Wiring diagrams for beginners, for amateurs and professionals

Welcome to the Radio Circuits section! This is a separate section of the Radio Amateurs Site, which was created specifically for those who are friends with a soldering iron, used to doing everything themselves with their own hands, and it is dedicated exclusively to electrical circuits.

Here you will find schematic diagrams of various topics such as for self-assembly by novice radio amateurs, and for more experienced radio amateurs, for those to whom the word RADIO has long been not just a hobby but a profession.

In addition to circuits for self-assembly, we also have a fairly large (and constantly updated!) Base of electrical circuits for various industrial electronics and household appliances - circuits for TVs, monitors, radio tape recorders, amplifiers, measuring instruments, washing machines, microwave ovens and so on.

Especially for workers in the field of repair, we have a section on the site "Datasheets", where you can find reference information on various radio elements.

And if you need any scheme and have a desire for it download, then we're all here free, no registration, no SMS, no file hosting and other surprises

If you have questions or did not find what you were looking for, come to our FORUM, we will think together!

To facilitate the search for the necessary information, the section is divided into categories.

Those who are engaged in radio electronics at home are usually very inquisitive. Amateur radio circuits and homemade products will help you find a new direction in creativity. Perhaps someone will find an original solution to a particular problem. Some homemade products use ready-made devices, connecting them in various ways. For others, you need to completely create the circuit yourself and make the necessary adjustments.

One of the easiest crafts. More suitable for those who are just starting to tinker. If you have an old but working cell phone with a button to turn on the player, you can use it, for example, to make a doorbell to your room. Benefits of this call:

First you need to make sure that the selected phone is capable of producing a sufficiently loud melody, after which it must be completely disassembled. Basically, the parts are fastened with screws or brackets, which are carefully bent. When disassembling, you will need to remember what goes for what, so that later you can reassemble everything.

The player's power button is soldered on the board, and two short wires are soldered instead. These wires are then glued to the board so as not to tear off the solder. The phone is going. It remains to connect the phone to the call button through a two-wire wire.

Homemade for cars

Modern cars are equipped with everything you need. However, there are times when homemade devices are simply necessary. For example, something broke, given to a friend, and the like. Then the ability to create electronics with your own hands at home will be very useful.

The first thing you can intervene in without fear of damaging the car is the battery. If at the right time charging for the battery was not at hand, you can quickly assemble it yourself. This will require:

The transformer from the tube TV is ideal. Therefore, those who are fond of homemade electronics never throw away electrical appliances in the hope that they will someday be needed. Unfortunately, two types of transformers were used: with one and with two coils. To charge the battery at 6 volts, anyone will go, and for 12 volts, only with two.

The wrapping paper of such a transformer shows the winding leads, the voltage for each winding, and the operating current. To power the filaments of electronic lamps, a voltage of 6.3 V with a large current is used. The transformer can be redone by removing unnecessary secondary windings, or left as is. In this case, the primary and secondary windings are connected in series. Each primary is designed for a voltage of 127 V, therefore, by combining them, they get 220 V. The secondary ones are connected in series to get 12.6 V at the output.

Diodes must be capable of withstanding at least 10 A. Each diode requires a heat sink of at least 25 square centimeters. They are connected to a diode bridge. Any electrical insulating plate is suitable for fastening. A 0.5 A fuse is included in the primary circuit, and 10 A in the secondary circuit. The device does not tolerate a short circuit, therefore, when connecting the battery, the polarity must not be confused.

Simple heaters

In the cold season, it may be necessary to warm up the engine. If the car is parked where there is electricity, this problem can be solved with a heat gun. For its manufacture you will need:

• asbestos pipe;
• nichrome wire;
• fan;
• switch.

The diameter of the asbestos pipe is selected according to the size of the fan to be used. The performance of the heater will depend on its power. Pipe length is everyone's preference. You can assemble a heating element and a fan in it, you can only have a heater. When choosing the latter option, you will have to think about how to let the air flow to the heating element. This can be done, for example, by placing all components in a sealed enclosure.

Nichrome wire is also selected by the fan. The more powerful the latter, the larger diameter nichrome can be used. The wire is twisted into a spiral and placed inside the pipe. Bolts are used for fastening, which are inserted into pre-drilled holes in the pipe. The length of the spiral and their number are chosen empirically. It is desirable that the coil does not heat up red-hot when the fan is running.

The choice of fan will determine how much voltage you need to apply to the heater. When using a 220 V electric fan, you will not need to use an additional power source.

The entire heater is connected to the network through a cord with a plug, but it must have its own switch. It can be either just a toggle switch or an automatic one. The second option is more preferable, it allows you to protect the overall network. To do this, the tripping current of the machine must be less than the tripping current of the room machine. A switch is also needed to quickly turn off the heater in case of malfunctions, for example, if the fan does not work. Such a heater has its drawbacks:

• harm to the body from asbestos pipes;
• noise from a running fan;
• the smell of dust falling on a heated coil;
• fire hazard.

Some problems can be solved by applying another homemade product. Instead of an asbestos pipe, you can use a coffee can. So that the spiral does not close on the jar, it is attached to a textolite frame, which is fixed with glue. A cooler is used as a fan. To power it, you will need to assemble another electronic device - a small rectifier.

Homemade products bring to the one who deals with them not only satisfaction, but also benefit. With their help, you can save electricity, for example, by turning off electrical appliances that you forgot to turn off. For this purpose, you can use a time relay.

The easiest way to create a timing element is to use the charge or discharge time of a capacitor through a resistor. Such a chain is included in the base of the transistor. The diagram will require the following details:

• high capacity electrolytic capacitor;
• p-n-p type transistor;
• electromagnetic relay;
• diode;
• variable resistor;
• fixed resistors;
• DC source.

First you need to determine what current will be switched through the relay. If the load is very powerful, you will need a magnetic starter to connect it. The starter coil can be connected via a relay. It is important that the relay contacts can operate freely without sticking. According to the selected relay, a transistor is selected, it is determined with what current and voltage it can work. You can focus on KT973A.

The base of the transistor is connected through a limiting resistor to a capacitor, which, in turn, is connected through a bipolar switch. The free contact of the switch is connected through a resistor to the minus power supply. This is necessary to discharge the capacitor. The resistor acts as a current limiter.

The capacitor itself is connected to the positive bus of the power supply through a variable resistor with a large resistance. By selecting the capacitance of the capacitor and the resistance of the resistor, you can change the delay time interval. The relay coil is shunted by a diode that turns on in the opposite direction. This circuit uses KD 105 B. It closes the circuit when the relay is de-energized, protecting the transistor from breakdown.

The scheme works as follows. In the initial state, the base of the transistor is disconnected from the capacitor, and the transistor is closed. When the switch is turned on, the base is connected to the discharged capacitor, the transistor opens and supplies voltage to the relay. The relay operates, closes its contacts and supplies voltage to the load.

The capacitor begins to charge through a resistor connected to the positive terminal of the power supply. As the capacitor charges, the base voltage begins to rise. At a certain voltage value, the transistor closes, de-energizing the relay. The relay disconnects the load. To make the circuit work again, you need to discharge the capacitor, for this the switch is switched.

Beginner radio amateurs who are interested in self-assembling circuits and repairing various electronic devices are lost in a sea of ​​numerous terms and details. Meanwhile, you can give a number of tips on what knowledge is needed in the first place, what devices to use, how to navigate when choosing circuit elements.

Required knowledge

For radio amateurs it is very important:

• know and understand the basic laws of electrical engineering;
• be able to navigate the schemes;
• clearly define the role of each element in the diagram and represent visually how it looks.

Important! Theoretical knowledge must be constantly reinforced by practice.

Tools and devices

To assemble amateur radio circuits and home-made structures, you must have the following tools:

1. Soldering iron, the power of which must be chosen average - no more than 40 watts. More advanced craftsmen are thinking about purchasing a soldering station;
2. Side cutters. Not too massive tool for working with radio devices;

1. Tin-lead solder exists in the form of a wire.

Important! Among all devices, the main, and often the only one, is a digital multimeter or analog tester, through which you can measure all the main parameters of the circuit.

Before you start assembling simple and interesting do-it-yourself radio circuits, you can practice dismantling old radio equipment. At the same time, a practical skill is formed in soldering work.

1. In ancient televisions with lamps, a quite suitable thing is a supply transformer. It can be used in many DIY radios. For example, to assemble a charger for a car battery or a power supply unit for a sound amplifier. The main thing is to know its technical data;
2. In obsolete radio electronics devices: television equipment, video recorders, conventional tape recorders, there are whole microcircuits ready for use. An example would be an audio amplifier whose circuit is constructed by simply assembling components, without etching on printed circuit boards, etc.;
3. The tone control is also used in finished form. At the same time, the assembled sound amplifier will receive new options: the ability to control the low-frequency and high-frequency ranges, change the balance in stereo speakers;
4. Basically, all devices manufactured by radio amateurs operate on five-, nine- and twelve-volt power supplies. Such power supplies from old equipment will be the most useful.

As cases for circuits, you can use any improvised designs or buy ready-made ones, of different sizes and shapes. Shrouds from non-working devices are often used for new radio homemade products.

A non-working PSU from a computer is very valuable, where it comes from:

• many radio components: transistors, capacitors, diodes, resistances that are useful for assembled devices;
• cooling radiators are an important accessory for high power transistors;
• good wires;
• the hull itself is a great place to place new structures.

Circuit Assembly Methods

1. Hanging installation. Simple soldering of components in accordance with the developed scheme. Soldered nodes can be installed on supporting platforms. The method is suitable for constructing radio circuits from a small number of parts;
2. Mounting on a printed circuit board - a textolite platform on which foil tracks are made as connecting conductors.

The second method is divided into several options:

1. Mechanical. Cutting tracks with a sharp object to exclude contact connections in unnecessary places;
2. Chemical. With the help of varnish or paint on the foil, you need to draw the required scheme. Then immerse in a special composition - a solution of ferric chloride. After processing, a wiring corresponding to the drawing will be obtained, and all areas without varnish will be removed by dissolution;
3. Laser ironing.

What schemes to start with

The classic start for radio amateurs is to make a simple detector receiver. The circuit contains a small number of components, and its assembly will be within the power of everyone. Then you can supplement the device with an audio amplifier using transistors. With the advent of experience and understanding, work with microcircuits begins.

A large number of interesting and very simple radio homemade options with a description of the details, the provision of diagrams are on the RadioKot website. You can, for example, assemble color music, pulsed clock illumination, a stereo transmitter, and much more. There are also useful forums where you can clarify complex issues, chat with experienced craftsmen.

As skills are acquired, interest in assembling complex devices will increase. Radio-electronic homemade products are one of the most exciting activities for people of all ages.

Video

One of the common hobbies of amateurs and professionals in the field of electronics is the design and manufacture of various homemade products for the home. Electronic homemade products do not require large material and financial costs and can be performed at home, since work with electronics is, for the most part, “clean”. The only exception is the manufacture of various body parts and other mechanical components.

Useful electronic homemade products can be used in all areas of life, from the kitchen to the garage, where many are engaged in improving and repairing car electronic devices.

DIY in the kitchen

Homemade kitchen electronics can be an addition to existing accessories and accessories. Industrial and home-made electric barbecue grills are very popular among residents of apartments.

Another common example of do-it-yourself home-made kitchen products by a home electrician are timers and automatic switching on of lighting above work surfaces, electric ignition of gas burners.

Important! Changes in the design of some household appliances, especially gas appliances, may cause “misunderstanding and rejection” of regulatory organizations. In addition, it requires great care and attention.

Electronics in the car

Home-made devices for a car are most widely used among owners of domestic brands of transport, which are distinguished by a minimum number of additional functions. The following schemes are in great demand:

• Sound signaling devices of turns and inclusion of a manual brake;
• Battery and alternator operating modes indicator.

More experienced radio amateurs are engaged in equipping their car with parking sensors, electronic window lifters, automatic light sensors for controlling low beam headlights.

Homemade for beginners

Most beginner radio amateurs are engaged in the manufacture of structures that do not require high qualifications. Simple proven designs can serve for a long time and not only for the sake of benefit, but also as a reminder of the technical "growing up" from a novice radio amateur to a professional.

For inexperienced hobbyists, many manufacturers produce ready-made construction kits that contain a printed circuit board and a set of elements. Such kits allow you to develop such skills:

• Reading circuit and wiring diagrams;
• Correct soldering;
• Adjustment and adjustment according to the finished method.

Among the sets, electronic watches of various versions and degrees of complexity are very common.

As a field of application of knowledge and experience, radio amateurs can design electronic toys using simpler circuits or converting industrial designs to their wishes and capabilities.

Interesting ideas for crafts can be seen in the examples of making radio-electronic crafts from worn out parts of computer technology.

home workshop

For independent design of radio electronic devices, a certain minimum of tools, fixtures and measuring instruments is required:

• soldering iron;
• Side cutters;
• Tweezers;
• Screwdriver Set;
• pliers;
• Multifunction tester (avometer).

On a note. When planning to do electronics with your own hands, you should not immediately take on complex designs and purchase an expensive tool.

Most radio amateurs started their journey with the use of the simplest soldering iron 220V 25-40W, and from the measuring instruments in the home laboratory, the most massive Soviet tester Ts-20 was used. All this is enough for practicing with electricity, acquiring the necessary skills and experience.

It makes no sense for a novice radio amateur to buy an expensive soldering station if there is no necessary experience with a conventional soldering iron. Moreover, the possibility of using the station will not appear soon, but only after the lapse of sometimes quite a long time.

There is also no need for professional measuring equipment. The only serious device that even a novice amateur may need is an oscilloscope. For those already versed in electronics, the oscilloscope is one of the most sought-after measurement tools.

Inexpensive Chinese-made digital instruments can be successfully used as an avometer. With rich functionality, they have high measurement accuracy, ease of use and, importantly, have a built-in module for measuring transistor parameters.

Speaking about the home workshop at homemade, one cannot fail to mention the materials used for soldering. It's solder and flux. The most common solder is the POS-60 alloy, which has a low melting point and provides high soldering reliability. Most of the solders used for soldering various devices are analogues of the mentioned alloy and can be successfully replaced with it.

Ordinary rosin is used as a flux for soldering, but for ease of use it is better to use its solution in ethyl alcohol. Rosin-based fluxes do not require removal from installation after operation, since they are chemically neutral under most operating conditions, and a thin film of rosin formed after evaporation of the solvent (alcohol) exhibits good protective properties.

Important! When soldering electronic components, under no circumstances should active fluxes be used. This is especially true of soldering acid (zinc chloride solution), since even under normal conditions such a flux has a destructive effect on thin copper printed conductors.

For tinning highly oxidized leads, it is better to use an active acid-free flux LTI-120, which does not require rinsing.

It is very convenient to work using solder, which includes flux. The solder is made in the form of a thin tube, inside of which there is rosin.

Prototyping boards made of double-sided foil fiberglass, which are produced in a wide range, are well suited for mounting elements.

Security measures

Doing electricity is associated with a risk to health and even life, especially if do-it-yourself electronics are designed with mains power. Homemade electrical devices should not use transformerless AC household power. As a last resort, such devices should be configured by connecting them to the network through an isolation transformer with a transformation ratio equal to one. The voltage at its output will correspond to the mains voltage, but at the same time, reliable galvanic isolation will be provided.

So. Life has turned out so that I have a house in the village with gas heating. You can't live there permanently. The house is used as a summer cottage. A couple of winters stupidly left the boiler on with a minimum coolant temperature.
But there are two downsides.
1. Gas bills are astronomical.
2. If there is a need to come to the house in the middle of winter, the temperature in the house is around 12 degrees.
Therefore, something had to be invented.
I'll clarify right away. The presence of a WI-FI access point in the relay coverage area is mandatory. But, I think, if you get confused, you can put a connected mobile phone next to the sensor and give out a signal from the phone.

Do-it-yourself motion sensor connection 4 pins diagram

Do-it-yourself motion sensor connection diagram

It happens that you need to install lighting in the country, or in the house, which will be triggered when moving or a person or someone else.

The motion sensor, which was ordered by me from Aliexpress, works well with this function. The link to which will be below. By connecting light through the motion sensor, when a person passes through his field of vision, the light turns on, burns for 1 minute. and turns off again.

In this article I tell you how to connect such a sensor if it does not have 3 contacts, but 4 like this one.

Do-it-yourself power supply from an energy-saving light bulb

When to get 12 volts for LED strip, or for some other purpose, there is an option to make such a power supply with your own hands.

DIY fan speed controller

This regulator allows smooth adjustment variable resistor fan speed.

The floor fan speed controller circuit came out the simplest. To fit into the case from an old Nokia phone charger. There also climbed the terminals from a conventional electrical outlet.

The installation is quite tight, but this was due to the size of the case.

DIY lighting for plants

DIY lighting for plants

There is a problem with the lack of lighting. plants, flowers or seedlings, and there is a need for artificial light for them, and this is the light we can provide DIY LEDs.

DIY brightness control

DIY brightness control

It all started with the fact that after I installed halogen lamps at home for lighting. When turned on, they often burned out. Sometimes even 1 bulb a day. Therefore, I decided to make a smooth turn-on of lighting based on a dimmer with my own hands, and I am attaching a dimmer circuit.

Do-it-yourself refrigerator thermostat

Do-it-yourself refrigerator thermostat

It all started with the fact that after returning from work and opening the refrigerator found it warm. Turning the thermostat knob did not help - the cold did not appear. Therefore, I decided not to buy a new unit, which is also rare, but to make an electronic thermostat on the ATtiny85 myself. With the original thermostat, the difference is that the temperature sensor is on the shelf, and not hidden in the wall. In addition, 2 LEDs appeared - they signal that the unit is on or the temperature is above the upper threshold.

DIY soil moisture sensor

DIY soil moisture sensor

This device can be used for automatic watering in greenhouses, flower greenhouses, flower beds and indoor plants. Below is a diagram by which you can make the simplest sensor (detector) of soil moisture (or dryness) with your own hands. When the soil dries out, voltage is applied, with a current of up to 90mA, which is quite enough, turn on the relay.

It is also suitable for automatically turning on drip irrigation to avoid excess moisture.

Fluorescent lamp power circuit

Power supply circuit for a fluorescent lamp.

Often, when energy-saving lamps fail, the power circuit burns out in it, and not the lamp itself. As is known, LDS with burnt filaments, it is necessary to feed the rectified current of the network using a starterless starting device. In this case, the filaments of the lamp are shunted with a jumper and to which a high voltage is applied to turn on the lamp. There is an instantaneous cold ignition of the lamp, a sharp increase in voltage on it, when starting without preheating the electrodes. In this article, we will look at do-it-yourself LDS lamp start.

USB keyboard for tablet

USB keyboard for tablet

Somehow, suddenly, he took something and decided to buy a new keyboard for his PC. The desire for novelty is unstoppable. Changed the background color from white to black, and the color of the letters from red - black to white. A week later, the desire for novelty naturally went away like water in the sand (an old friend is better than two new ones) and the new thing was sent to the closet for storage - until better times. And now they came for her, did not even imagine that it would happen so quickly. And therefore the name would be even better suited not which is, but how to connect usb keyboard to tablet