History of the fleet for children 1. Summary of the lesson "History of the Russian fleet" outline of the lesson (Grade 4) on the topic. The formation of the Black Sea Fleet

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Russia is a huge country that has access to the sea. Many kilometers of Russian borders follow the coastline. That is why many seaports and naval bases have been built in our country.
At present, the Russian fleet has many civilian and military vessels that provide security and trade relations within the country and abroad.
How did the fleet appear in Russia?
The first ships were built in the Russian state in the 9th century, but then they were not yet a strong and organized fleet. They were used mainly for trade or occasional military operations.
In subsequent years, on the northern and southern borders of the country, they begin to build more and more advanced ships that are already capable of resisting the enemy at sea and participating in military conflicts with Sweden and Turkey.
The first real warship that met European standards was built on the Oka River in 1668 on the Oka River and received the proud name "Eagle".
The active development of the fleet began at the end of the 17th century, when Peter I ruled the country. It was he who decided to create a flotilla of modern ships that could ensure the security of the borders and become the pride of the state.
The Russian emperor was fond of navigation from childhood. While still very young, Peter sailed on a small six-meter boat that previously belonged to his father. Having set out to make Russia a great maritime power, the emperor went to Europe, where he studied the theory and practice of shipbuilding for a year and a half. After returning to his homeland for 15 years, Peter I managed to build more than 200 ships, which became the basis of the Russian regular navy.
At the very beginning of the 18th century, Peter built new shipyards and opened a naval school, where he trained specialists in the construction and management of warships. The activities of the indefatigable emperor bore fruit - his state became stronger and stronger at sea, gaining several impressive victories one after another.
By the middle of the century, the country already had at its disposal a huge flotilla, consisting of several hundred ships of various sizes and purposes.
After the death of Peter I, the fleet began to gradually lose its greatness and combat effectiveness, and the quality of training of ship crews left much to be desired. The rulers who led the country after Peter, for the most part, did not share his love for shipbuilding. Years later, work began on the revival of the navy in Russia: new modern ships were launched, ship specialists were sent to practice abroad.
Despite all the difficulties, over the 300 years of the existence of the fleet, our country has won many military victories at sea.
Modern navy
Today, the Russian fleet consists of many ships based not only in our country, but also abroad.
The fleet includes military equipment of various types and purposes. In addition to large military cruisers, Russia has nuclear submarines, aircraft carriers, naval aircraft and landing craft.
The tasks of the fleet include protecting the maritime borders of the state and ensuring security in the territorial waters of Russia.

Peter I went down in history as a reformer, commander and naval commander, the first emperor of Russia. But his role in the creation of the fleet of the young empire is especially noticeable. Peter understood that without a fleet, his country would not be able to enter the "club" of the great powers. And he set to work to remedy the situation. Thus, the Azov Fleet first appears, the historical significance of which is simply impossible to underestimate, and 7 years later, in 1703, the Baltic Fleet is created - the strongest naval formation of modern Russia.

It cannot be said that before Peter there were no attempts to create naval forces. There were, but they were very disorganized, unsystematic and, as a result, unsuccessful. Ivan the Terrible, for example, actively used the river fleet in his campaigns against the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates. Later, during the war with the Swedes of 1656-1661, in the Muscovite kingdom they attended to the construction of a full-fledged fleet capable of operating in the Baltic. Voivode Ordin-Nashchekin distinguished himself especially in its creation. But under the terms of the peace signed in 1661, the Russians had to destroy all ships and shipyards. Having failed in the north, Ordin-Nashchekin drew the attention of the sovereign Alexei Mikhailovich to the south of the kingdom.

There it was decided to build a flotilla for the Caspian Sea, and even the beginning of this ambitious project was laid - in 1667-1668. a three-masted sailing ship "Orel" was built, the "great-grandfather" of the Russian sailing fleet (displacement 250 tons, length 24.5 meters, width 6.5 meters). It had two decks, artillery armament consisted of 22 guns, about the tests of which a note has been preserved:

« the cannons were shot and according to the shot the cannons are all intact and fit for the ship».

Unfortunately, the fate of the ship was tragic - it served little, and later was completely burned by Razin's rebels right in the harbor. The creation of a real fleet had to be postponed for several decades.

A landmark event for the entire Russian fleet happened in 1688 in the village of Izmailovo near Moscow. 16-year-old Peter found a small boat (length 6 meters, width 1 meter) in an old barn. This ship was brought from England as a gift to Tsar Alexei. About the amazing find, Peter later wrote:

« It happened to us (in May 1688) to be in Izmailovo, in the linen yard and, walking through the barns, where the remains of things lay in the house of grandfather Nikita Ivanovich Romanov, between which I saw a foreign ship, I asked Franz (Timerman) [Peter's Dutch teacher], what ship is this? He said that the bot is English. I asked: where is it used? He said that with the ships - for driving and carting. I again asked: what advantage does it have over our courts (before I saw it in image and strength better than ours)? He told me that he sails not only with the wind, but also against the wind; which word brought me great surprise and allegedly incredibly».

Having repaired the boat, Peter immediately took a short walk along the Yauza River. Later, the “grandfather of the Russian fleet” (as Peter himself called the boat) was transferred to different places (Prosyanoe Lake, Pleshcheev Pond, Pereyaslavskoe Lake), as the prince’s skill in navigation grew. He built a shipyard right on Lake Pereyaslavl, and in 1692, in addition to the boat, two small frigates and three yachts sailed along the lake. The construction of the Amusing Flotilla was carried out by craftsmen under the leadership of the Dutchman Karshten Brant, who was hired by Peter's father Alexei Mikhailovich to build the Caspian Fleet. Interestingly, for a long trip to the lake, Peter had to lie to his mother Natalya Kirillovna: “Where did I ask my mother to go to the Trinity Monastery under the form of a promise?”

In 1689, the internal crisis was resolved - Princess Sophia was removed from power and tonsured a nun. Peter actually became the ruler of the whole country. By this time, the idea of ​​organizing a fleet had completely taken over the king. He worked diligently, studied everything that could be useful for the king-warlord - geometry, navigation, carpentry, cannon casting and other sciences. And all this time he did not leave his passion for the fleet. But the young tsar clearly did not have enough lakes and he decides to go to Arkhangelsk, to the White Sea.

In 1693, the road from Moscow to Arkhangelsk took as much as 24 days - from July 6 to 30, Peter was on the road. Despite his mother's promise not to leave the shore, the young king, without any scruples of conscience, violated it. According to various sources, either on the very first day upon arrival, or towards the end of the visit, he goes to sea on the 12-gun yacht "Saint Peter" to escort Dutch and English merchant ships. This journey took 6 whole days and made a huge impression on the king.

In the same 1693, he built the first state shipyard in Arkhangelsk - Solombalskaya. And immediately lays down the 24-gun ship "Saint Paul the Apostle" there. This seemed not enough to Peter and he buys a 44-gun frigate "Holy Prophecy" in Holland. The trip to Arkhangelsk was an important milestone in the development of the young ruler's hobbies. The real sea, foreign ships and sailors, the construction of a shipyard - all this made a strong impression. But it was time to return - having been absent for almost three months, on October 1, the tsar returned to Moscow.

However, in January 1694, Peter's mother dies. Of course, this was a strong emotional shake-up for the king. But already at this age, he showed his nature - without indulging in excessive sadness, on May 1, Peter leaves for Arkhangelsk for the second time, by the beginning of summer navigation. This time he was accompanied by soldiers of the Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky regiments, who, according to the idea of ​​the sovereign, were to become sailors on his ships. Upon arrival, Peter personally supervised the armament of the "St. Paul" and inspected the frigate "Holy Prophecy" that arrived from Holland (later both ships were converted into merchant ships). In general, the tsar spent a lot of time "in the field" - he was constantly on ships, participated in repair and rigging work, and communicated with foreign sailors.

As part of a squadron of three ships (“St. Apostle Paul”, “St. Prophecy” and “St. Peter”), Peter escorted the trading squadron to the exit from the White Sea. Unfortunately, this trip did not go well. During a fairly short transition, the shortage of naval officers became obvious - all of Peter's associates were good for the Amusing Flotilla, but they could hardly walk on real ships. If “Admiral” Romodanovsky and “Vice Admiral” Buturlin at the very least coped with their duties, then “Rear Admiral” Gordon only by a lucky chance did not land the yacht “Svya that Peter.

On the same yacht, Peter decided to visit the Solovetsky Monastery, but on the way the ship was caught by a strong storm. Nowadays, there is a maritime museum on Bolshoi Solovetsky Island. . According to some sources, the priests persuaded the king to take communion in order to die with a clear conscience. But Peter only brushed aside the offer and took the helm of the yacht himself. Everything worked out - after spending some time on Solovki, he returned to Arkhangelsk.

Upon returning to Arkhangelsk, Peter took up armament and equipment of the ship "Apostle Paul", and after the arrival of the ship "St. Prophecy "took him under command and sailed in the White Sea to St. Nose in a squadron under the flag of Romodanovsky. From his second journey across the White Sea, Peter returned with an indomitable desire to start building the Russian fleet. Russia at that time owned two sea coasts - White Sea and Caspian.

Natural was the aspiration to the White, which connected the country with England, Holland and other countries. Far from everyone in Moscow understood these aspirations. Peter understood that a great country, its economy required access to the sea. He could not then fight for the return of the Baltic coast of Russia, a powerful power dominated there. And he turned his eyes to the south, to the Azov and Black Seas.

Russia was looking for an outlet to the sea. It was decided to start from the south ... In February 1695, Tsar Peter I ordered to gather an army - to win back the city of Azov from the Turks at the mouth of the Don. Under the name of bombardier Pyotr Mikhailov, the tsar set off along with the first Western-style regiments: Preobrazhensky, Semyonovsky and Lefortov. After a long siege, they decided to take the fortress of Azov by storm. Many Russian soldiers and officers died, but the city could not be taken. The Turks brought fresh troops and food by sea. The first Azov campaign of 1695 ended ingloriously...

Peter was very upset by the failure, but he did not think about retreat. It was difficult to take the seaside fortress without a navy. From all over Russia, thousands of “working people” began to be driven to Voronezh. It was necessary to build shipyards, harvest and transport timber, twist ropes, sew sails and cast cannons.

They built shipyards, barns, barracks. Two 36-gun ships, twenty-two galleys and four fireships were laid on the stocks. Everything was ready for spring. The second Azov campaign began. In May 1696, on the new 34-rowed Principium galley, Peter appeared near Azov at the head of an entire flotilla, and the ground forces, replenished and rested, again surrounded the fortress from land and built batteries at the mouth of the Don.

This time the Turks failed to fight back, although they defended themselves desperately. The Russian fleet prevented the supply of ammunition and food to the besieged fortress. The Turks had to surrender. For the first time in the history of Russia, a brilliant victory was won with the help of the fleet. It happened on July 18, 1696. From that day on, free access to the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov opened.

It was necessary to establish itself on the entire Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov, to move towards the Black. And for this, it was necessary to continue to create a fleet and build harbors, because, as Peter I said, “the harbor is the beginning and end of the fleet, without it, whether there is a fleet or not, it still does not exist.” July 27, after the capture of Azov, Peter began to go around the coast in boats. As the legend says, on one of the capes, or, as they were called here, horns, bonfires burned in the evening - then the shepherds cooked food on tagans. Here, on the horse-drawn horn, they decided to build a harbor (future Taganrog) for Russia's first regular navy.

Later, in the preface to the Naval Charter, Peter writes: "... the sovereigns of the navy who do not have only one hand, but who have a fleet - both!" Shortly after the capture of Azov, on October 20, 1696, the Boyar Duma, at the suggestion of Peter, adopted a resolution: “There will be sea vessels!” This day is considered the birthday of the Russian Navy.

In 1697, to study shipbuilding and maritime affairs, Peter I went as a volunteer at the Great Embassy to Holland. He worked first in Saardam at a private shipyard, then in Amsterdam at the shipyard of the East India Company, where he participated in the construction of the ship from laying to completion and received a certificate of knowledge of ship architecture from the master Class Field. At the same time, the tsar eagerly absorbed knowledge of various kinds, which he would use in the future to carry out reforms in Russia.

In 1698, noticing that the Dutch shipbuilders lacked theoretical knowledge and were more guided by experience and practice, Peter went to England and studied the theory of shipbuilding in Deptford. The future admiral sailed in the English fleet to the Isle of Wight, attended naval maneuvers arranged in his honor, visited museums, arsenals and other places of interest to him. During a trip abroad, sailors and other specialists were hired into the Russian service, including Vice Admiral Cornelius Kruys and Shoutbenacht (Rear Admiral) Rez, who set about putting the administration of the fleet in order.

European policy gave no reason to expect that Russia would receive support in the struggle against Turkey for access to the southern seas. Nevertheless, the king continued the construction of the Azov fleet. Upon his return from a trip abroad, Peter Mikhailov, as the tsar called himself, accepted the title of shipmaster and began to receive a salary of 366 rubles a year. On November 19, 1698, he laid down a 58-gun ship in Voronezh. But still, the path to the wide, global sea spaces was difficult for Russian ships: the Kerch Strait was controlled by Turkey, just like the Bosporus and the Dardanelles - the straits connecting the Black and Mediterranean Seas.

The main orientation of the interests of the Russian sovereign changed, Peter I turned his eyes to the Baltic. But there was already dominated by a strong fleet of the young and desperate Swedish king Charles XII, who had just ascended the throne. Relying on the support of two other recognized maritime powers - England and Holland, he threatened not only his Baltic neighbors - Denmark and Poland, but also intended to capture Russian cities: Pskov, Novgorod and Arkhangelsk.

“The king dreams of only one war,” the French envoy wrote about Charles XII, “he was told too much about the exploits and campaigns of his ancestors. His heart and head are filled with this, and he considers himself invincible ... ”Karl was given such confidence by the possession of not only a fleet of 50 ships, but also a 150,000-strong army recruited from Swedish peasants who, in peacetime, lived on land received from the state . This army surpassed in its fighting qualities many Western European mercenary armies.

Against Sweden in 1699, the anti-Swedish military Northern Union was created. Each state of the anti-Swedish coalition had its own interests: the Danish king Friedrich IV wanted to return the areas lost by his country in 1660 and 1689, in particular Schleswig (a region on the border of Denmark and Germany); Elector of Saxony Augusta II, who was also the king of Poland, attracted the lands of Livonia and Estonia (Baltic); Peter I sought not only to go to the sea, but also to return to Russia its ancestral territories with the cities of Korela, Koporye, Oreshek, Yam and Ivangorod, which had gone to Sweden along Stolbovsky Peace of 1617

In May 1703, on the orders of Peter I, a fortress with six bastions was founded on the banks of the Neva, on the island of Janni-Saari. She was given the name Petropavlovskaya. Thousands of men brought from all over Russia, standing waist-deep in water, drove piles into the swampy shore with oak "women". All thieves-kolodniks, on the orders of Peter, were also driven here to work. Hundreds of people lay down in the wet earth at the end of the world - they could not stand the labor, and there was not enough bread. “They are very sick here, and many have died,” Peter wrote to Moscow, demanding to send more people. This is how St. Petersburg, the new capital of Russia, began to be built.

The capital had to be protected from the Swedes... Not far from the mouth of the Neva, in the Gulf of Finland, lay an island Kotlin, overgrown with a dense pine forest. Only close to it was it possible to pass to the mouth of the Neva - in other places the shoals interfered. Soon, construction of a new Russian fort began on the shallows south of Kotlin Island. Kronshlot, part of the future sea fortress Kronstadt. The instruction to the commandant of the fortress said: "To maintain this citadel with God's help, if anything happens even to the last man."

A year later, the Swedes began to attack the new fortress, and on the coast too. Although all attacks were repulsed, it was still impossible to reliably defend Petersburg without ships. Axes clattered again, saws screeched. On the banks of the rivers Syas and Svir, and then the Neva, shipyards arose. The young Baltic Fleet grew rapidly. The first ship of the Baltic Fleet was built in 1703 - the 30-gun frigate Shtandart.

In May 1703, commanding a detachment of boats with a landing force of the guard, Peter boarded the Swedish ships Gedan and Astrild, which were stationed at the mouth of the Neva, for which he was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called. Finding themselves without support, the garrison of the Nyenschanz fortress capitulated after being shelled. The entire course of the Neva was at the disposal of Peter. In September, in the rank of captain, he brought the Shtandart ship from the Olonets shipyard to St. Petersburg.

By the end of 1705, he had more than two dozen ships, frigates and galleys. Three hundred guns stood on their decks, still smelling of fresh forest, and two thousand two hundred crewmen, sailors and gunners, were waiting for the order to set off. Tsar Peter appointed vice-admiral Cornelius Kruys as commander of the fleet.

The struggle went on for a long time and not always with success! For more than twenty years, from 1700 to 1721, there was a Northern War between Sweden and the countries of the Northern Union. Taking advantage of the fact that Frederick IV went with his main forces to recapture Schleswig, Charles XII, with the support of the Anglo-Dutch fleet, landed troops on the Danish island of Zeeland and besieged Copenhagen. Threatening to burn the capital of Denmark, Charles XII forced Frederick IV to capitulate and withdraw from the Northern Union. This happened on August 7, 1700.

This war is divided by modern historians into two periods: the first - from the autumn of 1700 (the beginning of the siege of Narva) to the summer of 1709 (the Battle of Poltava); the second from the middle of 1709 to 1721 (conclusion of the Peace of Nystadt).

With the outbreak of the Northern War, the Baltic Fleet also became necessary. In 1702-1704. the construction of ships unfolded in several places at once: on the rivers Syas, Svir, Luga, Volkhov, Izhora. In addition to seven frigates, 91 ships were built. At the end of 1704, the fortress created by Peter on the island of Kotlin already had more than 70 guns. By 1710, the fleet in the Baltic included 12 battleships. A strong fleet hastened the capture of Vyborg, Riga, and Revel by the Russian troops.

In 1706, Peter I was promoted to captain-commander. On November 30, 1707, in St. Petersburg, he laid down the 16-gun gun "Lizet", launched by him in 1708. From October 29, 1708, by order of Admiral Count Apraksin, Pyotr Alekseevich began to receive a salary of a commander for 600 rubles, a ship master for 1200 rubles. From February 14 to May 27, 1709, he was at shipbuilding in Voronezh, surveyed the ports of Azov, sailed on a brigantine in the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov and on April 7 launched 2 ships built by him in Voronezh: the 50-gun Lastka and the 80-gun Old Eagle ".

Although many different ships and galleys were built for Russian sailors, it was still far from the Swedish fleet. However, little by little, with the help of the fleet, Russian troops recaptured Narva, Vyborg, Riga and Revel from the Swedes, and finally, in July 1713, Helsingfors. The Swedes did not have a single stronghold in the Gulf of Finland. In July 1714, the Russian fleet defeated the Swedes in the Gangut naval battle, defeating and capturing a detachment of Swedish ships.

The next stage of sharp activation in the construction of new ships begins in 1711-1713. Russian shipyards were already building powerful 52- and even 60-gun ships. In 1714, the Russian fleet won a major naval victory over the Swedes on July 27 near the Gangut (Hanko) peninsula. The victory allowed the Russian fleet to control the Aland skerries and the coast. In an effort to transfer the war to the territory of the enemy, the Russian tsar increased the number of powerful battleships and the skerry fleet. The final approval in the Baltic Sea can be timed to coincide with the victory at Grengam on July 27, 1720. By the time the war ended, Russia had 29 battleships, 6 frigates, 208 galleys and other ships in the Baltic.

Since 1705, recruiting began specifically for the fleet. In the future, until 1715 there were 5 sets, approximately 1-1.5 thousand people each. However, the complete recruitment of the fleet became a reality only starting from 1718. The first nautical school was organized as early as 1698 in Azov. In 1701, a school of "mathematical and navigational" sciences was opened in Moscow, preparing personnel for both the army and the navy. Initially, it was designed for 200, and from 1701 - already for 500 people. In 1715, the St. Petersburg Naval Academy of Officers began to operate. In 1716, the so-called midshipman company was organized.

In 1718, the royal vice-admiral commanded the vanguard of the Apraksin F.M. fleet. sailing in the Gulf of Finland. On July 15, the built 90-gun ship Lesnoye was launched in St. Petersburg. In 1719 the tsar commanded the Baltic Fleet; the fleet went to Aland, where it stood for almost two months. In this and previous years, Peter worked diligently on the drafting of the maritime charter, sometimes working 14 hours a day.

Swedish senators tried to persuade their king Charles XII to make peace with Russia. However, Karl did not want to listen to anything. “If only all of Sweden was gone,” he declared, “but there will be no peace!” I had to again announce a new mobilization throughout Sweden ...

The young Baltic Fleet won many more victories over the Swedes, and in 1721 the Swedes were forced to sign the Treaty of Nystadt. According to this agreement, Russia ceded: Ingermanland, on whose lands Petersburg arose, Estland with the city of Revel, Livonia - with Riga and part of Karelia - with Vyborg and Kexholm.

In honor of the Peace of Nystadt, Peter ordered large festivities to be held, first in the autumn in St. Petersburg, and then in the winter of 1722 in Moscow. An unusual procession passed through the streets of Moscow: many large models of ships, placed on sleigh runners, were moving towards the Kremlin.

Peter I himself, who led this procession, sat on the flagship layout. And in the Kremlin he was met by an old friend. On a pedestal, decorated with paintings and inscriptions, stood “Grandfather of the Russian Fleet” - an old English ship’s boat, on which the young Russian Tsar sailed along the Yauza, and all the “ships” saluted “grandfather” ...

By the end of the reign of Peter I, the Russian navy was one of the most powerful in Europe. It included 34 battleships, 9 frigates, 17 galleys and 26 ships of other types (Korobkov N.M. “The Russian Fleet in the Seven Years' War”, M., 1946). There were up to 30 thousand people in its ranks. Petersburg, Kronstadt, Revel, Arkhangelsk - these are the main ports and bases of his stay.

It is clear that without the work of many, many specialists, it would be impossible to create a fleet capable of defeating the original Swedish sailors. But it is equally obvious that it would have been impossible to accomplish this great deed in such a short time for history without the enthusiasm of the young Peter the Great, who fell in love with the maritime business, fully realized its importance for the state and forced those close to him to also become its enthusiasts.
Tsar Peter became the rarest example of a person who had full power, but who acted not so much by coercion as by personal example, especially in the field of maritime affairs. A worthy monument to the reformer is the fleet he created.

According to ancient Eastern writers, Russian merchant ships made voyages to the shores of Italy, Spain and North Africa. These campaigns speak convincingly of the high maritime skills of our ancestors, their courage and endurance, and the good seaworthiness of the rooks they built. The origins of the Russian Navy go back to ancient times. Our ancestors - the Eastern Slavs - who had to repeatedly defend their independence and for this purpose make long sea voyages. On their light, but strong and quite seaworthy boats, they reached not only the capital of Byzantium, Constantinople, but also undertook bold voyages far beyond the Black Sea, appearing in the Mediterranean near the island of Crete.

The first Russian warship "Eagle" was created in 1669 under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. It was built according to the design of the Dutch shipbuilder Cornelius Vanbukoven. Its length was 24.5 m, width 6.5 m, and draft 1.5 m. The ship was armed with 22 guns. The crew consisted of 22 sailors and 35 archers. But the first-born of the Russian fleet was captured by the army of the leader of the popular uprising, the Cossack ataman Stepan Razin. The rebels drove the trophy into the Kutum canal, where it stood for many years and became dilapidated. However, in the following era, Russia lost access to the seas, and only memories remained of the glorious sea campaigns ...

But the true creator of the Russian navy was Peter I. While still young, he began to take an interest in ships and make training voyages on the lake. He realized that the successful conduct of the war depended on the well-organized joint actions of the army and navy. As a result, in an unheard-of short period (from November 1695 to May 1696), 36-gun ships "Apostol Peter" and "Apostol Paul", 4 fire ships, 23 galleys, sea boats, rafts and plows were built. The Russian army, with the support of warships, took the Turkish fortress of Azov. The first major victory in the war for access to the sea was won. Boat of Peter the Great, "grandfather of the Russian fleet" "Apostle Peter" - the first large warship of the Russian fleet

"Sea ships to be ..." - such was the will of the young Russian tsar. One of the most powerful shipbuilding enterprises of that distant era was the Main Admiralty in St. Petersburg, built on the initiative and drawings of Peter I. Admiralty shipyard in St. Petersburg Ships of Peter the Great

The young Russian fleet began to win the first victories in the Baltic in the war with Sweden. In 1703, soldiers and sailors under the command of Peter captured two large Swedish ships. “The enemies, sorry, shouted too late,” the tsar wrote. All participants in the battle received a medal with the inscription "The Unprecedented happens", and Peter received the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called

“Enemies are not considered to be beaten” “The flags are not lowered in front of the enemy under any circumstances” “The flags are not lowered in front of the enemy under any circumstances” “Fight to the last, and at the last moment destroy the ship” “Fight to the last, and at the last moment destroy the ship" July 1714, the Russian fleet won its first major victory over the Swedes at Cape Gangut. With the help of military cunning, Peter managed to divide the Swedish squadron and break it in parts. 10 enemy ships were captured, the rest were destroyed

In the battle near Grengam Island on August 9, 1720, the Russian squadron managed to take an advantageous position, placing their ships in a semicircle. The Swedish squadron, carried away by the pursuit of Russian galleys, entered the shallow strait, where two frigates ran aground. In the ensuing fierce boarding battle, all Swedish ships were captured, only one managed to escape. And the allies of the Swedes - the British - saw this, but did not dare to join the battle ... In a year, the war will end with our victory, Peter will proclaim himself emperor, and Russia will be recognized as a sea power. But in 1725, Peter died, and his successors did not need a fleet. It was truly revived only half a century later under Catherine II, who managed to annex the Black Sea coast to Russia.

Fedor Fedorovich Ushakov became a true innovator in naval art. For the first time he applied a new tactic of ship combat - to concentrate fire on the enemy's flagship. In 1799, for the first time in history, Ushakov captured the fortress (Corfu) only with the forces of the fleet, without the support of the land army. F.F. Ushakov Assault on the fortress of Corfu

During the Crimean War, the Turkish squadron was preparing to land troops on the Russian coast. The Russian fleet under the command of Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov blocked the Turks from the sea in the Sinop Bay. On December 1, 1853, the Battle of Sinop took place. In this battle, the Turks lost 15 ships, all our ships remained in service. The battle of Sinop was the last major battle in the history of the era of the sailing fleet. The steam engine replaced the sails. P.S. Nakhimov Battle of Sinop
In January 1904, a Japanese squadron of 15 ships suddenly attacked the Russian cruiser Varyag and the gunboat Koreets. To the Japanese demand for surrender, Captain S.F. Rudnev refused and accepted an unequal battle. The sailors destroyed several enemy ships, but when it became clear that it was impossible to escape from the encirclement, the captain decided to flood the Varyag and blow up the Koreyets. Unfortunately, in the war with Japan, the Russian fleet suffered the most severe defeat in its history in the Tsushima Strait...

Among the Slavic peoples, it was predetermined that the Novgorodians were to become the pioneers of navigation and shipbuilding in Rus'. Due to smart diplomacy, its location and the reasonable laws of the princes, Novgorod has never been plundered by the Golden Horde. With each passing year, crafts developed, Novgorod trade flourished and expanded.
Unlike the people of southern Russia, the Novgorodians invented large ships for conducting naval battles and transporting goods on the Baltic Sea. In fact, the citizens of the Free City of Novgorod became famous for their achievements in the field of navigation. The large boats of the Novgorodians were equipped with decks and posed a great threat to their neighbors.
In order to protect and strengthen its trade, Novgorod was forced to conduct land and sea military operations against the Swedes and, at the same time, repel the frequent attacks of aggressive German knights.
To attack the Swedish city of Sigtuna in 1187, the Novgorodians used the fleet. Having won the battle and captured this city, the Novgorodians took large booty. The most valuable treasure captured at the same time was the massive copper gates of Sigtuna, called the "Sigtuna Gates", which to this day adorn St. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod.
At the beginning of the XIV century, the princes of Novgorod again began to conduct military operations against the Swedes, this time for the right to freely navigate the Baltic Sea. To deter Swedish raids, Novgorod built fortresses near modern Finland: at the mouth of the Vuoksa River, the Karela fortress was built (1310), and at the source of the Neva River, the Oreshek fortress (1323).
Novgorod boats also sailed in the Arctic Ocean (called the "Cold Sea" at that time) and, by the end of the 12th century, Novgorod already owned several colonies in the North - Perm, Pechora and the Yugra region in the north of the Urals. Novgorod navigators also went to the White Sea through the mouth of the Northern Dvina, where they founded the first Russian settlements along its coast. Those settlers who settled in this area were known as Pomors, meaning "[living] by the sea".

Pomeranian koch
The Principality of Moscow, meanwhile, was gaining strength and increasing in size. The first Russian state was formed when the Moscow princes captured the surrounding territories in the 15th and 16th centuries. But, having a vast territory, Moscow had no access to the sea. After the capture of the Crimean Khanate, the Ottoman Turks became the dominant force in the Black Sea. In addition, Moscow's annexation of Novgorod in 1478 ended the monopoly of Novgorod merchants and generally weakened Russia's position in the Baltic Sea. Lacking ports and a navy, Moscow was unable to challenge the claims of Western merchants from England, Holland and Germany who traded with Russia.
The Grand Duke of Moscow and the first Russian Tsar Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) sent armies in 1552 and 1556 to capture the southern regions of the Volga - Kazan (1552) and Astrakhan (1556), thus providing Russia with access to the Caspian Sea. Russia also captured the city of Narva (in modern Estonia) near the Baltic Sea and created the so-called Narva sea route, which was used for about twenty years, to transport goods between Moscow and the Baltic. The biggest obstacle to the development of trade in the Baltic Sea was piracy, which severely restricted the Baltic trade.
In response to the constant looting of ships along the Narva Sea Route by Polish and Gdansk pirates, Ivan the Terrible recruited a Danish navigator, Captain Rod Carsten. Ivan IV paid for the armament and equipment of the ship and issued a patent to the Dane, in which he granted him the widest rights to piracy and robbery of any ships that do not sail under the flag of the Russian Tsar. Captain Rhode served with remarkable diligence, which even led to the fact that the King of Denmark was forced to make constant statements to the royal courts of Europe, who were forced to intervene to rein in the zealous Dane. In 1581, Swedish troops captured Narva again, and trade along the Narva sea route ceased.
In 1555 Ivan the Terrible granted trading privileges to British merchants. They founded the Moscow Company and began to send ships annually to the mouth of the Northern Dvina. Dutch ships also began to enter the White Sea and the Northern Dvina, and, in 1584, the city of Arkhangelsk was founded at the mouth of this river. Also at the end of the 16th century, the Cossack Yermak Timofeevich explored the territories of Western Siberia and annexed them to Russia.
The most useful discovery made by European fur traders towards the end of the 16th century was the development of an area in northwestern Siberia, in the eastern part of the Yamal Peninsula, called Mangazeya.
Pomors reached Mangazeya on their ships and mined furs there already in the early 1500s. They circled the Yamal Peninsula, using vessels called kochs for navigation, which they themselves invented. (In fact, the Pomors discovered and created a huge number of navigational methods and devices that amazed European navigators even in the 19th century.) By the 17th century, the Pomors, in the Mangazeya region, organized permanent settlements.
Reference: MANGAZEYA, a Russian city in Western Siberia, on the right bank of the river. Taz, in 1601-72. Founder and governor (1601-03) V. M. Masalsky-Rubets. The name is given by the name of the local Nenets tribe. Commercial and industrial center and port. Devastated by fires, moved to a new place (until 1780 the name was Novaya Mangazeya, now the village of Turukhansk, the regional center of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.).

Lesson summary

"History of the Russian Navy"

The purpose of the lesson: To acquaint children with the history of the emergence of the Russian fleet.

Lesson objectives:

Educational

- to give an idea of ​​the important events in the history of the Russian fleet, of the battleship, frigate, galley. And also introduce the concept of admiral and talk about how difficult it is to earn the rank of admiral using the example of Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov.

Educational

- develop the ability to listen, memory, attention, speed of reaction.

Educational

- to cultivate the ability to empathize, a sense of patriotism, pride in the people who defend our country.

Methods:

Story, conversation, games.

Dear colleagues, I hope that my development will be useful to you.

During the classes

Hello guys! Today we have a fascinating sea voyage across the "ocean of ignorance". We have many difficulties to overcome, but we hope that together we can manage.

Now make yourself comfortable. So, the crews of the ships participate in our journey (in columns).

I - frigate

II - galley

III - battleship

During the journey, we will find out what these ships are. We set off to surf the vastness of the ocean of ignorance (there is a map on the board, the path of the ships is marked with a dotted line, we are moving along the dotted line to the first island with the model of the ship).

And here is our first stop, we moor to the island "history".

The first Azov campaign of 1695 ended ingloriously. Peter was very upset by the failure, he walked gloomy, did not talk to anyone, but did not think about retreat. “Without a navy, the seaside fortress cannot be taken,” he said sharply, when the generals gathered for a military council. “Look, they set it up near our land,” thought Peter, “What about me? Joke boats in a dark palace ... No, gentlemen, foreigners, we will have a real fleet!

From all over Russia, thousands of “working people” began to be driven to Voronezh. It was necessary to build shipyards, harvest and transport timber, twist ropes and cast cannons.

They built shipyards, barns, barracks. Everything was ready for spring.

In May, on the new 34 rowing galley Principium, Peter appeared near Azov at the head of an entire flotilla, and the ground forces, replenished and rested, again surrounded the fortress from land and built batteries at the mouth of the Don. This time, the Turks failed to fight back, although they defended themselves desperately, but the Turkish ships could not bring anything to the besieged Azov - the Russian fleet interfered. And when the ammunition and food ran out, the Turks had to surrender. For the first time in the history of Russia, a brilliant victory was won with the help of the fleet. Soon, after the capture of Azov, the Boyar Duma, at the suggestion of Peter, adopts a resolution: "There will be sea vessels." This day is considered the birthday of the Navy (October 20, 1696).

- “The British and the Dutch could not bear that we had our own ships. They were afraid that no interference would come of their maritime trade. And they began to stand up for the Turks, to help them.” And then Peter decided that he needed to go to the Baltic, to measure strength with the Swedes. Yes, and you need to get closer to Europe. We will put a new city on Ladoga. On the Neva Swamp, bumps, forests, rivers, streams, islands in the Neva delta.

It was not an important place, but it was very suitable. And in May 1703, a fortress with 6 bastions was laid on the banks of the Neva, on the island of Yanni-Saari. Her name was given - Petropavlovskaya.

Thus began St. Petersburg - the new capital of Russia. And it had to be protected from the Swedes.

Not far from the mouth of the Neva lay the island of Kotlin, overgrown with a dense pine forest. And it lay in the Gulf of Finland in such a way that only near it it was possible to pass to the mouth of the Neva, in other places the shoals interfered. And there began the construction of a new Russian (fleet) fort.

Do you know what a fort is?

This is a fortification with powerful weapons. Of course, the Swedes did not enjoy all this - both St. Petersburg and the new Russian fort Kronshlot, part of the future sea fortress of Kronstadt.

A year later, they began to attack the new fortress. Although all attacks were repulsed, it was still impossible to reliably defend Petersburg without ships. The axes clattered again, the saws screeched. On the banks of the rivers Syas and Svir, and then the Neva, shipyards arose. The young Baltic Fleet grew rapidly. By the end of 1705, he had more than 2 dozen ships, frigates and galleys.

Yes!

From each crew of the ship we need 2 people. We will blindfold one, he will be a ship. The second will guide him with commands: step forward, backward, right, left. And the chairs will be reefs. The task is to pass and not stumble upon reefs.

Well done!

The countries that were at war with Russia are now our good neighbors. And the ships that fought at that time, today you will see only in the pictures. These ships were made of strong wood. The bottom and sides were pitched with resin so that they would not rot in the water. Copper cannons were placed on the decks. The sails were fastened to high pine masts, and the ship was like a huge bird gliding on the waves.

The largest ships are linear. Smaller - frigates. Even fewer - corvettes, brigs, clippers, schooners.

There is not always wind on the sea and in the ocean. It's quite quiet there too. Sailors say about such weather "there is a calm". There is a calm, and the ships are standing. It is now on the ships of the car, but then there were no cars. To move on, we had to wait for the wind.

However, there were ships that sailed in calm weather. These are galleys and small galleys. On galleys and small galleys, in addition to sails, there were oars.

A battleship has hundreds of cannons, a galley has several. The ship of the line rises high above the water and is deeply submerged in the water. In its hold there is gunpowder, and cast-iron cannon balls, and fresh water in barrels, and flour for bread in sacks, spare anchors, ropes - everything is stored up for long months of sailing far from land.

And the galley's sides are low, it sits shallow in the water. Galley sailors do not carry much supplies with them, because they sail close to the coast.

Many times the galley is smaller than the frigate and battleship. Much weaker. But small boats can do things that big ones can't. The first thing you already know is that the galley can go in a calm when the big ship is not moving. The second advantage is that she can swim in skerries. Imagine a forest flooded with water. From the water, as far as the eye can see, pointed tops of firs stick out. To swim among such a flooded forest, you have to maneuver, turn all the time, otherwise you can stumble upon the top of a tree. There are similar places in the sea. Only it is not the tops of trees that stick out of the water, but solid rocks, stones, rocky islands. There are a great many of them. This is the skerries. A large ship will either get stuck in skerries, or will tear through the bottom, flying into blocks of stone hidden in the water.

We praise the galley, but the ship of the line and the frigate seem to be scolded. No, they didn't scold. The big one has his duties in battle, the small one has his own. And the admirals should think about who to entrust what business to. Admirals are the most important in the fleet. They command ships in naval battles. And we are going to the island "Admirals".

Guys, on the right side of the danger, it seems that pirates want to capture our ships.

Pirates: Yep! Gotcha! You won't leave us! (runs around the classroom and runs out the door).

Guys, the pirates have surrounded us. Crew captains assemble teams. Now we will give you the cards. You will have to find a way that we can swim away from the pirates.

Teams are given cards - labyrinths.

Well done! Take your seats, full speed ahead! We're moving on.

We have a great maritime power. Our merchant ships and warships navigate all seas and oceans. Naval service is not an easy task.

Sailors of our time take an example from the sailors of the Great Patriotic War, from the sailors of the great socialist revolution and the first Russian sailors. The Russian fleet - made round-the-world voyages, discovered unknown lands and fought, protecting the country from enemies. Many glorious victories were won in naval battles. The names of courageous generals, brave sailors of the past will never be forgotten.

I will tell you about one of them now. About Admiral Nakhimov. Sailors do not become admirals immediately, just as a large tree does not immediately appear. The path to the high admiral rank Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov began very early, as an eleven-year-old boy. Taken from the Smolensk village to St. Petersburg, to the Naval Cadet Corps, the boy did not see his relatives and his home for a long time. He had no time for games and entertainment. Classes lasted exactly half a day: 4 hours in the morning, 4 in the afternoon and 4 in the evening. Future sailors studied 20 sciences. Pavel Nakhimov studied diligently, because knowledge is needed to command a ship. The first officer rank of midshipman - Nakhimov got a diligent teaching. And new ranks were obtained more difficult. Nakhimov became a lieutenant while sailing on the Cruiser frigate.

It was a round-the-world voyage across many seas and three oceans: the Atlantic, the Indian and the Pacific. The voyage lasted 3 years from 1822 to 1825.

Many trials then befell the navigators: terrible storms, hurricane winds, downpours, snowfalls, cold and famine.

The ship could crash on the rocks, could sink. They visited Africa, Australia, North America and returned with honor to their native port of Kronstadt on the Baltic Sea.

It was even more difficult to get Pavel Stepanovich, the next naval rank - captain - lieutenant. He deserved it in the battle with the Turkish-Egyptian fleet. For skill and knowledge, for courage in battles and voyages. Nakhimov was appointed commander of the Palada frigate. Then Nakhimov built a battleship and sailed on it. After commanding a detachment of ships, and then a whole squadron. The ranks of the sailor also changed. From lieutenant commander to captain II rank, then captain I rank, then rear admiral and finally admiral. To the highest naval rank - admiral - Nakhimov was one step away.

The Black Sea was restless. A new wave of Turkey and Russia was approaching. Türkiye was much weaker than Russia. And the Sultan did not dare to a new wave. But the Sultan was advised to fight England and France. For a long time these countries were masters of the seas. And now I had to reckon with Russia, with its fleet. And these countries decided together to deliver a blow to Russia that would weaken it for a long time. Turkey had to start a war.

The Russian Tsar Nicholas I, who ruled at that time, willingly decided to go to war with the Sultan. He could not even imagine what danger was gathering over Russia. On the morning of November 5, 1853, when the squadron of Nakhimov was calm, they heard distant gunfire. Everyone was alarmed. A few days later they finally discovered the Turkish squadron. To prevent the Turkish squadron from leaving the Synod Bay, Nakhimov blocked the exit from it with three battleships. On the morning of November 18, Russian ships went into the bay under a hail of Turkish nuclei. At noon, the Russians stood up against the Turkish ships and themselves began rapid firing from guns. Enemy ships were on fire. Less than 3 hours passed, and the Turkish squadron (15 ships out of 16) was destroyed. Russian ships were all intact. But they were all damaged. Sevastopol solemnly welcomed the winners. Everyone rejoiced. The news of the naval victory spread throughout Russia. Thus, the first year of the war ended with victories at sea and on land. Everyone called Vice Admiral Nakhimov the most glorious hero of these victories.

England and France saw what terrible defeats Turkey had suffered and themselves entered the war with Russia. The heroic defense of Sevastopol began. It lasted 340 days and went down in history as an unprecedented feat of soldiers and sailors, their commanders. In the 3rd year of the Crimean War, Nakhimov received the rank of admiral, but sailors and ordinary soldiers, long before the royal decree, considered him the chief commander of Sevastopol. His orders. Even the most severe and dangerous ones were executed unquestioningly. Sailors and soldiers saw that Nakhimov's homeland was dearer to him than his own life. You see how difficult it is to become a general. So we move on. Reefs are on our way again. Guys, our ships couldn't escape the danger. We have a lot of damage. And we can't go any further until we eliminate them. Can we manage?

Yes!

Mosaic "Assemble the ship".

Well done!

And we easily coped with this danger. There was the last island on our route along the ocean of "Ignorance". This is the island "Navy in our days." Today, our ships are capable of carrying out combat service in the most remote areas of the oceans. In addition to ships for various purposes, our fleet has high-speed missile aviation and marines.

A modern warship is a combination of technical and energy devices, electronic systems, rocket and artillery systems. The pride of Russian shipbuilding are nuclear missile submarines and cruisers. It is no coincidence that the country celebrates the Navy Day holiday, because these are our defenders, heroes, strong and courageous people who give their lives to the Fatherland.