What does the sentence mean for the purpose of the statement. Common and non-common. Examples of interrogative sentences in fiction

There are many different syntactic units in Russian, the most commonly used of which is the sentence. But did you know that they can be very different from each other? In this article, we will talk in detail about what types of sentences exist for the purpose of the statement, how they differ.

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The offer is called basic syntactic unit in which there is some information about something, a question or a call to action. The sentence differs from the presence of a grammatical basis, which consists of a subject and a predicate. The main function of this design is the implementation of communication.

Important! The phrase must always be completed both in meaning and intonation!

In order for the speech to be literate, it is necessary to understand the types and for a start. So it will be easier to understand the meaning of what was said or written, to place the necessary punctuation marks.

First you need to define what is the purpose of the statement? Maybe you want to learn about something from the interlocutor or, conversely, to convey some information to him? Or do you need the person to do something? That the result you want to achieve from the interlocutor, using phrases of a certain kind, and will be considered a goal.

Sentences differ in types of utterance and intonation. Very diverse offers their various classifications, one of which is the division of these syntactic units according to the purpose of the statement. So what are the types of phrases?

Structures according to the purpose of the statement are:

narrative;
incentive;
interrogative.

In addition, they differ in intonation and can be:

exclamatory;
non-exclamatory

Exclamation marks are used to give an expression special emotional coloring. In writing, they are distinguished with an exclamation mark, and in oral speech they are pronounced with a special intonation. Very often an exclamation is added to incentive constructions. If you need to add more emotionality, then at the end you can put three exclamation marks: “Look, the moose is running !!!”. Such a phrase will perfectly decorate the text.

Non-exclamatory are used to communicate everyday information, facts. They do not imply the presence of emotional coloring and are distinguished in the letter simply by a dot. However, if you want to add a little mystery or an incompleteness effect to the statement, then it would be more appropriate to use ellipsis in this case: “You know, I wanted to tell you for a very long time ...”.

Offer types

Narrative constructions

This type of expression is very common. They are necessary for reporting any facts At the same time, the information conveyed can be both affirmed and denied.

Important! A declarative sentence is always a complete thought.

When pronouncing a narrative statement, the main word must be emphasized in a voice, and by the end of the phrase, lower the tone, make it more calm. There are a lot of examples of narrative constructions: “I ate chicken for dinner today”, “In the spring you can often see shoals of migratory birds”.

The narrative can be pronounced both with an exclamatory intonation, for example: “Sergey is an excellent student!”, And without an exclamation, for example: “I like to eat ice cream.” In writing, exclamatory declarative sentences are marked with an exclamation point, and non-exclamatory statements end with a period.

Incentive constructions

So what is an incentive offer? These statements are needed in order to move a person to any action. Various phrases are used for this:

plea: “I beg you, don’t!”;
request: “I beg you, stop chewing!”;
Wish: "Please get well soon."

Very often, in statements of an incentive type, particles such as “let”, “come on”, “I beg”, “please” and so on appear. In oral speech, they stand out with intonation., very often they are pronounced with an exclamation, and in writing they are distinguished by an exclamation mark.

There are also non-exclamatory incentive offers. They, like ordinary sentences, end with a dot in writing.

Important! It is in the constructions of the incentive type that one can meet (the indefinite form of the verb), the verb in the imperative or the appeal to the person to whom the expression is addressed. Such a sentence has no subject and can only consist of one predicate!

Incentive Offers

Interrogative constructions

They are necessary for the transmission of questions of various types. Each interrogative sentence can have its own purpose, so there are several different groups of such expressions.

Groups of interrogative sentences

General issues. They can only be answered with “Yes” or “No”. Examples: “Do you breed aquarium fish?”, “Do you have a dog?”.
Private questions. Used when you need to learn more about a person, circumstance or object. Example: “Who will go to the theater today?”, “When will the new shopping center open?”.

Interrogative constructions also differ in character. It is very important to take into account the nature of the issue, since it will depend on it the answer you get from your interlocutor.

Interrogative sentences

Classification by the nature of the issue

Actually interrogative. Needed to obtain unknown information, an answer is required from the interlocutor. For example: "How to get to the library?"
An interrogative-affirmative statement should be used if you already have some information and you need to confirm it. For example: "Didn't he know that?"
With the help of interrogative-negative, you can express the negation of the statement that was originally embedded in the question. For example: “Well, why did I do it ?!”
The interrogative-motivational contains a requirement or a request to perform some action: “Maybe we’ll go for a ride on the ferry?”
Interrogative-rhetorical statements do not need to be answered, since the phrase itself already contains the answer to the question. Usually these sentences serve as a real decoration of speech, for example: “Who doesn’t like to listen to the singing of nightingales on warm summer evenings?”.

Interrogative constructions in oral speech must be distinguished by a special intonation. You can also use special words-signals (who, where, where and others), You can also change the word order in questions. For example: “Does he eat fish?”, “Who eats fish?”, “What does he eat?”. In writing, any interrogative expression ends with a question mark, but if you want to add more emotional coloring to the phrase, it would be more appropriate to use both question and exclamation marks, as in the example: “Is it really so difficult for you to come to terms with this ?!”. In this case, the exclamation mark is placed after the question mark.

narrative sentences contain a message or description, express a relatively complete thought, which is based on a judgment: The wagon drove up to the porch of the commandant's house. The people recognized Pugachev's bell and the crowd ran after him. Shvabrin met the impostor on the porch. He was dressed as a Cossack and grew his beard(Pushkin). Narrative sentences are distinguished by the completeness of thought, conveyed by a specific narrative intonation: an increase in tone on a logically distinguished word and a calm decrease in tone at the end of a sentence.

Interrogative sentences ask about something unknown to the speaker: Long away whether do you live from here? BUT what did you do in my garden?(Pushkin); Really there is no woman in the world to whom you would like to leave something in memory?(Lermontov); Is the most mournful music in the world does not give happiness?(Bunin) The means of expressing interrogativeness are: special interrogative intonation, interrogative words (pronouns and adverbs), interrogative particles ( is it, is it, is it), word order.

Incentives sentences express a desire to make other people act (less often the intention of the speaker himself to perform some action). They contain various shades of will: order, advice, prohibition, warning, threat, request, prayer, call, wish, etc.: Bring it back, bring it back!(Bitter); Treat your father with some tobacco, - Anisya whispered in his ear.(Leonov); Tyrants of the world! Tremble!(Pushkin); “Beware,” said the gray-haired Shat to Kazbek(Lermontov); Cheer up, shoulder! Wave your hand! You smell in the face, the wind from noon!(Koltsov). The grammatical means of designing motivation are: incentive intonation, various verb forms, particles, interjections, etc.: Do not sing, beauty, with me you are sad songs of Georgia(Pushkin); Would you leave, Nastya(Leonov).

exclamatory sentences are called in which the expression of content is accompanied by an expression of the speaker's feelings. Any of the sentences for the purpose of the statement can become exclamatory: both narrative, and interrogative, and incentive: He met death face to face, as a fighter should in battle!(Lermontov); What a lamp of reason has gone out! What heart stopped beating!(Nekrasov); Kuma, apparently, a basurman! Stop, my dove!(Pushkin). The constructive grammatical means of making exclamatory sentences are: a special intonation that conveys a variety of feelings (anger, joy, annoyance, chagrin, surprise, affection, love, complaint, horror, admiration), emotional particles, interjections, exclamatory particles ( well, oh, well, where, how, what, what): Fu you, what! Don't say a word to her!(Bitter).

According to the purpose of the statement, three main types of sentences are traditionally distinguished: narrative, interrogative and incentive.

Main purpose narrative offers - message about certain phenomena of reality (sometimes - fictional), i.e. transmission of information to the addressee of the speech.

The means of expressing the narrative nature of the sentence is its intonational design - with a lower voice at the end of the sentence: On the hills of Georgia lies the darkness of the night... (A. Pushkin).

Main purpose interrogative sentences - receiving information from the interlocutor. They formulate a question about situations unknown or not quite known to the speaker.

The means of expressing the interrogative nature of the statement are: 1) interrogative intonation, which differs from the narrative one by an increased tone of pronunciation of the entire sentence and a particularly sharp increase in tone on the word with which the meaning of the question is directly connected; 2) interrogative pronominal words (when, where, where, who, what etc.); 3) interrogative particles (is it really, is it etc.): 1) Do you see the house and the garden on the other side? (A. Chekhov); 2) How, where, who made the mistake? (A. Green); 3) Are you in love with a smaller one? (A. Pushkin).

In addition to their main function, interrogative sentences are often used in a different sense, in particular, in the role of emotionally colored declarative sentences (affirmative or negative): Who is not affected by novelty? (A. Chekhov)(= Affects everyone); Who can keep love? (A. Pushkin)(No one can). Such questions that do not require an answer, but convey emotionally colored information, are called rhetorical.

Purpose incentive offers - impulse to the action of the one to whom the speech is addressed. They express various types of motivation: an order, a demand, a warning, a ban, a mandate, a request, advice, etc.

The motivating nature of the utterance is formed primarily by intonation, which has many varieties (depending on what is expressed in the sentence: an order or a request, advice or an appeal, etc.).

In addition to intonation, the motivating nature of the utterance is expressed by the use of the verb-predicate in the imperative mood: Noise, noise, obedient sail, worry under me, gloomy ocean (A. Pushkin); Let's exclaim, admire each other (B. Okudzhava). But the verbal predicate, naming the action to which they are prompted, can be in incentive sentences in other forms: 1) in the infinitive: Ask, call, say that at home! (A. Griboyedov); 2) in the conditional mood: You should at least read books, or something ... (A. Chekhov)- and some others.

In most cases, declarative, interrogative and incentive sentences are clearly opposed to each other both in terms of semantic and grammatical features. At the same time, one can often note the interaction of these types of statements - the combination of different functions in one sentence, certain “shifts” in the intended purpose of the sentence. For example, a declarative sentence But you yourself should not distinguish defeat from victory (B. Pasternak) has an incentive value (narrative-incentive). Interrogative sentence So will you give me Gogol?- [asks Ivan Matveich] (A. Chekhov) also has a connotation of action (interrogative sentence).

Lesson topic: "Types of sentences for the purpose of the statement."

Communicating with each other, we speak or write not just like that, but for some reason, with some purpose. Sometimes we want to report about any facts, events, phenomena. So I told you the topic of the lesson.

Sometimes we want to get some information from the interlocutor, ask about something. I can ask you a question: "Are you ready for the lesson?"

And once we encourage to do something: ask, offer, advise, demand. I can advise you: "Be careful."

That's why the offers we build are different by purpose statements: narrative, interrogative or incentive.

Let's read the dialogue, that is, a conversation between two people. Let's try to explain why, for what purpose these proposals were made.

- Mom! .. Mom! .. - I yelled with all my strength.

- “A-ma-ma-ma-ma-a-a-a-!” - as if someone mimicked me in the distance.

-What are you screaming? What happened?

- I thought you were far away! Reassuringly, I replied. - There is someone teasing in the forest.

-Who's teasing?

-Do not know. I scream and so does he. Listen here: Aw! Ay!

- “Ay! Ay! Ay! - responded from the forest distance.

Yes, it's an echo!(According to G. Skrebitsky)

Mom asks son questions:

-What are you screaming? What happened? Who is teasing?

This interrogative suggestions.

The boy tells her:

- I thought you were far away! There is someone teasing in the forest. Do not know. I scream and so does he. Why, it's an echo!

Sentences in which we want to tell something, tell about something - this is narrative suggestions.

Let's find a sentence in which the son asks his mother, encourages him to do something.

- Here, listen.…

This incentive sentence.

Let me explain the term "incentive offer". wake up- help to wake up (hence the word alarm), which means to start acting; impulse- pushing for action, that's why they called the proposals incentive.

Incentive sentences can express advice, request, suggestion, wish, demand.

Arrange the sentences in this order: 1) advice, 2) request, 3) offer, 4) wish, 5) requirement.

Call, please, Sasha to the phone. (Request)

Don't drum your fingers on the table! (Requirement)

Be kind! (Wish)

Let's play hide and seek. (Sentence)

You better get up early in the morning. (Advice)

A demand can always be turned into a request by adding one magic word: Don't drum your fingers on the table, please. Please don't drum with your fingers on the table. Word please separated by commas.

Have you noticed that some sentences end with an exclamation mark?

Proposals differ not only in terms of why, for what purpose we say, but also because how we do this: calmly or with a special feeling. Declarative, interrogative and imperative sentences can be pronounced with different intonation.

Sentences in which feelings are noticeably expressed (joy, delight, fear, surprise, chagrin, annoyance) are pronounced with an exclamatory tone. They are called like this: exclamatory.

Sentences in which feelings are not expressed or emphasized are given a name: non-exclamatory.

An exclamation mark is placed at the end of exclamatory sentences.

If you want - remember: division of proposals by intonation can also be called differently: by emotional coloring.

Read the sentences. How do you see the difference in the proposals in each group? (These sentences differ in intonation). Read the sentences as the signs require. Let's define what each of the sentences is in terms of purpose and intonation.

1. It's a good snowman.

Nice snowman!

2. What's going on here?

What's going on here?!

3. Do not quarrel, do not offend each other.

Do not quarrel, do not offend each other!

1. In terms of purpose, these sentences are narrative, as they report that the snowman turned out to be good. By intonation, the first sentence is non-exclamatory, and the second is exclamatory, joy is expressed in it.

It's a good snowman. (Narrative, unexcused)

Nice snowman! (Narrative, exclamation)

2. By purpose, these sentences are interrogative, as they ask questions. By intonation, the first sentence is non-exclamatory, and the second is exclamatory, pronounced with a special feeling.

What's going on here? (Question, non-exclamation)

What's going on here?! (Question, exclamation)

3. By purpose, these proposals are motivating, they encourage us not to quarrel, not to offend each other. By intonation, the first sentence is non-exclamatory, and the second is exclamatory.

Do not quarrel, do not offend each other. (Induce., non-exclamation.)

Do not quarrel, do not offend each other! (excite, exclamation)

In interrogative sentences, we often use special interrogative words: who, what, whose, whom, what, how much, what, how, why, why, where, where, from where, when and others.

Who lives in a drop of river water?

Why is it hot in summer and cold in winter?

What happens if insects disappear?

What is the most predatory animal in the world?

Where and how is snow formed?

Where does dew on grass come from?

An interrogative sentence can be a heading in a text.

What are the purpose and intonation of sentences indicated by such schemes?

What does each sign say about intonation?

By intonation, the first sentence is non-exclamatory, and the second and third are exclamatory.

What does each of the signs say about the goal?

The question mark clearly indicates the purpose of the sentence. The third sentence is interrogative.

Each of the first two sentences on purpose can be narrative or imperative.

Let's read the dialogue and determine which sentences fit the schemes.

- What noise!

- Do not be afraid of me, hare. I am a hedgehog.

- Why are you making such a fuss?

- Is it my fault? These are the leaves rustling under the paws.(According to E. Shim)

- What noise!(2 scheme: narrative, exclamatory)

- Don't be afraid of me, hare. (1 scheme: incentive, non-exclamatory)

I am a hedgehog. (1 scheme: narrative, non-exclamatory)

- Why are you making such a fuss?

- Is it my fault?!(Scheme 3: interrogative, exclamatory)

These are the leaves rustling under the paws.(1 scheme: narrative, non-exclamatory)

Practice. Read the text. Find interrogative, declarative, incentive sentences.

Do you know who I am? I am the master of the birds. I want - and the birds themselves will fly to me. You will ask why? Because I have a magic shelf.

Make yourself a magic shelf. Put a piece of lard or rowan brush on it. Birds will fly to you every day. ( According to N. Sladkov)

Interrogative Suggestions: Do you know who I am? You will ask why?

narrative: I am the lord of the birds. I want - and the birds themselves will fly to me. Because I have a magic shelf. Birds will fly to you every day.

Incentives: Make yourself a magic shelf. Put a piece of lard or rowan brush on it.

Now you know what the offer is

1)by purpose: narrative, interrogative or incentive;

2) by intonation: exclamatory or non-exclamatory.

Narrative is a sentence in which we want to tell something, we talk about something.

An interrogative sentence asks a question.

A compelling sentence encourages action.

M.S.Soloveichik, N.S. Kuzmenko "To the secrets of our language" Russian language: Textbook. Grade 3: in 2 parts. Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
M.S. Soloveichik, N.S. Kuzmenko “To the secrets of our language” Russian language: Workbook. Grade 3: in 3 parts. Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
TV Koreshkova Test tasks in the Russian language. Grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
T. V. Koreshkova Practice! Notebook for independent work in Russian for grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
L.V. Mashevskaya, L.V. Danbitskaya Creative tasks in the Russian language. - St. Petersburg: KARO, 2003
G.T. Dyachkova Olympiad tasks in Russian. 3-4 classes. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2008

School-collection.edu.ru ().
school-collection.edu.ru ().
Social network of educators Nsportal.ru ().

From the words, make a narrative, interrogative and incentive sentences: "Children, read, interesting, books, library, in."
Read. What signs will you put at the end of each sentence? To answer this question, determine what these sentences are according to the purpose of the statement and intonation.

You want to know a curious thing No rhinoceros has horns You were surprised What then is on his nose Hair They are very strongly fused and formed a hard crest on the nose

(According to V. Volina)

Find motivating sentences in the text. Complete the tasks given in the prompts.

Winter is coming soon. Snow will fall. Do you know "snow" words: crust, powder, snow? Can you explain their meaning? Make a dictionary of "snow" words. Explain the meaning of the words crust and powder. Make a sentence with the word snowstorm.

(According to N. Nadezhdina)

intonare literally means "to speak out loud" "intonation"

exclamatory sentences

narrative

It snowed yesterday.

Interrogative sentences

Today you fed dog?

Today did you feed the dog?

Today you fed the dog?

logical stress.

And birds chirping
And the rustle of birches?

What are boys made of?
From snails, shells,

incentive offer

Sit next to the bench!

Sentence examples

- The exercise has begun!
Legs together! Hands apart!
One, two, three, four!

Don't stop me from working!
I will bring water
And well water

russkiiyazyk.ru

What sentences on the purpose of utterance and intonation are found in Russian speech?

A sentence is a speech unit that combines several words related to each other. Each such construction has a specific meaning and intonation. According to the intonation of the sentence, there are several types. They can also end, respectively, with the help of different punctuation marks. What are the suggestions for the purpose of the utterance and intonation?

Varieties of structures by purpose

Sentences according to the purpose of the statement are divided into narrative, interrogative, incentive. Each of them has its own characteristics, which should be analyzed in more detail.

Narration

Narrative constructions are the most frequently used sentences in terms of the purpose of the utterance and intonation. Their purpose is to convey information that is affirmed or, conversely, denied.

Such a design has a complete thought, which is conveyed using a certain tone. The characteristic of this type is that a person highlights the main word in a louder voice, and ends the statement in a low and calm tone.

This type occurs constantly in the speech of people. For example, when a child informs his peers: “Today my mother gave me a toy”, “Yesterday I watched an interesting cartoon”, and so on.

Structures can also be interrogative. They are necessary in order to ask, to learn something from the interlocutor. What are the types of questions? Such structures are divided into the following varieties:

General interrogative, the purpose of which is to obtain confirmation or denial of certain information. The answer to them can be one-syllable, just “yes” or “no”. Example: “Igor was at work yesterday?”, “Do you have bread?”.
Private interrogatives, the task of which is to obtain new information about a person, event, action, and so on. For example, “What time will the car arrive?”, “Who will be on duty today?”, “What weather are they promising tomorrow?”.

A special intonation, which is used in oral speech, as well as a question mark used by a person in writing, helps to achieve the goals set before interrogative phrases. Question words also play an important role: Who? Why? When?, particles: really, really.

Such constructions are also built in a certain order, first a question word is put, then all the other words, for example, “What time will you go to the cinema?”.

Motivation

Suggestions according to the purpose of the statement and intonation can also be motivating. Such constructions include some will of a person. The purpose of such a phrase is to encourage another person to take some action.

Such a proposal for the purpose is used when a person asks for something, orders, speaks about his wishes to another person.

The tasks of the incentive sentence can be achieved through the use of a certain intonation, the form of the imperative mood of the predicates and some particles, for example, such as “let”, “come on”.

Types of phrases by intonation

What are the proposals for the purpose of the statement, now it is clear, and what are the proposals for intonation?

By intonation, sentences are divided into several types, depending on the emotionality of the utterance. The speaker can pronounce phrases calmly, or maybe emotionally, changing the volume and pace of his speech accordingly, as well as arranging different stresses in the dictionary structure. Therefore, according to intonation, sentences are exclamatory and non-exclamatory.

Non-exclamatory

These types of intonation coloring sentences occur daily and are used most often. For their pronunciation, it is not required to show emotionality and feelings, you can speak moderately and calmly. Usually such a construction is a narration, a question, in rare cases, an impulse. (“I went to the cinema with my girlfriend yesterday.”).

exclamatory

These types of emotional sentences, on the contrary, express feelings, convey emotions. They are pronounced in a special tone, often in a loud voice. In most cases, these types of intonation sentences are used in phrases that encourage something. (“Drive slowly, the road is icy!”).

What signs end different types of phrases in written speech?

Types of sentences by intonation and purpose are distinguished in writing in different ways. It is punctuation that allows a person to understand what speech structures are on paper or on the screen of an electronic device in front of him in terms of purpose and intonation.

You need to know the following punctuation rules:

A narrative non-exclamatory phrase ends with a dot. ("Here comes the long-awaited summer").
An interrogative non-exclamatory construct ends with a question mark. (“When will your dad come home from work?”).
An incentive non-exclamatory phrase requires a full stop at the end. (“Stop being capricious and eat.”).
A declarative exclamation ends with an exclamation point. (“I feel so good today!”).
An interrogative exclamatory construction ends with two signs - a question mark and an exclamation point. (“Can I go mushroom picking too?!”).
An exclamatory statement must end with an exclamation point. (“Nervous, please leave the audience!”).

When the types of sentence utterances are especially emotional, then several exclamation marks can be put at once. (“Caution, there is a cliff ahead.”).

If the construction has the effect of incompleteness, then it is required to put an ellipsis at the end of the statement. ("I'm sorry…").

Now it is clear what sentences are according to intonation and purpose. It is important to know their features so that your statements are correctly perceived by the surrounding people, both in oral and written speech.

By intonation, we distinguish between exclamatory and non-exclamatory sentences. According to the purpose of the statement, we indicate the sentences are declarative, interrogative and incentive sentences.

What is sentence intonation?

Intonation is one of the important characteristics of a sentence. Let's start with the definition of what is called intonation.

This word is of Latin origin: verb intonare literally means "to speak out loud". In the syntax of the Russian language, the term "intonation" denotes the rhythmic-melodic structure of the sentence, as it is pronounced in oral speech, with an increase or decrease in tone.

Let us consider in more detail with what intonation sentences are pronounced and what kind of emotional coloring they have.

Types of sentences by intonation

According to the intonation and strength of the expressed feeling, according to the emotional coloring, two types of sentences are distinguished:

Non-exclamatory sentences

Each sentence has the intonation of the end of the sentence. If the statement is pronounced calmly, without much emotional load at its end, this is a non-exclamatory sentence.

Examples of non-exclamatory sentences

It rained heavily late at night. He cheerfully knocked on the windows, famously rustled in the dense foliage of trees, busily murmured in the drainpipes (L. Lagin).

In summer, abundant brushes with glossy black berries immediately catch the eye (V. Soloukhin).

A large area of the old city above the Dnieper is overgrown with grass. It was quiet and orderly here. Swallows hovered over the Cathedral of Catherine's times (A. Tolstoy).