Civil war tragedy of the people message. The Civil War is the greatest tragedy in the history of Russia in the 20th century. Annual income of different population groups

In his novel, the author tells us how the Cossacks lived freely on the Don: they worked on the land, were a reliable support for the Russian tsars, fought for them and for the state. Their families lived by their own labor, in prosperity and respect. Cheerful, joyful, full of work and pleasant worries, the life of the Cossacks is interrupted by the revolution. And before the people there was a hitherto unfamiliar problem of choice: whose side to take, whom to believe - red, promising equality in everything, but denying faith in the Lord God; or white, those whom their grandfathers and great-grandfathers served faithfully. But does the people need this revolution and war? Knowing what sacrifices would have to be made, what difficulties would have to be overcome, the people would probably answer in the negative. It seems to me that no revolutionary necessity justifies all the victims, broken lives, destroyed families. And so, as Sholokhov writes, “in a mortal fight, brother goes against brother, son against father.” Even Grigory Melekhov, the protagonist of the novel, who previously opposed bloodshed, easily decides the fate of others himself. Of course, the first murder of a person strikes him deeply and painfully, makes him spend many sleepless nights, but war makes him cruel. “I became terrible to myself ... Look into my soul, and there is blackness, like in an empty well,” Grigory admits. Everyone became cruel, even women. Recall at least the scene when Daria Melekhova without hesitation kills Kotlyarov, considering him the murderer of her husband Peter. However, not everyone thinks about what blood is shed for, what is the meaning of war. Is it possible that “the rich are driven to death for the needs”? Or to defend the rights common to all, the meaning of which is not very clear to the people. A simple Cossack can only see that this war is becoming meaningless, because you can’t fight for those who rob and kill, rape women and set fire to houses. And such cases were both on the part of the whites and on the part of the reds. "They are all the same ... they are all a yoke around the neck of the Cossacks," says the main character.

In my opinion, Sholokhov sees the main reason for the tragedy of the Russian people, which affected literally everyone in those days, in the dramatic transition from the old, centuries-old way of life, to a new way of life. Two worlds are colliding: everything that used to be an integral part of people's lives, the basis of their existence, suddenly collapses, and the new one still needs to be accepted and used to it.

Civil war as a tragedy of the people

In his novel, the author tells us how the Cossacks lived freely on the Don: they worked on the land, were a reliable support for the Russian tsars, fought for them and for the state. Their families lived by their own labor, in prosperity and respect. Cheerful, joyful, full of work and pleasant worries, the life of the Cossacks is interrupted by the revolution. And people faced a hitherto unfamiliar problem of choice: whose side to take, whom to believe - the Reds, who promise equality in everything, but deny faith in the Lord God; or white, those whom their grandfathers and great-grandfathers served faithfully. But does the people need this revolution and war? Knowing what sacrifices would have to be made, what difficulties would have to be overcome, the people would probably answer in the negative. It seems to me that no revolutionary necessity justifies all the victims, broken lives, destroyed families. And so, as Sholokhov writes, “in a mortal fight, brother goes against brother, son against father.” Even Grigory Melekhov, the protagonist of the novel, who previously opposed bloodshed, easily decides the fate of others himself. Of course, the first murder of a person strikes him deeply and painfully, makes him spend many sleepless nights, but war makes him cruel. “I became terrible to myself ... Look into my soul, and there is blackness, like in an empty well,” Grigory admits. Everyone became cruel, even women. Recall at least the scene when Daria Melekhova without hesitation kills Kotlyarov, considering him the murderer of her husband Peter. However, not everyone thinks about what blood is shed for, what is the meaning of war. Is it possible that “the rich are driven to death for the needs”? Or to defend the rights common to all, the meaning of which is not very clear to the people. A simple Cossack can only see that this war is becoming meaningless, because you can’t fight for those who rob and kill, rape women and set fire to houses. And such cases were both on the part of the whites and on the part of the reds. "They are all the same ... they are all a yoke around the neck of the Cossacks," says the main character.

The famous novel by Mikhail Sholokhov "The Quiet Don" tells about proud and hardworking people - the Don Cossacks. From birth they were brought up as warriors, valiant soldiers and officers, servants of the Motherland. Cossack women also grew up hard-working, proud and fighting. Most of the Cossack women knew how to stand up for themselves no worse than a man, they took on the most difficult work, instructed their children. When necessary, they could pick up a gun and shoot accurately.

These worthy people did not expect at all what changes would take place in the country, what would happen to their destinies. They lived in their usual way, families. Sons obeyed their fathers, husbands kept their wives in subjection, above all were the royal service and the family economy. Family ties were considered sacred. Only now the habitual foundations began to break. The war for the tsar, which was considered a valiant deed, turned out to be a bloody massacre of the First World War - and for what, it is not known ... Ideas came into the life of the Cossacks: who is right? Red or white? Those who believe in God? Or those who think it doesn't exist?

But the tragedy of the people is that the usual human trust in each other began to disappear. Unbelievable, unheard-of things began to happen: relatives began to kill relatives. People, taking revenge for past insults, for the pain caused, turned into animals. The moment when the "Reds" come to the house of Grigory Melekhov is indicative. They behave impudently, kill the dog in the yard, try to instill fear in Grigory's household. And at the same time, they check whether they have added anything to the soup, whether the spoon is dirty - they are afraid of poison, infection. Fear and hatred take possession of people, but not all. For example, the brave Aksinya is not afraid of anything, although at times she also loses faith in life.

In the final, from the large family of Grigory Melekhov, only he himself and his son, sister Dunyashka and her "red" husband remain. In this family, as in all the people, the memory of who killed whom, who was right and wrong in what, what the pain of loss is for a long time. But the war still has an end. At the end of the book, holding his son in his arms, Gregory realizes that life goes on, a new era begins.

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The civil war, in my opinion, is the most cruel and bloody war, because sometimes close people fight in it, who once lived in one whole, united country, who believed in one God and adhered to the same ideals. How does it happen that relatives stand on opposite sides of the barricades and how such wars end, we can trace on the pages of the novel - the epic of M. A. Sholokhov "Quiet Flows the Don". In his novel, the author tells us how the Cossacks lived freely on the Don: they worked on the land, were a reliable support for the Russian tsars, fought for them and for the state. Their families lived by their own labor, in prosperity and respect. Cheerful, joyful, full of work and pleasant worries, the life of the Cossacks is interrupted by the revolution. And before the people there was a hitherto unfamiliar problem of choice: whose side to take, whom to believe - red, promising equality in everything, but denying faith in the Lord God; or white, those whom their grandfathers and great-grandfathers served faithfully.

But does the people need this revolution and war? Knowing what sacrifices would have to be made, what difficulties would have to be overcome, the people would probably answer in the negative. It seems to me that no revolutionary necessity justifies all the victims, broken lives, destroyed families.

And so, as Sholokhov writes, “in a mortal fight, brother goes against brother, son against father.” Even Grigory Melekhov, the protagonist of the novel, who previously opposed bloodshed, easily decides the fate of others himself. Of course, the first murder of a man Mr. Luboko strikes him painfully, makes him spend many sleepless nights, but the war makes him cruel. "I've become terrible to myself ...

Look into my soul, and there is blackness, like in an empty well, ”Grigory admits. Everyone became cruel, even women. Recall at least the scene when Daria Melekhova without hesitation kills Kotlyarov, considering him the murderer of her husband Peter. However, not everyone thinks about what blood is shed for, what is the meaning of war. Is it possible that “the rich are driven to death for the needs”?

Or to defend the rights common to all, the meaning of which is not very clear to the people. A simple Cossack can only see that this war is becoming meaningless, because you can’t fight for those who rob and kill, rape women and set fire to houses. And such cases were both on the part of the whites and on the part of the reds.

“They are all the same ... they are all a yoke around the neck of the Cossacks,” says the main character. In my opinion, Sholokhov sees the main reason for the tragedy of the Russian people, which affected literally everyone in those days, in the dramatic transition from the old, centuries-old way of life, to a new way of life.

Two worlds are colliding: everything that used to be an integral part of people's lives, the basis of their existence, suddenly collapses, and the new one still needs to be accepted and used to it.

Sections: History and social studies

Civil War. These are unforgettable pages of our past, when various political forces, social groups and individuals clashed. It was not about which of the opposing forces would be the winner, but which one would be defeated, but their very physical existence. Hence the special sharpness and cruelty of the struggle. The tragic consequences of this war were the split of society into "us" and "them", the depreciation of human life, the collapse of the national economy. Regardless of who won, the main victim of the Civil War was the people. A civil war, unlike ordinary interstate wars, does not have clear boundaries; it is impossible to draw a front line in it. In the Civil War, class relations come to the fore, pushing aside all the rest. Universal human values, such as mercy, tolerance, humanism, are relegated to the background, giving way to the principle “He who is not with us is against us”. During the period of the Civil War, the struggle takes on the most extreme forms, bringing with it mass terror, irreconcilable malice and bitterness of people. It is no coincidence that Russia lost 11.5 million of its citizens in it.

Lesson type: lesson of analysis and synthesis.

Lesson form: practical lesson.

Technology: pedagogical workshop.

Goals:

to systematize the material on the topic “Characteristics of the social system of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century”;
to summarize the material on the history of Russia in 1914-1917;
determine the reasons for the split of Russian society into opposing factions in 1918;
to continue the formation of skills in the analysis of historical documents;
understand that the tragedy of the Civil War teaches the rejection of hatred, violence and arbitrariness as a method of state building, the entire organization of life.

Equipment:

Zharova L.N. Mishina I.A. History of the Fatherland. 1900–1940: M., Education, 1992.
Part 1, 2 of the multimedia textbook “History of Russia. XX century”: M., Clio Soft, 2000.
Babel I. Cavalry. Odessa stories. Plays. Articles. Letters. Irkutsk: East Siberian book. Publishing house, 1991.

Preliminary work:

The class is divided into six groups of 4 people. The division into groups was carried out taking into account the psychological and pedagogical characteristics of each student. The division into groups involves the joint implementation of problematic tasks, the development of collective solutions, the cultivation of self-respect for each other. Prepared packages with documents, multimedia presentation.

DURING THE CLASSES

1. Inductor. In order for the participants of the workshop to get used to the historical situation and deeply feel the tragedy of the civil war, the word “fate” was chosen as an inductor. Students are offered cards on which the main social groups of the population of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century are identified ( Attachment 1 ). So, at the beginning of the workshop, participants randomly choose a card with their “fate”.

2. Creative task. In the course of the analysis of documents, it is proposed to draw up a socio-economic portrait of their estate or class, to describe how the category of people in question could live on their annual income.

3. Work with materials. Students work with materials “Annual Income of Different Populations” ( Annex 2 ), “Quantitative indicators of the population census for 1897.” ( Appendix 3 ), “The way of life and mores of different groups of the population” ( Appendix 4 ). The materials are given to the groups according to the categories of the population they represent.

4. Socialization. Presentation by groups of the results of their work through oral presentations of students.

5. Intermediate reflection. Determination of the main result of the presented results of the work: was social life polarized in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century.

6. Gap. Students are invited to listen to a historical retrospective offered by the teacher:

1914 - Russia enters the First World War;
1915 - 1917 - national crisis
1917 - February bourgeois - democratic revolution;
October 1917 - the proletarian revolution, as a result of which the Bolsheviks came to power.

The teacher's story is accompanied by a multimedia presentation of historical events. The students are given a problem task: in what conditions do the participants of the workshop find themselves now, continuing to “live” the chosen fate.

7. Appeal to new information. Students are offered materials “Events of the Soviet Power” ( Annex 5 ).

8. Socialization. Students in groups offer their own answers and determine their attitude to the new government - the power of the Bolsheviks

9. Appeal to new information. Students are invited to analyze the programs of the "white", "red" and "green" movement. ( Appendix 6 ). What movement will be supported by this or that social category of the population (put a flag of your color on the table).

10. Socialization. Students explain why they supported a particular movement.

11. Appeal to new information. Students are offered materials on how each side defended its interests ( Appendix 7 ).

12. Socialization. Presentation by groups of the results of their work through oral presentations of students.

13. General reflection. What is the tragedy of the Civil War?

M. Tsvetaeva.

All lie side by side
Don't break the line.
Look: soldier
Where is yours, where is someone else's
White was - became red:
Blood stained.
Was red - became white:
Death whitened.

14. Homework. Prepare oral reports about the participants in the Civil War.

Attachment 1.

The main social groups of the population of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century:

working class;
bourgeoisie;
landlords;
fists;
middle peasants;
laborers, horseless peasants.

Appendix 2

Annual income of different population groups

working class - an average of 214 rubles a year;
bourgeoisie - an average of 60,000 rubles a year;
landlords - an average of 8,000 rubles a year;
fists - an average of 4,000 rubles a year;
middle peasants in - an average of 2000 rubles a year;
laborers, peasants (one horse, one cow), horseless peasants - an average of 100 - 200 rubles a year.

Prices in Russia before 1914

Caviar (1 kg.) - 3 rubles 40 kopecks;
Veal (1 kg.) - 3 rubles;
Black bread (pound) - 3 kopecks;
Lunch in the dining room - 5 kopecks;
Lunch at a restaurant - 1 ruble 70 kopecks;
Two-room apartment (rent per month) - 15 rubles;
Draped coat - 13 rubles 50 kopecks;
Horse - from 45 rubles;
Cow - from 40 rubles ..

Appendix 3

Quantitative indicators of the population census for 1897

The entire population of the country is 125 million people. Of them:
- working class - 11.2% (14 million people);
- bourgeoisie - 2% (2500 thousand people);
- landowners - 1.5% (1853 thousand people);
- middle peasants - 12% (37,500 thousand people);
- fists - 3% (3706 thousand people);
- laborers, peasants (one horse, one cow);
- horseless peasants - 62% (775 thousand people).

Appendix 4

Way of life and mores of different groups of the population

Working class: 11, 5 - an hour working day, fines were taken away up to half of the workers' earnings, a high degree of exploitation - the capitalists took 78 kopecks from each ruble as profit. Spending in favor of workers (hospitals, schools, insurance) accounted for 0.6% of the current expenses of entrepreneurs. Families of workers lived in apartments of a bed-and-cabin type. Closet - part of the room, separated by wooden partitions.

Bourgeoisie: among the Russian capitalists, small and medium-sized ones prevailed, the bourgeoisie was divided into two categories - Moscow (those from the merchant environment) and St. Petersburg (those from the bureaucracy). Entrepreneurs sought to squeeze out the maximum income, using rude methods of competition, such as boycott, pressure, extortion from the population. The government extradited the industrialists at the beginning of 1905. Illegal loans for 63 million rubles, written off debts for 33 million rubles.

Landlords: the basis of wealth was land ownership, a profitable article was given by entrepreneurship, noble communities were further developed, the privilege of the nobility was preserved - they enjoyed an advantage in being appointed to public service, were not subjected to corporal punishment, and were sued with equals.

Middle peasants:“strong” peasants - owned up to 20 acres of land, gave 20% of marketable bread, as a rule, fellow villagers did not use hired labor, with the exception of seasonal work.

Fists: rural bourgeoisie, rich peasants who had 40-50 acres of land each, gave 30% of marketable bread, hired impoverished fellow villagers.

Laborers, peasants(one horse, one cow), horseless peasants: had 8 acres of land with a “subsistence minimum” of 15 acres, the ruin of peasant farms, leaving to work in cities or to richer fellow villagers.

Appendix 5

The first measures of the Soviet power:

Confiscation of landowners' lands, the land was declared public property, egalitarian land use with a permanent redistribution of land.
Decree on the 8-hour working day, the system of labor protection for women and adolescents, free medical care and education in schools, the resettlement of workers in new apartments.
Nationalization of all industry, banks, introduction of workers' control in production.
The class division of society has been abolished.
Declaration of sovereignty and equality of all peoples of Russia.

Appendix 6

White movement program:
- A.I. Denikin. “From the order to the Special Conference”: “I order to accept the following provisions as the basis of my activity: -
  - United, great, indivisible Russia. Faith defense. Establishing order.
  - The fight against Bolshevism to the end.
  - Military dictatorship. Any opposition - right and left - to punish. The question of the form of government is a matter for the future. The Russian people will elect the supreme power without pressure and without imposition.
  - Foreign policy - only nationally Russian. For help - not an inch of Russian land.
- Solving the agrarian question:
  Retention of the owners of their rights to the land. At the same time, in each individual locality there must be a certain amount of land that can be preserved in the hands of the former owners, and a procedure for the transfer of the rest of the privately owned land to land-poor land must be established. These transitions can be made by voluntary agreements or by compulsory expropriation, but always for a fee. For the new owners, the land, not exceeding the established size, is assigned to the rights of unshakable property.
- Working issue solution:
  Restoration of the legal rights of the owners of factory enterprises and at the same time ensuring the protection of the working class of its professional interests. Establishment of state control over production. Establishment of an 8-hour working day in factories.
Green movement program:
From the resolution of the congress of representatives from 72 volosts on April 10, 1918, the village of Gulyai-Pole, Aleksandrovsky district: “Taking into account the present situation in Ukraine and Great Russia, the authorities of the political party “Communist-Bolsheviks”, which does not stop at any measures to convince and consolidating state power, the congress decided:
- We, the gathered peasants, are always ready to defend our people's rights.
- In the hands of the Bolshevik government, the Extraordinary Commissions became a weapon for suppressing the will of the working people.
- We demand a fundamental change in food policy, the replacement of the liquidation detachment with a correct system of trade between town and country.
- We demand complete freedom of speech, press, and assembly for all political left movements.
- We categorically do not recognize dictatorships, any kind of party.
- Beat the whites until they turn red, beat the reds until they turn white!
Red movement program:
- Defense of the conquests of the October Revolution.
- Complete nationalization of industry, elimination of private property.
- The introduction of surplus appropriation in the countryside is the seizure of all surplus grain from the peasants in excess of the established norm.
- The establishment of a one-party Bolshevik dictatorship.
- Creation of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army.

Appendix 7

Analysis of terrorist actions in the Civil War.

From the newspaper “On the Way”, October 7, 1918: “The following telegram was received from the headquarters of the brigade N ... (Southern Front): “I report that the delegates of the N regiment found abandoned, covered with straw, killed Red Guards in the amount of 31 people. It is impossible to identify the identity of those killed, because the corpses are completely mutilated: almost all of them have their heads pierced, their eyes gouged out, their ears cut off.”

From the order of the Governor of the Yenisei and part of the Irkutsk province S.N. Rozanova, March 27, 1919:

"one. When occupying villages previously captured by robbers, demand the extradition of their leaders and leaders; if this does not happen, shoot the tenth.
2. Villages, the population of which will meet government troops with weapons, burn; to shoot the adult male population without exception; seize property for the benefit of the treasury.
3. For the voluntary supply of robbers, not only weapons, but also food, clothing and other guilty villages will be burned, and property will be collected in favor of the treasury.
4. Take hostages among the population, in case of actions of fellow villagers directed against government troops, shoot the hostages mercilessly.”

V.V. Shulgin An excerpt from the memoirs “1920”:

Reds are robbers, murderers, rapists. They are inhuman, they are cruel. For them there is nothing sacred, they rejected the traditions, the commandments of the Lord. They despise the Russian people. They kill, they torture. This means that the whites who are at war with the reds precisely because they are completely different reds ... Plundering is an indelible shame for them.
Whites only kill in combat. Who pinned the wounded, who shot the prisoner - he is deprived of honor.
Whites have a god in their hearts.
Whites only want to be strong in order to be kind... Are these people? It's almost holy...
“Almost saints” and started this white deed ... But what came of it? My God!
I saw how the venerable regimental father in large galoshes and with an umbrella in his hands, bogged down in the mud, ran around the village after the robbing soldiers. Chickens, ducks and white geese scattered in all directions, “white” soldiers ran after them, behind the soldiers a priest with a white beard.
In one hut, a “commissar” was hung up by the arms… A fire was laid out under him and slowly roasted… a man, and all around a drunken gang of “monarchists” howled “God save the Tsar”.

From the novel by A. Tolstoy "Walking through the torments":

On September 5, the Moscow and Petrograd newspapers came out with the ominous headline: "The Red Terror."
“It is instructed all Soviets to immediately arrest the Right Socialist-Revolutionaries, representatives of the big bourgeoisie and officers, and hold them as hostages. If you try to raise an uprising - immediately apply mass execution unconditionally. We need to immediately and forever secure our rear from the White Guard bastards. Not the slightest delay in the application of mass terror.”

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