valid even when it goes beyond the statutory purpose or is made by a person in excess of the powers granted to him by the company. Going beyond the scope of the subject of activity provided for in the charter or the powers granted may serve as a basis for holding liable persons acting on behalf of the company, but cannot affect the validity of the transaction in relation to the persons with whom it was concluded.

The legal status of the company also determines who is in charge of resolving certain issues related to the economic activity of the company.

The legal status of firms in foreign countries is very different and is determined by the civil and commercial law of each country. Usually, all firms registered in the trade register of a given country are legal entities, i.e. act in civil and commercial circulation as an independent subject of law.

Legal entities - these are associations of persons and associations of capitals, endowed with their inherent rights and obligations, which have property isolation (the property of a legal entity is separated from the property of its members).

The presence of own property is a necessary prerequisite for the independent property liability of a legal entity for the obligations it enters into. The amount of property liability is determined by the legal status of a legal entity registered as a company with an established name. The legal status of the company as a joint-stock company implies the property liability of all owners of capital - shareholders. In some countries, the creation of such legal entities is allowed, the founders of which can be one natural or legal person.

Legal entities are divided into two types - legal entities of public law and legal entities of private law. Legal entities of public law have a public nature of the goals pursued, powers of authority, a special nature of membership. These include state bodies, institutions and organizations, chambers of commerce and industry, unions of entrepreneurs who are not engaged in entrepreneurial activities.

Legal entities of private law - these are associations of persons and associations of capital registered as firms, regardless of the nature of activity, nature of ownership, ownership of capital and control. k

A legal entity, as a bearer of property rights and obligations, acts on its own behalf as a business entity. A legal entity is characterized by the following features:

Achievement of a common goal determined by the members of the association;

The presence of an organizational structure that ensures unity in the process of economic activity;

Independent property liability for the obligations it enters into;

Existence regardless of the persons included in its composition;

The independence of the existence of the association from the change of persons included in it.

Legal entities engaged in entrepreneurial activities have the right to enter into such legal relations with other market entities that are necessary to achieve the goal specified in the law or in the charter of the company.

The legislation and practice of developed countries proceed from the fact that the legal capacity inherent in legal entities is exercised by the bodies of a legal entity that make transactions within the limits of their competence. Bodies (divisions) of the company act as representatives of a legal entity and by their actions create rights and obligations for it. Classification of property on types and sources of education Abstract >> Accounting and audit

... Classification property on types and sources of education. The purpose of the task is to master the order of grouping property on types ... on travel expenses 530 Debt firm"Argon" on ... View activities car manufacturing on... executing economic ...

They originated tens of thousands of years ago and over this long period have passed a difficult path of development. If at first a person was engaged only in gathering, hunting and farming to maintain his existence, then today there are dozens of areas and industries in which certain products and materials are produced. And this is not to mention highly specialized types of economic activity, which most consumers are not even aware of. At the same time, traditional forms of economic activities are also preserved, undergoing minor, but still changes. At the same time, the formation and expansion of new areas of production associated with the introduction of innovative technologies does not slow down.

The concept and signs of economic activity

All the benefits that surround modern man, one way or another, were produced as a result of his efforts - mental and physical. The form of their application can just be considered as an economy. In a general sense, this is an activity, as a result of which both material and spiritual benefits appear. Although there are other concepts that strictly separate, for example, science from trade and construction from agriculture. In this case, there is a distinction between industries that do not produce anything material, and enterprises whose work ultimately provides real products. As a rule, the second group includes the main types of economic activity, among which are the agricultural sector, industry, transport infrastructure, etc. The following features are characteristic of such areas:

• As a rule, the work of enterprises is carried out on a professional basis.
• The activity is aimed at manufacturing products and performing work for other entities.
• The result of the activity has a value expression, that is, the market price.
• In the process of operation of enterprises, the interests of the owner as a private person are combined with public and state ones.

Classification in terms of law

In Russian legislation, there is the Economic Code, which provides for the allocation of several areas of such activities. In general terms, it is understood as one of the areas of social production with the task of manufacturing and further selling goods or providing services. From the point of view of law, the following types of human economic activity are distinguished:

• A commercial. In essence - entrepreneurship carried out with the aim of making a profit or achieving other social and economic results.
• Non-commercial activity. In this case, there is no goal of making a profit, but there may be tasks to achieve certain social or economic results.
• Economic support. A special category of activity that can be presented as a tool to support existing enterprises, for example, by improving their technical or material condition.

agricultural holding

An extensive industry and one of the oldest forms of activity, including agriculture, animal husbandry, crop production, etc. There is also a classification of agricultural types of economic activity on the basis of belonging to climatic zones. Thus, the cold belt is considered less favorable for the cultivation of the soil cover, therefore, in such zones, cattle breeding and, in particular, reindeer husbandry predominate. In contrast, regions with a warm climate are successfully growing cereals, vegetables, cotton and citrus fruits. Basically, this industry is concentrated on the production of food products, however, there are also types of economic activities in the agricultural sector aimed at growing industrial crops. For example, the fruits of dyeing, spinning and bast plants are further used in industry.

Water management

It is also a significant industry, in which there are several areas of activity. First of all, these are areas related to the cultivation of underwater flora and fauna. The final products can be used as food, go to the needs of industry and agriculture. The economic activities of people associated with the ocean and coastal areas deserve special attention. In this part, we can talk about the extraction of biological products, and about energy resources. In the Pacific waters, for example, oil shelves are being developed, as well as coal deposits. No less attractive are sea crafts rich in seafood, rock and table salt, bromine and magnesium.

Industry

This sector covers many types of manufacturing, processing and mining activities. Factories, combines, mines and mines provide a significant share of consumer goods with their products. Food, chemical, light and heavy industries provide different market segments. In recent years, the energy industry has been technologically developing, the product of which can be electricity, heat, fuel materials, steam, etc. Stations for the generation of various types of energy operate in this industry. New industries are also emerging, whose enterprises produce innovative products. What types of economic activity can be attributed to this group? First of all, these are narrow areas of the microbiological, medical and construction industries. Companies of the modern type produce materials and products of higher quality with a fundamentally new combination of operational and consumer properties.

Transport economy

The infrastructure that provides the possibility of movement is no less important for the stable operation of the same agricultural and industrial enterprises. And the totality of vehicles is also in itself a part of the national economy. There are three types of economic activity in this area:

• Ground communication. Cars, metro, rail transport.
• Water transport. River and sea vessels.
• Aircraft.

Services as a form of economic activity

The provision of services is also considered as a separate category of economic activity. The final product, for example, can be treatment, education, sale, communication, etc. That is, the result of the activity does not necessarily become a natural object. In this context, the most common types of economic activities related to trade. On the one hand, catering establishments, food markets, clothing stores serve people, and on the other hand, they can act as the same consumers of manufacturing companies that produce real products.

Importance of economic activity

Without the development of the above sectors, the modern quality of human life would be impossible. The pros are obvious, but there are also cons. They are associated with massive pollution of the biosphere and atmosphere, with soil erosion, depletion of forests, etc. And even specific and remote types of economic activity associated with the ocean cause irreparable harm. This applies not only to spills of oil products and toxic organic compounds. The same transport water vessels and coastal enterprises dump processing waste, the distribution of which in the aquatic environment leads to the destruction of flora and fauna. As a result, other sectors of the economy also suffer.

Conclusion

Despite the numerous problems that arise as a result of man's intrusion into the natural structure of nature, this process is almost impossible to stop. Accordingly, environmental organizations have to develop and propose new concepts for doing business. Such ideas, in particular, include models of optimized processing enterprises with a complete processing cycle. On the other hand, modern types of economic activity are increasingly willing to introduce biotechnological developments and social principles of management organization into production processes. The main idea of ​​the new approaches can be called not the reduction and limitation of capacities with the minimization of conditional harmful emissions, but the economic benefit for the enterprises themselves, which will master such concepts. For example, the idea of ​​energy-saving engineering communications allows increasing the rate of production returns, but without increasing the cost of consumed resources.