Labor is an internal need or a cruel necessity. Labor as a recognized necessity. Compiled by N. Ivakhnenko. Labor as an expression of the active-creative and social essence of a person
One of the main functions of labor is that labor serves as a way to satisfy human needs.
The labor behavior of members of society is determined by the interaction of various internal and external motivating forces. Internal motivating forces are needs and interests, desires and aspirations, values and value orientations, ideals and motives. All of them are structural elements of a complex social process of work motivation. motive- motivation for activity and activity of an individual, a social group, a community of people, associated with the desire to satisfy certain needs. Motivation- this is verbal behavior aimed at choosing motives (judgments) to explain real labor behavior.
The formation of these internal motivating forces of labor behavior is the essence of the process of motivating labor activity. Motivators can be called grounds or prerequisites for motivation. They determine the subject-content side of motivation, its dominants and priorities. Motivators are the stimuli of the social and objective environment or stable needs and interests.
Needs in its most general form, it can be defined as an individual's concern for providing the necessary means and conditions for his own existence and self-preservation, the desire for a sustainable balance with the environment (life and social). There are many classifications of human needs, which are based on: a specific object of human needs, their functional purpose, the type of activity being implemented, etc.
The most complete and successful hierarchy of needs was developed by the American psychologist A.N. Maslow, who identified five levels of needs.
1. Physiological and sexual needs are the needs for reproduction, food, respiration, physical movements, clothing, shelter, rest, etc.
2.Existential needs- these are the needs for the security of one's existence, confidence in the future, stability of living conditions, the need for a certain constancy and regularity of the society surrounding a person, and in the labor sphere - in job security, accident insurance, etc.
3. Social needs These are the needs for attachment, belonging to a team, communication, caring for others and attention to oneself, participation in joint work activities.
4. prestige needs- these are the needs for respect from "significant others", career growth, status, prestige, recognition and appreciation.
5. spiritual needs These are the needs for self-expression through creativity.
A.N. Maslow called the first two levels of needs in his hierarchy primary (innate), the other three - secondary (acquired). At the same time, the process of raising needs looks like a replacement of primary (lower) by secondary (higher). According to the principle of hierarchy, the needs of each new level become relevant for the individual only after the previous requests are satisfied. Therefore, the principle of hierarchy is also caused by dominants (the need that is dominant at the moment). A.N. Maslow believed that satisfaction itself does not act as a motivator of human behavior: hunger drives a person until this need is satisfied. In addition, the intensity of the need is determined by its place in the overall hierarchy.
There are many social and moral needs that are studied and taken into account in sociology from different points of view. A certain part of them is directly related to the problem of labor motivation, they have specific motivational and labor values. Among them are the following: need for self-respect(conscientious labor activity, regardless of control and remuneration for the sake of a positive opinion of oneself as a person and employee); need for self-assertion(high quantitative and qualitative indicators in work for the sake of approval and authority, praise, positive attitude towards oneself from others); need for recognition(the focus of labor behavior on proving one's professional suitability and abilities in general or under conditions of strict control over the quality of work, attestation of workplaces during the probationary period); need for a social role(good work as a way to "be someone", proof of one's need for others, taking a worthy place among them); need for self-expression(high performance in work based on a creative attitude to it; work as a way to get some ideas and knowledge, manifestation of individuality); need for activity(labor activity as an end in itself to maintaining health through activity); the need for procreation and self-reproduction(a special value orientation towards such goals as the well-being of the family and loved ones, raising their status in society; the realization through the results of labor of a sublimated desire to create and inherit something); the need for leisure and free time(preference to work less and have more free time, focus on work as a value, but not as the main goal of life); the need for self-preservation(the need to work less in better conditions, even for little pay, in order to maintain health); need for stability(perception of work as a way to maintain the existing lifestyle, material well-being, risk aversion); need for communication(installation on labor activity as an opportunity for communication); need for social status(a clearly expressed subordination of labor activity to career goals with a positive and negative effect on the work itself; career as a decisive motive for behavior in relationships with others); the need for social solidarity(the desire to "be like everyone else", conscientiousness in front of partners, colleagues).
Needs play one of the most important roles in the overall process of motivating work behavior. They stimulate behavior, but only when they are recognized by workers.
Personal and social need for work
We must agree with K. Marx that work there is a primary type of human activity that has historically developed in human society and which is a conscious activity aimed at obtaining a result, and is regulated by the will in accordance with its conscious purpose. Labor is one of the basic conditions for the life of a person and society, the development of an individual as a person. In the process of labor purposeful activity, the individual reveals and develops his abilities, forms and corrects his ideals, beliefs and attitudes. Labor activity underlies any social relations and significantly affects the relationship and interaction of people.
The French philosopher Henri Bergson called the human species not (reasonable man), but (working man), thereby defining the basic essence of man through the constant desire to work to improve the world around him and himself. A similar idea was voiced by K. D. Ushinsky in the book "Labor in its Mental and Educational Significance", where he emphasized the self-organizing role of labor in the life of every person, arguing that without personal labor a person cannot move forward, cannot stay in one place but must go back.
In the narrow sense of the word, labor is an objective condition for maintaining the life of an individual, preserving the meaning of his life. Labor activity, being conscious and expedient, distinguishes a person from the animal world. Human activity is carried out with the application of efforts, expenditures primarily of mental or physical energy, which allows a person to be a full-fledged conscious person, and not just a biological being. Labor activity is realized not in isolation from society, but in consolidation with it, connecting the individual with other people, the outside world, causes his activity, supporting the life processes of both the individual and society as a whole. In this context, we can say that work is a sign of the life of individuals and human communities.
For a person as a creature of biosocial work, of course, first of all, this is the need for survival in any historical era. Hence the priority of material production over all other types of human activity over long millennia. In this sense, labor is primarily a material need. The socially useful nature of labor (even if it is carried out by an individual for purely personal purposes) at the same time makes it a spiritual need of a person (even if he does not realize this or does not want to).
One should agree with L. S. Shakhovskaya that labor as a motive for human activity is probably one of the few motives in which the material and spiritual principles, necessity and need, production relations at the level of the individual and society are inextricably merged.
In the broad sense of the word, labor is a way of ensuring the existence of people, humanity as a whole. The products of labor continuously consumed in life processes require their reproduction, modernization and perfection, which is also possible in the process of corresponding labor. The growth of individual needs and their change create the prerequisites for the formation of various types of labor, the improvement of its processes, and the diversity of labor technologies. Thus, labor activity is a necessary condition for the existence of both an individual and society as a whole.
It should be noted that labor is a means of satisfying a person's affiliative need for communication. Labor activity as a process implies the need for interaction between people, groups, organizations, which in turn brings people together and strengthens social ties. The production team often becomes the reference group for the individual. On the basis of interaction in the process of joint work, informal relationships, personal likes and dislikes, feelings (from friendship to love) arise. The nature of such socio-psychological phenomena in the process of labor activity can be explained by the fact that the participants in the process have the same level of education, culture, social status, interests, besides, they spend a significant part of the time together. As a result, labor is a synergistic mechanism for integrating disparate people into social communities. At the same time, various contradictions and disagreements that arise in the course of labor activity can provoke sharp and sometimes insoluble conflicts.
Nevertheless, labor can only become a form of self-actualization and self-expression of the individual, and in this aspect, labor is not the same (as is its individual subject), it is always different in quantity and quality, in degree of intensity, always individual in the form of manifestation. By embodying his personal characteristics and virtues in work, a person gains social recognition. For the formation and development of a person's personality, this is an important condition for self-affirmation and self-expression. For many self-organized people, work turns into an urgent vital need; by active participation in the labor process, they prolong the active phase of their lives, make it bright and meaningful.
In labor, as in the motive of activity, material and spiritual features are combined - this manifests itself as the need to ensure a worthy existence of the subject of activity. Thus, labor as a motive for activity is a necessity, and as an object of human need, as L. S. Shakhovskaya notes, it is a deeper phenomenon associated with the social essence of a person. The need for labor manifests itself as a person’s attitude to work, and it doesn’t matter whether it is wage labor or “for oneself”, because at that stage in the development of civilization, when it turns into the first vital need, it is no longer just labor, it is activity, always creative and always socially significant.
By its nature, labor is an enduring human need, where the labor process acts as a way to satisfy this need. Labor generates and creates the need to work. As a result, it determines the labor process itself. The need for labor is not a product of the biological nature of man, but of his historical development, the result of the cultural ascent of society.
Only a person can experience pleasure and satisfaction from work, be in a state of labor ecstasy, and only thanks to this is he able to affirm in himself the constantly mediated essence - the essence of man, the meaning of his life. Proceeding from this, labor (labor process) is, on the one hand, a consequence of a person, and on the other hand, nothing more than a conscious necessity of a person’s life itself, a manifestation of him as a personality that has passed into action.
In her scientific work, L. I. Chub argued that labor as a need is not something that lies outside labor, but its own moment of labor as an expression of the active, creative, social essence of man. The formation of a person as a person occurs through a variety of activities and mainly through work. In the act of production, not only objective conditions change, but also the producers themselves, developing new qualities in themselves, developing and transforming themselves, creating new forces and new ideas, new ways of communication and new needs. A person is not only an agent and subject of social development, but also its product, he is constantly in the process of becoming in terms of the development of his qualities, essential forces.
Thus, as has already been shown above, labor has a functional purpose both for the formation and manifestation of the personality of each person, and for the development of society as a whole. Studies by Western scientists on the role of labor in the life of a person as a person made it possible to identify the following functions of labor:
- - ensures the position and prestige of a person in society;
- - creates his income;
- - provides employment and social activity of the individual and is a good way to serve the community;
- - makes social contacts possible;
- - interesting in itself, brings joy and a sense of deep satisfaction from labor achievements.
It should be added to this list that work makes a person's life more conscious and gives meaning to his activity.
The social component of labor can be found through the prism of the following social functions of labor activity.
Socio-economic the function is manifested in the fact that a person as a subject of labor has an impact on various objects of the natural environment, its resources, transforming them into material goods and services to meet their needs.
Productive the function of labor is manifested in the satisfaction of the individual's need for creative activity, the actualization of one's abilities and self-expression, due to which the cultural, scientific and technological heritage is incremented.
social structuring the function of labor is, on the one hand, in the social division of labor, and on the other hand, in the integration of the efforts of people participating in the labor process. In the first case, there is a division of certain labor functions between different participants in the labor process, as a result, specialized types of labor appear. In the second case, the exchange of the results of private labor activity leads to the need to establish mutual relations between the subjects of the social labor process. Thus, this function reflects the need to build socio-economic ties between different people and social groups.
social control the function of labor demonstrates that through labor a complex system of social relations has been formed, regulated by a certain system of values, norms of behavior, standards, methods of influence, etc., which are a set of social control of labor relations. These include labor legislation, economic and technical standards, charters of organizations, collective agreements, job descriptions, informal norms, key principles of organizational culture.
socializing the function of labor is related to the fact that labor activity allows you to expand the range of social roles, patterns of behavior, master their norms and identify the values of interaction, which allows the individual to feel like a full participant in public life. This function allows a person to acquire a certain status, to feel social belonging and identity.
Social development the function of labor is manifested as the impact of the content of labor on the personality of the performer, labor collectives and society as a whole. This is explained by the fact that as the means of labor develop and improve, the content of labor as a process also develops. As a result, in almost all areas of the modern economy, there is an increase in the requirements for the level of knowledge and qualifications of the subject of labor. For this reason, one of the priority functions of personnel management in a modern organization is the function of employee training.
Social stratification the function of labor, in fact, is a derivative of the socially structuring function, with the difference that the results of various types of labor are rewarded and evaluated differently by society. In accordance with this, some types of labor activity are recognized as more important and prestigious than others. Thus, labor activity contributes to the formation and strengthening of the dominant system of values in society and performs the function of ranking participants in labor activity according to the levels of the social stratum.
The evolutionary, scientific and technological development of society leads to the improvement of the process of human labor, significantly complicating it, the subject of activity has to perform more complex and diverse operations, while using more and more organized and information-intensive means of labor. Modern man sets himself and achieves more ambitious goals. His work became multifaceted, varied, perfect. The content characteristics of modern labor include:
- - the growth of the intellectual component of the labor process. The role of mental labor has increased many times over, the requirements for a conscious and responsible attitude of an employee to the process and results of their activities have increased;
- - increase in the share of mechanized, automated and functional labor. This is due to the achievements of scientific and technological progress, the development of computer technologies, which make it possible to overcome the limitations of the physical and psychological capabilities of a person and serve as a decisive factor in the growth of productivity and labor efficiency;
- - more relevant social component of the labor process. So, the factors of growth in labor productivity today are considered not only to improve the skills of an employee or increase the level of mechanization and automation of his work, but also the state of human health, his mood, relationships in the family, team and society as a whole.
Chapter I. LABOR AS A HUMAN NEEDS./U
§ I. Sociological understanding of need.
§ 2. The need for labor is the basis of all human needs.39~
§ 3. Labor as an expression of the active, creative and social essence of man
Chapter P. PREREQUISITES FOR THE FORMATION OF INTERNAL LABOR
HUMAN NEEDS.88 46U
§ I. Socialism and the emancipation of labor
§ 2. Socio-economic heterogeneity of labor under socialism.
§ 3. Ways of transforming labor into free creative activity.
Dissertation Introduction 1984, abstract on philosophy, Chub, Lyudmila Ivanovna
The relevance of research. At the 21st Party Congress, the task of turning labor into the first necessity of life was put forward. The Report of the Central Committee of the CPSU emphasized that “Soviet society is a society of working people. The Party and the state have made and are making a lot of efforts to make human labor not only more productive, but also meaningful, interesting, and creative. , low-skilled and hard physical labor. This is not only an economic, but also a serious social problem. """" The significance of the process of the formation of labor as a need of the individual is due to the tasks of building the material and technical base of communism, the transition from extensive to intensive methods of farming, and increasing efficiency and the quality of products, increasing labor productivity, accelerating scientific and technological progress and turning science into a direct productive force.The solution of these problems, on the one hand, creates objective prerequisites for the transformation of labor into the first vital need, since in the process of the above ny tasks there is a change in the nature and content of labor. On the other hand, the creation of the material and technical base of communism requires the improvement of the subjective factor of social production, namely the person himself, his conscious and creative attitude to work, discipline and a sense of responsibility for the assigned work, high general educational and qualified training, ideological conviction and communist morality. . Hence, the study of the specifics of the social sphere of society is to study
I. Materials of the 20th Congress of the CPSU. - M.: 1981, p.97. the process of reproduction and development of a social person, as a concrete historical subject of social activity, since the social process is primarily "the development of the productive forces of mankind, i.e. the development of the wealth of human nature as an end in itself."* It is necessary to fully disclose the provisions of K. Marx on that the main wealth of communist society is not in things, but in the free and universal development of man, and this integrity of the development of all human forces as such, regardless of any predetermined scale, becomes an end in itself of social development. In accordance with this, a number of problems arise that require a specific scientific, philosophical understanding and solution. Among them is the study of the place and role of a person as a subject of social relations and activity, the specifics of the subjective world of a person, his social, creative nature, the development of abilities and needs.
The formulation and solution of questions related to various aspects of the problem of needs are of vital importance for conducting an effective ideological confrontation with the opponents of Marxism-Leninism. In the course of this confrontation, based on a comparison of the socio-economic practices of socialism and capitalism, the advantages of socialist society in creating the necessary prerequisites for the formation, development and satisfaction of the needs of the individual, the realization of his creative abilities, and the optimization of individual and social needs are revealed.
We have great material and spiritual possibilities for the ever more complete development of the individual, and we will increase
I. Marx K., Engels F. Soch., vol. 26, part P, p. 123; see also: vol. 12, pp. 711-812; v.25, ch.p., p.450, 385. them henceforth. But it is important at the same time that each person knows how to use them wisely. And this, ultimately, depends on the interests and needs of the individual. That is why our party sees in their active, purposeful formation one of the important tasks of social policy.
The solution of the practical task set by the Party of the purposeful formation of the needs of the members of our society presupposes the existence of a solid theoretical foundation, scientific understanding of issues related to understanding the emergence of needs, their formation and transformation into motivating forces of human activity and their satisfaction with the help of the products of this activity.
The relevance of such studies is also determined by the logic of scientific developments aimed at understanding the essence, nature and patterns of activity of various social actors - from the iccivid to society as a whole.
The Party considers it the most important task to "educate in every person the need for work, a clear awareness of the need for conscientious work for the common good. Here, not only the economic side is important. The ideological and moral side is no less significant."
The significance of such studies is due to the fact that "knowledge of the process of the communist transformation of labor can serve as a key to understanding the essence and practical ways of building
1. Materials of the XXII Congress of the CPSU. - M., 1981, p.63.
2. Chernenko K.U. Topical issues of the ideological, mass-political work of the party. Materials of the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU on June 14-15, 1983, pp. 35-36. On the basis of a new attitude to work, a new worldview and value orientation of the individual is formed, people's attitudes towards each other change, and a new type of social relations as a whole is established.
The degree of scientific development of the problem. For the first time, a materialistic, truly scientific interpretation of the transformation of labor into human need was given in their works by K. Marx, F. Engels and V. I. Lenin. Based on the methodological propositions of the classics of Marxism-Leninism, Soviet social scientists continue to explore the main trends that contribute to the transformation of labor into a human need.
Of great importance is the problem of managing social production, the entire system of social relations as a whole. In general theoretical terms, among the works that cover this issue in the most multifaceted way, the works of G.S. Grigoriev, L.P. Bueva, V.Ya. Elmeev, A.G. Zdravomyslov, D.N. M. Kovaleva, B. V. Knyazev, R. I. Kosolapova, N. V. Markova, V. P. Ratnikova, I. M. Rogov, V. Ya. Shcherbak. These works contain the development of many important problems, including the problem of turning labor into a need. The results of sociological research conducted in connection with the solution of this problem were reflected in the scientific works of L.P. Bueva, V.V. Vodzinskaya, Yu.A. Zamoshkin, A.G. Zdravomyslov, L.N. P. Kaydalov, V. G. Podmarkova, K. K. Platonov, M. N. Rutkevich, V. A. Smirnov, E. I. Suimenko, M. Kh. .A.Yadova and other authors. Along with the publication of materials from specific sociological studies, a number of works have been published on the theoretical aspects of the problem of turning labor into a need. This issue is considered both in special works devoted to the study of the need for labor, * and when considering individual aspects related to labor issues, such as changes in its nature and content in the conditions of scientific and technological revolution. So, G.B.Badeeva, I.F.Gromov, G.N.Volkov, T.Y.Zinchenko, A.P.Popov, V.K.Vrublevsky consider the problem of turning labor into a human need in connection with scientific and technical a revolution that leads to a qualitative transformation of the nature and content of labor and thereby creates objective prerequisites for the formation of this need.
At the present stage, Lenin's thesis on the difference between socialist labor and communist labor has been thoroughly developed; attention is drawn to the need to distinguish between the communist attitude to labor and communist labor itself; Numerous studies confirm the regularity of the attitude towards work, depending on the change in the nature and content of the work itself; at the same time, there is a strengthening of the tendency to focus on the creative content of labor. It is observed, one might say, "ethization of the problem of
I. See: Grigoriev G.S. Labor is the first human need. Perm, 1965; Kosolapov.P.I. Communist labor: nature and incentives. M., 1968; Markov N.V. Socialist labor and its future. M., 1976; Razzhigaev A.F. Labor as a need. Chelyabinsk, 1973; Suslov V.Ya. Labor in the conditions of developed socialism. L., 1976; Sukhomlinsky V.A. Education of the communist attitude to work. M., 1959; Changli I.I. Work. M., 1973; Man-science - technology. M., 1973; and etc.
2. See, for example,. Kaidalov D.P., Suimenko E.I. Actual problems of the sociology of labor. - M., 1977, p.144.
3. See more details: Blinov N.M. Satisfaction of human indulgence of the communist attitude to work.* In the literature, insufficient attention is paid to the objective nature of the formation of the need for labor. The latter refers to the objective conditionality of the development process of both labor activity and the working man himself. The level or degree of development of the need for work is considered mainly as a result of education. In particular, the basis for such an approach is that the formation of a new attitude towards work seems to be the return to the latter of its original property of being a source of joy and inspiration, a field for self-discovery and self-affirmation of the personality, the property of having an attractive force and out of connection with its results. In the literature, the communist attitude to work, or the attitude to it as the first value in life, is presented mainly as an orientation towards the creative content of labor. At the present time, apparently, we should speak only of individual elements of communist labor in socialist labor. We must also soberly assess what remains to be done on the path to achieving communist labour. And the road ahead is long and difficult. Therefore, the task is to carefully analyze the need for labor, current trends in its development. It is only on the basis of such an analysis that it is possible to present the transformation of labor into the first vital need as a real process, and only from its requirements - the most important social function of labor under socialism. - Sociological Research, 1378, I 2, pp. 46-47.
1. See: Kosolapov R.I. Socialism. To questions of theory. - M., 1975, pp. 277, 283.
2. See: Changli J.I. Work. - M.: Nauka, 1973, p.77.
3. Man and his work. Under the editorship of A.G. Zdravomyslov, V.A. Yadova, V.P. Rozhin. M., 1969, p. 289; Razzhigaev A.F. Labor as a need, pp.120-122. With help, one can determine at what stage of this process socialist society is now." "" In this aspect, the process of the development of labor into need should be considered as evidence that the need for labor itself has reached in its development a level that is not yet higher, but already preceding In accordance with this, it is of great importance to identify ways and means of making labor the first vital need of man in the process of improving socialist society.
In this study, labor is considered as a human need. It is she, the need to work, that "makes" a person a person.
Labor as a need is not something that lies outside of labor, but the own moment of labor, as an expression of the active-creative, social essence of man. The process of discovering the essence of a person by means of scientific research involves understanding the dialectical unity of internal and external, subjective and objective, which is realized in the activity and social relations of a person. The measure of their correlation is dialectical. Since the essence of a person is of a social nature, its study involves going beyond the limits of the individual, considering him in a wide system of social relations, relations with a specific social world.
The essence of a person is not inherited, biologically, but is formed in the process of life. The inclusion of the individual in the life activity of certain communities is a decisive condition for such formation. At the same time, each individual anew and in his own way develops his essential forces and abilities, with greater or lesser activity participates in the creation of new social relations, being included in the activity. Outside the process of translating the social into the individual, as well as the process of objectification of forces in social activity and relations, which is the opposite of it, the essence of a person does not manifest itself, does not develop, and does not exist at all.
The methodological key in solving the above issues is the principle of the unity of activity, social relations and consciousness. This principle is necessary not only to reveal the essence of social processes and the mechanisms of action of social laws, but also the essence of the laws of formation of social subjects of activity.
Purpose and objectives of the study. The purpose of this work is to analyze labor as an internal need. Identification of the active basis and forms of the unity of man and the world. The discovery of universal connections that determine the way of human existence to the same extent as the way of being of the world for a person. Consideration of the conditioning influence of production and needs on each other. Consideration of the dialectics of labor and needs at various stages of the development of Marxist teachings, understanding the concept of need as a sociological category; study of the need for labor as the basis of all human needs, as an expression of his active, creative, social essence; study of the socio-economic and scientific and technical prerequisites for the transformation of labor into an internal human need.
The methodological and theoretical basis of the study was the works of the classics of Marxism-Leninism, materials of congresses and plenums of the Central Committee of the CPSU, program documents of the party, speeches and works of the leaders of the party and the Soviet state. This study has as its initial basis the works of Soviet philosophers, sociologists, psychologists and economists.
Scientific novelty of the research. An analysis of labor activity only in the aspect of its subject and object can only give very abstract results, because without clarifying all the connections and means between the subject and the object, without studying the means and instruments of activity, it is impossible to understand changes in the object, the evolution of goals and the development of the subject of labor activity itself. . The dissertation proceeds from the fact that labor is the most ineradicable human need. Need is a moment of labor, an expression of the active, creative, social essence of a person. Labor is seen as an activity and as a system of relations. The essence of man is actually a set of social relations. The essence of man unfolds in the dialectic of his active-creative nature and social forms of labor activity and relationships. Labor becomes a real way of deploying the essential forces of man to the extent of his liberation. Free labor is not freedom from material activity, but from its need, its external expediency. Labor is free when its external goals become goals set by the individual himself, are relied upon as self-realization, as real freedom, the active creative manifestation of which is labor.
In this study, we considered the process of social determination, carried out through activities in which the subjects themselves are, on the one hand, the active, creative beginning of all changes, and on the other hand, a kind of "object" of influence and interaction of the subjects themselves, during which individuals "both physically, so spiritually they create each other.
We tried to focus our attention not so much on the movement "from society to the individual", but on the "reverse effect", on the analysis of what a person with subjective creative abilities can and does contribute to objective processes, to the realization of social goals and to to what extent the solution of social problems depends on the degree of activity of the individual, on his creative potential. This makes it possible to identify the creative potential of the individual, her abilities and, optimally for society and the individual, help her find her place in life, as well as show the significance of the subjective world of the individual, the ways of forming the comprehensive development of her abilities, the implementation of which depends not only on favorable social conditions, but and from the activity and development of the personality. The unity of these approaches is revealed in the dialectics of the social and the individual, the comprehensive disclosure of which will allow us to approach the theoretical and practical solution of the problem of making a person an end in itself of social development.
The practical value of the study lies in the fact that it contains a description of labor as a person's activity in the production of his social life, including the production of social relations, which people enter into in the process of creating their material and spiritual life, and the production of man himself as an agent, subject of social production and reproduction of industrial relations. The production of means of subsistence is the foundation for the production and reproduction of social relations and the needs of man himself. The practical significance of this dissertation work lies in the fact that its results can be used: when conducting specific sociological research in labor collectives, when studying the possibilities and specifics of the formation of a communist attitude to work; in the implementation of the tasks of professional orientation of young students; in lecture propaganda on the formation of a communist worldview and on communist education. In theoretical terms, they can serve to develop further research on the problem of labor as a human need.
Approbation of work. The main content of the study is reflected in articles published by the author, in speeches at scientific conferences in Leningrad and Vladivostok. The dissertation was discussed at a theoretical seminar and a meeting of the Department of Historical Materialism, Faculty of Philosophy, A.A. Danov Leningrad University.
The main provisions of the dissertation are reflected in the author's publications and speeches at conferences:
1. On the issue of changing the nature of labor under the influence of the scientific and technological revolution. - In the collection: Objective and subjective in social development. Vladivostok, 1981, pp. 143-151.
2. Abstracts of the speech at the conference "Interaction of society, nature and technology". Far Eastern Section under the Problem Councils of the Ministry of Higher and Secondary Specialized Education of the RSFSR on materialistic dialectics and the scientific and technological revolution. Vladivostok, 1982. See: Questions of Philosophy, 1983, 4.
3. The transformation of science into a direct productive force. Abstracts of the speech at the extended meeting of the section of historical materialism of the North-Western branch of the philosophical society of the USSR and the Problem Council of the Ministry of Higher Education of the RSFSR "Modern scientific and technological revolution and its social consequences". See: Information Materials of the Philosophical Society of the USSR. Moscow, 1983, No. 4 (37).
Conclusion of scientific work dissertation on the topic "Labor as an internal human need (sociological aspect)"
CONCLUSION
1. Labor by its very nature is an enduring human need, and the process of labor acts as the satisfaction of this ultimate need. Labor generates, creates the need to work, and the latter, as a goal, determines the labor process. The need for labor is not a product of nature, but of history, the result of social development. The natural prerequisite (but only a prerequisite) of this need is the natural need of a healthy organism to expend energy, to perform activities. The objective basis of the need for labor is the need of a person in the manifestation of his essential forces. The subjective side of this need is the pleasure that labor can give people. The awareness of the absolute necessity of labor becomes its public stimulus.
2. The need for labor is the moment of labor itself, the basis and result of all human needs; expression.active-creative, social essence of a person. In the dissertation, labor and the need for labor are considered in an organic unity (while in most works they are analyzed as independent objects of research).
3. Consumption as a necessity, as a need - is itself an internal moment of labor itself, acts primarily as a need to work. The starting point and dominant moment to which the whole process is reduced is labor. The essential expression of production is labor. And if social need is consumption, and labor is the essence of social production, then it follows from this that a person's need is an internal moment of the main type of his life activity - labor.
4. The humanization of material production and other spheres of life predetermines the process of turning labor into a need. This process is coming to an end before our eyes. Concrete sociological studies of labor problems show that labor as a need, which is playing an increasingly important role in the life of Soviet people, is not only the future achievement of communist society, but also the reality of our present day. Free labor does not mean freedom from material production, but the deepest humanization of the latter, its reorientation towards a person in the interests of personality development. This humanization implies, firstly, a change in the socio-economic essence of labor, qualitative changes in its content and nature, the division of labor, which is the most important prerequisite for the comprehensive development of the individual; secondly, the humanization of material production introduces significant changes in the ratio of various spheres of social activity - all of them become ways, means of the comprehensive development of the individual; thirdly, the very foundations of society, the nature of its wealth, the principles of the economy are changing. Taken together, all this means a fundamentally new quality of life for the working masses, which is by no means reduced to material comfort, but incorporates the entire spectrum of full-blooded human existence. The comprehensive and universal development of the personality is ensured by its production and labor activity. It is labor that is the basis for the development of all human abilities.
At the highest stages of the development of society, technical progress must ensure such a change in production, when not the direct labor of a person and not the time during which he works, but the appropriation of his own general productive force - the development of the social individual - will determine the development of material production.
We consider labor as a process between man and nature, and labor as a relationship between people, and the need for labor
1) as a need for labor relations (the moment of labor relations);
2) need as a moment of labor activity (labor as a need); 3) need as an expression of the active-creative, social essence of the individual.
Socialism creates the prerequisites for the all-round development of man, creates a state in which a man is not only a worker, a performer of a certain type of labor, but also a person in all the variety of abilities and needs. At present, the transition from the formula "production - working conditions - people" to the formula "person - working conditions - production" is being carried out.
The formation of a new person occurs through a variety of activities and mainly through labor. In the act of production, not only objective conditions change, but also the producers themselves, developing new qualities in themselves, developing and transforming themselves, creating new forces and new ideas, new ways of communication and new needs. Man is not only an agent of production, but in general a product and subject of social development; he is constantly in motion of becoming from the point of view of the development of his qualities, essential forces. Under socialism and especially communism, the law of optimality of human activity begins to operate, when the results of actions more and more correspond to the goals set and when the inner and outer qualities of a person are most fully revealed in human activity. At present, not only the number of people involved in labor plays a decisive role, but also the quality, i.e. a set of certain traits, characteristics, and mainly such as the political and social maturity of a person, competence, the presence of creative abilities and opportunities, the presence of organizational abilities, discipline, organization, mental stability, the ability to quickly navigate in a changing environment, etc., since intensification affects not only science and industry, but also man. Labor orientation is associated with a person's need for self-affirmation in various fields of activity, stimulates socio-political activity, participation in socialist competition, forms collectivism, develops the need for work, education, etc. The fact that the orientation towards the process of labor itself turns out to be the only factor common to all the main socio-professional groups of our society leads to the idea of the development in a mature socialist "society" of the integrative function of labor as the basis of the way of life of the overwhelming majority of people. tendency to mass approval of the need for labor. The need for labor is the universal necessity of labor, without which the existence of mankind is unthinkable. A creative person cannot imagine his own existence without the need for labor, organically connected with reasonable individual needs!
Communist labor helps a person adequately reflect, successfully create, scientifically explain and consciously change the objective world. Based on the harmonious combination of the achievement of scientific and technological revolution with the final restructuring of the totality of social relations on the collectivist principles inherent in socialism, an intensive process of turning labor into an internal human need is carried out. Labor as a need is the result of the general evolution of labor, an absolute and enduring value, acquiring relative independence and completeness, it more and more fully reveals the creative possibilities of the masses, and becomes a powerful driving force of social progress. The process of forming the need for labor is an objective, but not a spontaneous process. Under socialism it is planned, organized and directed. Since the need for labor is not only the main sphere of production, but also the boundless sphere of consumption of comprehensively educated and professionally trained individuals, it is important not only to form the need for labor, but also to create adequate production-technological and socio-economic conditions for its comprehensive implementation.
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A new approach to the economic history of the Russian collective farm and state farm village is presented by the authors of this publication in a number of published works. It is fundamentally different from the main scheme of Soviet historiography, the main idea of which was the socialist economy, and from post-Soviet interpretations of the agrarian development of Soviet Russia, the main content of which was to highlight the "negative phenomena" of rural reality. The essence of our interpretation of the agrarian economy of the 1930s-1980s. - the capitalism of its economic mechanism, the obligatory nature of production relations of the first 25th anniversary of the collective farm, economic diversity, the increase in the commodification of products and labor in agriculture.
The monograph is devoted to the analysis of the transition to a market economy in Russia, the economic institutions that are extremely important in the transition phases, and the economic incentives necessary for the successful functioning of these institutions. The paper discusses in detail the most significant components of economic processes. For specialists in the field of economic theory, as well as for all students of transitional economics, teachers, graduate students and students of economic faculties. The book will be of interest to those involved in political history and political science.
The book outlines a new approach to the study of the mechanisms of functioning and development of a market economy. The author proceeds from the fact that the economy is a special material and spiritual world, in which the law of economic compromise plays a dominant role. Its essence is that conflicts of economic relations are resolved through compromises and the formation of generalized socio-economic interests. If the well-known methods of economic analysis are based on averaged or marginal technical and economic indicators, then the method of compromise analysis developed by the author is based on indicators that express the state of compromise consistency of interests of subjects of the economic system. Models of compromise-equilibrium markets are built and researched. Algorithms for calculating and analyzing cost ratios for compromise-equilibrium states of the markets for goods and factors of production are described. For researchers using mathematical methods in market research,...
The book covers a wide range of issues of theory, rich history and practice of global cooperation, talks about the attractive force, social mission and future of cooperatives. The largest place in the book is devoted to the cooperative movement in Russia - pre-revolutionary, Soviet period and modern, when the initial steps are taken towards the revival of genuine cooperation and the creation of the foundations of the cooperative sector of the market economy. The publication introduces the experience of cooperators from different countries, suggests the right solutions to the problems of cooperative development. For cooperators - practitioners and researchers, teachers and students, as well as for all those interested in cooperation issues.
The young, growing Russian market has become a reality today. But entering it is fraught with considerable difficulties and costs. And not least because we still have a poor idea of what market relations are, we do not freely orient ourselves even in concepts and terms, without knowing which one cannot become an "economic citizen". Recently, a lot of vocabulary and reference literature on the market economy has been published. But our dictionary has its own face. Thoroughness and completeness of the selection of market terms, a combination of a scientific approach with a popular form of presentation of the essence of economic processes and concepts, their consideration in close connection with Russian legislation and the most important measures to reform our economy, specific examples and methods for calculating indicators that are most often encountered in the market practice - these and other features distinguish the book from other publications of a similar genre. Addressed to a wide range of readers.
For the first time in the economic literature, an analysis is made of the dynamics of various forms of wages for 1991-2001. This analysis is carried out in conjunction with the study of the dynamics of other indicators. A comprehensive analysis of the chronology, dynamics and problems of wages is carried out in annual and monthly terms, as well as in the sectoral aspect. Much attention is paid to the analysis of the dynamics of relative indicators, the problems of wage differentiation. The problems of wages in the public sector are considered. For theoretical economists, teachers, students and graduate students; can be used in courses of macroeconomics, labor economics, theory of transformational processes, national economy, public sector economics, etc.
Payroll is one of the most important areas of accounting in any organization. The handbook pays great attention to the issues of legal regulation of the conditions and procedure for remuneration of employees and financial and economic mechanisms for calculating wages and other social and labor benefits. The procedure for registration of labor relations and regulation of systems and forms of remuneration is disclosed. The grounds and procedure for deductions from wages and taxation, as well as settlements with employees upon transfer, dismissal, etc. are considered. The handbook answers practical questions related to the regulation of labor relations, the calculation and payment of wages, and the provision of labor benefits.
You are holding in your hands the book "Wages in Modern Conditions", which is out in its thirteenth edition, which shows the continued interest in wage issues. In this book you will find comprehensive information on the organization of wages, the calculation of earnings for various forms of payment, the rules for establishing surcharges and allowances, etc. The issues of taxation of individuals and accruals on employees' wages are considered in detail. All examples related to payroll, deductions from it, allowances, surcharges, compensations, etc., are presented with links to a document containing the above norms. To perform the tasks of accounting for labor and wages, an enterprise accountant needs to know the provisions of labor legislation regarding hiring, execution of labor or civil law contracts with employees, the procedure for compiling and using documents for recording personnel - this is the subject of the book in the section "Registration of labor ...
The monograph continues a series of previous publications by the HSE Center for Labor Studies (CETI) devoted to the "Russian model of the labor market" and offers a comprehensive analysis of wage formation in post-Soviet Russia. The book examines the dynamics of the cost of labor and identifies the features of the institutional mechanisms of wage formation in the Russian economy. Various aspects of wage differentiation are analyzed specifically and in detail: between men and women; employees of the public and commercial sectors; holders of different education; residents of different regions; professions; employees with different employment contracts. Differentiation is analyzed using modern econometric methods and using large arrays of microdata. For economists and sociologists, specialists in the field of labor relations and social policy. The monograph can be used as a teaching aid in teaching such...
The book will help accountants understand all the complexities of the current accounting and tax accounting of wages, as well as the nuances of its legal regulation. The publication deals with the issues of registration of labor relations, the organization of remuneration, payroll and registration of its payment. Particular attention is paid to deductions from wages (taxes, on writ of execution, for marriage, etc.). A separate chapter of the book is devoted to state social insurance benefits and the new procedure for their calculation and payment.
, "fame and serenity never sleep in the same bed." The thirst for achievement gives a person the joy of life. […] Lack of motivation is the greatest spiritual tragedy that destroys all life foundations.
Hans Selye, Stress without Distress, M., Progress, 1979, p. 58.
It is widely known that occupational therapy is the best treatment for some mental illnesses, and constant muscle exercise maintains vigor and vitality. It all depends on the nature of the work performed and on your attitude towards it.
The extended leisure of forced retirement or solitary confinement - even if food and housing are the best in the world - is not a very attractive way of life. In medicine, it is now generally accepted not to prescribe prolonged bed rest even after surgery. On long voyages in old sailing ships, when there was often no work for weeks, the sailors needed something to do - washing the deck or painting the boats - so that boredom did not turn into a riot. The same considerations of stress-inducing boredom apply to nuclear submarine crews on long cruises, to Antarctic winterers unable to move for months due to bad weather, and even more so to astronauts who face prolonged loneliness in the absence of sensory stimuli. During the oil crisis, the three-day work week in England shattered many families, pushing workers to pubs for "leisure time". Many old people, even openly declaring themselves selfish, after retirement, cannot bear the feeling of their own uselessness. They do not want to work for the sake of earning - after all, they understand too well that the end is near and you cannot take money with you to the grave. By apt expression Benjamin Franklin, "There is nothing wrong with retiring, as long as it does not affect your work in any way."
What is work and leisure! According to the aphorism George Bernard Shaw, "labor by obligation is work, and work by inclination is leisure."
Reading poetry and prose is the work of a literary critic, while tennis and golf are the work of a professional athlete. But an athlete can read at his leisure, and a writer can go in for sports to change the rhythm. A highly paid administrator will not move heavy furniture for the sake of relaxation, but will gladly spend his free time in the gym of a fashionable club. Fishing, gardening, and just about every other occupation is work if you do it for a living, and it is leisure if you do it for fun.