Drainage concrete under tile flooring. Coarse porous drainage concrete. Curing rate under normal conditions

Polymer concrete is one of the most recent inventions given to us by process engineers. The peculiarity of this building material is that it contains various polymer additives. Typical components of such concrete are styrene, polyamide resins, vinyl chloride, various latexes and other substances.

The use of admixtures makes it possible to change the structure and properties of the concrete mixture, to improve its technical performance. Due to its versatility and ease of production, polymer concrete is used in our time almost everywhere.

Kinds

There are two types of polymer concrete, each of which is used for certain types of construction work. The first option is filled polymer concrete. The structure of this material contains organic compounds that fill the voids between the filler (crushed stone, gravel, quartz sand).

The second option is frame molecular concrete. The voids between the fillers remain unfilled, and polymeric materials are needed to bond the particles together.

Polymer concrete is concrete in which the mineral binder in the form of cement and silicate is replaced in whole or in part by polymer components. The types are as follows:

  • polymer cement - a polymer added to concrete, here it is 5-15% by weight of cement (phenol-formaldehyde resins, polyvinyl acetate, synthetic rubber, acrylic compounds). Very resistant to liquids, shocks and are used for airfield construction, brick and concrete finishing, ceramic and glass, stone slabs;
  • plastoconcrete - instead of cement, thermosetting polymers (epoxy, phenol-formaldehyde and polyester) are used as part of the mixture, the main property of such concrete is high resistance to acids and alkalis and instability to temperatures and deformations. They are used to cover structures in protection against chemical aggression and to repair stone and concrete elements;
  • concrete polymer is concrete impregnated after hardening with monomers that fill the pores and defects of concrete, which results in strength, frost resistance, and wear resistance.

Pros and cons

Why has polymer concrete become a worthy competitor to traditional building materials? It quickly hardens and becomes as strong as granite. The curing time frame is significantly shorter than the same period for ordinary concrete.

The polymer component gives its maximum tensile strength to concrete a week after pouring. Ordinary concrete takes about a month to do this.

The composition of concrete includes waste from agricultural and construction work. Previously, they were not processed in any way and in most cases were simply buried in the ground. The use of waste in the preparation of polymer concrete solves the issue of recycling and significantly reduces the negative impact on the environment.

Since these same wastes are distributed almost everywhere, there is already a good raw material base for the production of polymer concrete. No special additives and impurities are usually required to buy. The manufacturing technology of such concrete is available even for novice builders. In the process of preparing a concrete mix, everyone can experiment with the amount of additives and impurities, but the initial list of components remains unchanged.

The disadvantages of polymer concrete include a significant proportion of its artificial components. The composition of the mixture contains about 10% of substances of artificial origin. The second drawback is the lack of standardization according to GOST. It is impossible to be sure that exactly the concrete that is needed is on sale. The third drawback is the high cost due to the price of additives (resins, etc.).

Compound

Fly ash is one of the most important components of polymer concrete. This substance is a product of coal combustion. The use of fly ash as an admixture has a filling effect on fresh concrete. The filling effect is based on the ability of the smallest coal particles to fill all voids and porous formations. The smaller the size of the ash particles, the more fully this effect is observed. Thanks to this feature of fly ash, hardened concrete becomes much stronger and stronger than usual.

Another important component of the concrete mixture is liquid glass. It has excellent adhesive ability and low cost. Its addition to polymer concrete will be very useful if the finished structure will be outdoors or exposed to constant water.

The technical characteristics of multi-type polymer concrete are higher than those of other standard ones and, moreover, it is environmentally friendly - it can be used in the construction of buildings in the food industry. The averages are as follows:

  • linear shrinkage 0.2-1.5%;
  • porosity - 1-2%;
  • compressive strength - 20-100 MPa;
  • resistance to heat - 100-180С;
  • measure of creep - 0.3-0.5 kg / cm2;
  • resistance to aging - 4-6 points.

This type of mixture is used as a structural and decorative finishing material.

Self-manufacturing technology

If you have the necessary knowledge and appropriate materials, you can prepare polymer concrete with your own hands. But it should be noted that there is no definite recipe for the preparation of such concrete, the balance of components is determined on the basis of practical experiments.

The technology for the preparation of polymer concrete is quite simple. Water and a small amount of cement are poured into the concrete mixer. Then slag and fly ash are added in equal amounts. All components are thoroughly mixed. Next comes the turn of the various polymeric components. They are added to the previous ingredients, after which the mixture must be mixed again.

Liquid glass, PVA glue, various water-soluble resins are suitable as a polymer additive. PVA glue can be used in any quantity, as it is an excellent filler with good viscosity. Its addition to the concrete solution significantly improves the resistance parameters of the finished structure, and reduces the percentage of shrinkage.
The ratio between polymers and binders can be from 5:1 to 12:1.

Application

The most rational is the use of polymer concretes as decorative and protective products made of concrete or metal. It is advisable to carry out one or another design entirely only in some cases. Usually this is the manufacture of electrolysis or pickling baths, pipelines or containers for aggressive liquids. The manufacture of building or enclosing structures from this material does not seem to be either expedient or economically viable.

Polymer concrete has a high resistance to external influences, so it can be installed without additional reinforcement. But if there is still a need for an additional margin of safety, then fiberglass or steel is used to reinforce polymer concrete. Other elements, such as carbon fiber, for example, are used much less frequently.

The technical capabilities of polymer concrete make it a convenient and inexpensive material for the manufacture of building decorative elements. To obtain different colors, dyes are added to ready-made solutions, and to give the desired size, they are poured into specially prepared forms. The resulting polymer concrete products are very similar in color and texture to marble, but the cost of such structures is much lower.

The route drainage concrete quick-mix TGM 2/8 is used for permeable bonded (rigid) bearing layers. For pedestrian loads. For laying paving stones and natural stone slabs on the outside.

    Characteristics:
  • mineral composition;
  • contains traces;

  • specially selected fractions of aggregates allow laying a permeable bonded carrier layer with a void content of more than 20%, which reduces the risk of destruction and fading of the road surface due to freezing of standing water;
  • simple and easy to use.
    Properties:
  • dry mix of factory production;
  • cement according to GOST 30515-2013;
  • routes according to DIN 51043;
  • fillers with particle size from 2.0 to 8.0 mm according to GOST 8736-93;
  • contains additives to improve the properties of the solution.
    Application:
  • for outdoor work;
  • suitable for making water-permeable bearing and sub-bases for pedestrian loads (use category N1 according to ZTV Wegebau;)
  • for laying paving stones, concrete stones and natural stone slabs.

Instructions for use of route drainage concrete quick-mix TGM 2/8

Foundation preparation

Sufficiently compacted load-bearing bases made of gravel or crushed stone are suitable as a base, preventing the capillary rise of water from the soil, as well as seasoned concrete or cement-sand screeds that can withstand design loads (for example, on terraces and balconies) with a slope of 1.5-3.0 %.

When laying the slabs on solid or waterproof substrates, seepage water must be drained, for example by laying flat drainage mats, gutters, etc. Water stagnation on impervious substrates must be avoided by creating an appropriate slope.

Execution of works

Pour 1/2 of the volume of the dry mix bag into a gravity or paddle mixer with a precisely measured amount of water (~ 2.8-3.2 l). Start stirring the mixture until a mobile (liquid) consistency without lumps is reached. Then, without stopping mixing, gradually add the rest of the contents from the dry mix bag and continue mixing until the consistency of "wet earth". Avoid the formation of lumps of the mixture during mixing.

Paving stones or stone are laid on a fresh layer of TGM drainage concrete using the “fresh on fresh” technique. To improve adhesion, it is necessary to pre-treat the back surfaces of paving stones or stone with TNH-flex adhesive mortar-slurry and level them after laying with a rubber mallet. Natural stone slabs with a strongly profiled back can be laid on a hardened, cleaned TGM drainage concrete layer after about 3 days, for example with TNM-flex natural stone routing mortar. In this case, the penetration of the solution into the seams should not be allowed.

  • The thickness of the TGM sub-base in the compacted state will depend on the type of underlying base and expected loads, but should not be less than 40 mm when laid on a concrete base and at least 60 mm when laid on a crushed stone base;
  • when using TGM drainage concrete as a bearing layer, its thickness must be at least 100 mm;
  • adding water more than the recommended amount will lead to a loss of drainage properties of the solution;
  • the life of the solution may vary depending on the temperature of the water, the temperature of the dry mix and the ambient air temperature;
  • it is necessary to take into account the slowdown in the increase in the strength of the solution at a hardening temperature below +15 ° C;
  • the fresh mortar must be protected from drying out too quickly and protected from adverse weather conditions (scorching sun, rain, strong wind, frost, etc.). If necessary, cover the solution with a film.
  • it is not allowed to carry out work at air and base temperatures below +5°C and above +30°C;
  • do not add cement, lime or gypsum to the solution;
  • do not dilute the cured solution with water.

Consumption

Consumption depends on the unevenness of the base. When laying on even surfaces, the consumption is approximately 16 kg/m 2 per 10 mm mortar layer thickness.

Solution output

Approximately 24 liters of fresh mortar is obtained from 40 kg of dry mix.

Shelf life

Store packaged, on wooden pallets, avoiding moisture and ensuring the safety of the package, in covered dry warehouses with a relative humidity of not more than 60%. Shelf life in undamaged packaging - 12 months from the date of manufacture.

Note

This product contains cement, so when water is added, an alkaline chemical reaction occurs. Protect eyes and skin from contact with the mixture. In case of contact with the mixture, rinse it with water. If the mixture gets into the eyes, seek medical attention immediately. See also the information on the packaging.

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This type of concrete was originally in demand in regions where stone or gravel can replace expensive bricks. Large-pore variations can be used for the construction of residential and administrative buildings, here the maximum building height is 4 floors.

Also, with its help, it is possible to fill the frames and make load-bearing walls, if it is planned that the building will not experience increased loads. For taller buildings, it is permissible to use blocks from the compositions of improved brands. Please note that you can order large-pore drainage concrete in Kyiv on the carrotholding.com website, see what the specialists offer.

The main difference between draining concrete is the presence of only coarse aggregates: in this case, fine aggregates are either completely absent or reduced in volume to a minimum.

Features of the composition of large-pore concrete

The aggregate is crushed stone or gravel, the fractions of which reach a diameter of 5-50 mm, ideally it is 10-25 mm. They must comply with the standards relating to the classic composition of concrete. Also, the mixture necessarily includes slag Portland cement or Portland cement, water. Sand is not used here.

The optimal composition is determined based on the results of field studies preceding construction. Since sand is not a component of the mixture and cement is consumed in small volumes, builders can easily obtain draining concrete with large enough pores on site. Thanks to the pores, the thermal conductivity of the blocks is reduced, and their weight is minimized.

Specifics of use and basic characteristics

Manufacturers claim that such large-pore concrete is able to withstand at least 15 cycles of freezing and subsequent thawing without damage and change in structure. If the composition is used to form walls, the solution is used in tandem with a mobile formwork - the latter can be a panel metal or wooden formwork.

In cases where construction work is carried out in the cold season, experts recommend assembling structures from prefabricated blocks, but in principle, with respect to large-pore concrete, all types of “winter” work are acceptable. The walls of such a mixture are necessarily covered with plaster on both sides, as they are strongly blown.

Lightweight types of large-pore concrete can be used as a filler for brickwork or internal floors. In this aspect, the following components are acceptable in the composition: brick crushed stone or screened slag, cement, gypsum, cement-lime mixtures are used as binders.

Drainage concrete can be an excellent insulator if the exterior cladding is brick and the interior cladding is gypsum sheets and wood slats. In this case, you do not have to equip the wooden formwork.

Building material advantages

The main operational advantage of the concrete in question is a larger volume of voids, when compared with the arrangement of grains in the classic version. The unique structure is formed due to a special technology of combining binders and gravel. Since the composition does not provide for fine-grained aggregates, the material acquires improved physical properties. Short list of benefits:

  • Enhanced stability and impressive strength - weather factors and mechanical stress are not terrible for such concrete;
  • Loyal cost and simplified delivery algorithms;
  • Light weight;
  • Extended possibilities of application on objects under construction of various types.

Such concrete can be ordered to the site in the form of ready-made blocks, they will only have to be mounted in accordance with the project. No less common is the pouring of the solution by classical methods. The choice of the optimal method depends on the design characteristics of the object.

Cement concretes are prepared on various cements. I'll give you the most common ones.

The main one is Portland cement and its varieties. Widely applied slag Portland cements and pozzolanic cements.

Sand concrete (cement mortar)- a mixture of cement and sand and water of medium or coarse fraction.

silicate concretes prepared on the basis of lime. Lime can be used in combination with hydraulic active and (or) silica components (cement, slag, quartz sand and active mineral additives).

Gypsum concretes- concretes based on semi-aqueous gypsum or anhydride (including gypsum-cement-pozzolanic, etc. binders). They are used for internal partitions, suspended ceilings, elements of building decoration and low-rise construction.

Slag concrete- concretes based on ground ash slags with hardening activators (alkaline solutions, lime, cement or gypsum).

Polymer concretes are made on various types of polymeric binder, which is based on resins (polyester, epoxy, carbamide, etc.) or monomers, such as furfural acetone, cured in concrete with the help of special additives. These concretes are more suitable for service in aggressive environments and special conditions of exposure (abrasion, cavitation, etc.).

Below is a general classification of concrete based on GOST 25192-2012 - "Concrete. Classification and general technical requirements."

Concrete classification

Main purpose

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  • Structural- for concrete and reinforced concrete load-bearing structures of buildings and structures (foundation blocks, columns, beams, slabs, etc.).
  • Prestressing concrete: concrete containing an expanding cement or an expanding admixture that causes the concrete to expand as it cures.
  • Fast setting concrete: concrete having a fast rate of curing.
  • High performance concrete: Concrete that meets special functional requirements that cannot be achieved using traditional ingredients, mixing, laying, maintenance and curing methods.
  • decorative concrete: concrete obtained by painting, polishing, texturing, embossing, engraving, topping, and other processes to achieve the desired aesthetic properties.
  • Draining concrete: concrete containing coarse aggregates with no or minimal content of fine aggregates, as well as an insufficient amount of cement paste to fill pores and voids.
  • Special- chemically resistant, heat-resistant, decorative, extra heavy, for biological protection, concrete polymers, polymer concretes, etc.
  • hydrotechnical - for the construction of dams, locks, lining of canals, etc.;
  • heat-insulating (for example, perlite concrete);
  • concrete for building walls and light ceilings;
  • road - for the device of road and airfield coverings;

Corrosion resistance

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  • A - concretes operated in an environment without the risk of corrosion (CW);
  • B - concretes operated in an environment that causes corrosion under the action of carbonization (CS);
  • B - concretes operated in an environment that causes corrosion under the action of chlorides (XD and XS);
  • D - concretes operated in an environment that causes corrosion under the action of alternate freezing and thawing (XF);
  • D - concretes operated in an environment causing chemical corrosion (CA).

Note - The operating environment of concrete is specified in accordance with GOST 31384.

Heat resistant concrete: concrete designed to work in conditions of exposure to temperatures from 800 ° C to 1800 ° C.

acid resistant concrete: concrete for work in aggressive acidic environments.

By type of binder

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  • cement (prepared on clinker cements - Portland cement, Portland slag cement, Portland pozzolanic cement, etc.);
  • silicate autoclave hardening (on lime-sand, lime-slag and other binders);
  • calcareous;
  • slag;
  • gypsum (on gypsum and pozzolanic binders);
  • bituminous (asphalt concrete);
  • synthetic resins (polymer concrete and polymer concrete);
  • magnesia binders;
  • special (acid-resistant concretes on liquid glass).

Concrete aggregates

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  • dense;
  • porous;
  • special (for example, metal shot, expanded polystyrene granular);

I would greatly expand this classification. For example, added "reinforcing (fibre)"; "fraction size"; "mineral and organic fillers". There is such an extensive practice of using various fillers that it does not even make sense to classify them here, I will simply list some of the concretes:

Agloporite concrete: concrete on agloporite crushed stone or gravel;

Arbolit: concrete in which organic materials of plant origin are used as aggregate.

Armocement: fine-grained concrete, in the mass of which woven or welded wire meshes of metal or non-metal are evenly distributed. Note - Reinforced cement can be additionally reinforced with bar or wire reinforcement.

Concrete polymer: concrete impregnated with monomers or liquid oligomers with their subsequent polymerization (hardening) in the pores of concrete.

Vermiculite concrete: concrete on expanded vermiculite;

soil concrete: concrete obtained from a mixture of ground or granulated soil, a binder and a mixing agent.

ash concrete: lightweight concrete, the aggregate in which is ash.

Expanded clay concrete: concrete on expanded clay gravel;

Fine-grained concrete: concrete on cement binder with dense fine aggregate.

Perlite concrete: concrete on expanded perlite crushed stone;

Polymer concrete: concrete made from a concrete mix containing a polymer or monomer.

Reaction Powder Concrete: concrete made from finely ground reactive materials with a grain size of 0.2 to 300 microns and characterized by high strength (more than 120 MPa) and high water resistance.

Recycled concrete: concrete made using recycled binders, aggregates and water.

silicate concrete: concrete in which lime is used as a binder.

Thermolithic concrete: concrete on thermolite crushed stone or gravel;

heavy concrete: concrete on cement binder with dense fine and coarse aggregates.

Fiber concrete: concrete containing dispersed, randomly oriented fibers.

slag concrete: concrete on ash and slag mixtures of thermal power plants - thermal power plants or on fuel slag, granulated blast furnace or electrothermophosphorus slag.

Slag-pumice concrete: concrete on slag-pumice rubble or gravel;

Shungizite concrete: concrete on shungizite gravel;

Content of binder and aggregates

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  • Skinny(with a low content of a binder and a high content of coarse aggregate);
  • Fatty(with a high content of a binder and a low content of coarse aggregate);
  • Commodity(with the ratio of fillers and binder according to the standard recipe).

Structure of concrete

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  • dense;
  • porous;
  • cellular;
  • macroporous.

dense concrete: concrete, in which the space between the grains of coarse and fine aggregates or only fine aggregates is filled with a hardened binder and entrained air pores, including those formed through the use of additives that regulate the porosity of the concrete mix and concrete.

Porous concrete: concrete, in which the space between the grains of coarse aggregate is filled with a hardened porous binder.

Cellular concrete (aerated concrete and foam concrete): Concrete consisting of a hardened mixture of a binder, a silica component and artificial evenly distributed pores in the form of cells formed by gas and foam formers.

Coarse-pored concrete: Concrete in which the space between coarse aggregate grains is not completely filled with fine aggregate and hardened binder.

Hardening conditions

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  • in natural conditions;
  • under conditions of heat treatment at atmospheric pressure;
  • under conditions of heat treatment at a pressure above atmospheric (autoclaved concrete).
  • in wet/dry conditions

Formation method

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  • Cast concrete (pouring): concrete obtained from a concrete mix with a slump greater than 20 cm.
  • self-sealing- concrete made from a concrete mixture capable of compacting under its own weight.
  • Roller Formation- rigid concrete, compacted by roller molding.
  • Rolled concrete: especially hard concrete, compacted by vibro-rolling or tamping.
  • shotcrete: fine-grained concrete pneumatically applied to the surface.
  • Underwater concrete: concrete laid under water by pipelines or other means.
  • Vacuum concrete: concrete from which, before it hardens, part of the water and entrained air is removed by vacuum.

Workability

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  • super hard(rigidity over 50 seconds) for foundations, beams and other critical structures,
  • hard(hardness from 5 to 50 seconds) for forms of complex configurations,
  • mobile(hardness less than 4 seconds, subdivided according to the draft of the cone) for less critical products: screeds, paths, blind areas, etc.

This is not the case in SNIP.

Concrete strength

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  • medium strength (compressive strength class B<=В50);
  • high-strength (compressive strength class B>=B55).

I would divide it into: Thermal insulation (B0.35 - B2); Structural and heat-insulating (B2.5 - B10); Structural concrete (B12.5 - B40); Concrete for reinforced structures (from B45 and above).

Curing rate under normal conditions

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  • fast hardening;
  • slow hardening.

The ratio given in the table is taken as the criterion for assessing the rate of curing.

R 2 - strength of concrete at the age of 2 days;
R 28 - strength of concrete at the age of 28 days.

Density of concrete

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Medium density grade D corresponds to the average value of the volumetric mass of concrete in kg/m3. The range of the indicator is from D200 to D5000.

  • extra light- grades with an average density of less than 500 kg / m 3 are used as a heat-insulating material;
  • lungs- grades by average density from 500 to 1800 kg / m 3 (expanded concrete, foam concrete, aerated concrete, wood concrete, vermiculite, perlite), used for the manufacture of monolithic enclosing structures (walls) and block wall materials;
  • lightweight density from 1800 to 2200 kg / m 3, used in load-bearing structures in the construction of buildings no higher than two floors (cottage construction);
  • heavy- density from 2200 to 2500 kg/m 3 (gravel, basalt, limestone, granite), this type of concrete is used in all load-bearing structures;
  • especially heavy- with a density of 2500 kg / m³ (barite, magnetite, limonite), such concrete is used in special structures to protect against radiation.

Frost resistance of concrete

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Concrete grade for frost resistance F corresponds to the minimum number of cycles of alternate freezing and thawing, maintained by the sample during the standard test. The indicator range is from F15 to F1000.

For self-tensioning concretes, a self-stressing grade is established.

  • low frost resistance (frost resistance grades F50 or less);
  • medium frost resistance (frost resistance grades over F50 to F300);
  • high frost resistance (frost resistance grades over F300).

Water resistance of concrete

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Concrete grade for water resistance W corresponds to the maximum value of water pressure (MPa.10 -1) maintained by a concrete sample during testing. The range of the indicator is from W2 to W20.

  • low water resistance (water resistance grades less than W4);
  • medium water resistance (water resistance grades from W4 to W12);
  • high water resistance (water resistance grades over W12).

Abrasion of concrete

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  • low abrasion (abrasion grade G1);
  • medium abrasion (abrasion grade G2);
  • high abrasion (abrasion grade G3).

Marking of cements

To determine the brand of concrete, you need to know the characteristics of cement, which manufacturers must indicate in the marking.

An example of a symbol for Portland cement grade 400, with additives up to 20%, fast-hardening, plasticized: PC 400 - D20 - B - PL - GOST 10178.

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