Use of impregnations to strengthen concrete surfaces. Dedusting and hardening of the concrete floor: topping and impregnation technologies Reinforcing impregnation for concrete for outdoor use

A significant disadvantage of an untreated concrete floor is a tendency to increased dust formation. Its surface layer does not have high strength and begins to crumble with minimal mechanical stress, changes in humidity and temperature. This leads to the formation of cement dust, which settles on the surfaces of the room, furniture and, worst of all, in the human body. In addition, endless dust formation is the gradual destruction of the concrete floor, reducing its service life.

To strengthen the surface layer of concrete and eliminate dust formation, dust removal methods are used. Their main purpose is not to eliminate already existing dust, but to eliminate the cause that causes erosion processes in concrete.

Two main technologies can be used to harden concrete surfaces: topping (applying dry hardening mixtures to fresh concrete) and impregnation with strengthening compounds.

Both of these methods are effective against cracking, dusting, weathering and efflorescence on the concrete surface.

Topping - dedusting with dry mixtures

The topping technology is very similar to the “ironization” known to every builder - rubbing dry cement into concrete that has not yet hardened. The essence of topping is almost the same, only a multi-component hardening mixture is used instead of cement. In addition to high-quality Portland cement, it contains fine-grained fillers and chemical additives that make the surface layer of concrete less porous and more durable.

Fine-grained fillers that are part of topping mixtures can paint the floor surface in different colors: gray, green, yellow, blue, red, brown, black.

Types of mixtures for topping

Depending on the nature of the fillers, topping mixtures are grouped into several groups:

• quartz;
• corundum;
• metallized.

Quartz hardeners are the most popular and inexpensive. The filler in these compositions is quartz sand, specially purified and, if necessary, a decorative effect, colored with colored pigments.

The use of quartz topping can increase the strength of the concrete surface by 1.5 times. This is sufficient for the subsequent long-term operation of concrete floors experiencing an average load.

Quartz topping is considered universal in most cases. It is widely used in workshops, warehouses, shopping centers, educational institutions, hotel lobbies, etc. In residential construction, quartz topping is used in rooms with high humidity or increased load on the floors. For example, in gyms, baths, swimming pools, etc.

Corundum hardeners are more effective, capable of increasing the resistance of the floor to mechanical stress by 1.6-1.8 times, and to abrasion - up to 2 times. In their composition, high-strength corundum chips (filler) are used, which are resistant to abrasion and abrasive influences. It gives the concrete surface a matte elegant sheen.

Corundum topping is used for concrete surfaces subjected to heavy loads. This happens in rooms with massive equipment installed, where vehicles move or there is a large crowd of people. For example, in warehouses, gas stations, car parks, gyms or social facilities.

Metallized hardeners - topping with metal shavings. These mixtures are the strongest, they increase the strength of the concrete surface by 2 times.

Metal topping has found its application in rooms where floors are subject to strong mechanical or vibration loads, where massive traffic is possible or heavy equipment is installed. For example, in production shops, warehouses. In residential and social premises, metal topping is not used, due to possible corrosion processes on the hardened concrete surface.

Topping technology: a scheme for applying a hardening mixture

Topping is a rather complicated technology that requires experience and the use of special equipment. At the slightest mistake, the following deformations can be observed: cracking, peeling of the topping crust, erasing of the top layer. Therefore, it is better to entrust this work to professionals.

Topping can only be used on a high-quality reinforced slab filled with high-quality concrete (not lower than M300). The hardener is applied to fresh, not hardened, but already set concrete. Usually, work begins 5-8 hours after laying. At this time, it is already possible to walk on the floor, but prints remain on it. Their depth should be no more than 3-5 mm.

Creating a reinforced concrete layer using topping:

1. A hardener is scattered over the surface of the concrete - approximately 65% ​​of the total volume. The distribution is carried out manually or using a loose trolley.
2. When the mixture is saturated with moisture and darkens, the concrete surface is smoothed out with single-rotor or twin-rotor trowels (“helicopters”). The disks of the machines rub the mixture into the structure of the concrete until it is completely absorbed.
3. Without a technological break, the rest of the topping (35%) is applied to the surface. This must be done immediately so that there is still moisture on the concrete surface.
4. Rub the surface again.
5. After 2 hours, the concrete surface is ground with the same trowels, installing grinding blades instead of trowels. After that, the surface of the concrete floor acquires a soft matte sheen.
6. A special impregnation (curing) is applied to the surface.
7. To prevent the concrete surface from starting to crack during the drying process, it is covered with plastic wrap.
8. After 1-2 days, when the concrete has completely hardened, expansion (shrinkage) seams are cut out on its surface with a seam cutter or a grinder (with a diamond disk). Usually they are cut into squares 6x6 m, 1/3 of the thickness of the plate, 10-15 mm wide.
9. After 14-28 days, the seams are filled with polyurethane sealant.

Here's what it looks like in pictures:

You can also watch the video, which tells the main technological points:

Impregnations - compositions for rapid dedusting

Preparing the surface for impregnation

To begin with, it should be understood that the application of any impregnation requires preliminary preparation of the concrete base. Otherwise, the composition will not be able to penetrate to the required depth into the concrete structure.

Preparing a concrete floor is not difficult, but painstaking and time consuming. It consists of several consecutive operations:

1. Remove all floor coverings from concrete floors. If these were materials that were tightly attached to the floor (linoleum, carpet, relin, laminate), then you can proceed to the next step of preparation immediately after removing them. After dismantling the coating that is not directly adjacent to the concrete (plank floor, parquet), you will need to wait about a day until the raised dust settles. If the concrete has just been laid, then only acrylic impregnations are allowed to be applied to it. Other types of impregnations require curing of the concrete coating for at least 14 days. Colored floors will require even more time - 28 days. After this time, the next stage of preparation begins.
2. Thoroughly vacuum the entire surface twice. It is advisable to use not an ordinary vacuum cleaner, but a special building one - more powerful.
3. The floor is washed with ordinary water using a rag or a wringer mop. To begin with, the entire surface is washed, removing particles of cement and dust. Then, after drying, the floor is wiped again.
4. Perform a final dry cleaning with a vacuum cleaner. The washed and dried base is carefully vacuumed twice.

Thus, before applying the impregnation, the concrete surface needs high-quality cleaning. If necessary, add to the technological process.

What are the impregnations?

Impregnations for dedusting are divided into inorganic and organic. Inorganic means one type of impregnation - based on fluorosilicates (fluates). Organic compounds are more diverse. This group includes acrylic, polyurethane and epoxy impregnations.

Inorganic impregnations (fluates) enter into a chemical reaction with the components of concrete, namely with lime (which is perceived as dust) and turn it into durable calcium fluoride. That is, fluates change the chemical formula of the concrete surface, converting soluble compounds into insoluble ones. The impregnated layer of concrete becomes more durable and water resistant.

Organic impregnations work differently. They fill micropores and cracks in concrete or form a strong film on the surface. The concrete structure becomes more dense and durable, the surface becomes waterproof.

Fluating concrete

Impregnation with fluates (fluating) is used if the concrete surface will be painted in the future. Fluates act on soluble lime compounds in concrete and convert them into insoluble, inert compounds of increased strength. At the same time, the fluates do not seal the surface, it remains vapor-permeable, the concrete continues to “breathe”.

Changes in the surface layer of concrete during treatment with fluates:

• strength increases;
• dust formation is reduced;
• abrasion is reduced;
• increases resistance to aggressive chemicals;
• absorbency decreases.
• frost resistance increases.

It is worth emphasizing that fluation significantly reduces dust formation, but does not eliminate it completely. In order to remove dust from the surface as much as possible, it is recommended to additionally cover the fluated layer with polymer impregnations.

Concrete fluting technology:

The fluating composition is diluted with water, according to the instructions. You need to calculate in advance the amount of the finished solution that will be needed for the work. On average, this is 150-200 ml per 1 m 2 of surface. The resulting solution is poured onto the floor and evenly distributed over the surface with brushes, rubber squeegees, rubber scrapers. Fluate is rubbed until the concrete surface is completely saturated.

If the work is carried out in dry and hot conditions, the fluated surface is covered with a film. This is done so that the composition does not dry out too quickly, otherwise its positive properties will be reduced. On average, fluates on the surface dry for 1.5-2 hours. A day later, a second layer of fluate is applied.

After the second layer has dried, that is, after another day, you can begin to operate the base. But laying tiles or other finishes is allowed only after 7 days.

Acrylic impregnations

Acrylic impregnations are aqueous, deeply penetrating compounds that form a film on the concrete surface. This prevents the appearance of efflorescence, reduces water absorption, and provides reliable dust removal.

Acrylic impregnations are considered the weakest. They can only be used if the concrete floors will be subjected to light loads.

Properties of acrylic impregnations:

• give additional strength to the concrete floor;
• dedust;
• increase the chemical resistance of concrete;
• reduce water absorption;
• make surface maintenance easier.

The scheme for applying acrylic impregnations on a concrete base is very simple. First, the impregnation is applied to the surface with a roller, brush or spray gun. After 30-60 minutes, apply a second layer and wait for drying. At room temperature, the complete drying of the impregnation lasts 3-5 hours.

Polyurethane impregnations

The action of polyurethane impregnations is based on the ability of its particles to penetrate deeply into the concrete structure, block capillaries and fill microcracks. When hardening, the polyurethane mixture remains in the pores of concrete, takes their shape without changing its volume.

Polyurethane impregnation is a one-component composition that is sold ready for use. Its great advantage lies in the possibility of application at sub-zero temperatures (down to -30°C).

After treatment with polyurethane impregnation, the top layer of concrete becomes polymer concrete and acquires the following characteristics:

• absolute dedusting;
• wear resistance - increases up to 10 times;
• tightness of the upper layer;
• impact resistance - increases by 2 times;
• rough, non-slippery surface;
• high decorativeness (effect of varnished or "wet" concrete);
• ease of cleaning.

The method of processing concrete with polyurethane impregnation:

1. The impregnation is applied with a polyamide roller, densely wetting the surface. Consumption is 150-250 g/m 2 .
2. After the impregnation has dried, which lasts 3-6 hours, another 1-2 layers are applied (with drying after each layer!).
3. The finished polymer concrete layer should look like a “wet” floor. Such a decorative effect means complete saturation with the solution.

Epoxy impregnations

Epoxy impregnations are polymers, just like polyurethane compounds. Therefore, their principle of operation is the same. Unlike polyurethane compounds, epoxy impregnations can only be used at positive temperatures.

Epoxy impregnation - two-component, consisting of epoxy resin and hardener. These components are shipped in separate containers. You need to mix them only before starting work.

After impregnation with epoxy, the concrete base becomes:

• solid and durable;
• dust-free;
• frost-resistant;
• resistant to abrasion;
• resistant to corrosion and chemicals;
• decorative (with a glossy sheen);
• easy to clean.

Epoxy coating technology:

1. Mix the components of epoxy impregnation - hardener and resin. They are poured into one container and mixed for 5 minutes using a low-speed drill.
2. The impregnation is applied to the concrete surface with a brush, roller or sprayer. Consumption - 150-200 g/m 2 .
3. After 15 minutes, apply a second layer of impregnation and wait for drying.

Complete drying of the impregnation occurs after 4-6 hours. During this period, the treated surface should be protected from exposure to water, otherwise the epoxy layer may become whitish and sticky. It may also interfere with curing. In these cases, it is recommended to remove the epoxy layer and replace it with a new one.

Safety first

The substances that make up the impregnations are quite aggressive. Therefore, when working with them, it is necessary to use rubber gloves, safety shoes and clothing. For dilution of impregnations use plastic containers.

When working with mixtures for topping, it is also required to observe safety measures and use respirators for respiratory protection.

The main characteristics of concrete are high, but its porous structure intensively absorbs moisture, due to which the near-surface layer begins to crack, crumble and collapse. You can increase the resistance and durability with special additives. In order to increase the service life of the concrete surface and prevent dust formation processes, the material is processed using a special technology. There are two ways of such processing: during laying, dry reinforcing mixtures are used in the form of toppings;
Before commissioning, concrete surfaces are treated with liquid polymer impregnations.

What is concrete impregnation?

Concrete impregnation is understood as a special chemical composition in the form of a liquid, which has the properties of a hardener. For manufacturing, adhesives are used that strengthen the upper layers of the concrete surface. There are impregnations for concrete, reinforcing screeds, foundations, slabs, walls. Most often reinforcing agents are used for construction:

• shopping centers;
• warehouses;
• Service stations, car washes, parking lots;
• uncovered areas;
• outbuildings;
• industrial buildings and workshops;
• administrative and residential buildings.

purpose

The concrete surface is porous and loose structure. Micropores reduce hydrophobicity, due to which concrete absorbs moisture, and density, which causes a decrease in the strength of the finished concrete product. Modified impregnating additives contribute to the transformation of the porous surface into a durable, moisture-resistant stone. This parameter of concrete allows you to create high-quality, reliable and durable monolithic walls, load-bearing structures, bases in contact with water. Impregnations for concrete provide new designs:

• a protective layer that resists negative environmental influences and chemically aggressive substances;
• increased strength;
• resistance to dust settling;
• wear resistance;
• durability;
• improved appearance of the floor in the apartment.

Kinds

Impregnation for concrete is classified according to the components used:

1. Organic hardening mixture - liquid based on acrylic, polyurethane, epoxy resins. The most famous brand is Probetil. Their principle of operation is based on filling the pores with a binder, which gives the surface water-repellent properties, high strength parameters, resistance to aggressive media and dust settling. The polyurethane mixture is universal, the rest have their own specifics.
2. Inorganic hardeners, silicate substances or fluates that do not fill micropores, but interact with the surface molecules of the concrete stone. As a result, the surface layer is endowed with inertia in relation to any type of impact.

By area of ​​application

The classification of impregnations according to the scope of use is carried out according to the type of operation of the treated object. A specific product - deep impregnation of concrete - is offered for industrial buildings, public places with high traffic, service stations, parking lots, garages. Special moisture-proof mixtures or water repellents are used at oil storage facilities, open areas. For pouring screeds are recommended.

According to the principle of action

The method of influencing the structure of concrete stone for impregnations is different:

1. Deep penetration materials, such as silicates, silanes, silaxins, provide high-quality concrete fluation. Sealants penetrate into the pores and react with the lime molecules, enhancing the crystallization of calcium in the lime. Therefore, fluates provide surface strength from the inside.
2. Liquid formulations create a thin protective film. Examples are acrylic, polyurethane and epoxy mixture. They provide dedusting of concrete, protection against dampness, increase durability.

According to the main properties

Each remedy is endowed with certain properties provided by the ingredients used for preparation:

• Epoxy impregnations treat concrete to provide protection against moisture. The material is made from natural ingredients and is an effective sealant.
• Toners are used to give the surface a gloss or a certain shade.
• Polyurethane impregnations are the most popular in the manufacture of screeds. Materials give the surface resistance to frost, moisture, heavy loads. Probetil is widely used.
• Inorganic fluates prevent wear and increase strength. Fluates strengthen the concrete surface to a great depth. Fluates are widely used to strengthen airfield strips.
• Acrylic impregnating mixtures are characterized by low cost, low efficiency. They are used to strengthen floors and walls in an apartment, unloaded structures.
• The silicone compound is endowed with water-repellent properties, provides durability up to 10 years. Silicone compounds are the ideal protection for exposed surfaces from rain and snow.

By functionality

Functionality allows you to provide concrete with certain qualities. They increase frost resistance, resistance to abrasion, chemical and climatic influences of the finished product by increasing the plasticity of the solution. A separate class are impregnations, with the help of which concrete is dedusted.

Colored products, in addition to strength, give the concrete surface a specific color. Toners penetrate to a depth of 3 mm, which ensures high color fastness during intensive use of the structure in the sun. After the color mixture is applied, it is recommended.

Application technology

1. Surface preparation. Before impregnation for concrete is applied, the coatings are cleaned of old lining, wet cleaning is carried out with a soda solution at a concentration of 30 ml of soda per 10 liters of water. This allows you to carefully remove dirt if the floor is dusty.
2. Cooking. Dry impregnation requires dilution with water in accordance with the instructions on the package to the concentration of liquid sour cream.
3. Application. Impregnation of concrete is carried out using a special roller or sprayer. The layer must be even. Puddles are carefully dispersed over the entire surface. The drying time of the mixture is 3 hours, after which a second layer is applied.

There are a number of rules:

• Concrete floor impregnation is better applied and bonded to concrete if cement sand is used prior to impregnation.
• To ensure maximum effect, so that the floor does not become dusty, after a layer of impregnating agent, the concrete surface is treated.
• The working roller before and after work should be moistened in soda water.

The construction market now offers a huge amount of materials for hardening and dedusting concrete and, first of all, concrete floors. Impregnations have gained great popularity due to the low cost of processing per square meter of surface. But consumers are faced with a problem - some impregnations really give the desired result, and some do not change anything.

The words "impregnation, impregnating composition" mean that the liquid material after its application to the surface does not remain and polymerizes on it, but "penetrates" into the base, "impregnates" it to a certain depth. Penetration into concrete means the absence of any film on the surface of the concrete. In this case, the material is either able to strengthen concrete to the depth of penetration, or performs another function (for example, waterproofing).

Of course, not all impregnating materials strengthen. Why?
The answer is quite obvious - in order to strengthen the surface layer, the impregnating composition must either:
a) polymerize in the pores of concrete and have such intrinsic strength that 5-10% of the volume occupied by polymerized impregnation significantly increases the strength of the remaining 90-95% of the volume occupied by concrete (the final strength will be a complex arithmetic average of the intrinsic strength of materials, in our case, concrete and impregnation);
b) impregnation must somehow react with the substances contained in the concrete, with the formation of chemicals that "naturally" increase the strength of the structure.

Consider the first option: These are materials based on polyurethane, epoxy and other resins. In the technology of polymer floors, to which these compositions belong, there are 2 types of materials:
1) provides adhesion of the main layer to the base and such compositions are called primers (or, in a foreign manner, “primers”);
2) close or "seal" the finished polymer coating (most often decorative) and such compositions are called "finish varnishes" or simply "varnishes".

Both types of materials are thin-layer (can be applied in a thin layer), and primers can be diluted with organic solvents with a decrease in viscosity, which means easier penetration into concrete. A distinctive feature of most polyurethane compositions is that they are both a primer and a base layer and a top coat in a “one bottle”. It is not difficult to get "impregnation" in such a situation - for this it is enough to dilute the primer 2-3 times with a suitable solvent. The resulting composition will easily impregnate the concrete and ensure the adhesion of the base layer, but it will not be able to strengthen the concrete. The intrinsic strength of primers and varnishes is approximately 2 times higher than the intrinsic strength of grade 300 concrete. Therefore, polymerization in 5-10% of the volume of concrete is not enough for a noticeable increase in strength. As for varnishes, they, for the most part, do not penetrate the structure of concrete at all, forming a film on the surface, which, of course, will have increased chemical resistance, but will also be subject to abrasion and will not last long.

It is possible to recognize such an "impregnation" by carefully studying (according to the description or in negotiations with the supplier) the chemical composition of this "impregnation". If only any organic substance (polyurethane, epoxy, acrylate and metaacrylate, PVC, polyester, etc.) is mentioned in the composition (explicitly or as part of the material), it is highly likely that this “impregnation” can be attributed to primers or varnishes .

Another separate type of "impregnation" for concrete is sealers and curings. From a chemistry point of view, these are the same materials. Siler is an English word that came from across the ocean, and Curing is a German word that came from Germany. Both names characterize materials designed to protect a freshly laid concrete floor from premature evaporation of moisture. In Russia, sealers/curings began to be used not only to protect floors with toppings, but also to protect worn concrete without additional hardening. This method turned out to be more modern and no less reliable than the traditional covering of the surface with wet sawdust. According to the chemical composition, “seals” (the slang name for this type of material) are diverse, but most often the basis is an aqueous dispersion of acrylic resin. Polyurethane, latex are used as a "partner". According to the mechanism of action, they are close to the finishing varnishes described above, but the main difference is that varnishes do not “lay down” on a wet surface, peel off like skin, and sealers form a moisture-proof film on the surface of wet concrete. Despite the assurances of many sealer manufacturers and sellers that the material impregnates the concrete surface, the chemical composition of these materials and the main purpose cast doubt on the possible penetration of sealers / curings into concrete, not to mention its hardening.

The strengthening effect is quite acceptable, but it can only be associated with better conditions for the hydration of cement in concrete, compared to other methods of its protection. The mechanical and abrasive strength of these materials is low, because they are not intended to be a long-term solution to this problem. Manufacturers and sellers of fresh concrete care products fully agree with the last statement today. Recognizing a sealer or curing is quite simple: in most cases, they contain either the syllable “sil” (“seal”) or the syllable “kur”, “cure” (“cure”) in the name. For safety net, you can look in the description of the chemical composition. If there is a mention of acrylic dispersion or acrylic varnish in the composition, then you most likely have a concrete care product.

Second option. Materials based on silicon fluorides (fluorosilicates) and based on silicates of alkaline materials.
Silicofluorides are salts of strong fluorosilicic acid (H2SiF6). Most silicofluorides are sparingly soluble in water, with the exception of magnesium, zinc, and aluminum silicofluorides, which are widely used in construction for the fluotation of concrete and reinforced concrete structures. The principle of fluotation is based on a chemical reaction between silicofluoride and calcium-containing substances (hydroxide and carbonate) with the formation of sparingly soluble salts: calcium silicofluoride and hydroxide (magnesium, zinc, aluminum). Thus, after fluotation, the removal of soluble salts to the surface will be excluded, and the concrete surface will not be dusty. Aqueous solutions of alkali metal silicates (sodium, potassium, lithium) with the addition of various organic additives are currently the standard for the term "strengthening and dust-removing impregnation" and only these materials reliably and permanently solve the problems of concrete dusting. This class of materials, for example, includes the classic American impregnations Ashford Formula and Retroplate and the modern development of Novosibirsk scientists "Monolith 20M".

Thus, we found out that only impregnations of the chemical principle of action can actually strengthen the surface of concrete, and the reason for hardening is associated with a decrease in the number of pores, but not due to the polymerization of “foreign” material in them, but due to the crystallization of chemical products in them (pores). reactions of impregnation and substances outside the crystal lattice of concrete.

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An article about the types and features of the use of impregnations. What impregnations are used for concrete floors and why impregnations should be used. Content

• silicate impregnation
• Polyurethane impregnations
• Epoxy impregnations

A reliable method of protecting concrete structures at the moment is the use of impregnations. This technology increases the strength of the top layer of concrete, regardless of its age. As impregnations, polymeric or inorganic solutions are used that can be absorbed into the concrete surface and form a chemically neutral layer with good wear resistance.

Impregnation is a relatively inexpensive and yet effective technology. It can be used both on newly laid concrete pavements, and in the process of repairing old structures. Thanks to this technique, it is possible to maximize the life of floors and stairs, the dismantling of which would cost many times more. Depending on the characteristics of the room, its purpose, as well as the operating conditions of the surfaces, one or another type of impregnation is used.

silicate impregnation

The principle of operation of silicate impregnations is based on their deep absorption into the surface layers of the concrete base. The active ingredients interact with the cement and form a hard, waterproof structure. Gradually, the surface is polished under the influence of everyday loads and becomes quite attractive.

Since silicate impregnations are made on a water basis, the degree of humidity of the concrete itself does not matter when laying them. This is even good if the surface to be treated is moistened. Therefore, the method is ideal for hardening a freshly laid pavement. When applying the impregnation, a special temperature regime is observed, and after completion of the treatment, the surface must be used carefully for two weeks until all chemical reactions have passed.

The advantage of this technique lies in the fact that the compositions penetrate deeply into the concrete and do not create an additional layer on its surface. It is due to this that the design retains its solidity and becomes more resistant to mechanical damage.

Polyurethane impregnations

The use of these compositions allows not only to increase the strength of the concrete itself, but also to create an additional layer on its surface, which in some cases is more appropriate. Thus, the design acquires the greatest resistance to any influences from the outside. Polyurethane impregnations are produced in the form of one-component formulations and are suitable for the protection of porous and low-grade concretes. Their important advantage is that due to the independent layer, dust formation is prevented, chemical resistance is increased and vulnerability to temperature fluctuations is reduced.

The technology of applying polyurethane compounds is very convenient. These preparations perfectly adhere to concrete, regardless of its brand. In cellular concrete structures, impregnations clog the smallest pores and cracks. Under the action of moisture, the polymerization of active components occurs with the formation of a polymer concrete structure. Although the maximum effect is achieved during the processing of concrete at high temperatures, high-quality application is possible with slight frosts.

The surface formed by polyurethane has elasticity, and therefore retains its integrity under vibration loads. In addition, the layer has frost resistance and water resistance.

Epoxy impregnations

Epoxy two-component compositions are used for processing structures made of concrete of lower grades. Being water-soluble, they are able to easily adhere to surfaces made of any materials. In particular, when applied to concrete, an extremely durable and chemical-resistant polymer concrete substance is created. It is important to note that this method is suitable for protecting freshly laid coatings, regardless of their degree of moisture.

The peculiarity of applying epoxy impregnations is that work should be carried out only at positive temperatures. The advantage of this technology is a higher strength of the resulting surface, resistance to hydrostatic pressure of moisture, maximum wear resistance. This method is most effective for the protection of concrete floors in enterprises and all objects with significant mechanical loads. Epoxy flooring is indispensable for the restoration of aged floors.

Summing up, I would like to draw your attention to the fact that the use of these relatively inexpensive methods of concrete protection allows in the long term to significantly reduce the cost of overhaul. The method of applying impregnations is similar to painting surfaces. The performance of treated floors and concrete stairs far exceeds those of untreated structures. Polymer coatings last for many years, so they only need to be applied once.

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Impregnation for concrete

At the moment, most building structures are made of concrete. Concrete, although a durable building material, is also subject to wear and tear. Concrete cracks, wears and breaks down over time. This can be avoided by using special building mixtures that can be bought at any building materials store. We are talking about impregnations for concrete. At the same time, Stavropol concrete will not only retain its durability, but will also have special strengthening properties.

Impregnation for concrete has a special strengthening effect on the structure. Different types of impregnations create a different effect, but they all help to protect the structure from frost, destruction, and exposure to chemical elements. Impregnation is able to be absorbed into concrete to a depth of one centimeter. It seals the surface of the concrete and allows you to protect it from moisture.

Builders take as a basis the strengthening properties of concrete impregnation. The use of impregnation during construction is a mandatory procedure. All types of impregnations are divided into 2 types: organic and inorganic. They are similar in achieving a firming effect, but depending on the composition they behave differently. Some lie on the surface of concrete, filling the pores and cracks in concrete, and some enter into a chemical reaction with concrete and transform it into new compositions with unique properties.

The concrete floor is one of the types of savings in construction, but it collapses under the aggressive influence of the environment and becomes dusty. Impregnations for concrete have gained popularity, not only based on their strengthening effect, but also because of the cost when calculating the coverage of one square meter. Concrete must not only be the foundation of a building during construction, but must also take on the impact load in industrial halls and on roads.

Concrete impregnations are divided into several types:

Impregnation toners. They are different in composition and are used to give shine and the necessary color to concrete. - Fluate impregnation - consists of inorganic compounds and prevents wear, increasing strength several times. - Polyurethane impregnations - is the sales leader among impregnations, it is also used at low temperatures, increasing the strength of concrete. - Epoxy impregnations - consist of organic resin compounds and serve as an excellent sealant that protects against moisture. - Acrylic impregnations - very cheap to purchase, but do not protect and enhance the strength of the structure as much as others.

Destruction occurs due to the adverse effects of the environment. A particular danger to the integrity of a concrete structure is not only mechanical damage, but also water, salts and carbon dioxide. As a result of such exposure, cracks, chips and scratches appear on the concrete. If the design of the concrete floor did not involve impregnation during construction, then the result may be traumatic situations and stop production. In the process of long-term operation of the concrete structure, dusting (silica dust) occurs. This dust is especially active and enters the lungs of people in the room. The reason for its occurrence is the lack of strengthening impregnation of the upper layer. When impregnating, no film remains, as the concrete structure is strengthened entirely and from the inside. Application of impregnation gives a hydrolytic protective effect.

Consider the following reasons for the relevance of the use of impregnation for concrete

Impregnation for concrete is very easy to use: it is applied with an ordinary brush, absorbed very quickly, forming a protective coating on concrete, and dries from 2 hours to a day. - Does not leave odors and streaks and has unique environmental properties. - In the event that the concrete is fresh and poured from 2 weeks, it hardens faster and acquires protective properties, water resistance, frost resistance and strength. - Can be used on a variety of stone, brick, cinder block, old and new concrete surfaces. - Available and inexpensive to purchase. - It has protective properties against alkali, salts and acids. Interferes with formation of a moss, a mold and other phenomena, harmful to concrete. - Protects from dust formation. - Strengthens concrete layers several times. - Possesses hydrolysis protection. Fills pores and cracks thereby preventing moisture from entering the inner layers.

The use of concrete impregnations is mandatory if you want to build a solid and reliable concrete structure that will be strong and reliable, and most importantly, durable. Do not save on the purchase of impregnation during construction. The use of impregnation is a guarantee of the quality and durability of your building.

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Treatment of concrete surfaces with various impregnations

The process of treating a concrete surface with impregnation agents

Impregnation of concrete is one of the most important procedures when working with concrete structures. This is necessary for:

• protecting the structure from low temperatures,
• mechanical and chemical influences;
• giving additional strength;
• removal of natural concrete dust.

The undoubted advantage of such impregnation is that after it no additional processing of concrete is required. In addition, concrete after impregnation acquires a varnished appearance. Thanks to modern technologies, impregnation can be colored. Also, the "pluses" include sufficient savings and ease of application.

Composition and chemical properties

For example, concrete impregnation agent progrinding

Depending on the composition, impregnations for bricks or for concrete can be divided into organic and inorganic.

Organic. Their essence lies in the fact that they penetrate into the pores of concrete and harden there. For production, epoxy, acrylic or polyurethane is used. But such impregnations are not universal, that is, they are unable to simultaneously remove dust from concrete, give it water-repellent properties and withstand chemical attack. Perhaps, only polyurethane impregnation is able to provide all this, respectively, it is the most popular.

Acrylic impregnation is well suited for surfaces that will not experience stress at all, or they will be minimal.

As part of the epoxy impregnation, there are no solvents, respectively, it will not have a smell.

Inorganic. Strengthening of concrete occurs due to a chemical reaction, during which soluble compounds become insoluble.

Among these types of impregnations, the most popular are organic. This is primarily due to their lower cost, as well as safety during application.

Purpose and groups:

The process of applying an impregnation agent to a concrete surface

Also impregnations for concrete can be divided into 4 groups depending on their purpose.

1. Strengthening. Refers, as a rule, to inorganic impregnations. It is possible to distinguish deep penetration impregnation (up to 3.5 mm) and lithium impregnation (penetrates to a depth of 5 mm). Concrete after lithium impregnation is ready for use in a couple of hours. Lithium impregnation has a number of advantages - it has the best water-repellent performance, complete exclusion of dust, and high wear resistance. Importantly, the use of lithium impregnations eliminates the appearance of efflorescence (white brine on the concrete surface).

2. Dedusting. It is used most often in open areas and surfaces with heavy loads. In parallel with dust removal, these impregnations further increase strength, wear resistance, and protect against exposure to chemicals.

3. Hydrophobic (water-repellent). The effect is achieved due to the penetration of impregnation into the pores and cracks of concrete. Such impregnations can be called universal, because in addition to protection against moisture, they also protect against ultraviolet rays, efflorescence, cracking, mold, precipitation (acid and salt). Unlike traditional materials for waterproofing, such impregnations act from the inside (more about water-repellent impregnations of bricks here).

4. Colored. Usually the concrete surface is simply covered with paint, but this method is short-lived. Staining with color impregnation occurs to a depth of 3 mm. To make such a coating even more durable, it can be treated with a water-repellent or reinforcing impregnation on top.

Before applying impregnation, it should be remembered that impregnation is not applied to fresh concrete, about 2 weeks should pass. It is desirable that the temperature be from +5°С to +40°С. All defects must be removed in advance, and the surface must be cleaned of dust and dirt.

Operating procedure

The procedure for applying impregnation is as follows:

1. Spill liquid over the surface. You can use watering cans, a pump or a sprayer.

2. Use a brush with soft bristles to spread over the surface. If dry spots form, treat this place again.

3. Moisten the surface after 1 hour.

4. After the material has completely dried, remove the remains of the material and water from the surface. Wipe the surface dry.

The treated surface can be used no earlier than after 7 days. The process of concrete impregnation with specialized means Video:

To protect structures from mechanical impacts and moisture, deep penetration concrete impregnations are used. Unlike conventional primers, they penetrate deeper into the structure of the material, strengthening its surface. The base becomes stronger and more resistant to wear.

Strengthening agents are used for all types of concrete, including very dense ones, since they do not have pores into which the finish could penetrate and fix. The impregnation is even smaller, so it is able to get inside the products, thereby creating a glossy film, which can then be applied with another coating.

Types and characteristics

Produced with different parameters and purpose. If it is necessary to increase the wear resistance of a screed floor, it is recommended to choose a product that can penetrate as deep as possible. If a vertical base is being processed, for example, walls, then it is enough to buy a primer that forms only a film, since the water will still not be able to hold on.

There are several types of impregnations - hardening and waterproofing. Choosing the first type, you need to carefully study the composition. Such options, in order to improve the strength of a floor or other structure, change its structure at the molecular level with the help of chemical additives. These include fluating (Elacor MB-1), calcium-binding fluorosilicates, and lithium (C2 Hard). They penetrate deep into the concrete surface, forming insoluble calcium hydroxide. As a result, it becomes resistant to wear, moisture, chemicals and does not emit dust. You can apply them on old bases. After processing, grinding and polishing is not required.

Water-based silicate polymers (Ashford Formula) operate on almost the same principle. After penetration into the concrete, their particles react with the cement stone. As a result, neoplasms with increased hardness appear. Silicate impregnations are often used in car parks, footpaths and other heavily loaded areas. Chemicals are applied once for the entire period of operation, after which additional treatments are not required.

Waterproofing types are used to protect against moisture. They penetrate very deep into the structure of materials, which creates a dense moisture-proof film. This not only helps to protect the surface from water, but also increases the frost resistance of the structure. Moisture cannot penetrate inside, as a result, the probability of destruction of concrete due to its expansion during freezing is excluded.

Impregnation from water and wear differ in composition:

• organic;
• inorganic.

Inorganic - these are agents that change the structure of concrete at the molecular level, that is, chemical. They not only protect against water, but also improve all the technical characteristics of the structure, including the strength grade. All hardening impregnations belong to the inorganic class.

Organic - these are polyurethane, epoxy and acrylic compounds. The principle of operation is that they fill free pores, thereby preventing water from penetrating inside. In addition, they bind the surface of the base, preventing dust and making it more resistant to wear and chemicals.

Polyurethane, in comparison with other types, are able to penetrate 2 or even 3 times deeper - up to 1 cm. The upper part of the plane is then converted into a new material - concrete polymer, which has the following characteristics:

• wear resistance is 5-10 times higher than that of ordinary concrete stone;
• strength grade - from M600;
• shock resistance is 3 times higher.

To achieve the desired results, you need to dilute the product with a solvent according to the indicated proportions. Most often it is either 1:2 or 1:3. If you break the ratio, then the coating will only protect against water, like a regular primer.

Before processing concrete, it is carefully prepared. If the base is old, then all top coats are removed. Chips and potholes are smeared with mortar and leveled. Once the plaster has dried, the structure is sanded. The same is true for new bases. Dirt and greasy stains are cleaned, after which everything is polished. Such preparation will allow deeper penetration into the structure and better strengthen it, as well as increase the degree of adhesion with finishing materials.

To finish surfaces with deep penetration agents, brushes, rollers or special equipment are used. The application method must be indicated on the impregnation container. For example, so that the primer Ceresit CT17 can penetrate as deep as possible, it is applied with a brush or roller. If the plane to be treated is cellular concrete, then for the first layer the liquid is diluted with water in a ratio of 1: 1, the second is made undiluted and painted with it only after the previous one has completely dried.

Primers should only be used for their intended purpose. If it is made for indoor use, then it is not suitable for the street. Under the influence of precipitation and other natural influences, it will quickly lose its properties. Similarly, impregnations for outdoor work inside buildings are not recommended. They may contain substances that, when evaporated, release compounds hazardous to human health.

Particular attention should be paid to the ambient temperature. Many formulations cannot be applied if the temperature is negative or below +5°C. The subsequent finishing with a topcoat can only be started after the primer has completely dried.

Consumption depends on the condition and type of material. For the old coating, more funds will be required. The largest amount will be needed when processing cellular concrete, since it contains many pores and strongly absorbs liquids. The average consumption for outdoor work is from 0.1-0.2 l / m 2. If the surface is porous, then it increases to 0.5 l / m 2.

Price

Prices depend on the brand of the manufacturer, the volume of containers and characteristics. The deeper the composition is able to penetrate and strengthen the structure, the higher the price will be. The greatest demand is for impregnations that protect against moisture penetration, such brands as Knauf, Ceresit, Starateli, Elakor, Betonkontakt.

For concrete and other mineral substrates from Ceresit, CT17 and CT17 Concentrate are used, both water-dispersible. For ease of application, CT17 has a yellow tint, but if a transparent impregnation is required, then the second one should be chosen, since it is colorless. Ceresit CT 17 does not reduce the vapor permeability of the base, but at the same time does not allow moisture to penetrate inside. The cost of a five-liter canister Ceresit ST17 starts from 350 rubles. Fluating and hardening options have a higher price. Elakor MB-1 Fluat costs 205 rubles per 1 kg, Protexil - from 200 per liter.

Before buying, you need to check the expiration date, compatibility with other materials and purpose. If the base is to be painted, then a primer is selected that is suitable in composition to the paint. If dry spots appear after treatment, then they are covered again. Excess fluid that has not yet dried up can be removed with a cloth and water, the dried primer is removed with a solvent.