What to do if a person drowns first aid. Rules for rescuing drowning people on the water and from the shore. Carrying out artificial respiration

The water element rarely leaves anyone indifferent. Swimming, diving, boating, surfing - these and many other water activities are a lot of fun for both children and adults. At the same time, being in the water is a rather dangerous activity that requires increased attention and good coordination of movements.

From incidents leading to sad results, no one is immune. Of particular danger to swimmers, including experienced swimmers, are reservoirs with numerous whirlpools and strong currents, areas near bridges and ice cutters. That is why everyone should know how to provide first aid to a drowning person.

What is drowning and how does it happen

Drowning is an asphyxial condition resulting from the filling of the respiratory tract with fluid. Once under water, a person instinctively holds his breath at first, but as he weakens, he swallows. At some point, he experiences laryngospasm, and then loss of consciousness.

While the swimmer is unconscious, water continues to flow passively into the lungs. The result of pathological changes in the body is the defeat of the respiratory, digestive, cardiovascular and central nervous system. The composition of the blood changes. There may be muscle cramps. After cardiac arrest, brain function is impaired. It is noteworthy that death in fresh water occurs 4-5 times faster than in salt water, namely after 2-3 minutes.

How to understand that in front of you is a drowning person? There is an opinion that a drowning man is actively fighting for life, calling for help. In fact, due to impaired breathing, he is unable to speak or row. Moreover, a person who tries his best to stay afloat sinks faster, using up precious oxygen.

Assistance is needed in the case when the swimmer periodically dives into the water above the line of the mouth. At the moments when he manages to raise his head above the surface, he only manages to convulsively swallow the air, tries to clear his throat. The drowning one is always in vertical position and does not make supporting movements with the legs. He has a glassy look. He does not wave his arms, but, spreading them to the sides, randomly repels himself from the water.

This is how real (wet) drowning proceeds, but there are other types of this condition.

False (dry, asphyxic) drowning is accompanied by a feeling of lack of oxygen due to respiratory spasm. Sometimes this condition leads to a panic attack, sudden muscle cramps in the legs, dizziness. A choking person, unlike a truly drowning person, can give signals (call for help, wave his arms), but without outside support it is difficult for him to get ashore.
Reflex (instantaneous) drowning occurs as a result of vascular spasm, stroke, heart attack. A person who has had an attack first turns pale, and then quietly and quickly goes under the water. Having pulled such a victim ashore, the rescuer must, skipping the stage of clearing the airways from water, proceed to resuscitation measures.

Drowning behavior rules

Feeling tired while swimming, you need to lie down on the water and relax. Breathing should be even: inhale deeply and, after a short pause, exhale slowly. Another option to stay on the water is to take the “float” position. To do this, you need to pull your legs to the body and hold your knees with your hands. The face is lifted above the water while inhaling, immersed while exhaling. Having become disoriented while diving, you need to exhale a little and, noticing where the bubbles rushed, follow them. In case of cramps, you should straighten your leg, grab hold of thumb and forcefully pull the foot towards you.

If a person drowns near you, follow these steps.

Look around for a lifeboat. If you find one, take it with you.
Before you swim, really assess your capabilities: consider your ability to swim, distance, wind strength and water current.
If you are not sure that you will make it, contact the lifeguard on duty for help.
Rescuing yourself, calm and encourage the drowning. If he is conscious, offer him to hold on to your shoulders.
Take an unconscious person under the armpits from the back or grab by the hair and tow to the shore.
If the drowning person has gone under water, dive as deep as possible in the place where you last saw him.

Important! Rule number "1" - swim up to the victim from behind so that he, being in an inadequate state, does not accidentally drown you too.

What to do with true drowning

First aid in rescuing a drowning person depends on the type of drowning. In a person who has swallowed water, the face and neck become bluish. True drowning can also be indicated by coughing, vomiting, pink foam released from the mouth and nasal cavity.

According to the degree of severity, three phases of the state are distinguished: initial, agonal, terminal. First aid to the victim, who is conscious, is to warm and calm, not to let him choke on vomit. Signs of initial drowning usually subside quickly. If the victim still feels bad after half an hour or an hour, you should contact the doctors.

At the agonal stage, the victim is unconscious, but breathing, has a weak pulse. First aid is to:

clear the airways. Vomit, silt, algae are removed from the oral cavity;
remove water from the lungs. The victim is turned on his stomach, thrown over the knee of the bent leg. Supporting the head, it is strongly patted in the area of the shoulder blades;
do artificial respiration. The victim is placed on his back, his head is thrown back and his mouth is opened. With one hand they hold his face by the chin, with the other they pinch his nose. They inhale deeply and, clasping the mouth of the victim with their lips, make two exhalations lasting a second each;
normalize blood circulation. Raise the victim's legs, put a roller under them;
combine artificial respiration with closed heart massage. They put their palms on the chest of the victim and with effort, rhythmically make 30 pushes. When doing a massage to an adult, the arms do not bend at the elbows - this allows you to lean with all your weight. As for the child, the pressure should be lighter. Breast massage is done with thumbs. Alternate two breaths with thirty clicks.

At the terminal stage, clinical death occurs: there is no pulse even on the carotid artery, there is no breathing, dilated pupils do not respond to light. How to help such a drowning man? Artificial respiration is started as early as possible. Still in the water, as soon as the victim's face is above the surface, they exhale into his nose. To prevent air from escaping, the victim's mouth is covered with a palm. After inhalation, they are removed so that a passive exhalation occurs. Blowing is done every 4-5 seconds.

On the shore, they begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation. To start the heart, a precordial blow may be required: a palm is placed in the area of \u200b\u200bthe lower third of the sternum, and then it is sharply hit with the fist of the second hand. Check the pulse on the carotid artery. If it is not there, they switch to artificial ventilation of the lungs and closed heart massage. An adult is given sixty pressures per minute, a child eighty. Every fifteen shocks make two blows into the mouth. To provide qualified medical care drowning person needs to be taken to the hospital as soon as possible.

What to do with false and reflex drowning

With dry or instantaneous drowning, resuscitation begins with a heart massage and artificial respiration. The provision of first aid to a drowning person should continue after he regains consciousness. The victim who has undergone clinical death, the functioning of the heart and respiratory organs may stop again, pulmonary edema may develop. A person who has come to his senses needs to be changed into dry clothes, warmed with a warm drink and a blanket.

Physicians should also provide first aid: it is necessary to call emergency care or take the victim to the hospital yourself. The patient may need further examination and hospitalization.

No one is immune from accidents, so you must always be ready to help. This article will describe in detail all necessary actions that need to be done to successfully rescue a person drowning in a pond.

The first actions at the sight of a drowning man

When you see a drowning person, the first thing to do is to notify specialized rescuers about this.
If possible, throw a life buoy, an air mattress, etc. to a drowning person.
If it is decided to swim to the drowning man himself, you should remove as much as possible outerwear because it will only get in the way.

How to swim up to a drowning man

You need to swim up to a drowning person only from behind, because a person who is drowning is in stressful situation and almost out of control. He can grab hold of his rescuer with no small force and pull him to the bottom;
If it is not possible to swim up invisible to the drowning man, you need to dive a couple of meters before him and, having swum up to the drowning man, grab him. Thus, the victim will not be able to harm himself or his rescuer.

Capturing and transporting a drowning person

Methods of transportation depend only on the condition of the person who is drowning.

If a drowning person remains relatively calm, can control his body and obey the advice of the person who saves him, then he can be delivered to land using this method: you need to swim on your stomach with a breaststroke, and the drowning person should hold on to the rescuer’s shoulder behind, while lying on the water and helping the rescuer to move forward with small jerks with his feet.

If the person who is drowning is in shock or panic and does not understand what is being said to him, then it is better to use the following types of transportation:

Turn the person around and pull him to you, firmly grabbing him by the armpits or chin. Swim with your feet on your back or on your side in this position.
Turn the person with his back and grab him by the armpits or head, swim with a breaststroke on his side in this position.
Turn the rescued person on his back, grab him by the armpit with one hand and, grabbing his forearm on the other side, swim on his side, rowing with an unoccupied arm and legs. This is the most complex view transportation and it is used only when the drowning person is very frightened.
If a person is already submerged to the bottom of the reservoir, then you will need to dive and swim along the bottom, where the victim may presumably be.
Having found a drowning person, it is necessary to grab his armpits or by the arms, then, with force, push off from the bottom and emerge to the surface of the water, working as quickly as possible with his legs and an unoccupied hand.

Having surfaced, you should turn the person with his back to you and, without delaying another minute, swim with him to the nearest shore:

If a drowning person is at the bottom of the reservoir facing the bottom, then you need to swim up to him from the side of the legs.
If he is at the bottom face up, then you need to get to him from the side of the head.

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Techniques with which you can effectively free yourself from the uncontrolled grips of a person drowning in a pond

If a drowning person makes grips that are unsafe for the rescuer, then you need to take in air and dive into the depths with him. In such circumstances, the drowning person will still try to stay at the top of the reservoir and let his rescuer go. But if such a technique does not work, then it is necessary to immediately apply other techniques so that you yourself do not go under water and lose your balance.
When grasping the leg, you need to grab the head of the drowning person with one hand and the chin with the other. By quickly turning the head of the drowning man to the side and to the side in this way, he will be released from the grip. If this helps, then you need to push off with the uncaptured leg.
When capturing the neck area from behind, you need to take the victim by the hand. With your palm, support the elbow of the drowning person's hand and, quickly raising his elbow up, and the hand, turning down, will be released from such a grip. After that, the victim's hand does not need to be released, but continue to turn him with his back to you.

Providing first aid to a drowning person

First aid to the rescued, who is already on land, must be provided depending on the degree of complexity of his condition. The first thing to check is the presence of breathing and pulse. If these indicators are normal and he is conscious, then the victim should be placed on a flat area so that the level of the head was slightly below the pelvis. Then you should free him from all wet clothes, wrap him in a blanket and call the doctors. It is also allowed to drink a person with warm tea.

If a person is unconscious even after extracting the fluid, but breathes rhythmically and has a clear pulse, then you need to act in this way:

Raise the head of the rescued up and move his lower jaw.
Put your head a little below the level of the pelvis and, using your own index finger wrapped in a handkerchief, clear the mouth of dirt, algae, vomit residue and other contaminants.
Bring the rescued to consciousness, using alcohol for ammonia.
Find a doctor.

If the rescued person has no breath, no pulse, and he is unconscious and senseless, then this is the most dangerous condition that can result in the death of a person. In order to prevent a fatal outcome under such circumstances, and to act correctly, you must first determine the type of drowning, a characteristic feature of which is the skin color of the drowning person.

There are two of them:

"White".
"Blue".

If a person has White color skin - then this is a "white" or "false" drowning. Breathing in these drowned people is interrupted due to spasm of the glottis under the influence of a reflex when liquid enters it. This drowning is easier to manage and the chances of survival are much higher.

If cyanotic or skin with purple spots or overflows, swelling (especially in the lips and cheeks), then this is most likely a “blue” or “real” drowning. Breathing in such drowned people stops due to the infusion of fluid first into the lungs and then into the blood, which immediately contributes to the complete shutdown of the heart. characteristic feature this drowning is also very swollen veins and profusely diverging foam from the mouth.

The action plan with the help of these people looks like this:

Establishing a good openness of the airways. To do this, you need to clean your mouth from all kinds of contaminants that prevent the normal passage of air (grass, algae, silt, and others). But it often happens that the jaws of a drowning man in a spasm are strongly compressed, and in order to open his mouth, you need to use the following methods:
- A teaspoon is inserted between the jaws of the rescued into the zone of molars, after which the jaws are opened.
- With the help of four fingers inserted into the zone of molars, it is also possible to open the jaws.
- In order to prevent re-closing of the jaws of a person, you need to put some non-dangerous object between them (a handkerchief, a knot from a handkerchief, etc.). After completing the task of opening the mouth of a drowning person, you need to turn his head to one side and, with the index finger wrapped in a handkerchief, clean the oral cavity, nose and nasopharynx from all contaminants.
Then remove the incoming fluid from the lungs of the victim of drowning. To do this, a person is turned on his stomach and placed on the knee of his half-bent leg so that his head is slightly below the level of the pelvis. Then, with the help of the hands, the lower region of the chest of the victim is compressed. This procedure should be done no longer than 15 seconds, after which you should proceed to perform artificial respiration.

Artificial respiration and indirect heart massage are done in combination, so they are carried out almost simultaneously with the victim in the following order:

The victim is placed on a hard surface, since on a soft surface during heart massage there is a risk of liver damage. Remove the belt and free the chest from excess clothing with buttons, fasteners, etc.
The rescuer places his hand palm down on the lower part of the victim's chest so that the axis of the wrist joint is the same as the long axis of the sternum. The rescuer folds the other hand on the outer area of the first hand. In this case, all fingers on both hands should be slightly raised so that they do not come into contact with the chest during the massage. A different position of the hands is unacceptable, since it can be dangerous for the victim.
Then the rescuing person leans towards the victim and, with clasped hands, sharply presses on his chest. In this case, it is necessary that the pressure is not in the left zone of the chest, but in the middle (in the sternum). The pressing force should be no more than 50 kg, so this massage should be desired not so much due to the strength of the hands, but due to own weight body.
After a short press on the chest, you need to release it so that the heart can relax after such pressure.
The pace of heart massage for adults is 65-70 shocks every 60 seconds. Children under 7 years old should be massaged with only one hand, and infants with two fingers (index and middle) with a frequency of up to 100-110 pushes in 60 seconds.

After each session of chest compressions, artificial respiration should be performed.

It is done in this way:

The head of a drowning person is thrown back up.
The rescuer draws air into his lungs and slightly delays exhalation, after which he closes both nostrils of the victim (so that the air cannot escape from them) and tightly clamps the area of \u200b\u200bhis mouth with his lips.
The rescuer then takes a quick breath into the victim's airway.
After the inhalation is completed, the rescuer moves away from the person.
In the intervals before the next breath, the rescuer needs to take a couple of normal breaths for himself. After that, the process of conducting artificial respiration is repeated again.

The frequency of breaths that a person needs to take during his urgent resuscitation:

Adults need to inhale air at least 12-16 times every 60 seconds.
Children 25-30 times every 60 seconds.
Small children - 40 breaths every 60 seconds in small portions into the nose and mouth.

How to prevent drowning

To prevent misfortune, you need to remember the following:

If, while swimming in a pond, you realize that you have not calculated your strength and are starting to sink, then, first of all, you need to try to relax and lie on your back, and then call someone for help.
Children should not be allowed to bathe independently without adult supervision.
You can not dive upside down in unfamiliar waters, not knowing the supposed depth and bottom.
Do not swim while intoxicated or immediately after eating.
It is not recommended to swim near bridges, cliffs, underwater pits, etc.
You can not enter the reservoir after a long stay in the sun, as well as in a very tired state.

You should not rush to the aid of a drowning person yourself if you are a poor swimmer or simply unsure of your abilities.
During transportation of the victim, it should be ensured that his mouth and nose are constantly above the water level - this will protect the person from additional infusion of liquid.
With artificial respiration, a lot of air enters the human stomach and bloating occurs, which can delay the recovery of consciousness, so you need to periodically press a little on the pancreas of the victim in order to free him from excess air.
It is impossible to simultaneously press on the chest and blow air to a person. This should be done alternately: 5 presses and one breath.

Many drowning people find themselves in the water unexpectedly, for example, when a boat capsizes, when falling from a pier or bridge. Others are unable to stay afloat various reasons- due to inability to swim, fatigue, poisoning by poisonous marine animals, intoxication, due to a heart attack.

Young children can drown by falling into the toilet if left unattended. Even an adult can drown in a bathtub with very little water, or drown in a bucket of water (see "How to Prevent Drowning").

Symptoms

Even the most skilled swimmer can have misfortune in the water. Be on the lookout if you notice the following signs:

labored breathing;
signals for help (although some drowning people cannot give them);
floundering almost without moving forward.

Do not rush to save a drowning man without having special training. It can pull you under the water too.

Do not overestimate your strength by rushing to help. Know your physical limits.

Symptoms after rescue

A drowning person pulled out of the water may be unconscious or in a state of stupor (low level of consciousness). He may be frightened, irritated, restless, or inhibited. Other symptoms at this point may include:

rapid, slow pulse or lack of it;
irregular heartbeat;
shallow or choking breathing, ;
vomiting;
low body temperature (if a person drowned in cold water);
cough with pink frothy sputum;
bloating;
pale or bluish skin tone;
cardiac arrest.

LET'S LOOK MORE CAREFULLY

What happens when a person drowns

Diving under water is life-threatening, but not directly for the reason that one might assume - inhalation of water. This really begins a dangerous sequence of events, but the lack of oxygen in the body is truly fatal.

Path to death

Having plunged under water, a person inhales or swallows water. So he tries to hold his breath. This increases the amount carbon dioxide in blood.

At some point, the level of carbon dioxide acts on the respiratory center in the brain, the person begins to breathe again and inhales more more water. Then vomiting begins, the person swallows water again, then loses consciousness, he begins to have convulsions, and he again inhales water.

What happens when the larynx is blocked

For some people, the larynx closes after inhaling water. The airways are blocked, due to lack of oxygen, the person stops breathing and loses consciousness.

survival in cold water

Some people - especially young children - drowning in cold (below 12 ° C) water survived without damage to the brain. In such a situation, artificial respiration and heart massage should be started immediately and continued until the rescued person begins to breathe on his own. This may take several hours.

What to do

If you decide to save a drowning person, remember that due to incorrect actions, you can both drown. For example, a drowning person can drag you under water in.

Therefore, it is better to save a drowning person by giving him something or throwing a life buoy. Here different ways rescue of the drowning.

Standing on the shore, give a sinking hand or some object: an oar, a stick, a chair, a board, a rope, a branch of a tree.

Throw a life buoy tied to your boat, jetty, pole, pool edge to a drowning person.

To help a drowning person in a shallow place, go into the water, but not deeper than the waist. Stretch a stick, a board, throw a rope, a circle. Then drag the drowning person to a safe place.

If there is a boat, swim towards the drowning one. Let him try to grab onto the side as you row to shore. If he can't hold on, try to be careful not to overturn the boat, pull him on board.

How to prevent drowning

The best way is to follow the safety rules when swimming. If you're spending time near the water, be aware of the safety precautions.

Don't swim alone. Remember the basic rule: if everyone is responsible for the other, no one can slip under the water unnoticed.

Do not dive in shallow water and if you do not know how deep the water is.

Before swimming or boating, do not drink alcohol or take drugs that cause drowsiness.

In winter, do not walk on ice unless you are sure of its strength.

Do not sled from the shore if the ice is fragile.

In the spring, never drive on a road blocked by a river.

Keep children away from unexpectedly overflowing streams. The child may not realize that the brook where he splashed last summer has now become a roaring stream that can carry him away. Even better, do not leave children unattended by the water at all.

THE COUNT GOES FOR SECONDS

When you reach the victim, check if he is breathing. If not, immediately start artificial respiration (by mouth-to-mouth method), even without completely pulling the drowning person out of the water. Call immediately " ambulance". Perform artificial respiration even in a boat or in shallow water. Then put the victim on a hard surface and continue with your actions. If you know how, proceed to an indirect heart massage (see,).

Don't waste time trying to empty your lungs of water. If the rescued person is not breathing, begin artificial respiration immediately.
Do not rush to interrupt your actions: this method takes time for breathing to recover. Continue until the rescue service arrives. If you are tired, ask someone to relieve you.
If a neck injury is suspected, do not move the victim unless there is an immediate danger to his or your life. If you still need to move it, put a board. If the person is lying face down in the water, gently roll the person, keeping the head, neck, and body in a straight line (see "Keep the Victim's Neck").
Protect the victim's neck

Every year, many people dive in shallow water or get injured while surfing. At the same time, some injure the neck or spine, which can lead to.

That's why it's important to know what to do - and what not to do - in the event of an accident while diving or surfing. Doing the right thing will help a person avoid injury.

Send someone for an ambulance immediately.

If the doctors can arrive soon, wait. They have everything you need for neck injuries.

If you can't wait for help, you have to move the victim. This will require an assistant. Remember the main rule when moving victims with a neck or back injury: the head, neck and torso must always be in the same line.

If the casualty is lying face down, gently turn them over. While he is still in the water, put a board under him so that it reaches to the buttocks. On it and pull the victim out of the water. If there is no board, gently pull it under the armpits.

Do not drag the victim sideways. Keep his head in line with his body at all times.

Leave the victim lying on the board. Don't move it unless absolutely necessary.

If artificial respiration or chest compressions are required, move the victim as little as possible. For example, raise your chin no more than necessary in order to allow air into the airways.

Open water bodies are present to one degree or another in the lives of many of us. Fishing, relaxing on the shores of a lake or river - reservoirs beckon to themselves. And this is especially noticeable in summer, in hot weather when the summer heat beckons to freshen up.

Taking water procedures in open water, do not forget about the danger of drowning. Therefore, everyone who likes to spend time near the water needs to learn how to swim and know the rules for providing rescue on the water.

Remember the most important thing: the most terrible enemy- this is the panic of a drowning man. Therefore, if you want to help a drowning person, you must be a physically strong person and be able to swim and float very well. You must know how to swim up to a drowning person and how, in case of panic, to calm a person and free himself from the grip. If you are not confident in your abilities, do not try to increase the number of drowned people in this reservoir by one more person.

So that later there would be no remorse in your soul: lead a healthy lifestyle, go in for sports, learn to swim well and know the simplest rules for water rescue.

When rescuing a drowning person:

Try to swim up to him imperceptibly, from behind. Approaching with the right hand, grab the drowning person through the armpit of the right hand by the shoulder, and tow it to the shore. At the same time, it must be remembered that when towing it is necessary to keep the face of a drowning person above the surface of the water. So you have to swim on your back.
If you can’t swim up unnoticed, you need to dive under the victim, grab right hand under the knee of the left leg, and with the left hand push the right leg with force. Turn the drowning man with his back and proceed exactly the same as in the previous paragraph
If towing on the side is necessary, then the rescuer swims up to the drowning man from behind, puts his right hand under his right armpit and with the same hand takes him by the forearm of his left hand, presses him to himself and tows him ashore. The face of a drowning person, of course, should be above the surface of the water.

Release from the grip of a drowning man

If a drowning person grabbed the rescuer by the hands, it is necessary to sharply spread his arms to the sides, at the same time pull his legs up to his chest, rest them on the chest of the drowning person and push off to release his hands. Then instantly turn the drowning man with his back and tow him to the shore.
If the drowning person grabbed the rescuer's neck from the front, the rescuer brings the palm of one hand under the victim's chin, then with a large and index fingers presses his nose. With the other hand, she grabs him by the belt, pulls him towards her, bending in the lower back, and frees herself from the grip. As in the previous case, he turns the drowning man with his back, makes a grab and tows him to the shore.
If a lifeguard is caught by a drowning person from behind by the neck, you need to take the drowning person by the wrist of any hand with one hand, and slip out with the other hand, pushing the elbow of the same hand up. Then instantly turn the drowning man with his back and tow him to the shore.

Rise from the bottom

To lift a drowning person from under the water, if he lies on the bottom, it is necessary from the side of the legs. We grab his armpits, and sharply pushing off from the bottom, we emerge to the surface. If the drowning person lies face up, then we swim from the side of the head, grab him under the armpits, sharply push off from the bottom, rise to the surface and tow the victim to the shore.
It is easiest to carry a drowning person out of the water on his back or on his hip, clasping his chest from the back.
Having carried the victim ashore, it is necessary to immediately begin to providefirst aid. There are only a few minutes when a person can be brought back to life, and if, before the ambulance arrives, he is given artificial respiration and cleared the airways of water, he will be saved.

Drowning occurs when a person is submerged in water. Death by drowning is caused by a lack of oxygen. A significant part of the drowned are children. It should be remembered that drowning can be caused by violation of the rules of behavior on the water, fatigue, even with good swimming skills (for example, during long swims in cold water), diving injuries (especially in unfamiliar waters), alcohol intoxication, a sharp change in temperature when immersed in water after overheating in the sun, etc. Factors of increased risk of drowning - high speed water currents, the presence of whirlpools, key sources that dramatically change the water temperature by small area, storms, the possibility of collision with various floating facilities (for example, a vessel or raft passing by). Often drowning occurs as a result of the fact that a person is lost in a difficult situation. He forgets that his body is lighter than water and that, with minimal effort, it can stay on the surface for a very long time both in a horizontal and vertical position, for which it is enough just to slightly scoop up the water with your hands and feet and breathe as calmly as possible.

When you get into a whirlpool, you need to take more air into your lungs and, diving deeper, swim to the side under water, which is much easier to do, since the speed of water movement at a depth is much less than at the surface.

It is often necessary to rescue a drowning person by swimming, since misfortune often happens in places where there are no life-saving equipment and far from the rescue station. The success of the rescuer's actions is largely due to their rational sequence, the ability to swim, perform rescue operations and provide first aid to the victim.

The rescuer must quickly run to the nearest place to the sinking along the coast. It is necessary to undress and, having entered the water, intensively work with arms and legs, conserving strength for the upcoming rescue operations. When immersing a drowning person to the bottom, the rescuer must dive, swim along the bottom (in running water- taking into account the direction and speed of the current). With sufficient visibility, you should open your eyes underwater, since rescue operations are more effective in this case. Having found a drowning person, you should take him by the arm, under the armpits or by the hair and, strongly pushing off the bottom, come up with him to the surface, intensively working only with your legs or feet and free hand. If the drowning person is on the surface of the water, then it is advisable to calm him down from afar. If this fails, then it is better to try to swim up to him from behind in order to avoid his grips, from which it is sometimes difficult to free yourself. One of the tricks to get rid of such a convulsive embrace is to dive into the water with the drowning person, who, trying to stay on the surface, releases the rescuer.

Towing

Seeing a drowning person, try to swim up behind unnoticed. And if you see that he is waiting for your approach in order to grab hold of you with his hands, beware. Remember: this is fraught with danger for both the saved and the savior. Swim up to the drowning man, do not give him the opportunity to grab yourself, Dive and push his knee with the palm of your right hand, and grab his right leg with your left hand. Turn the victim's back to you and at the same time push vigorously right foot and left hand up. Then start swimming, while grabbing the drowning man by the chin. tow it to shore.

It is necessary to tow so that the nose and mouth of the rescued person are not immersed in water. Having freed the chin of the rescued at the beginning of moving forward, take his face in your palms so that your mouth is compressed and your ears are closed. Swim smoothly and calmly. If the rescued person starts to resist, put your right hand under his left armpit and, grabbing his right hand behind the back of the drowning person, firmly press his body to you. Swim, of course, while you have to on your left side.

Rules for release from grips

The drowning man grabbed you by the neck from the front. With your left hand, push his right elbow up and, grabbing the left hand of the rescued person with your right hand, pull it down and, carefully turning at the elbow, put it behind his back. In the meantime, go down under the water and swim behind the back of the drowning one, and then rise to the surface.

If you are grabbed by the back of your neck, push with your left hand left hand rescued under the elbow up and to the right, and with your right hand grab the wrist of his same hand and, bending at the elbow, turn it behind the back of the drowning person. Having descended under water, you will easily free yourself from the capture, and then emerge to the surface behind the back of the rescued.

In the case when you are captured by the body from the front, you will have to push the rescued under the chin with your hand, and if this does not help, then you will need to pinch his nose with your fingers, close your mouth with your palm and gently push your knee into the stomach. At the moment of the push, it is necessary to support the drowning man by the lower back with his free hand.

If a drowning man grabbed your legs with one hand, bend his head towards you and down, and turn his chin away from you with the other. He will be forced to release your legs, and by pushing back, you will get rid of the dangerous grip.

It is possible that the person in distress can grab your hands. Then, clenching your fists, sharply turn them towards the thumbs of the drowning person. This is quite enough to free your hands and be able to save the victim.

Bringing the drowning man to the shore, begin to provide first aid, the nature of which depends on the condition of the victim. If the victim is conscious, he has a satisfactory pulse rate and number of breaths per minute, then it is enough to lay him on a dry hard surface so that his head is low, then undress, rub with his hands or with a dry towel. It is advisable to give the victim a hot drink (tea, coffee, adults can have a little alcohol, for example 1-2 tablespoons of vodka), after which it is necessary to wrap him up warm blanket and let it rest. If the victim is unconscious when being removed from the water, but his pulse rate and number of breaths are satisfactory, then his head should be thrown back and the lower jaw extended, and then laid in such a way that the head is low down, and with your finger (preferably wrapped in a handkerchief) free his oral cavity from silt, mud, vomit.

Subsequently, the victim is wiped dry and warmed. When removing the victim from the water unconscious, without signs of spontaneous breathing, but with continued cardiac activity, after carrying out similar preliminary measures aimed at freeing the respiratory tract, it is necessary to start artificial respiration as soon as possible using the mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose method. ". In the absence of both breathing and cardiac activity, artificial respiration should be combined with an indirect heart massage. Previously, as soon as possible, fluid should be removed from the respiratory tract. To this end, the caregiver puts the victim on his bent knee with his stomach. The victim's head hangs down, and water flows out of the respiratory tract and stomach.

It must be remembered that foreign objects may be in the oral cavity, removable dentures teeth, which, when rendered further assistance may block the airways. Therefore, foreign objects should be removed with a finger. These activities must be carried out immediately after removing the victim from the water (on the shore, in a boat, on a raft, etc.) until the arrival of medical workers with special equipment and delivery to the hospital.

To prevent accidents on the water, the following rules of conduct must be strictly observed. So, for example, it is not recommended to leave children unattended near water bodies. Children should not swim without an adult who can swim and who knows how to provide first aid for drowning. It is not recommended to swim from boats and rafts, near locks, marinas and bridges, to swim outside the designated areas for swimming. You should not go into the water after drinking alcohol and in the next 1.5-2 hours after taking a heavy meal, in a state of physical or mental fatigue. It is dangerous for older people to go into the water after a long exposure to the sun. It is extremely dangerous to jump into the water, especially in an unfamiliar body of water, head down, as this often leads to damage to the cervical vertebrae.

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