Natalia Korshever - joinery and carpentry work. Marking carpentry tools General tools
In the manufacture of joinery, before the processing of lumber, boards, plywood, as well as the production of elements of tenon joints, marking is carried out.
Marking is the operation of applying marking marks (lines) or points to the board or workpiece to be processed using a tool that defines the contours of subsequent processing. Marking is primary with a processing allowance and secondary - accurate marking in order to obtain the specified dimensions in the drawing. Obtaining high-quality and accurate blanks and parts, saving material to a large extent depends on the correct marking.
For marking and checking the accuracy of processing workpieces and parts, the following measuring and marking tools are used.
Roulette R-3 is a round metal or plastic case, which contains a measuring tape 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 50, 75 and 100 m long with divisions printed on it, expressed in meters, centimeters, millimeters . The tape measure is used for linear measurements, as well as for rough marking of long-length lumber. When working with a tape measure, the measuring tape is removed from the case by the ring protruding from the rim of the case. To rewind the tape, rotate the folding handle placed in the center on the side surface of the case.
The tape measure is designed for more accurate measurement and marking of any workpieces in thickness and width and shorter in length. The measuring tape consists of a metal case with a spirally laid steel tape 1-2m long, on which divisions are applied. When you press the button placed on the side of the case, connected to the spring, the tape pops out of it. The tape is wound back into the case by hand.
Measuring and marking tools: a - tape measure, b - tape measure, c - folding meter, d - square, d - cracker, e, g - malki, h, i, k - compasses, l - caliper, m - level c plumb, n - center finder square: 1 - cylindrical object, 2 - ruler, 3 - bar, 4-gon, o - level, n - slack, p - bracket
(comb).
A folding rule is a set of metal or wooden rulers with divisions printed on them. The rulers are connected to each other on hinges and can be easily folded or moved apart. The meter is used for linear measurements of objects of insignificant length.
The square is intended for marking corners and checking the squareness of joinery elements and consists of a base in which a ruler is mounted at a right angle. Divisions may be marked on the ruler. There are wooden squares with dimensions of 250x160x22 mm and 500x300x24 mm and metal calibration bench squares with a wide base with dimensions of 60x40, 100x60, 160x100, 250x160, 400x250, 630x400, 1000x630 mm. The first number is the length of the ruler, the second is the base.
Erunok is used for marking and measuring angles of 45° and 135°. It consists of a base-block into which a wooden or metal ruler is inserted at an angle of 45°.
Malka is designed to measure angles according to the sample and transfer them to workpieces-parts. It consists of a base-block and a ruler, hinged to each other.
The compass is used to transfer dimensions to workpieces and to outline round markings. There are compasses simple, with an arc, with a spring, for marking with a diameter of up to 3150 mm.
A bore gauge is used to measure the inside diameters of holes.
The level with a plumb line is designed to check the verticality and horizontality of parts.
The center finder square is designed to determine the center of a cylindrical object. A ruler is attached to the square. In the upper part, the square is fastened with a bar. The ruler is set in such a way that it is in the middle of the fastening strip and bisects the right angle of the square. A cylindrical object in which you want to find the center is placed on a square and using a ruler, two intersecting lines are drawn, which are both diameters. The point of intersection of lines (diameters) will be the center of the subject cylindrical shape.
Measuring and marking tool: s - line, t - plumb, y - cord with a plumb line, f - thickness gauge: 1 - body, 2 - scriber, 3 - wedge, 4 - stud, 5 - gaskets, x - thickness gauge, c - caliper: 1 - rod, 2 - frame, 3 - frame clamp, 4 - vernier, 5 - depth gauge ruler
The level is used to check the horizontal and vertical arrangement of the surfaces of building elements and structures (floors, beams, etc.). It is a metal case into which a sealed tube (ampoule) is inserted, filled with a liquid (alcohol) tinted pink or yellow-green. There is an air bubble in the liquid, which tends to take the upper position. The position of the ampoule in the body is adjusted by the installed screws so that the air bubble occupies a middle position in the tube against the mark in the body when the level is strictly in horizontal position. The levels are 16, 22, 25 and 28mm wide, 30, 40, 50 and 56mm high, 230, 300, 500, 750 and 1250mm long.
The slug is used to draw lines on the edge of the board; represents wooden block 400 long and 50 mm wide. At one end, the drag bar has a slight bevel, and at a distance of 1/3 from the edge there is a protrusion into which a nail is hammered. Lines (risks) are applied with the sharp end of the nail.
The bracket (comb) is designed for marking when manually cutting spikes and lugs. It is a wooden block in which a fold is selected at a distance of 1/3 from the edge. Nails (studs) are hammered into the fold with a certain step, with sharp ends of which lines are applied.
The line is intended for marking parallel lines; is a fork, the sharp ends of which can be moved apart to the desired size.
The plumb line serves to check the verticality of the installation of wooden structures (window and door blocks, built-in furniture, partitions) and is a cylindrical metal weight, ending at one end with a cone. Veska comes with a diameter of 18, 30 and 38mm, length 39, 64, 98, 114, 132, 144, 165 and 200mm. It is suspended from a linen cord 3, 5, 7 and 10 meters long, which is wound on a reel.
A cord with a plumb line is intended for beating straight lines when trimming, edging or longitudinal sawing of materials. Usually, a weight in the form of a conical weight is attached to one end of the cord, which serves to check the verticality. Depending on the color of the wood, the cord is rubbed (smeared) with chalk or coal (firebrand) before beating the line. Fix the ends, pull in the middle and, releasing the cord, draw a straight line.
With a thickness gauge, risks are applied parallel to one of the sides of the bar, details. It is a wooden block in which two bars (scribers) pass through two holes. At the end of the bars on one side there are sharp studs with which risks are applied. Releasing the end of the scriber beyond the body, set the required distance from the edge of the workpiece to the applied risk, that is, the marking line.
The caliper is used to measure the external and internal dimensions of parts and products. There are four types of calipers. The most commonly used vernier caliper is ShTs-1 with a double-sided arrangement of jaws for external and internal measurements and a ruler for measuring depths.
A micrometer is used to accurately measure the details of joinery (thorns, eyes), saw blades, knives, etc.
An auxiliary tool for marking and control is a protractor, a measuring ruler, a pencil, an awl, a scriber, a ruler for controlling the machined faces (faces, edges) of the workpiece; rulers for measuring angles diagonally when gluing frames, boxes.
When marking spikes and eyes, elements for connecting beams and logs, various templates are widely used.
it's the same necessary tools even when performing the simplest operation. With their help, measurements and marking of parts are made, the evenness of the lines of structural elements, the verticality and horizontality of the installed bars of the furniture frame, the squareness of the corners, etc.
Roulette
This is a measuring tape made of thin flexible steel and enclosed in a metal or plastic case. The tape is wound automatically, and removed manually to the desired length. The length of the measuring tape can be 1–2 m. The divisions on the tape are marked every millimeter with the designation of centimeters in numbers. A tape measure determines the linear dimensions.
folding rule
it's the same measuring device to determine linear dimensions, it is only made of metal, plastic or wooden plates with millimeter and centimeter divisions. These plates are interconnected by hinges and, if necessary, fold and unfold to different lengths. It is convenient to use such a tool when measuring small parts (for example, when laying parquet, etc.).
square
It is made of metal or wooden parts in the form of a triangle and consists of a block 12–15 cm long and a pen, or ruler, 20–25 cm long. Outside the square and on inside its angles are 90°. This tool is necessary when drawing perpendicular lines on the workpiece, when drawing and checking the rectangular corners of various parts (bindings, doors, window frames, table tops, etc.). It is better to purchase a metal square, because a wooden one tends to warp over time. Metal can also rust, so it must be cleaned after work and stored in a dry place.
Erunok
There is also an erunok, which is a universal square consisting of two plates: one of them is attached to the middle of the other at an angle of 45 °. This square is used to define the specified angle and the 135° angle.
Malka
Malka is a tool consisting of two wooden plates mounted on a hinge. Its purpose is to transfer angles to workpieces without their exact degree-by-degree refinement.
Square-centre finder
Another type of square is a center finder. It is used to find the center of parts with a cylindrical shape. The tool consists of a ruler attached to the middle of the base of an isosceles triangle. When working, the square is placed on a cylindrical surface, then gradually moves towards the center, determining the diameter of the circle.
Compass
It is necessary for drawing circles on workpieces, as well as for quick marking. The design of the tool is simple: two steel legs, fixed with a rotary band with a fixed lamb screw.
Nutrometer
The tool resembles a compass, only its ends are turned outward. The internal diameter of the parts is measured using a caliper.
Level with a plumb line
With this device, vertical lines are verified. It is often used in the construction of houses, the installation of doors and windows, the construction of furniture cases, etc. With the same tool, risks are applied to the parts, for which, before beating the risks, the twine is rubbed with chalk or coal. Such a tool can be easily made by yourself, using strong twine or cord and a weight of about 200 g.
otvoloka
It is used to mark lines with the sharp end of a nail at the edge of a workpiece.
Measuring clamp
It consists of a wooden block, in which a quarter is selected on one side at a certain distance from the entire length. Along this quarter, at some distance, nails were driven in with sharp ends outward. It is with these nails that markings are applied in the form of parallel lines when manually selecting wood for nests and eyes.
Reismus
It consists of two thick strips inserted into a large block - a block.
On the one hand, the planks are equipped with sharp studs - pegs, with the help of which markings are made on the surface of the bar in the form of lines parallel to the processed edge. The pegs are sharpened sharply on three edges with a protrusion due to the bars by 2–3 mm.
Marking comb
This is a wooden bar with a cutout and stuffed with nails, the tip of which protrudes outward by 2–3 mm due to the cutout. This tool can leave on the workpiece in one pass right amount marks marking the position of spikes and eyes. If you need to make several identical parts, this fixture will help save time.
Calipers
This tool is necessary for measuring the dimensions of parts. It consists of a rod, a frame and a special pointer - a mustache. If you place the side of the part between the rod and the frame, the upper whisker of the tool will indicate the size of the measured distance.
Awl
miter box
This tool helps speed up the process of sawing boards at a certain angle. The miter box consists of three boards: two boards are nailed parallel to each other to the third board - the base, creating a structure like a gutter. There are several cuts on the sides of the miter box, duplicating each other on both sides. Typically 3 cuts are made at 45°, 60° and 90°. In the process of work, the board is laid between the sides of the miter box and pressed. Then, according to the prepared cuts, the board is cut at the desired angle.
Templates
These devices are used for rapid marking of identical parts (mainly fasteners). They are made from plywood roofing steel, tin, plastic, duralumin, thin boards, etc. For repeated use in the manufacture, it is better to use solid and durable material. But it is advisable for a novice carpenter to first learn how to mark the details manually. When the skill appears, you can start making various patterns.
Additional Tools
A meter-long bar with well-cut sides or a ruler of the appropriate length will also come in handy. They are necessary to check the evenness of the machined plane and the edges of the workpiece.
To check for distortions in products rectangular shape you can use thin rails (2 pcs.). They measure products diagonally: if they are the same, then the product is of the correct shape.
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Without them, it is impossible to imagine the execution of even the simplest operation. Before proceeding with the actual processing of wood, it is necessary to choose the right bar and mark the position of the future part.
Roulette
A tape measure is a measuring tape made of thin flexible steel enclosed in a metal or plastic case. The tape is wound automatically. The length of the measuring tape ranges from 100 to 200 cm. The divisions on the tape are marked every millimeter. The numbers indicate centimeters and tens of centimeters. A tape measure is used to measure linear quantities.
folding rule
Such a meter is made of metal, plastic or wooden plates with millimeter and centimeter divisions. The plates are interconnected by hinges. Such a meter is convenient when installing parquet and when measuring small quantities (Fig. 12, a).
Rice. 12. Marking tools: a - folding rule; b - thickness gauge; in - a square.
square
Used to determine the exact right angle and to measure the angle between the sides of the parts. It most often consists of metal or wooden parts, less often it is made entirely of steel. On one of the sides there is a marking of 1 mm for ease of use (Fig. 12, c).
Square-centre finder
Used when searching for the center of a cylindrical part. It consists of a ruler fixed in the middle of the base of an isosceles triangle. The square is placed on a cylindrical surface and then gradually moved to the center, while the desired values will be the diameters of the circle.
Reismus
Used for marking and drawing marks parallel to one of the sides of the bar. It looks like a thick bar, into which two strips are inserted, having metal points on one side for marks (Fig. 12, b).
Erunok
Erunok is a square of two plates, one of which is fixed in the middle of the other at an angle of 45 °. Such a square is convenient in determining the angle of 135 ° (Fig. 13).
Rice. 13. Erunok.
Malka
Rice. 14. Malka.
Compass
It is used for drawing round parts on workpieces, as well as for quickly transferring markings.
Nutrometer
It is a kind of compass, the ends of which are turned outward. Such a device is used to measure the internal diameter of various parts.
Level
Used to check if a surface is vertical or horizontal.
It is a fairly thick and wide ruler, equipped with liquid ampoules. It is by the position of the liquid bubble in the ampoule that the horizontal plane is determined (Fig. 15).
Rice. 15. Level.
Level with a plumb line
This type of level is a small cone-shaped or cylindrical weight on a string. Lowering it parallel to the wall or side of a large workpiece, you can identify deviations from the vertical (Fig. 16).
Rice. 16. Plumb.
otvoloka
It is used when marking lines on the edge of the workpiece, it is a small bar with a bevel at one end and a protrusion with a driven nail. The lines are marked on the surface of the wood with the sharp end of this nail (Fig. 17).
Rice. 17. Ditch.
brace
This is a carpentry tool for marking eyes and sockets when they are manually selected. The staple device is based on a wooden block, in which a quarter is selected on one side at a distance of 1/3 of the entire length. Then, on this quarter, nails are driven in at a certain distance, with the tips of which risks are applied in the form of parallel lines on wooden surface(Fig. 18).
Rice. 18. Carpenter's staple.
Calipers
This tool is used to measure the size of parts. To do this, the side of the part is placed between the bar and the frame; the upper mustache will show the size of the measured distance.
Carpentry and joinery tools
Hand tools are designed to perform work using own strength. Most of the tools described can be easily replaced with mechanical or electrical counterparts. But for many types of joinery and carpentry hand tools remain irreplaceable.
Conditionally carpentry and carpentry tools can be divided according to purpose: for sawing, planing, chiselling and trimming, drilling and auxiliary work.
General purpose tools
A hammer, perhaps the most important tool for carpentry and joinery. The stores sell ready-made hammers, as well as their individual parts. For the hammer handle, cornel, pear, and acacia wood is used, which are particularly hard and cheap. Only high-quality steel is used for the hammer head. But even this simple tool has several varieties.
normal hammer can be found in any store. The impact surface of such a hammer has a rectangular or square plane. The other end of the striker is pointed, it is often used to straighten nails when driving.
Wooden mallet or mallet(fig. 19), used for lapping solid wood when gluing. It is also quite often needed when working with a chisel whose handle is made of wood. Blows delivered with a regular hammer can simply break the handle and render the chisel useless.
Rice. 19. Mallet.
carpentry hammer differs from the usual one in that the tail of the striker is divided into two parts like a dovetail. This end is most often used for pulling nails.
Ticks necessary for working with wood. Their main purpose is pulling out nails, biting off nail heads, bending wire and nails during fastening.
Depending on what needs to be done with a nail, there are needle nose pliers, pliers and round nose pliers.
For example, pliers and pliers used for pulling out, bending, biting nails, unscrewing nuts, removing screws with broken grooves from wood and for other auxiliary work.
Doboynik in carpentry and carpentry, they are used to deepen the nail heads into solid wood.
Screwdriver used for fastening wooden parts with screws. Depending on the groove on the head of the screw, it is necessary to have two types of screwdrivers: wedge-shaped and cross-shaped.
Fixing devices
Fixing devices: clamps, wedges, clamps, clamps, clamps, presses, vise.
Clamps are necessary when gluing, tightening and fastening parts. This is a fairly large group of devices that are used in carpentry and carpentry. Not only clamps act as clamps. Them metal structure not always suitable for fastening parts, as it often leaves marks on the surface.
For the same purposes, pieces of rubber, ropes or wooden blocks are often used.
Chopping tool
An ax in carpentry is simply irreplaceable. Remember what miracles the old masters did using only an ax. It is much simpler than a hammer, but there are also varieties here. It all depends on the angle of the ax handle. Often the blade is sharpened on both sides, which allows it to be used for two types of work at once: cutting and hewing. An ax sharpened on only one side is used for hewing wood (Fig. 20).
Rice. 20. Ax and sharpening principles.
straight ax used for splitting wood. The working part relative to the handle should be located at an angle of 90 °.
Pointed Ax is intended for primary processing of wood: removal of bark and protruding knots on the trunk. The working part of this type of ax relative to the handle is located at an angle of 80–85°.
Obtuse Ax has its own characteristics. Its ax is located relative to the handle at an angle of 100 ° or slightly less. Such an ax is used for the most rough work, for example, for processing whole logs and cutting large wooden arrays.