Electrodes classification and marking. Detailed classification of electrodes, description of marking and scope

For each welding mode, you need to select the appropriate type of electrode. Not only the ability to make a connecting or surfacing depends on this, but also the quality. Therefore, a certain marking of electrodes for welding was developed. Any specialist in it will be able to determine the purpose, material of manufacture and optimal operating modes.

Regulations

The creation of uniform rules for marking electrodes is necessary to standardize the products of various manufacturers. For this, GOST 9466-75 was developed, which, in addition to technical requirements, indicates the procedure and rules for designating certain types of electrodes.

First of all, it is necessary to consider the accepted form of filling in certain characteristics. It is a multi-block structure, each of the sections of which corresponds to a certain category.

Electrode type. The first letter "E" denotes the name of the product, the subsequent figure - the value of the tensile strength, kgf / mm².
Mark. Contains information about the manufacturer and directly the brand of electrodes.
Diameter.
Destination area.

Top Coat Thickness

An index indicating the characteristics of the metal being welded. It must comply with the data from GOST 9467-75. It provides a detailed breakdown of each of the possible designations.
Type of coverage.

For mixed types of coatings, a double designation is adopted, for example, BR (BR) - rutile-basic.

Permitted welding direction positions.

Indicates the nature of the current, its polarity and the nominal value of the voltage.
Reference to GOST 9466-75, according to which the marking was made.
Link to the normative document for the manufacture of electrodes.

In addition to these parameters, additional characteristics are indicated. They are necessary to indicate the appearance and specifics of the design.

Knowing all of the above symbols, you can choose the optimal brand of electrodes for a particular type of work.

When welding metals, their compatibility with the composition of the welded rods is determined by the marking of the electrodes, which is necessarily applied to the packaging. The more accurately the materials are selected according to the elements, the stronger the connection will be. It is important to be able to correctly read the information encrypted in alphanumeric designations, which contains information about the purpose and chemical composition of the electrodes and their coating.

Methods for welding metals

The most common variant of connecting metal parts is arc welding, when bonding occurs due to melting under the influence of a high temperature electric arc. By the type of equipment used, the conditions of the process, Other technical features distinguish the following types of methods:

Connection by means of a manual arc method is carried out by rods of different types and is carried out under flux, shielding gas. The peculiarity of the method lies in the fact that the welder monitors the quality of the seam in the course of work and has the ability to change the parameters: the magnitude of the current, the length of the arc and other constituent factors.

Types of rods for manual welding

Electrodes for the production of works by arc welding are divided into consumable and fireproof. The former are made of steel, cast iron, copper - depending on the metals being joined, and are used as a cathode or anode, filler material. The consumable electrode consists of an inner rod, the structure of which is determined by the properties of the metals being welded, and an outer shell. The electrode coating (there are types without it) is multifunctional: holding the arc, adding the necessary chemical elements to the alloy for deoxidizing and alloying the metal, forming a gas cloud that protects the seam from oxidation.

Fireproof electrodes are made of refractory substances Is it coal, graphite or tungsten. With their help, the arc is ignited and held, and the seam is filled with metal by manually feeding the fusible material into the heating zone.

Many variants of coated electrodes in various combinations of substances interacting during welding led to the emergence of several classifications that help to navigate when choosing the right compositions. By appointment, they distinguish:

alloys are carbonaceous and with a small amount of impurities;
welding electrodes with special properties;
high strength steels;
material with an extended set of ligatures.

Other parameters indicate the division: by the thickness of the coating layer (thin, medium and thick), the type of current (direct and variable), the composition of the coating (acidic, basic, rutile) and the spatial arrangement of the electrode. The cross section of the rod and the quality of the seam also have their own encryption.

Electrode designations

Numerous brands of electrodes for manual arc welding are regulated by the regulatory document GOST 9466–75. According to this, information about 9 main parameters is applied to the packaging:

It is not enough just to familiarize yourself with the symbols printed on the packaging - they must be read. To do this, you need to look into the reference books.

Determination of product properties by code

For better memorization, you should visually decipher the electrodes by designation. For example, you can take a product with the following code:

E46-LEZMR-3S-Ø-UD
E 43 1 (3) -RC13

The layout of the establishment of properties by marking:

Today there is a large selection of products for connecting any metals by means of an electric arc. Using the marking, you can always choose exactly the electrode that you need.

Obtaining a weld metal equal in strength to the main one is ensured by choosing the type of welding electrode, which regulates the strength characteristics of the welded joint. It should be taken into account that the use of electrodes with increased mechanical properties of the deposited metal, for example, in terms of tensile strength, can lead to a decrease in the performance of the welded structure.

For welding boiling steels (low-carbon steel produced from a slightly deoxidized furnace), electrodes with any coating are used.

For welding semi-quiet steels (steel obtained by deoxidizing liquid metal is less complete than when smelting calm steel, but more than when smelting boiling steel) at large thicknesses, electrodes with basic or rutile coatings should be used.

Welding of mild steel structures operating at low temperatures or under dynamic loads should be carried out with basic coated electrodes.

The stability of the arc burning affects the quality of the welds and the possibility of welding with alternating current. The most stable arc burns at electrodes with cellulose, acid and rutile coatings. This allows the use of welding transformers. Basic coated electrodes require only DC power supplies.

In the lower, vertical and overhead positions, the seam is better formed with cellulose-coated electrodes, since the fine droplet transfer of the electrode metal and the high viscosity of the slag ensure high-quality welding. A seam is formed worse for electrodes with a basic coating.

When welding thick-walled structures with multi-layer welds, the detachability of slag is an essential indicator. Rutile, cellulose and acid coated electrodes provide better slag release compared to basic coatings.

Welding with basic coated electrodes requires careful cleaning of the edges from rust, oil, dirt in order to avoid pore formation. In addition, basic coated electrodes are prone to pore formation at the start of welding and in long arc welding.

Characteristics of electrodes for welding carbon and low alloy steels

Type E42 412 MPa (42 kgf / mm 2)
brand,	Pok- digging	Rod, current polarity	Coef. nap- benches, g/A h	Polo- stitching
spark
For steel products with a thickness of 1-3 mm. Welding can be done in a top-down manner.
ANO-6
Welding with a short or medium arc. Allowed on unfinished edges. When welding fillet welds, tilt the electrode at an angle of 40-50° in the direction of welding. It has high resistance against pore formation and hot cracking. Uхх≥50V.
ANO-6M
Welding with a short or medium arc. The slag is easily separated. Minimal spatter. Low tendency to form pores and hot cracks. Uхх≥50V.
ANO-17
High performance. For welding thick metal with long seams. Low sensitivity to pore formation when welding on an oxidized surface. Uхх≥50V.
WCC-4
Welding of pipelines without fluctuations of the electrode by resting on the edges "top-down". Weld root - on direct current of any polarity, "hot" pass - on reverse polarity. Leave a cinder of at least 50 mm.
VCC-4M
Welding of a root seam and "hot" pass of joints of pipelines. They allow welding in the "top-down" method by supporting the electrode. Provides resistance to pore formation.
OZS-23
For welding structures of small thickness on an oxidized surface. Low sensitivity to pore formation. Low toxicity. Uхх≥50V.
OMA-2
For welding critical metal structures of small thickness (0.8-3.0 mm). Welding with an extended arc on an oxidized surface. Electrodes with low melting ability. Uхх≥60V.
Type E42A Steels with tensile strength up to 412 MPa (42 kgf / mm 2) with high requirements for the seam in terms of ductility and impact strength.
UONI-13/45
For welding critical structures operating at low temperatures. Welding with a short arc on carefully cleaned edges.
UONI-13/45A
For welding critical structures made of steels such as SHL-4, MS-1, St3sp and the like. Welding with a short arc on carefully cleaned edges.
UONII-13/45

UONII-13/45A
For welding critical structures operating at low temperatures. Welding with an extremely short arc along carefully cleaned edges.
UONII-13/45R
For welding shipbuilding steels. Welding with a short arc on cleaned edges. High resistance of the weld metal to hot cracking.
Type E46 For steels with tensile strength up to 451 MPa (46 kgf / mm 2)
ANO-4
For welding simple and critical structures of all groups and degrees of deoxidation. Welding with an arc of medium length. Allowed on unfinished edges. Not prone to pore formation at high current. Uхх≥50V.
ANO-13
For vertical fillet, lap and butt welds in a top-down manner. Welding with a short or medium arc. Can be used on unfinished edges. The weld metal is resistant to hot cracking. The coating is hygroscopic. Uхх≥50V.
ANO-21
For simple and critical structures made of carbon steels of all groups and degrees of deoxidation. Welding with an extended arc along uncleaned edges. Uхх≥50V.
ANO-24
For welding under assembly conditions. Welding with an extended arc along uncleaned edges. Low tendency to undercut. Uхх≥50V.
ANO-34
In the lower position, tilt the electrode by 20-40° from the vertical in the direction of welding. Welding is possible with an extended arc over an oxidized surface. Uхх≥50V.
ELZ-S-1
For welding low carbon, carbon and low alloy steels with tensile strength up to 490 MPa. Uхх≥50V.
MR-3
For responsible construction. Welding with a short or medium arc. Thoroughly clean surfaces from scale. The gaps cover well. When welding at high currents, pores are possible. Uхх≥60V.
MR-3M
For steels with carbon content up to 0.25%. It is possible to weld wet, rusty, poorly deoxidized metal. High performance. Welding of medium and large thicknesses is carried out at elevated modes "back angle". Uхх≥60V.
OZS-3
For welding critical parts. Welding with a short arc. Welding on uncleaned surfaces is allowed. Uхх≥60V.
OZS-4
For high performance welding of critical parts. Welding with an elongated arc and on uncleaned surfaces is allowed. Uхх≥60V.
OZS-4I
For critical structures. They allow welding of wet, rusty, poorly cleaned metal from oxides. High performance. Welding in the lower position for medium and large thicknesses "angle back". Average arc length. Uхх≥60V.
OZS-6
For high performance welding. It is allowed to weld with an elongated arc, it is also possible on an oxidized surface. Uхх≥50V.
OZS-12
Recommended for tee joints with small-scale concave seams. The slag is easily separated. Welding with an extended arc and on an oxidized surface. Uхх≥50V.
Type E46A For steels with a tensile strength of 451 MPa (46 kgf / mm 2) with increased requirements for joints in terms of ductility and impact strength.
TMU-46
For critical structures, including pipelines. Welding with a short arc on cleaned edges. Uхх≥65V.
UONI-13/55K
For critical structures operating at negative temperatures and alternating loads. Welding with a short arc on cleaned edges. The weld metal is highly resistant to hot cracking and has a low hydrogen content.
ANO-8
For welding structures made of carbon and low alloy steels operating at low temperatures. Welding with a short arc on carefully cleaned edges.
Type E50 For steels with a tensile strength of 490 MPa (50 kgf / mm 2)
VCC-4A
High-performance welding of the root weld and the "hot" pass of the joints of pipelines and critical structures. Welding of a root seam without fluctuations, leaning, on a direct current of any polarity. "Hot" pass - after stripping the root seam. Weld both layers from top to bottom. Leave a cinder of at least 50 mm.
55-U
Welding with a short arc or leaning on carefully ground edges. Uхх≥65V.
Type E50A For steels with a tensile strength of 490 MPa (50 kgf / mm 2) with increased requirements for joints in terms of ductility and impact strength.
ANO-27
For welding critical structures at temperatures up to -40°C. Welding with a short arc on a carefully cleaned surface. Provide a reduced hydrogen content in the seams.
ANO-T
For welding critical structures and pipelines in all climatic zones. Welding of a root seam without backing rings. Formation of the reverse roller in the overhead position.
ANO-TM/N
For rotary joints of oil and gas pipelines with a diameter of 59-1420 mm and other critical structures. Welding with a short arc on cleaned edges. Effective for single-sided welding. Uхх≥65V.
ANO-TM
For critical structures, including pipelines made of low-carbon and low-alloy steels. Welding with a short arc on cleaned edges. A back roller with a height of 0.5-3 mm is qualitatively formed.
ITS-4
For ship hull steels St3sp, 09G2, 09G2S, 10KhSND, 10G2S1D-35, 10G2S1D-40, etc. Welding with a short arc on carefully cleaned edges. Provide high corrosion resistance.
ITS-4S
For welding critical structures in shipbuilding; steel SHL-4, 09G2, etc. Welding with a short arc along the cleaned edges. Uхх≥65V.
OZS-18
For welding critical structures made of steels 10KhSND, 10KhNDP, etc. up to 15 mm thick, resistant to atmospheric corrosion, with a low hydrogen content.
OZS-25
For welding critical structures. Welding with a short arc on carefully cleaned edges. Good separability of slag. No undercuts and finely scaly seam.
OZS/VNIIST-26
For oil and gas pipelines contaminated with hydrogen sulfide. Welding with a short arc on carefully cleaned edges. High corrosion resistance in the environment humidified up to 25% hydrogen sulfide.
OZS-28
For critical structures made of steels 09G2, 10KhSND, etc. Short arc welding along carefully cleaned edges. Uхх≥60V.
OZS-33
For especially critical structures. Provide weld metal with high resistance to hot cracking and low hydrogen content. Welding with a short or extremely short arc along cleaned edges.
TMU-21U
For steels such as 15GS, etc.; for power equipment. For pipes with a wall thickness of more than 16 mm. Narrow gap welding with a total bevel angle of up to 15°. Welding with a short arc on carefully cleaned edges. Easy arc ignition without "start" porosity.
TMU-50
For critical structures and pipelines. Welding with a short arc on cleaned edges. Uхх≥65V.
UONI-13/55
For critical structures operating at negative temperatures and alternating loads. Welding with a short arc on carefully cleaned edges. The weld metal is resistant to hot cracking and has a low hydrogen content.
UONI-13/55S
For especially critical structures. Provide weld metal with high resistance to hot cracking. Low hydrogen content. Welding only with a short arc on cleaned edges.
UONI-13/55ТЖ
For especially critical structures operating at low temperatures. The weld metal resists hot cracking well. Low hydrogen content. Welding only with a short arc on cleaned edges.
UONII-13/55R
For shipbuilding steels with tensile strength up to 490-660 MPa. Welding with a short arc or leaning on carefully ground edges.
TsU-5
For pipe parts and heat exchangers of boiler units operating at temperatures up to 400°C. Reduced tendency to porosity. Welding with a short arc on carefully cleaned edges.
TsU-7
For critical structures operating at temperatures up to 400°C. Welding with a short arc on carefully cleaned edges.
TsU-8
For critical structures operating at temperatures up to 400°C with a small metal thickness and for welding pipes of small diameters. Welding with a short arc on carefully cleaned edges.
E-138/50N
For heavily loaded seams in the underwater part of ships. For steels St3S, St4S, 09G2, SHL-1, SHL-45, MS-1, etc. Short arc welding along carefully cleaned edges. The weld metal is resistant to corrosion in sea water.
Type E55 For steels with tensile strength up to 539 MPa (55 kgf / mm 2)
OZS/VNIIST-27
For pipelines and structures made of cold-resistant low-alloy steels operating at temperatures up to -60°C. Welding with a short arc on carefully cleaned edges. Root seams - on a direct current of direct polarity.
UONI-13/55U
For welding fittings and rails in a bathtub, for critical structures by manual arc welding. Welding with a short arc on cleaned edges. With the bath method, the current values \u200b\u200bare increased by 1.3-1.7 times. Breaks during welding are not allowed. Uхх≥65V.
Type E60 For steels with tensile strength up to 588 MPa (60 kgf / mm 2)
ANO-TM60
For butt joints of pipes and other critical structures. Welding with a short arc on cleaned edges. Formation of the root weld without backing elements and welding with a smooth transition to the base metal.
VSF-65
For critical structures, including main pipelines. Welding with a short arc on carefully cleaned edges.
OZS-24M
For structures and pipelines made of steels 06G2NAB, 12G2AFYu, 10GNMAYu, etc., operating at temperatures up to -70°C. Welding with a short arc on cleaned edges. The weld metal is characterized by high cold resistance.
UONI-13/65
For critical structures made of carbon low-alloy chromium, chromium-molybdenum, chromium-silicon-manganese steels operating at low temperatures. Welding with a short arc on carefully cleaned edges. High resistance of weld metal to hot cracks. Low hydrogen content.

Characteristics of electrodes for welding high strength alloy steels

Type E70 For steels with tensile strength up to 686 MPa (70 kgf / mm 2)
brand, scope and technological features	Pok- digging	Rod, current polarity	Coef. nap- benches, g/A h	Polo- stitching
ANO-TM70
For welding critical structures and pipelines without underlays and welding. Welding with a short arc on cleaned edges. Uхх≥65V.
ANP-1
For welding critical structures made of steels 14KhG2MR, 14KhMNDFR, etc., parts of transport and road machines operating at low temperatures. Welding with a short arc on carefully cleaned edges.
ANP-2
For welding critical structures. Welding with a short arc on carefully cleaned edges.
VSF-75
For pipelines and critical structures when welding filling and facing layers. Welding with a short arc on carefully cleaned edges.
Type E85 For steels with tensile strength up to 833 MPa (85 kgf / mm 2)
NIAT-3M
For welding critical structures made of heat-hardened steels. Welding with a short arc on carefully cleaned edges.
UONI-13/85
For critical structures made of heat-hardened steels up to a high tensile strength: 30KhGSA, 30KhGSNA, etc. Welding only with a short arc along carefully cleaned edges. The weld metal is resistant to hot cracks. Low hydrogen content.
UONI-13/85U
For bathtub rebar and rails and manual arc welding of high-strength steel structures operating under heavy loads. Welding with a short arc on cleaned edges. With the bath method, use the remaining or removed forms.
Type E100 For steels with tensile strength up to 980 MPa (100 kgf / mm 2)
AN-XN7
Gaps-free assembly. Welding with a short and medium arc along carefully cleaned edges.
VI-10-6
Gaps-free assembly. Welding with a short or medium arc along carefully cleaned edges with loop-like movements of the electrode. With rapid cooling, cracks in the craters are possible.
OZSH-1
Welding with a short arc continuously, without allowing cooling, along carefully cleaned edges. Preheating up to 400-450°С. Can be used for surfacing stamps.

Characteristics of Electrodes for Welding High Strength Alloy Steels

Type E125 For steels with tensile strength over 980 MPa (100 kgf/mm2)
brand, scope and technological features	Pok- digging	Rod, current polarity	Coef. nap- benches, g/A h	Polo- stitching
NII-3M
For steels 30KhGSNA, 30KhGSN2A, etc., heat-treated for strength up to 1274 MPa (130 kgf / mm 2). Welding with a short arc on cleaned edges.
Type E150 For steels with tensile strength up to 1470 MPa (150 kgf / mm 2)
NIAT-3
For high-strength steels of the 30KhGSNA type with a tensile strength of up to 1470 MPa (150 kgf / mm 2)

Welding electrodes

Surfacing electrodes provide deposited metal of various chemical composition, structure and properties. According to GOST 10051-75 "Coated metal electrodes for manual arc welding of surface layers with special properties" there are 44 types of such electrodes.

All of them have basic coverage. This provides better crack resistance when surfacing steel parts with a high carbon content and high structural rigidity.

Depending on the operating conditions of structures with welded coatings, welding electrodes can be conditionally divided into 6 groups.

Characteristics of welding electrodes

First group Welding electrodes that provide low-carbon low-alloy deposited metal with high resistance to metal-to-metal friction and shock loads (by purpose, this group includes some brands of electrodes of the 3rd group).
Electrode brand/metal type, scope and technological features	Pok- digging	Rod, current polarity	Coef. nap- benches, g/A h	Polo- stitching
OZN-300M /11G3S
For parts made of carbon and low-alloy steels operating under friction and shock loads, for example: shafts, axles, couplers, crosses and other parts of automobile and railway transport.
OZN-400M /15G4S
The same, with increased hardness of the deposited metal.
NR-70 /E-30G2HM
For parts operating under conditions of intense shock loads and metal friction: rails, crosses and more.
TsNIIN-4 /E-65X25G13N3
For welding of casting defects of railway frogs and other parts made of high-manganese steels 110G13L.
Second group Electrodes that ensure the production of medium-carbon low-alloy deposited metal with high resistance to metal-to-metal friction and shock loads at normal and elevated temperatures (up to 600-650°C).
EN-60M /E-70X3SMT
For dies of all types, working with heating of contact surfaces up to 400°C, and wear parts in machine tools: gears, eccentrics, guides, etc.
TsN-14
For hot stamping and cutting equipment, including knives, scissors, dies, etc.
13KN/LIVT /E-80H4S
For bucket teeth of excavators, scoops, dredgers, road machine knives, working with abrasive wear without significant impacts and pressures.
OZSH-3 /E-37X9S2
For cutting and punching dies of cold and hot stamping (up to 650°C) and high-wear parts of machines and equipment.
OZI-3 /E-90X4M4VF
For dies of cold and hot (up to 650°C) deformation of metals, as well as for high-wear parts of mining and metallurgical and machine-tool equipment.
Third group Electrodes that provide carbon, alloyed (or highly alloyed) weld metal with high resistance to abrasive wear and impact loads.
OZN-6 /90X4G2S3R
For wearing parts of mining, construction machines, etc., operating under intense abrasive wear and significant shock loads.
OZN-7 /75Kh5G4S3RF
For high-wear parts, mainly from high-manganese steels 110G13L, operating under intense wear and significant shock loads.
VSN-6 /E-110X14V13F2
For high-wear parts made of carbon and high-manganese steels with significant shock loads in abrasive wear conditions.
T-590 /E-320X25S2GR
For parts operating under abrasive wear conditions with moderate shock loads.
Fourth group Electrodes that provide high-alloy carbon deposited metal with high resistance under conditions of high pressures and high temperatures (up to 680-850°C).
OZSh-6 /10Kh33N11M3SG
For strikers of radial forging machines, dies for cold and hot (up to 800-850°C) deformation of metals, hot metal cutting knives, wear parts of equipment operating in severe thermal and deformation conditions.
UONI-13/N1-BK /E-09X31N8AM2
For sealing surfaces of fittings operating in contact with highly aggressive media.
OZI-5 /E-10K18V11M10Kh3SF
For metal-cutting tools, hot stamping dies (up to 800-850°C) and parts operating in particularly severe temperature and power conditions.
Fifth group Electrodes that provide highly alloyed austenitic deposited metal with high resistance to corrosion-erosion wear and metal-to-metal friction at elevated temperatures (up to 570-600°C).
TsN-6L /E-08X17N8S6G
For sealing surfaces of fittings for boilers operating at temperatures up to 570 ° C and pressures up to 7800 MPa (780 kg / mm 2).
Sixth group Electrodes that ensure the production of a dispersion-strengthened high-alloy deposited metal with high resistance under severe temperature and deformation conditions (up to 950-1100°C).
OZSh-6 /10Kh33N11M3SG
For forging and die equipment for cold and hot deformation of metals, parts of metallurgical and machine tool equipment operating under severe conditions of thermal fatigue (up to 950 ° C) and high pressures.
OZSh-8 /11Kh31N11GSM3YuF
For forging and die equipment for hot deformation of metal, operating in super-heavy conditions of thermal fatigue (up to 1100°C) and high pressures.

Electrodes for welding and surfacing cast iron

Such electrodes are designed to eliminate defects in iron castings and to restore damaged and worn parts. They can also be used for the manufacture of welded-cast structures. Electrodes for cold welding and hardfacing of cast iron without preheating give weld metal in the form of steel, copper-based alloys, nickel and iron-nickel alloy. These are brands TsCh-4, OZCH-2, OZCH-6, etc. Sometimes it is advisable to use electrodes for other purposes. So, when repairing cast-iron tubings in conditions of high pollution and high humidity, it is better to take the OZL-25B brand. The first layers on contaminated cast irons can be made with grades OZL-27 and OZL-28. The OZB-2M brand, intended for welding bronze, is also successfully used.

Characteristics of electrodes for welding and surfacing cast iron

, scope and technological features	Pok- digging	Rod, current polarity	Coef. nap- benches, g/A h	Polo- stitching
TsCh-4 /FeV
For welding and welding of casting defects in parts made of gray, ductile and malleable cast iron. Welding of gray and high-strength cast irons.
OZCH-2 /Cu

OZCH-6 /Cu
For welding thin-walled parts made of gray and malleable cast iron.
MNCH-2 /NiCu
For welding, surfacing and welding of casting defects in parts made of gray and malleable cast iron.
OZCH-3 /Ni
For welding and welding of casting defects in parts made of gray and ductile iron, when joints are subject to increased requirements for surface finish.
OZCH-4 /Ni
For welding and surfacing of parts made of gray and ductile cast iron. Preferred for last layers working on abrasion or impact loads.

Electrodes for welding non-ferrous metals

Are intended for welding of aluminum, copper, nickel and their alloys. Titanium and its alloys are not welded by manual arc welding with a coated electrode due to intense oxidation.

Electrodes for aluminum welding. The main difficulty in welding aluminum and its alloys is the presence of an oxide film. Its melting point is 2060°C, while the melting point of aluminum is 660°C. A dense refractory film can disturb the stability of the welding process and thus affect the quality of the weld formation, causing the appearance of internal defects in the weld metal. To remove the oxide film, chloride and fluoride salts of alkali and alkaline earth metals are introduced into the composition of the electrode coating. These substances provide high-quality welding.

Characteristics of electrodes for welding aluminum and its alloys

Electrode brand / main weld metal, scope and technological features	Pok- digging	Rod, current polarity	Coef. nap- benches, g/A h	Polo- stitching
OZA-1 /Al	Psol.
For parts and structures made of commercially pure aluminum A0, A1, A2, A3. Welding with preheating up to 250-400°C along cleaned edges. Remove slag with hot water and brushes.
OZA-2 /Al	Psol.
For welding casting defects and surfacing of parts made of aluminum-silicon alloys AL-4, AL-9, AL-11, etc. Welding with preheating up to 250-400°C along cleaned edges. Remove slag with hot water and steel brushes.
OZANA-1 /Al	Psol.
For details and designs from commercially pure aluminum. Welding of products with a thickness of more than 10 mm with preheating up to 250-400 ° C along the cleaned edges.
OZANA-2 /Al	Psol.
For welding of cast rejects and surfacing of parts made of aluminum-silicon alloys AL-4, AL-9, AL-11, etc. Welding of parts up to 10 mm thick without heating, for large thicknesses - with heating up to 200 ° C along the cleaned edges.

Electrodes for welding copper and its alloys. When welding copper, the main problem is the formation of pores in the weld metal due to its high activity when interacting with gases, especially with oxygen and hydrogen. To avoid this, only well-deoxidized copper and carefully calcined electrodes are used. Welding is performed along edges cleaned to a metallic sheen.

Welding brass is difficult and hazardous to health due to the intense burnout of zinc.

Welding of bronzes is difficult due to high brittleness and insufficient strength when heated.

Characteristics of electrodes for welding copper and its alloys

Electrode brand / main weld metal, scope and technological features	Pok- digging	Rod, current polarity	Coef. nap- benches, g/A h	Polo- stitching
Komsomolets-100 /Cu	Pspec.
For welding and surfacing products from commercially pure copper M1, M2, M3. Welding of copper with steel is possible. Welding with preliminary local heating up to 300-700°С.
ANTs/OZM-2 /Cu	Pspec.
For welding and surfacing products made of commercially pure copper with an oxygen content of not more than 0.01%. Welding with a thickness of more than 10 mm with preheating up to 150-350°C.
ANTs/OZM-3 /Cu	Pspec.
For welding and surfacing commercially pure copper (oxygen not more than 0.01%). Welding with steel is possible. Welding with a thickness of up to 10 mm with a short arc without heating and without cutting edges with a one- or two-sided seam with small fluctuations of the electrode.
OZB-2M /CuSn
For welding and surfacing of bronze, welding of defects in bronze and iron castings. Welding and surfacing of brass is possible.
OZB-3 /Cu	Pspec.
For surfacing in the manufacture and restoration of electrodes of resistance spot welding machines, including for welding rod reinforcement.

Electrodes for welding nickel and its alloys. Welding of nickel and its alloys is difficult due to the high sensitivity to gases dissolved in the weld pool: nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen, which causes the formation of hot cracks and pores. To prevent the occurrence of these defects, it is necessary to use the base metal and welding electrodes of high purity and prepare them with high quality.

Characteristics of electrodes for welding nickel and its alloys

Electrode brand, scope and technological features	Pok- digging	Rod, current polarity	Coef. nap- benches, g/A h	Polo- stitching
OZL-32
For products from nickel NP-2, NA-1, for surfacing on carbon and high-alloy steels in equipment operating in alkaline and chlorine-containing environments of soda production, soap making, production of synthetic fibers, etc., as well as welding of nickel with carbon and corrosion-resistant steels. Welding with "thread" rollers with an amplitude of transverse oscillations of not more than two electrode diameters. The electrode is perpendicular to the workpiece. Break off the arc gradually, diverting it to the deposited metal.
V-56U
For welding products made of monel metal and equipment made of two-layer steels (St3sp + monel metal) from the side of the corrosion-resistant layer, as well as for surfacing. Monel can be welded to low carbon steels. Welding with rollers up to 12 mm wide.

Metal cutting electrodes

Arc cutting of metal with coated electrodes is often used in the installation and repair of metal structures. It is effective because it does not require additional equipment and special qualifications of workers. Electrodes for cutting differ from electrodes for welding by high thermal power of the arc, high heat resistance of the coating, and intense oxidation of liquid metal. It is expedient to use these electrodes for removing defective seams or their sections, removing tacks, rivets, bolts, cutting cracks, etc. Baking before welding: 170°C; 1 hour

Characteristics of electrodes for metal cutting

Electrode brand, scope and technological features	Pok- digging	Rod, current polarity	Coef. nap- benches, g/A h	Polo- stitching
OZR-1	Pspec.
Cutting, gouging, piercing holes, removing defective areas of welded joints and castings, cutting welded edges and weld root, performing other similar works in the manufacture, installation and repair of parts and structures made of steels of all grades (including high-alloyed), cast iron, copper and aluminum and their alloys. They provide a clean cut (without burrs and sagging on the cut surface). Cutting is carried out at elevated modes with the electrode tilted in the direction opposite to the cutting direction (angle forward). In this case, the electrode must perform reciprocating movements: "back and forth" or "top-down".
OZR-2	Pspec.
Rebar cutting, gouging. Cutting, piercing holes, removing defective areas of welded joints and castings, cutting welded edges and weld root, performing other similar work in the manufacture, installation and repair of parts and structures made of steels of all grades (including high alloys), cast iron, copper and aluminum and their alloys. They provide a clean cut (without burrs and sagging on the cut surface). They have increased efficiency when cutting construction rod reinforcement of large diameters (the time for cutting reinforcement with a diameter of 16 mm is 2-3 s, for 40 mm in diameter - 14-16 s). Cutting is carried out at elevated modes with the electrode tilted in the direction opposite to the cutting direction (angle forward). In this case, the electrode must perform reciprocating movements: "back and forth" or "top-down".

Electrodes for welding alloyed heat-resistant steels

Electrodes for welding alloyed heat-resistant steels must first of all provide the necessary heat resistance of welded joints - the ability to withstand mechanical loads at high temperatures.

For structures operating at temperatures up to 475 ° C, molybdenum electrodes of the E-09M type are used, and at temperatures up to 540 ° C, chromium-molybdenum electrodes of the types E-09MX, E-09X1M, E-09X2M1 and E-05X2M are used.

For structures operating at temperatures up to 600 ° C, chromium-molybdenum-vanadium electrodes E-09Kh1MF, E-10Kh1M1NBF, E-10Kh3M1BF are used.

E-10Kh5MF electrodes with a high chromium content are designed for welding structures made of steels with a high chromium content (12Kh5MA, 15Kh5M, 15Kh5MFA, etc.) operating in aggressive environments at temperatures up to 450°C.

For welding heat-resistant steels, electrodes with a basic coating are more often used, which ensure the strength of the deposited metal at elevated temperatures, as well as a low tendency to form hot and cold cracks.

Characteristics of electrodes for welding alloyed heat-resistant steels

Type E-09M For molybdenum steels
brand, scope and technological features	Pok- digging	Rod, current polarity	Coef. nap- benches, g/A h	Polo- stitching
TsL-6
UONI-13/15M
TsU-2M
For steels 16M, 20M, etc., when welding steam pipelines, boiler headers operating at temperatures up to 475°C. Welding with a short arc on cleaned edges.
Type E-09X1M
UONI-13XM
For steels 15XM, 20XM, etc., including for welding pipelines and parts of power equipment operating at temperatures up to 520°C. Welding with an extremely short arc along cleaned edges with preliminary and concomitant heating up to 150-200°C.
TML-1
For steam lines operating at temperatures up to 500°C. Welding with a short arc along cleaned edges with preliminary and concomitant heating up to 150-300°C. Narrow gap welding is possible.
TML-1U
For steels 12MH, 15MH, etc., for welding pipelines and parts of power equipment operating at temperatures up to 540°C. Welding with a short arc on cleaned edges. Narrow gap welding with bevel angle up to 15° is possible. The arc is very stable. The slag is well separated.
Type E-05X2M For chromium-molybdenum steels with high chromium content.
H-10
For welding alloyed heat-resistant chromium-molybdenum steels, steam pipelines made of steels 10Kh2M, 12KhM, 12Kh2M1-L, etc., operating at temperatures up to 550°C. Welding with a short arc along cleaned edges with preliminary and concomitant heating up to 150-300°C.
Type E-09X2M1 For chromium-molybdenum steels with a high content of chromium and molybdenum
TsL-55
For steels 10X2M, etc., including for welding pipelines operating at temperatures up to 550°C. Welding with a short arc along cleaned edges with preliminary and concomitant heating up to 150-300°С
Type E-09MH For chrome molybdenum steels.
UONI-13/45MH
For steels 12MH, 15HM, etc., including for welding pipelines operating at temperatures up to 500°C. Welding with a short arc along cleaned edges with preliminary and concomitant heating up to 150-300°C.
OZS-11
For steels 12МХ, 15МХ, 12ХМФ, 15Х1М1Ф, etc., for welding of steam pipelines operating at temperatures up to 500°С. Welding with a short arc on cleaned edges. Welding of steels with a thickness of more than 12 mm with preliminary and concomitant heating up to 150-200°C. Recommended for assembly work.
Type E-09X1MF
TML-3
For welding fixed joints of pipelines operating at temperatures up to 575°C. Welding with a short arc along cleaned edges with preliminary and concomitant heating up to 250-350°C. The slag is easily separated. High resistance of the metal against the formation of pores in the seam.
TML-3U
For steels 12MH, 15MH, 12H2M1, 12H1MF, 15H1M1F, 20HMF1, 15H1M1F-L, etc., incl. for pipelines operating at temperatures up to 565°C. Welding with a short arc along cleaned edges with preliminary and concomitant heating up to 350-400°C. Narrow gap welding with bevel angles up to 15°.
TsL-39
For steels 12Kh1MF, 12Kh2MFSR, 12Kh2MFB, etc., incl. for welding of heating elements for surfaces of boilers and pipelines with a diameter of up to 100 mm and a wall thickness of up to 8 mm, operating at temperatures up to 575°C. Welding with a short arc along cleaned edges with preliminary and concomitant heating up to 350-400°C.
Type E-10X1M1NFB For chrome-molybdenum-vanadium steels
TsL-27A
For steels 15Kh1M1F, structures made of cast, forged and tubular parts operating at temperatures up to 570°C. Welding with a short arc along cleaned edges with preliminary and concomitant heating up to 350-400°C.
TsL-36
For steels 15Kh1M1F, 15Kh1M1F-L, etc., for welding steam pipelines and fittings operating at temperatures up to 585°C. Welding with a short arc along cleaned edges with preliminary and concomitant heating up to 300-350°C.
Type E-10X3M1BF For chromium-molybdenum-vanadium-niobium steels
TsL-26M
For steels 12KhMFB of heating surfaces of boilers operating at temperatures up to 600°C, as well as for thin-walled pipes of superheaters in installation conditions. Welding with a short arc along cleaned edges with preliminary and concomitant heating up to 300-350°C.
TsL-40
For steels 12Kh2MFB, incl. thin-walled pipes of superheaters, heating surfaces of boilers operating at temperatures up to 600°C. Welding with a short arc along cleaned edges with preliminary and concomitant heating up to 300-350°C. Manufactured with a diameter of 2.5 mm.
Type E-10X5MF For chromium molybdenum vanadium and chromium molybdenum steels
TsL-17
For steels 15Kh5M (Kh5M), 12Kh5MA, 15Kh5MFA in critical structures operating in aggressive environments at temperatures up to 450°C. Welding with a short arc along cleaned edges with preliminary and concomitant heating up to 350-450°C.

Electrodes for welding high alloy steels

Steels containing 13% chromium are considered high chromium stainless steels. They are resistant to atmospheric corrosion and in mildly aggressive environments. These are steels 08X13, 12X13, 20X13, which differ in weldability depending on the carbon content.

When choosing electrodes for welding such steels, it is necessary to ensure the following properties of the weld metal: resistance to atmospheric corrosion and in slightly aggressive environments, heat resistance up to a temperature of 650°C and heat resistance up to a temperature of 550°C. These requirements are met by electrodes of the type E-12X13 of the brands LMZ-1, ANV-1, etc., which provide the chemical composition, structure and properties of the weld metal, close to the characteristics of the base metal.

For welding steels with a reduced carbon content and additionally alloyed with nickel, electrodes of the E-06Kh13N type of the TsL-41 brand are recommended.

With an increase in the amount of chromium, the corrosion resistance and heat resistance of high-chromium steels increase. The content of 17-18% gives corrosion resistance in liquid media of medium aggressiveness. Such steels are classified as acid-resistant: 12X17, 08X17T, 08X18T, etc. If the amount of chromium reaches 25-30%, then heat resistance increases - resistance to gas corrosion at temperatures up to 1100 ° C. These are heat-resistant steels: 15X25T, 15X28, etc. For sulfur-containing media, steels and electrodes are suitable, in which at least 25% chromium.

The choice of electrodes for welding high-chromium steels depends on the amount of chromium in the steels being welded. So, for welding steels with 17% chromium, which are subject to requirements for corrosion resistance in liquid oxidizing media or for heat resistance at temperatures up to 800 ° C, electrodes of the type E-10X17T grades VI-12-6 and others are recommended.

For welding steels with 25% chromium, electrodes of the E-08Kh24N6TAFM type should be used, which give the weld metal after tempering high ductility, impact strength and resistance to intergranular corrosion.

Welding of high-chromium steels should be carried out at moderate conditions with reduced heat input. After each pass, it is recommended to cool the HAZ metal to a temperature below 100°C, which ensures minimal grain growth.

High-chromium steels based on 13% chromium with additional alloying with molybdenum, vanadium, tungsten and niobium are heat-resistant. They are able to withstand mechanical stress at high temperatures. When choosing electrodes for these steels, the main requirement is to ensure the required level of heat resistance of the weld metal. This is achieved by obtaining the chemical composition of the welds, close to the base metal. This condition is most fully satisfied by electrodes of the types E-12Kh11NMF of the KTI-9A brand, E-12Kh11NVMF of the KTI-10 brand, E-14Kh11NVMF of the TsL-32 brand.

Characteristics of electrodes for welding high-alloy chromium steels

Type E-12X13 For corrosion resistant steels
brand, scope and technological features	Pok- digging	Rod, current polarity	Coef. nap- benches, g/A h	Polo- stitching
UONI-13/NZh 12X13
For welding steels 08X13, 12X13, 20X13, etc., operating at temperatures up to 600 ° C, as well as surfacing sealing surfaces of steel reinforcement. Welding with preheating up to 200-250°С. Heat resistance up to 540°C, heat resistance up to 650°C are provided in an atmosphere of steam and in air.
LMZ-1
For steels 08X13, 1X13, 2X13, etc., operating in fresh water and slightly aggressive environments at normal temperatures. For surfacing sealing surfaces of fittings. Welding with a short arc along cleaned edges with preliminary and concomitant heating up to 300-350°C. After welding, a vacation is required.
ANV-1
For steels 08X13, 12X13, etc., operating in fresh water and slightly aggressive environments at normal temperatures. Suitable for surfacing sealing surfaces of fittings. After welding, a vacation is required. In an atmosphere of steam and air, they provide heat resistance up to 540°C and heat resistance up to 650°C.
Type E-10X17T For corrosion-resistant and heat-resistant steels
UONI-13/NZh 10X17T
For steels 12X17, 08X17T, etc., operating at elevated temperatures and in oxidizing environments. Welding with a short arc on cleaned edges with minimal heat input. Heat resistance up to 800°С.
VI-12-6
For steels 12X17, 08X17T, etc., operating in oxidizing environments at temperatures up to 800°C. Welding with a short arc on cleaned edges.
Type E-06X13N For stainless steels alloyed with nickel
TsL-41
For steels 0Kh12ND, 10Kh12ND-L, 06Kh12N3D, 06Kh14N5DM, etc., operating at temperatures up to 400°C. Welding with a short arc along cleaned edges with preliminary and concomitant heating up to 80-120°C.
Type E-12X11NMF For heat resistant steels
KTI-9A
For steels 15Kh11MF, 15Kh11VF, etc., operating at temperatures up to 565°C. Welding with a short arc on cleaned edges.
Type E-12X11NVMF For heat resistant steels
KTI-10
For steels 15Kh11MF, 15Kh12VNMF and 15Kh11MFB-L operating at temperatures up to 580°C. Welding with a short arc along the cleaned edges without fluctuations of the electrode heated up to 350-400°C
Type E-14X11NVMF For heat resistant steels
TsL-32
For welding steam heaters of boilers, steam pipelines made of steels 10Kh11V2MF, etc., operating at temperatures up to 610°C. Welding with a short arc on cleaned edges.
Type E-10X16N4B For corrosion-resistant and heat-resistant steels.
UONI-13/EP-56
For structures made of steels 09X16N4B, etc., operating in aggressive environments, and for welding high-pressure pipelines.

Electrodes for corrosion-resistant acid-resistant steels. The main requirement when choosing electrodes for welding acid-resistant steels is to ensure the corrosion resistance of the weld metal in liquid aggressive media at normal and elevated temperatures and pressures. The most aggressive liquid media are acids and their solutions, which have both oxidizing and non-oxidizing properties.

For welding structures made of acid-resistant steels operating in non-oxidizing liquid media at temperatures up to 360 ° C and not subjected to heat treatment after welding, electrodes of grades EA-400/10T, EA-400/10U, etc., grades OZL-8, etc. are recommended ., brand EA-606/10, etc. Heat treatment of welded joints made with these electrodes is not allowed.

For structures operating in non-oxidizing or low-oxidizing liquid media, for which tempering is required after welding, electrodes of the brand EA-898/19 and others are recommended, which ensure the resistance of the weld against intergranular corrosion both in the initial state and after tempering.

Structures that are operated in oxidizing liquid media, for example, in nitric acid, are recommended to be welded with electrodes of the E-08Kh19N10G2B type, grades TsT-15, ZIO-3, etc.

For low-carbon acid-resistant steels containing up to 0.03% carbon, electrodes of types E-04Kh20N9 of grades OZL-14A, OZL-36 are used; E-02X20N14G2M2 grades OZL-20, etc.

Characteristics of electrodes for welding corrosion-resistant acid-resistant steels

Type E-08X19N10G2B
brand, scope and technological features	Pok- digging	Rod, current polarity	Coef. nap- benches, g/A h	Polo- stitching
TsT-15
ZIO-3
For steels with nickel content up to 16% - 08X18H10T, 12X18H12T, 08X18H12B, etc., operating in oxidizing environments. Heat resistance up to 650°С.
Type E-07X20H9
OZL-8
OZL-14
UONI-13/NZh 04X19H9
not presented
LEZ-8
For steels 08X18H10, 12X18H9, 12X18H10T, etc., when to the weld metal not presented stringent requirements for resistance to intergranular corrosion.
OZL-8
For steels 08X18H10, 12X18H9, 12X18H10T, etc., when to the weld metal not presented stringent requirements for resistance to intergranular corrosion. Welding with a short arc on cleaned edges.
TsT-50
For steels 08X18H10, 12X18H9, 12X18H10T, etc., when strict requirements are imposed on the weld metal for resistance to intergranular corrosion. Welding with a short arc on cleaned edges.
Type E-08X19N9F2G2SM
EA-606/10
For steels 09X17H7Yu, 09X15H8Yu and others, as well as for steels 14X17H2, etc.
Type E-07X19N11M3G2F
EA-400/10U
EA-400/10T
For steels 08Kh18N10T, 12Kh18N10T, 08Kh17N13M2T, etc., operating in liquid aggressive media at temperatures up to 350 ° C and not subjected to heat treatment after welding. Suitable for surfacing anti-corrosion coatings. Resistance to intergranular corrosion is ensured in the as-welded state and after austenitization. electrodes EA-400/10T provide better than EA-400/10U, separability of slag. electrodes TsL-11 for more corrosion resistant steels.
Type E-08X19N9F2S2
EA-606/11
For steels 08Kh18N10T, 12Kh18N9T, etc., operating at temperatures up to 350°C and not subjected to heat treatment after welding. Not recommended for welding steels not alloyed with titanium or niobium.
GL-2
For steels 08Kh18N10T, 12Kh18N9T, etc., operating at temperatures up to 350 ° C and not subjected to heat treatment after welding. Not recommended for welding steels not alloyed with titanium or niobium
Type E-08X19N10G2MB
EA-898/19
For steels 08Kh18N10T, 08Kh17N13M2T, etc., operating in oxidizing and low-oxidizing environments at temperatures up to 350 ° C and subjected to heat treatment after welding.
Type E-04X20H9
OZL-36
OZL-14A
ANV-32
UONI-13/NZh-2 /04X19H9
For steels 08Kh18N10T, 06Kh18N11, 08Kh18N12T, 04Kh18N10, etc., when requirements are imposed on the weld metal for resistance to intergranular corrosion both in the initial state and after short-term holding in the critical temperature range. Heat resistance up to 800°C without sulfur containing gases.
Type E-02X20N14G2M2 For low carbon corrosion resistant steels
OZL-20
For steels 03X16H15M3, 03X17H14M2 with stringent requirements for welds in terms of resistance to intergranular corrosion.

Electrodes for welding corrosion-resistant high-strength steels. The choice of electrodes for such steels is very limited. So, for steels 12X21H5T, 08X21H6M2T, electrodes are recommended that give the weld metal in structure not the same type as the base metal, but different. In this case, electrodes of types E-08X20N9G2B of grades TsL-11, OZL-7, etc. are used. Electrodes of type E-09X19N10G2M2B of grades EA-902/14, ANV-36, EA-400/13, etc. and 10Kh25N6ATMF, one type of electrodes is provided - E-08Kh24N6TAFM, which includes electrodes of the H-48 brand. The weld metal is equal in strength to the base metal up to 200 mm thick. Electrodes of this type can also be used for steels 12X21H5T, 08X21H6M2T. For steels 08Kh22N6T and 08Kh21N6M2T, electrodes OZL-40 and OZL-41 were developed, which increase the corrosion resistance of welds when working in alkaline media. Characteristics of electrodes for welding corrosion-resistant high-strength steels

Type E-08X20N9G2B
brand, scope and technological features	Pok- digging	Rod, current polarity	Coef. nap- benches, g/A h	Polo- stitching
TsL-11
For welding structures made of corrosion-resistant and heat-resistant austenitic steels of the 08Kh18N10T, 08Kh18N12T, 08Kh18N12B type and the like, operating in aggressive environments at a temperature of not more than 400 ° C, when strict requirements are imposed on the weld metal in terms of resistance to intergranular corrosion.
OZL-40 and OZL-41
For steels 08X22H6T, 08X21H6M2T, etc., operating in aggressive environments.
TsT-15K
For steels 10Kh17N13M2T, 08Kh18N10, etc., operating at temperatures up to 600°C. Suitable for surfacing anti-corrosion layer.
OZL-7
For steels 08X18H10, 08X18H10T, 08X18H12B, etc., operating in aggressive environments, when strict requirements are imposed on the weld metal in terms of resistance to intergranular corrosion.
Type E-09X19N10G2M2B
EA-902/14
EA-400/13
NZh-13
ANV-36
For structures made of steels 10Kh17N13M3T, 08Kh17N15M3T, 10Kh17N13M2T, Kh18N22V2T2, etc., operating at temperatures up to 550 ° C, when strict requirements are imposed on the seams in terms of resistance to intergranular corrosion, not subjected to heat treatment after welding. Welding with a short arc along the cleaned edges with "thread" seams without transverse vibrations. electrodes ANV-36 characterized by easy arc striking and low spatter.
SL-28
For structures made of steels 10Kh17N13M3T, 08Kh17N15M3T, 10Kh17N13M2T, Kh18N22V2T2, etc., operating at temperatures up to 550 ° C, when strict requirements are imposed on the seams in terms of resistance to intergranular corrosion, not subjected to heat treatment after welding. Welding with a short arc along the cleaned edges with "thread" seams without transverse vibrations.
Type E-08X24N6TAFM
H-48
For steels 12Kh25N5TMFL, 12Kh21N5T, 08Kh22N6T, etc., operating in non-oxidizing aggressive environments at temperatures up to 300°C

Electrodes for welding heat-resistant (scale-resistant) steels. Heat-resistant (scaling-resistant) steels are considered to be capable of withstanding chemical destruction of the surface in air or in another gaseous medium at temperatures above 850 ° C in unloaded or lightly loaded states. They contain up to 20-25% chromium and operate at temperatures up to 1050°C and above.

The heat resistance of the deposited metal up to 1000°C on steels 20Kh23N13, 20Kh23N18, etc. is achieved by electrodes of the type E-10Kh25N13G2 of grades SL-25, OZL-6, TsL-25.

For welding heat-resistant steels that work for a long time at temperatures above 1000 ° C, electrodes of the type E-12Kh24N14S2 of the grades OZL-5, TsT-17, etc., as well as electrodes of the type E-10Kh17N13S4 of the grade OZL-29, providing heat resistance up to a temperature of 1100 °С in oxidizing and carburizing environments. For structures operating in sulfur-containing environments, nickel-free high-chromium heat-resistant steels 15X25T, 15X28, etc. are used.

Characteristics of electrodes for welding heat-resistant (scaling-resistant) steels

Type E-10X25N13G2
brand, scope and technological features	Pok- digging	Rod, current polarity	Coef. nap- benches, g/A h	Polo- stitching
UONI-13/NZh-2 /07X25H13
ZIO-8
TsL-25
OZL-6
For 10Kh23N18, 20Kh23N13, 20Kh23N18, etc., operating in environments without sulfur compounds at temperatures up to 1000 ° C, as well as for two-layer steels from the side of the alloyed layer without requirements for resistance to intergranular corrosion. Seams are prone to brittleness at 600-800°C. Short arc. Thermal preparation of edges is not allowed.
SL-25
The same for heat-resistant steels.
Type E-12X24H14S2
OZL-5
TsT-17
For steels 20Kh25N20S2, 20Kh20N14S2, etc., operating at temperatures up to 1100°C in oxidizing and carburizing media. Narrow bead welding.
Type E-10Kh17N13S4
OZL-29
OZL-3
For steels 20Kh20N14S2, 20Kh25N20S2, 45Kh25N20S2, etc., operating at temperatures up to 1100 ° C in oxidizing and carburizing environments, as well as for steel 15Kh18N12S4TYu, operating in aggressive environments without high requirements for resistance to intergranular corrosion.

Electrodes for welding heat-resistant steels. Heat-resistant steels are steels that operate in a loaded state at high temperatures for a certain time and at the same time have sufficient resistance to scale formation. The high heat resistance of chromium-nickel steels is achieved by increasing the nickel content and additional alloying with titanium, niobium, molybdenum, tungsten, etc.

It should be taken into account that the heat resistance of welded joints can differ significantly from the heat resistance of the base and deposited metals. Therefore, the choice of an electrode based on the principle of equal or close heat resistance of the weld and the base metal is justified only for short-term service life of welded joints. For long-term resources, it is better to take electrodes that give a more ductile weld metal. This principle corresponds to electrodes alloying the weld metal with molybdenum - type E-11Kh15N25M6AG2 grades EA-395/9, TsT-10, NIAT-5 and type E-08Kh16N8M2 grades TsT-26.

For welding heat-resistant steels containing up to 16% nickel and operating at temperatures up to 600-650 ° C, and also if welded joints after welding are subjected to heat treatment by tempering, electrodes of types E-09Kh19N11G3M2F of grades KTI-5, TsT-7 and E- 08X19N10G2B (see above) grades TsT-15 and ZIO-3.

When welding the root layers of multilayer butt welds of heat-resistant steels, when the mixing of the base metal with the deposited metal is large and does not provide the technological strength of the welds, electrodes of the E-08Kh20N9G2B type of the TsT-15-1 brand should be used.

For welding heat-resistant steels containing 35% nickel and alloyed with niobium, which operate at temperatures up to 700-750 ° C, electrodes of the E-27Kh15N35V3G2B2T type of grades KTI-7 and KTI-7A are used.

For welding heat-resistant steels with 35% nickel, but without niobium, but alloyed with molybdenum and manganese, electrodes of types E-11Kh15N25M6AG2 of grades EA-395/9, NIAT-5, TsT-10 and E-09Kh15N25M6AG2F grade EA-981/15 are used. At the same time, it should be taken into account that the metal deposited with such electrodes is not resistant to intergranular corrosion in the state after welding and after heat treatment. Therefore, such electrodes are unsuitable if the structure also works in a liquid aggressive environment. Layers in contact with an aggressive environment should be made with electrodes of the E-07X19H11M3 type (see above) of the EA-400/10U and EA-400/10T brands.

Characteristics of electrodes for welding heat-resistant steels

Type E-11X15N25M6AG2
brand, scope and technological features	Pok- digging	Rod, current polarity	Coef. nap- benches, g/A h	Polo- stitching
EA-395/9 and TsT-10
For steels and alloys KhN35VT, Kh15N25AM6, etc., containing up to 35% nickel, but without niobium, operating at temperatures up to 700°C. For dissimilar joints of high alloy steels with carbon and low alloy steels. For structures operating at temperatures up to -196°С. Short arc. Clean up the edges.
NIAT-5
For steels and alloys KhN35VT, Kh15N25AM6, etc., containing up to 35% nickel, but without niobium, operating at temperatures up to 700°C. For dissimilar joints of high-alloy steels with carbon and low-carbon steels. For structures operating at temperatures up to -196°С. Short arc. Clean up the edges.
Type E-08X16N8M2
TsT-26
For steels 10Kh14N14V2M, 08Kh16N13M2B, etc., in steam pipelines operating at temperatures of 600-850°C.
Type E-08X20N9G2B
TsT-15-1
For welding of root layers of the seams which are carried out by TsT-15 electrodes.
Type E-09X19N11G3M2F
KTI-5

TsT-7
For steels 08Kh16N13M2B, 15Kh14N14M2VFBTL (LA-3), etc., operating at temperatures up to 600 ° C and subjected to heat treatment after welding, as well as for welding casting defects from these steels. Welding with a short arc along the cleaned edges with short rollers without transverse vibrations.
Type E-27X15N35V3G2B2T
KTI-7

KTI-7A
For alloys based on iron-nickel KhN35VT, KhN35VTYu, etc., which operate for a long time at temperatures up to 750°C, as well as for reaction tubes in metal conversion furnaces made of steels 45Kh20N35S, 25Kh20N35, etc., operating at temperatures up to 900°C. Welding with a short arc with narrow beads without transverse vibrations.
Type E-09X15N25M6AG2F
EA-981/15
For welding high-alloy corrosion-resistant chromium-nickel-molybdenum and chromium-nickel-molybdenum-vanadium steels, as well as high-strength steels of the AK type and high-manganese steels of the 110G13-L type.

Electrodes for welding dissimilar steels and alloys

Dissimilar steels and alloys are materials that differ sharply in physical and mechanical properties, chemical composition and weldability. On the basis of the heterogeneity of steel, it can be conditionally divided into 4 groups: carbon and alloyed, alloyed with increased and high strength, heat-resistant, highly alloyed.

Welding of dissimilar steels and alloys can differ significantly from welding of homogeneous materials, since the likelihood of cracks in the weld metal increases, areas with structural inhomogeneity appear in the melting zone, excessive residual stresses increase due to the large difference in the expansion coefficients of the materials being welded.

Most of the electrodes used in the welding of dissimilar steels and alloys are electrodes designed for welding high-alloy steels and alloyed steels of increased and high strength, which give a weld with a uniform highly ductile metal structure.

The choice of an electrode can be made according to a table compiled taking into account domestic experience in welding dissimilar metals.

Characteristics of electrodes for welding dissimilar steels and alloys

Electrode brand, scope and technological features	Pok- digging	Rod, current polarity	Coef. nap- benches, g/A h	Polo- stitching
ANZHR-1
ANZHR-2
Welding of heat-resistant steels with high-alloy heat-resistant steels.
OZL-27
OZL-28
Welding of carbon steels with alloy steels, including hard-to-weld steels.
OZL-6
OZL-6S
Welding of carbon and low alloy steels with high alloy steels.
NIAT-5

EA-395/9
Welding of low alloy and alloy steels with high alloy steels.
OZL-25B
Welding of dissimilar steels: corrosion-resistant, heat-resistant, heat-resistant and nickel-based alloys.
IMET-10
Welding of dissimilar heat-resistant steels and alloys.
TsT-28
Welding of carbon, low alloy and chromium steels with nickel-based alloys.
NII-48G
Welding of low alloy, special and high manganese steels with high alloy steels

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Today, welding work is carried out quite often. This is due to the relative simplicity of the process and low financial costs with an acceptable level of quality of the resulting seam. For welding, special equipment and consumables are used. As an example, we can cite electrodes for manual arc welding, without which it is almost impossible to carry out the work in question. Manual arc welding with coated electrodes is carried out quite often today, which has determined the emergence of a large number of varieties of consumables. An example is the structure of the electrode, which corresponds to the features of the work being done. Let's consider all the most important points in more detail.

Classification of electrodes for manual arc welding

When considering various types of electrodes for manual arc welding, attention should be paid to the fact that various coatings can stabilize the resulting arc during combustion. All types of rod coating have their own characteristics, which should be considered when considering the types of electrodes for manual arc welding. The same brands can be produced by different manufacturers. It should be borne in mind that the quality of consumables can vary significantly.

The purpose of the electrodes can be very different. According to this criterion, the following classification of electrodes for manual arc welding is carried out:

Alloyed metals have become quite widespread, since by adding various chemicals, performance characteristics are significantly improved. Some chemicals can significantly increase the heat resistance of a metal. For such alloys, electrodes are used, which have the letter "T" in the marking.
For welding steels that have a low concentration of impurities, design options are used, the marking of which uses the letter "U". In addition, such electrodes for manual arc welding are suitable for metal compounds with an average carbon concentration. The tensile strength achieved is 600 MPa.
Structural steels are also very widespread. They also contain alloying elements. The tensile strength in this case is 600 MPa.
In some cases, metal can be soldered onto the surface. Metal can have exceptional performance. For this case, a design option is suitable, in the designation of which the letter "H" is used.
On sale there are electrodes designed for steels with a high concentration of alloying elements.
Steels that have high ductility properties are assigned to a separate group. It is quite difficult to work with such a material, so they began to produce electrodes for aluminum or other similar alloys. The marking indicates the letter "A".

The diameters of electrodes for manual arc welding can vary significantly, due to the peculiarities of the work being done. Classification is also carried out according to the thickness of the coating being created. There are the following types of electrodes:

With a thin coating. The designation uses the letter "M". As a rule, in this case, the surface layer is about 20% (the indicator is taken from the total diameter value).
Medium coverage. The designation is indicated by the letter "C". In this case, a layer is applied, the thickness of which is 45% of the diameter of the rod used in the manufacture.
The thick coating is 80% of the diameter, the letter "D" is indicated in the marking.
There are also particularly thick versions, the designation of which indicates the letter "G". In this case, the thickness is more than 80%.

Do not forget that the electrodes may have restrictions on the use and position during the work. An example is that some substances have increased fluidity, and it will be difficult to carry out work near the ceiling surface. In order to be able to quickly determine the purpose of the electrodes for manual arc welding, a certain marking scheme is used:

1 - versions that can be used in almost any position. This is due to the fact that the applied coating retains its shape and is not too fluid.
2 - can be used in almost all positions, with the exception of working with a vertical arrangement of the tool used.
3 - these electrodes are designed for horizontal and vertical use, ceiling position is excluded
4 - electrodes for manual arc welding, which can only be used in a horizontal position.

Keep in mind that different countries have different labeling standards. On sale there are electrodes for manual arc welding of domestic and foreign manufacturers, the classification of which may differ significantly.

Application of electrodes

Welding electrodes for manual arc welding have a fairly large number of features in the application. The main requirements that apply to this consumable are as follows:

The electrodes used in arc welding must ensure stable burning of the resulting arc. Only under this condition it is possible to provide conditions for the formation of a high-quality seam.
Steel metal coated must have a seam with a certain chemical composition. Only in this case the resulting product will serve for a long time and reliably.
During operation, the electrode rod must melt evenly over the surface.
Consumables must provide all the conditions for high performance welding.
Minimum degree of splashing of the molten material. When working, too much spraying can damage a good coating.
High strength of the resulting connection. The easy separability of slags is another positive characteristic of the electrodes used for manual arc welding.
Do not forget that the electrodes must be stored and retain their quality over a long period. That is why the physical and chemical qualities should not change from environmental influences.
The minimum degree of toxicity during the work. During combustion, a variety of substances can be released, which, even in high concentrations, should not have a negative effect on the human body.

When connecting, pay attention to the following points:

With direct polarity, the electrode is connected to the clamp with a negative terminal, the part with a positive one.
To work with parts made from a thin sheet, the reverse polarity connection method is used. In this case, the electrode is connected to the positive terminal, the part to the negative.

When carrying out work, safety precautions must be observed. When performing work, you should use:

special gloves;
protective overalls;
boots;
the most suitable safety helmet.

In many ways, the quality of the resulting seam depends on the skills of the welder and the correct choice of the electrode according to the main criteria.

Coating Features

A variety of coatings can be used in the manufacture of electrodes. It should be borne in mind that coatings can be in pure or mixed form. Pure coated electrodes for manual arc welding are classified as follows:

sour;
rutile;
main;
cellulose;
other.

A special coating of electrodes for manual arc welding can stabilize the resulting arc and provide the most favorable working conditions. Every year, new types of electrode coatings for manual arc welding appear, which have more attractive performance.

The electrodes are used quite simply, the welding machine has an appropriate clamp. Do not forget that this consumable has the same storage and transportation conditions as the welding wire. If necessary, the electrodes for manual arc welding are pierced no later than 5 days before welding. Do not forget that storage should be carried out in closed sealed plastic bags. It is possible to significantly extend the service life by eliminating the possibility of air getting inside. It should also be borne in mind that piercing cannot be performed more than twice, as this will worsen the basic performance.

Labeling principles

The brands of electrodes for manual arc welding indicate the main performance qualities of the consumables used. An example of marking is E46-LEZANO-21-F-UD E 43 1 (3) - RTs13. Decryption is carried out as follows:

E46 - designation of the type of electrodes. As previously noted, the classification is carried out according to purpose. In this case, the consumable is intended for carbon and low-carbon steels.
LEZANO-21 - brand indicated by the manufacturer. This part of the marking does not carry information about the performance of the electrodes.
Ф - a symbol designed to indicate the diameter. The absence of any number indicates that the diameter value is displayed elsewhere.
U - the symbol in the marking indicates the possibility of using consumables for working with carbon and low-carbon steels to obtain a seam with a power limit of up to 588 MPa.
D - symbol used to determine the thickness of the applied coating. In the case under consideration, the coating is thick.
E is a symbol associated with the international classification system for materials used as a coating.
43 - part of the marking is used to indicate the tensile strength (430 MPa).
1 - relative elongation, which is 20%.
(3) - part of the marking, which is used to indicate the temperature required to achieve a specific viscosity of at least 34 Dm / cm2. In this case, the indicator is 20 degrees Celsius.
RC - symbols indicating the type of coating (rutile-cellulose).
1 - a symbol that determines the permissible spatial position.
3 - a group of consumables for welding, which is characterized by a certain current and voltage at idle.

In order to decipher the marking, you should use the reference literature, which contains all the necessary tables.

When choosing electrodes for manual arc welding, one should take into account the fact that the manufacturer recommends a certain type of electrodes for each welding machine. It should be borne in mind that welding can take place using several methods:

contact;
roller;
gas press;
electrostepping.

To date, the most widely used two methods: contact and gas pressure. If it is necessary to achieve high productivity, as a rule, the gas-pressing method is chosen. It is used when laying a pipeline over a long distance.

The quality of welding largely depends on the quality of the wire used as the base. The next defining indicator can be called the type of material used as a coating.

The choice of electrodes should be based on the parameters of the coating to be welded. In this case, one should take into account the fact that each brand of electrodes used has its own specific qualities. If you choose the wrong consumable, the resulting seam will not have the required performance.

When choosing electrodes for arc welding, the following classification should be considered:

Coating type and thickness. In the manufacture of parts, various steels can be used. Examples include carbon and alloy steels. The choice is also made depending on the thickness of the metal.
Appointment. The choice is also made depending on which seam should be obtained. For example, the required width and length, as well as the quality.
Coating composition and mechanical properties. There are quite a few requirements for seams. An example is strength and tensile strength.

Other features of the choice include the following points:

With a metal thickness of not more than 8 mm, electrodes with a diameter of 8-12 mm should be used, and the current strength is 450A. The length of the seam reaches 45 cm. The elements to be welded can be made using various metals.
A consumable with a diameter of 6 mm can be used at a current of 370A, the thickness of the metal can be 4-15 m. The welding seam also reaches a length of 45 cm.
On sale there are versions with a diameter of 5 mm. They are suitable for the case when the current strength is 280A. The thickness of the metal used is from 4 to 15 mm.
With a diameter of 4 mm, welding should take place at a current of 100-220A. By reducing the current strength, the thickness of the metal is reduced to 10 mm.
With a current strength of 50-70A, the diameter of the consumable used is 2 mm. The thickness of the metal is only 1-2 mm.

Electrodes with a thickness of less than 3 mm are used when welding parts that are made using alloy steel.

In conclusion, we note that the features of the resulting seam largely depend on the quality of the consumable material used. That is why his choice should be given attention. If we consider the products of domestic and foreign manufacturers, we note that the workmanship does not differ much. But the cost can vary in a fairly large range.

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