Wisteria is wonderful. Wisteria (Wisteria) tree. Features of growing indoor varieties
Wisteria Dictionary of Russian synonyms. wisteria n., number of synonyms: 5 wisteria sinensis (2) ... Synonym dictionary
wisteria Modern Encyclopedia
wisteria- (Wisteria) a genus of large woody deciduous vines of the legume family. OK. 10 species, in the forests of Vost. Asia and North. America. Chinese wisteria, a liana with bluish-purple fragrant flowers, and a number of other species are widely bred as ornamentals in ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
wisteria- WICKINIA, wisteria, wives. (from Greek glykys sweet) (bot.). Climbing plant from the legume family, with tassels of fragrant lilac flowers. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
wisteria- WISTERIA, and, wives. Climbing ornamental plant liana fam. legumes with clusters of fragrant flowers. | adj. wisteria, oh, oh. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
Wisteria- WICKINIA, a genus of large woody deciduous vines (bean family). 10 species in the forests of East Asia and North America, including 6 species on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and Crimea, in Central Asia. Beautiful flowering, climbing plants with ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
Wisteria- large woody deciduous vines of the genus Wisteria of the legume family. Most often G. is called W. sinensis (Glycine sinensis). A plant up to 15-18 m long, with drooping branches, odd-pinnate leaves up to 30 cm long, with 7-13 leaves; ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
wisteria- ((gr. glykys sweet, pleasant) climbing woody plant of the legume family; found in China; bred in the Crimea and the Caucasus as an ornamental. A new dictionary of foreign words. by EdwART, 2009. wisteria wisteria, f. glykys-… … Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
wisteria- and; and. [from Greek. glykys sweet, pleasant]. Southern ornamental climbing shrub (liana) family. legumes with clusters of fragrant purple flowers. * * * Wisteria (Wisteria), a genus of large woody deciduous vines of the legume family. About 10 species, in ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
wisteria- WICKINIA, and, well, a southern ornamental liana of the legume family with clusters of fragrant purple flowers, bred as an ornamental plant. In order for wisteria to bloom profusely, it is necessary to cut all long shoots to the sixth leaf (Gas.) ... Explanatory dictionary of Russian nouns
Wisteria, or wisteria (Wisteria) - large flowering deciduous vines, valued for abundant and long flowering and fresh dark green foliage. Their fragrant flowers, white, blue, violet or purple, look like moths. Collected in large hanging brushes, they look extremely impressive against the backdrop of dense green foliage.
Wisteria is characterized by complex, pinnate leaves, characteristic of most plants from the legume family, as well as fruits - elongated beans, flat, not falling for a long time, with lenticular seeds.
Wisteria has scattered vascular wood, the small vessels of which are surrounded by vascular tracheids and parenchyma.
The cultural area of this kind in the USSR is widely spread over the southern regions of our country: the Western and Eastern Transcaucasia, the Crimea and the adjacent southern and southwestern regions of Ukraine, and in certain regions of Central Asia (in Turkmenistan).
The genus Wisteria includes 9 species. Their main distribution is in East Asia and North America. 6 species are cultivated in the USSR.
Wisteria, or wisteria profusely flowering (Wisteria floribunda) - deciduous liana, reaching a height of 10 m, with drooping branches. The bark is dark gray, shoots and calyx are pubescent. Large leaves, up to 35-40 cm long, consisting of 15-19 ovate-elliptical leaflets 6-8 cm long and 2-3 cm wide. Flowers 1.5-2 cm long, purple and violet-blue, collected in thin racemes reaching a length of 25 cm. The fruit is velvety, tapering towards the base, 10-15 cm long.
Naturally grown in Japan. In culture for a long time. It has been introduced in Western Europe since 1830, on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus - since the end of the 19th century, in the Crimea - since 1902. The cultural area today is the Crimea and the Caucasus. Recommended for further testing in colder and northern areas. In America, this wisteria is used as a horticultural crop for forcing and growing in a tub.
Wisteria, or wisteria chinensis (Wisteria sinensis) is a high (up to 15-18 m) deciduous liana, the diameter of the stem at the base reaches 40 cm. The shoots are silky-pubescent with short hairs. Leaves up to 30 cm long, with 7-13 leaflets, up to 8 cm long and 3 cm wide. The apex of the leaf is sharp, sometimes drawn and curved, the base is broadly wedge-shaped. Young leaves with dense appressed pubescence, adults are almost bare above, lightly pubescent below and lighter. The flowers are bluish-violet, about 2.5 cm long, with a slight odor, collected in rather dense, hanging racemes 15-30 cm long. The calyx and the axis of the inflorescence are pubescent. Gray-yellow beans 10-15 cm long, densely pubescent, cracking, with 1-3 seeds. Seeds kidney-shaped, rounded, yellow-brown.
Naturally distributed in China. In the culture of Western Europe since 1816, in our country - since 1826. The cultural area is the Southern Crimea, the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, Azerbaijan, the Krasnodar Territory, the Carpathians, Transcarpathia, Chisinau, Central Asia.
Wisteria, or wisteria beautiful (Wisteria venusta) - a vine with a height of more than 10 m with pubescent shoots. Leaves with 9-13 leaflets ovate, oblong-elliptical or oblong-lanceolate. Leaflets 6-10 cm long, short-pointed, with a round or almost heart-shaped base, silky-pubescent on both sides, more densely below.
The flowers are white, 2-2.5 cm long, in hanging racemes 10-15 (20) cm long. Pedicels 2.5-3 cm long, hairy. Velvety beans 15-20 cm long.
It grows wild in Japan. The non-double white-flowered form of this species is widely known in Japan only in cultivation. Violet-flowered form, wild, not yet cultivated. In culture in Western Europe since the end of the XIX century. In the USSR on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus since 1936. There is a small amount in Adler in the park of the state farm "Southern Cultures".
Wisteria shrub (Wisteria frutescens) - a liana reaching a height of 12 m, with drooping branches. Young shoots glabrous or nearly glabrous. Leaves of 9-15 leaflets are elliptical-ovate, 2-5 cm long and up to 2.7 cm wide. Glabrous above, below with sparse adpressed hairs. The flowers are lilac-violet, about 2 cm long, in dense racemes 4-10 (15) cm long with a woolly axis. Flowers with hairs, calyx with short teeth and appressed pubescence. Pods 5-10 cm long, flattened, glabrous.
In the wild, it is widely distributed in North America - from Virginia to Florida and Texas. In culture since 1724. In our country since 1826. Occasionally found in parks on the southern coast of Crimea (blooms and bears fruit); in Chisinau and Tashkent (it freezes slightly, blooms and bears fruit) and on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus.
Wisteria large-leaved (Wisteria macrostachys) - from Central North America. Differs in longer inflorescences (20-30 cm) and longer calyx teeth.
wisteria japonica (Wisteria japonica) - liana. Shoots brownish, glabrous: Leaves of 9-13 ovate leaflets, 3-6 cm long and 2-2.5 cm wide, with a retracted, rounded apex at the end, with a round or almost heart-shaped base. The leaves are bare, shiny green. The flowers are white, 1-1.3 cm long, in axillary racemes 15-30 cm long, often branched. Calyx 5 mm long, glabrous, ciliated along the edges. Pods 8-10 cm long, glabrous, with 6-7 seeds. Distribution area - Japan.
In culture since 1878. In the USSR on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus since 1936. Currently growing in the Batumi Botanical Garden; in Tashkent (in severe winter it freezes to the level of snow cover). Less winter-hardy and less beautiful than other species.
Wisteria grows well and develops quickly in loose, deep and fertile soils. Wisteria profusely flowering grows well on dry and sandy soils, as it has long, deeply penetrating roots. Demanding on lighting conditions, especially during flowering. It begins to bloom and bear fruit from 3-5 years. During one growing season, repeated flowering can be observed, but with shorter racemes. In hot weather, the flowering period is shortened; in rainy weather, the terry-shaped flowers rot. The fruit keeps until next spring.
Wisteria tolerates partial shade, but grows better in lighted places. Withstands frosts down to -20 °C. Medium drought tolerant. Does not tolerate gas.
Propagated by seeds, layering, cuttings and grafting on the roots. Seeds are sown in a greenhouse in December - January or in open ground in early spring. Seed germination lasts 2-3 years. Germination later. Cotyledons are not taken out by seedlings from the soil and remain in the ground. Seedlings have pinnate first leaves, with a small number of leaflets.
Cuttings of wisteria in open ground are carried out in conditions of natural growth and favorable culture in December-January or in cold greenhouses in summer. When propagating wisteria by layering, they are harvested for rooting in the fall. Root grafting is done in December.
Wisteria easily tolerates transplanting and pruning. Most often, wisteria is propagated by winter cuttings with one kidney in closed ground conditions. The cutting period is February-March. The harvested shoots are split in half along the axis, and then cuttings 5 cm long with one bud in the middle of the cutting are cut from these halves. Rooting is done in boxes or pots in a greenhouse. To do this, the cuttings are immersed in the soil with the kidneys up at a distance of 4-5 cm from each other. Then they are sprinkled with sand with a layer of 1-1.5 cm.
In production conditions, green wisteria cuttings are more acceptable. Significantly increases the percentage of rooting (up to 100%), the treatment of green cuttings with a solution of indolylbutyric or indoleacetic acid at a concentration of 25 and 100 mg per 1 liter of water, respectively. Cuttings not treated with growth stimulants can take root only in conditions of artificial fog.
Wisteria is planted in pits 60x60x50 cm in size. Under planting in the spring, complete mineral fertilizer NPK is applied in a ratio of 1:2:1 at the rate of 25-30 g per 1 m 2 of planting area. Fertilizers are evenly scattered over the surface of the soil and covered with a rake.
When caring for these vines, it is necessary to apply liquid dressings with complete mineral fertilizer at the rate of 10-20 g per bucket of water per 1 m 2 of planting area.
When pruning the shoots of wisteria, one must not forget about the biology of its flowering. Flowers are formed on last year's and older wood, or on short flower shoots of the current year emerging from perennial wood. Therefore, in order to obtain flower formations, on the number of which the abundance of flowering depends, it is necessary to cut off last year's shoots every year after spring flowering (their length should be no more than 30 cm).
Currently, in addition to the specific shrub wisteria, about two dozen varieties are offered on the market. The most popular of them are
- "Amethyst Falls" ("Amethyst Falls" - amethyst waterfall) - a natural variety with a deep blue color of medium-sized brushes up to 15 cm in length.
- "Nivea" ("Nivea") with pure white flowers in large, but loose inflorescences up to 25 cm long. In culture in Europe since 1854.
- "Clara Mack" ("Clara Mack") is another cultivar with light, almost white flowers.
- "Bayou 2 O Clock" - a new variety, characterized by the rapid onset of flowering of young plants and moderate frost resistance.
- "Ant Dee" ("Aunt Dee" - Aunt Dee) - a variety with lilac flowers, formerly belonged to the subspecies of the large wisteria.
- "Blue Moon" ("Blue Moon" - blue moon) - a natural variety of large-clustered wisteria and the most famous variety in Russia, which is considered the most frost-resistant and suitable for growing in open ground to the latitude of Voronezh and even Tula. Abundant medium-sized brushes of two-tone white-blue color. May re-bloom in warm sunny climates.
- "Lavender Lace" ("Lavender Lace" - lavender lace) - a hybrid of shrub and Chinese wisteria. Lilac brushes up to 45 cm long and moderate frost resistance.
Wisteria shrub - maintenance and care.
❀ Agricultural technology. In indoor culture, this plant is most often grown using the bonsai technique. With a limited amount of land, the size of the leaves decreases, but the length of the inflorescences remains practically unchanged. Considering that it is large brushes of flowers that are the hallmark of wisteria, plants 60-90 cm high look most harmonious, formed in the form of a bole with a wide crown. When grown in containers (large pots), wisteria can be formed in the form of a voluminous shrub, tree, or shoot along a support, balcony or loggia wall.In wisteria, two periods of development are clearly distinguished. The first is juvenile (young), when there is an active growth of the stem and shoots, but there is no flowering. In shrub wisteria, it usually lasts up to 3-5 years. After this, the plants move on to a period of maturity, characterized by abundant flowering growing from year to year. Instances grown from cuttings or grafted bloom earlier than those obtained from seeds.
In the first year after the rooting of the cuttings or the purchase of a young plant, the formation is not carried out, allowing the plant to gain strength. From the second year, if necessary, they begin to work with the shape of the trunk, using a special bonsai wire. The crown is formed only with the help of pruning, as the shoots can easily break off, despite the apparent flexibility. When the trunk increases enough in thickness and the plant reaches at least 60 cm in height, it is transplanted into a bonsai container. When transplanting, all damaged and diseased roots are removed, the remaining ones are cut so that the root system fits in a new container. Root pruning also stimulates the transition of the plant into the "adult" phase with more intense flowering and less active vegetative growth.
Inflorescences are formed on the shoots of the current year, so pruning is usually carried out twice, after flowering and in autumn, before the dormant period. Formation is carried out as follows. After the inflorescences wither, they are cut off, leaving 2-3 new shoots at the base of the brushes. These branches are pinched, removing the growing point, which stimulates the appearance of numerous new shoots. They grow rapidly (up to 2 cm per day) and require re-pinching over 4-5 pairs of leaves. They are not completely removed until autumn, otherwise the plants may release new buds, which will significantly weaken the flowering next season. In autumn, before the dormant period, remove all branches that are not required for the final formation of the plant.
Vegetation of wisteria lasts 7-9 months and this period should include at least 160 days with a constant positive temperature. For about three months, the plant is in a state of hibernation. Since the physiological process of preparing for wintering is very complicated, it is best to give the plant the opportunity to independently enter this phase by placing the pot in the open ground for the autumn period before the onset of frost. If the wisteria has not naturally shed its leaves by October-November, special measures must be taken. Reduce soil moisture, wait for the top layer to dry between waterings, keep the plant in a cool place and, if necessary, reduce the length of daylight hours.
During hibernation, the plant does not require light and can be placed in a closet on an unheated balcony, put in a garage or dry cellar. The optimal temperature range at this time is from 0 to +7 degrees. Warmer conditions can cause the buds to wake up too early, colder conditions can damage the root system. It is necessary to ensure that during the rest period the earthen lump remains slightly moist (usually a little watering is required every 2-4 weeks, at positive temperatures) and there is no overdrying of the air, for which a wide container filled with gravel or expanded clay and filled with water is placed next to the container . In warm regions, a container with a plant can be buried in open ground.
After 3 months, the plants are gradually (!) Returned to a bright, warm place, where it begins a new growth cycle. If there is not enough natural light (northern regions, a large number of cloudy days), then it is recommended to use backlighting, and for wisteria, the intensity of lighting is more important than its duration. In comfortable conditions with sufficient air and soil humidity, high temperature and light, Wisteria quickly emerges from hibernation, forms leaves and in 2-3 months is covered with clusters of slightly fragrant flowers that adorn the plant for 3-4 weeks.
❀ Temperature. In open sources, there is no information on the optimal temperature regime during the growth of wisteria. Based on the climatic conditions of the natural habitat of this plant, temperatures from + 22 ° С to + 28 ° С in the summer can be considered favorable. During winter holidays, containers contain in the range from 0°С to +7°С degrees. In the open field, the species withstands significant frosts, but in a pot culture, when the soil temperature is equal to the air temperature, the roots can be damaged when it drops to negative values.
❀ Lighting. Plants are grown in direct sun or a well-lit area, which ensures the most abundant flowering. In partial shade, the number of inflorescences will be significantly less, although there are no other negative consequences for plants and the growth of shoots occurs as usual. An exception is the period within 1-2 months after transplantation, which is a stressful procedure for wisteria - at this time, it is recommended to protect the plants from the bright sun. Good results are obtained by placing containers in the summer in the open ground in a sunny, but protected from the wind place.
❀ Watering. Young plants need abundant moisture, the soil should not dry out. Mature specimens are more resistant to lack of moisture, but overdrying is a strong stress factor and can cause leaf wilt. Particular attention should be paid to watering with bonsai culture. Wisterias typically require more moisture than other plants of similar size, so even twice daily watering may be required. In hot weather, the containers can be kept in trays of water, but they must be completely dry before the next watering.
❀ The soil. A variety of substrates are suitable for growing this species, including light sandy, medium turf and heavy clay compositions. Pot culture requires well-drained soil. More fertile mixtures are used in the first 1-2 years for the rapid active development of plants, after which lean compositions are preferred to prevent too intensive growth of shoots. Optimal is a slightly acidic soil reaction.
❀ Landing. Data from various sources regarding the negative consequences of root injury during transplantation vary greatly. Some argue that wisteria, especially adult specimens, do not tolerate even slight damage to the roots, while others recommend a strong shortening of the root system. Probably the most optimal is pruning "as needed". For young plants, you can transfer to larger containers without destroying the earthy coma - this minimizes stress and allows them to develop as quickly as possible. When the specimens have reached the desired size, during transplantation, forced pruning of the roots from below is carried out by 1/5 - 1/4 of the height of the earthen coma, which accelerates the onset of the flowering age. In addition, flowering is stimulated by a limited amount of land, which is taken into account when choosing the size of the pots. Transplantation of adult specimens is carried out after the end of flowering every two or three years. A more habitual transplant at the beginning of shoot growth can lead to the appearance of deformed inflorescences.
❀ Top dressing. Top dressing of wisteria is carried out taking into account the age of the plants. Young non-flowering specimens are regularly fertilized with complex formulations for full-fledged active growth. After the onset of flowering age, nitrogen is significantly reduced or completely eliminated (like all legumes, wisteria is able to fix and use this element from the atmosphere) and reduce the concentration of fertilizers to avoid overgrowth. The frequency of fertilizing during the growing season is twice a month. If special fertilizers for bonsai are used, then the concentration is increased one and a half times from that recommended by the manufacturer. It must be remembered that for abundant flowering plants need enough phosphorus, which is usually found in bonsai fertilizers in very small quantities, because. practically not required for ornamental leafy species. In this case, every third top dressing after the end of flowering is done with the addition of phosphorus fertilizer or replacement with phosphorus-potassium fertilizer.
❀ Air humidity. The plant does not require high humidity and can grow under normal conditions.
❀ vegetative reproduction. Plants are propagated by cuttings, layering and grafting. Green cuttings are cut in the summer from young shoots and rooted at a temperature not lower than 21 ° C. Additional heating of the substrate to 27-30°C significantly increases the percentage of rooted plants, which is important when their ability to root is rather low. Before planting, sections can be powdered with root stimulants. Rooting is carried out in sand, vermiculite, moss or in a mixture of these three components. The substrate is kept moist, the distribution containers are placed in partial shade under a plastic bag or sprayed regularly. Plants grown from cuttings bloom in 2-3 years. Vaccinations are mainly carried out by nurseries engaged in the sale of Wisteria planting material. The stock is grown from seeds; lignified cuttings of varietal plants are used as scions. Grafting is usually done at a height of 12-30 cm above the soil level. To obtain layering, one or more annual shoots are dug in, leaving the top above the ground, and with sufficient soil moisture, they usually root within a year and can be separated from the mother plant in the next season.
❀ seed reproduction. Propagation of wisteria from seeds is the cheapest way, but has two huge drawbacks. Firstly, new plants do not necessarily inherit the characteristics of the parent, and instead of wonderful large inflorescences of bright color, you can get a faded likeness with short tassels. Secondly, specimens grown from seeds bloom much later than those obtained from cuttings or grafting. For shrub wisteria, this is not so critical and flowering can occur in 3-5 years, but sometimes the waiting period is longer. Sowing can be done both with fresh seeds and stored in cool conditions. Before sowing, they are soaked in warm water for 12-24 hours or the shell is slightly damaged (scarified). Seeds are placed at a depth of 1-2 cm, watered and kept in a warm place. Shoots usually appear in two weeks.
❀ Diseases and pests. In room culture, wisteria can be affected by ticks, mealybugs. Of the diseases, the most dangerous is root rot, caused by a violation of agricultural technology and waterlogging at low temperatures.
Attention! Bush wisteria seeds are poisonous due to the high content of wisterin glycoside and toxic resins. All vegetative parts are also considered toxic if ingested in large quantities, except for the flowers, which can be used fresh in salads and deep-fried as a garnish.
Systematics
on Wikispecies
Image search
at Wikimedia Commons
| IPNI |
Etymology
Name Wisteria comes from the name of an American scientist, professor of anatomy at the University of Pennsylvania Caspar Wistar, (1761-1818). For some time the name was pronounced and written as vistaria, however, the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature established it in its current spelling.
Characteristic
Wisterias as a whole are a range of large woody deciduous vines. Most often, wisteria is called the type of Wisteria sinensis ( Wisteria sinensis) . Often the common generic name is also applied to Wisteria profusely flowering ( Wisteria floribunda ), native to Japan, and some other species. A well-developed perennial plant has a height of up to 15-18 m, with drooping liana branches, pinnate leaves up to 30 cm long, with 7-13 leaves. It blooms in spring at the end of March - purple fragrant flowers are formed, collected in overhanging brushes.
Spreading
- Wisteria brachybotrysSiebold & Zucc.- Wisteria short-branched
- Wisteria brevidentatarehder- Wisteria short-toothed
- Wisteria floribunda(Willd.) DC.- Wisteria profusely flowering
- Wisteria × formosarehder
- Wisteria frutescens()Poir.- Wisteria shrub
- Wisteria sinensis(Sims) Sweet- Chinese wisteria
- Wisteria ventusaRehder & Wils.- Beautiful Wisteria
- Wisteria venustaRehder & E.H. wilson
- Wisteria villosarehder- fluffy wisteria
Write a review on the article "Wisteria"
Notes
Links
An excerpt characterizing Wisteria
The forces of the twelve languages of Europe broke into Russia. The Russian army and the population retreat, avoiding a collision, to Smolensk and from Smolensk to Borodino. The French army, with an ever-increasing strength of swiftness, rushes towards Moscow, towards the goal of its movement. The strength of its swiftness, approaching the target, increases like an increase in the speed of a falling body as it approaches the earth. Behind a thousand miles of a hungry, hostile country; dozens of miles ahead, separating from the goal. This is felt by every soldier of the Napoleonic army, and the invasion is advancing of itself, by the force of swiftness alone.As the Russian army retreats, the spirit of anger against the enemy flares up more and more: retreating back, it concentrates and grows. A collision occurs near Borodino. Neither army disintegrates, but the Russian army immediately after the collision retreats just as necessarily as a ball rolls necessarily, colliding with another ball rushing at it with greater swiftness; and just as necessary (although having lost all its strength in the collision), the rapidly scattered ball of invasion rolls over some more space.
The Russians retreat a hundred and twenty miles - beyond Moscow, the French reach Moscow and stop there. For five weeks after that there is not a single battle. The French don't move. Like a mortally wounded beast, which, bleeding to death, licks its wounds, they remain in Moscow for five weeks without doing anything, and suddenly, for no new reason, they run back: they rush to the Kaluga road (and after the victory, since again the battlefield remained behind them near Maloyaroslavets), without entering into a single serious battle, they flee even faster back to Smolensk, beyond Smolensk, beyond Vilna, beyond the Berezina and beyond.
On the evening of August 26, both Kutuzov and the entire Russian army were sure that the Battle of Borodino had been won. Kutuzov wrote to the sovereign in this way. Kutuzov ordered to prepare for a new battle in order to finish off the enemy, not because he wanted to deceive anyone, but because he knew that the enemy was defeated, just as each of the participants in the battle knew this.
But that same evening and the next day, news began to come, one after another, of unheard-of losses, of the loss of half of the army, and a new battle turned out to be physically impossible.
It was impossible to fight when information had not yet been collected, the wounded had not been removed, the shells had not been replenished, the dead had not been counted, new commanders had not been appointed to the places of the dead, people had not eaten and had not slept.
But at the same time, immediately after the battle, on the next morning, the French army (according to that impetuous force of movement, now increased, as it were, in the inverse ratio of the squares of distances) was already advancing of itself on the Russian army. Kutuzov wanted to attack the next day, and the whole army wanted it. But in order to attack, the desire to do so is not enough; It is necessary that there was an opportunity to do this, but there was no such opportunity. It was impossible not to retreat one march, then just as it was impossible not to retreat to another and a third march, and finally on September 1, when the army approached Moscow, despite all the strength of the rising feeling in the ranks of the troops, the force of things demanded in order for these troops to go beyond Moscow. And the troops retreated one more, to the last crossing and gave Moscow to the enemy.
For those people who are accustomed to thinking that plans for wars and battles are drawn up by generals in the same way that each of us, sitting in his office over a map, makes considerations about how and how he would order in such and such a battle, questions arise why Kutuzov did not do this and that during the retreat, why he did not take a position before Filey, why he did not immediately retreat to the Kaluga road, left Moscow, etc. People who are used to thinking this way forget or do not know those inevitable conditions in which the activity of any commander-in-chief always takes place. The activity of a commander has not the slightest resemblance to the activity that we imagine sitting freely in an office, analyzing some campaign on the map with a known number of troops, on either side, and in a certain area, and starting our considerations from what some famous moment. The Commander-in-Chief is never in those conditions of the beginning of some kind of event, in which we always consider the event. The Commander-in-Chief is always in the middle of a moving series of events, and in such a way that he is never, at any moment, in a position to consider the full significance of an ongoing event. The event is imperceptibly, moment by moment, cut into its meaning, and at every moment of this consistent, continuous cutting out of the event, the commander-in-chief is at the center of the most complex game, intrigues, worries, dependence, power, projects, advice, threats, deceptions, is constantly in the need to respond to the innumerable number of questions put to him, always contradicting one another.
wisteria or wisteria –It is a tall, treelike, climbing plant in the legume family. It grows in the southern regions, where it feels comfortable, gives abundant color and hibernates without shelter.
Wisteria has large, odd-pinnate leaves that first have a margin, and then become smooth. The flowers of the plant are light purple, rarely white. Appear on hanging loose brushes up to 30 cm long.
Wisteria blooms in spring, and throughout the summer it retains individual flowering brushes. This makes it a popular specimen for use in landscape design.
Wisteria needs good conditions. She needs bright sun and fertile soil. For it, you need to equip strong supports, since wisteria grows well over time and occupies a large area.
Wisteria-liana blooms when leaves have not yet appeared. They appear when the plant is already flowering.
Important! Beautiful wisteria flowers are not suitable for cutting, as they quickly fade. The beauty of flowering plants can only be enjoyed in its natural form.
Wisteria fruits are pubescent bean pods. Their length is up to 15 cm, inside there are several flat-rounded seeds.
Popular varieties of wisteria, common in our latitudes.
Chinese wisteria grows in mountain forests at an altitude of 500-1800 meters above sea level in the central and eastern parts of China. It is also found in Japan, and came to Europe in 1816. 
The plant is a woody vine 15-25 meters high, the stems at the base have a diameter of 25-40 cm and twist counterclockwise, the bark is dark gray.
Wisteria Chinese blooms in April-May. May re-bloom in August-September. Racemes appear, which consist of many bluish-purple or white flowers with a faint aroma.
Flowers open at the same time. Their length is 2-5 cm, they have five petals. Inflorescences appear on the tops of branches or in the leaf axils of biennial shoots.
Wisteria of any variety is photophilous and demanding on the soil: it loves deep, fertile, moist soils. This is a frost-resistant variety that will survive short-term temperature drops to -20 degrees. Chinese wisteria is quite comfortable in urban environments, so it is widely used in landscaping.
There are two garden forms of the species:
- white (alba) - white flowers;
- terry (plena) - double flowers.
Did you know? Wisteria can be propagated by seeds, but varietal characteristics are not transmitted. Also, in plants grown from seeds, not plentiful, late flowering is observed. Therefore, it is better to propagate wisteria cuttings and layering.
Not every wisteria is grown in gardens. But among the garden varieties listed Wisteria profusely flowering. It reaches a height of 10 meters, which is much less than Chinese wisteria. 
The leaves of profusely flowering wisteria or floribunda are large (up to 40 cm), complex - up to 19 leaves are collected in them. The flowers are small, purple-blue. Blooms 2-3 weeks later than Chinese wisteria. Flowers open gradually.
Wisteria profusely flowering frost-resistant. Withstands up to -23°.
In terms of decorativeness, it surpasses Chinese wisteria. It is used in landscaping due to the abundance of beautiful leaves, colorful flowering. Inflorescences reach 60 cm in length. The fruits look spectacular.
Decorative forms of floriferous wisteria:
- white (alba) - with white flowers;
- pink (rosea) - pale pink flowers;
- purple double (violaceo-plena) - purple double flowers;
- macrobotrys - brushes up to 1.5 m in length, leaves up to 10 cm;
- variegated (variegata) - has variegated leaves.
Originally from Japan. Liana reaches a height of 10 meters, has pubescent shoots. The leaves are compound, 10 cm long. They are densely pubescent on both sides. 
The flowers of the plant are white. Gathered in brushes up to 15-20 cm long. It begins to bloom in May-June. There are forms of beautiful wisteria with double white and purple flowers.
The fruits ripen in November and are 20 cm pods with a velvet edge.
Wisteria excellent suitable for growing in tubs.
originally from Japan. This creeper with white flowers is not as decorative as other species.
Important! Chinese wisteria begins to bloom at the age of three years, Japanese wisteria - at the age of ten. This plant is for those who know how to wait.
This variety of wisteria is less frost-resistant.
Native to North America shrubby wisteria.This creeper, reaching three meters in height, has drooping branches. Flowers blue-violet, small. The inflorescences of wisteria shrub reach 15 cm in length.
This beautiful plant is less common than other varieties. Wisteria shrub grows slowly. It can be grown in tubs.