Domestic power tools: history, realities, prospects. Hand drill mechanical. hello from ussr soviet drill ie 10 32

The range of modern tool stores is striking in its diversity: today you can easily find any tool of leading European, Japanese and American brands here. It is hard to believe that even 30 years ago, the then Soviet people could not even dream of something like this. Products of domestic factories reigned supreme in sales, although sometimes products from fraternal socialist countries were “thrown out” on the shelves. And even if people in the USSR believed that our instrument was inferior to imported analogues of that time in terms of appearance And consumer properties(although not everyone will agree with this statement), it had a number of undeniable advantages: accessibility (physical and price), maintainability (presence of specialized workshops where the necessary spare parts were available), reliability, etc.

The world's first drill was made by Fein, and this is a fact, despite the presence alternative versions, Munich has the famous Museum of the History of Technology, where the most outstanding technical achievements are presented. Among them are only two models of power tools, both made by Fein, including the world's first drill. In 1867, Wilhelm Emil Fine founded an enterprise for the production of electrical and physical apparatus, and almost 30 years later, in 1895, his son Emil Fine invented the first electric hand drill. This invention marked the beginning of the power tool design and manufacturing industry.”

As for Russia, it is possible that certain steps in this area were made even before the revolution. But it is known for sure that in the mid-1930s already in the USSR in the commune named after F.E. Dzerzhinsky, which was then headed by A.S. Makarenko, the production of electric drills began, and soon the Kharkov Electromechanical Plant also mastered the production of a similar tool. However, the widespread production of power tools began only after the Great Patriotic War. Stroydormash All-Union Research Institute (since 1947) and Stroymekhinstrument Central Design Bureau (in the early 1950s) began to develop power tool designs.

Three departments were created at the All-Russian Research Institute "Stroydormash", which were engaged in the development of mechanized tools. A central office was also created, that is, the Main Directorate of Glavstroyinstrument, which included a number of enterprises that produced tools. For the first time, mass production of hand-held power tools was started by the Rostov plant "Electroinstrument". He was the flagship of the industry and first made single insulated 220V power tools. Then similar factories appeared in Vyborg, Daugavpils, Konakovo, Rezekne, etc. However, by that time Western firms had already begun to produce tools with double insulation. The production of the first models of this type in the USSR was again carried out by an enterprise in Rostov-on-Don. As for building vibrators, they were produced by the Yaroslavl plant "Red Lighthouse". But the scientific and technical base available at that time could not ensure the normal development of the tool industry, then the idea of ​​​​creating an industry research institute arose. As a result, the All-Union Research and Design Institute of Mechanized and Manual Construction and Assembly Tools, Vibrators and Construction and Finishing Machines (VNIISMI) appeared.

On March 7, 1967, Resolution No. 197 of the USSR Council of Ministers on the development of tool production was issued. This document provided for the construction of two new large factories in Konakovo and Rezekne, as well as the creation of VNIISMI - the All-Union Research Institute of Construction Mechanized Tools, as it began to be called later. It was here that more than 90% of all power tools produced in the USSR were developed. Approximately in 1987, when the head office was liquidated, a research and production association appeared on the basis of the institute, which included VNIISMI and 17 factories. The first task of the created VNIISMI was the development of a tool with double insulation. The problem is not at all trivial, connected, in particular, with the production of complex plastic cases. This meant that it was necessary to master the manufacture of complex molds, install and master the appropriate equipment, etc. The second serious task was the fight against vibration, and here VNIISMI was at its best - it was possible to create a number of fundamentally new machines with damping systems at the level of inventions vibrations. All these inventions were registered, and many of them were licensed abroad.” For work on the creation and development of large-scale production of vibration-proof manual machines its creators were awarded the State Prize of the USSR.

The most common household power tool was (and still is) a drill. Then came electric jigsaws, various scissors, saws, planers, etc. The range expanded, although, of course, then it could not be compared with today's assortment. Later, due to the needs of construction, the so-called impact-rotary drilling machines appeared, which significantly increased the efficiency of the drilling process, but the drills still "sit down" very quickly, and the drilling process itself required a lot of pressing force, which had an extremely negative effect on the productivity of the operator . By that time, powerful industrial hammer drills were already known, but there were no small (drill-sized) analogues. VNIISMI specialists for the first time created such a “drill-like” perforator with a compression-vacuum percussion mechanism. The first model came out under the index IE-4713 and began to be produced at the Daugavpils plant "Electroinstrument". When it was first shown at the VNIISMI booth as part of a major international exhibition, there was no end to the visitors of the exposition, including specialists from the world's leading companies producing power tools.

Then everything went according to a predictable scenario. If in the USSR the production of such “drill-like” punchers went at a slow pace (started from 2 thousand and gradually increased to 20 thousand pieces per year), then the German concern Bosch, which mastered the production of such a tool a little later, in the first year produced 200 thousand . things. Nevertheless, VNIISMI continued to work further, and already in the early 1970s, it again declared itself, having managed to create special, including non-reactive, tool models for performing repair and maintenance work and various technological operations both inside spaceships and stations, and open space. Astronauts are still working with this instrument. And then came the restructuring. Relations between VNIISMI and the factories of the industry that collaborated with it, which gradually began to reduce, and then completely stopped the production of power tools, began to collapse, something had to be changed. At this time, the conversion began: military-industrial complex enterprises began to master the production of consumer goods, and for many of them the production of power tools turned out to be a convenient way out, since it was associated with minimal problems in the technological re-equipment of workshops. Thus, powerful and well-prepared competitors appeared at the previously existing tool factories.

In 1991, six small enterprises appeared on the basis of VNIISMI departments. To date, only one has survived - this is the well-known Interskol CJSC, created on the basis of the machine department impact action. It absorbed a significant part of the potential of VNIISMI, which, by the way, soon ceased to exist: this includes technical documentation, patents, and, mainly, specialists. Today, the company employs many employees who have left VNIISMI. Having become independent, Interskol began with the assembly of drills on the basis of the experimental production of VNIISMI, then the company managed to conclude contracts with the Ministry of Emergency Situations for the development and supply of tools, and then active development began, which continues to this day.

In 2008, six Russian tool companies established the Association of Trading Companies and Manufacturers of Power Tools and Light Mechanization Equipment (RATPE), the main goal of which was the formation and development of a civilized market for power tools and small-scale mechanization. At that time, the share of companies included in RATPE today was Russian market accounted for only 38%, and the remaining 62% belonged mainly to little-known companies, the so-called no name, which supplied the tool, often of poor quality, sometimes unsafe for the health of users. The task was to unite manufacturers quality tool, although competing with each other, but, nevertheless, having common problems regarding technical regulation, standardization, certification and much more. It is very difficult to solve them one by one, but the powerful and authoritative RATPE Association turned out to be quite capable of such tasks.

Today, the RATPE includes worldwide well-known firms operating in the Russian tool market: these are Robert Bosch, Stanley Black & Decker, Makita, Hilti, Hitachi, Metabo, AEG, Milwaukee, as well as the largest Russian tool company Interskol ", which is the leader in the Russian market in terms of the number of tools sold, and other companies." Despite various crises recent years, production and sales volumes of the tool not only do not decrease, but also continue to grow. At the same time, the design of the tool is constantly being improved, its efficiency, reliability, service life and safety are increasing. In particular, promising direction development is the creation of a new generation based on brushless (brushless) motors, also called valve motors. And although such devices have been known for a long time, there were no small-sized and lightweight units for 220 V until recently. But they confidently outperform brush analogues in terms of resource, safety for the health of the user and manufacturability. Until now, the level of development of electronics did not allow the manufacture of a small-sized tool based on a brushless electric motor. But now electronic components are becoming smaller and cheaper, making it possible to start mass production of such devices. However, many varieties of the instrument can undergo (and, undoubtedly, will undergo) changes in the near future, because progress does not stand still.

Today, with the availability of power tools, such simple and reliable devices, like a mechanical hand drill, are often undeservedly forgotten. Meanwhile, even yielding to electric models in terms of its capabilities, this tool remains practical, autonomous and as economical as possible, and with certain conditions may be a better option for drilling or fastener work.

Benefits of a manual power drill

One of the main advantages that a hand drill has is its maximum simple design. Most of the parts are made of metal and breakdowns, even if they occur, happen most often due to mechanical damage, for example, when something massive falls on a drill. This raises the level of reliability to an unattainable level for electrical models height - there is practically nothing to break in the device. Due to the simplicity of design and high degree Reliability Power drill is very durable. There are many examples when these devices serve for several decades.

In addition, the hand drill is good at drilling holes in wood and other wooden materials(plywood, fiberboard, chipboard), plastic, drywall, not too thick metal. If the diameter of the holes produced does not exceed 10 mm, a hand drill can make them with almost the same efficiency as electric counterparts. It does not require access to electricity, which for some conditions is of decisive importance. Like other types of similar tools, this one can be used to screw in or out fastener threaded parts (self-tapping screws, screws, screws). To turn the device into a screwdriver, you just need to fix the corresponding bit in the chuck.

The indisputable advantage inherent in such a tool as a hand drill is considered to be low cost. The price of the tool, depending on the model and diameter of the cartridge, can range from 400 to 1000 rubles, which makes it affordable for any buyer, regardless of income level.

Hand drill device

Power drills are generally divided into single-speed and two-speed. The latter are considered more practical and versatile, despite the fact that the design is a little more complicated. However, it becomes possible to change the rotation speed, which expands the scope.

A single-speed handheld mini-drill is technically a pair of gears that transmit rotation from the handle to the chuck. Quite often, the gears are not even hidden in the case, but left open.

On a large drive gear there is a handle that drives the mechanism, a small (driven) gear is fixed on a common shaft with a cartridge. At the opposite end of the device from the cartridge, a persistent handle is mounted that allows you to hold the tool and guide it. The design is simple, due to which the hand drill has phenomenal reliability and almost never fails.

Two-speed hand drills are somewhat more complex in design, the device is based on a mechanism called a two-stage multiplier. This is a mechanical gearbox consisting of a set of gears arranged on several axes in one housing.

In order to change the speed of rotation, the handle is reset to the desired side, while changing the gear ratio of the gearbox and, accordingly, the number of revolutions of the cartridge per revolution of the handle. In fairness, it should be noted that there are models where speed switching occurs using a longitudinal displacement of the axis of rotation of the handle and there is no need to twist the handle itself to change the rotational speed of the cartridge.

In general, a hand drill is a device that has a shoulder rest, one handle for rotating the chuck and a handle located on the other side for holding the tool.

The cartridge may be different models, three- or four-cam. The rotary handle is fixed on the shaft, as a rule, with a locking screw. Thrust is screwed into the body on the right or left. If necessary, all parts can be removed, gears cleaned and lubricated.

Security and subtleties of choice

hand drill- a simple tool that does not require special skills to work. However, as with other devices, it is necessary to observe simple rules to minimize the likelihood of breakage of the working part or injury to a person:

• the workpiece must be fixed - in any attempt to hold it with your hands, situations often arise when the part breaks out of the fingers, causing injury along the way;
• do not touch the drill with your hand without making sure that it has cooled down (burns are not uncommon, especially if metal was drilled);
• after replacing the drill, do not forget the key in the chuck;
• when drilling at high speed, to avoid overheating of the drill, it is better to take breaks - and the drill will be healthier, and the work will eventually be done better;
• using goggles will protect your eyes from chips.

When choosing a hand drill, you should pay attention to the convenience of the handles, the smoothness of the rotation of the mechanism, and the accuracy of execution. The case should not have burrs, sharp protruding edges, or other signs of poor-quality production. Negligence in performance indicates, as a rule, a low quality of production, which negatively affects the products.

As practice shows, a mechanical drill is still in demand, despite the fact that today there is a huge selection of "electricians". It is clear that working with this tool is more tedious and slower than drilling with an electric drill or a screwdriver, therefore, in professional activity a hand drill is rarely used. However, for simple household tasks, this tool can be effective and practical, allowing you to do the same job without access to the mains, without rushing, but keeping the process completely under control.

In 1994, my father purchased an IE-1505E impact drill for himself: power 320 watts, 10 mm cartridge, speed controller (0-960 rpm), weight 1.75 kg.

In my opinion - a little strange, in design and quality!

From the fact that he practically did not use it, so she is still alive.

Although at the very beginning, still warranty period- broke down and .. I don’t remember the nuances, but when they repaired, they also replaced part of the hull.

And then I found on the Internet a diagram of a drill ie 1505e.

Therefore, part of the body has become blue ...

Photograph of a drill from 1505e.

Review of the drill ie 1505e.

From the very beginning, the idea of ​​​​an impact drill, it seems to me, is not entirely successful. I prefer a special tool sharpened for one of the operations!

Because I worked in construction for 10 years. Then take my word for it, an impact drill is not something I will buy.

As for the drill ie 1505e, when you drill, with the impact mechanism turned off, an incomprehensible movement occurs when taking out the drill. I can't even describe it better in one word.

When my dad passed away, I inherited the drill. Therefore, I decided that she had no place in the village and took her to the city. (Especially since the village was sold in the last goal).

If you are involved in various construction projects, then you know that there is often a need for several drills.

You can use one drill, put a small drill, drilled, took out a small drill, put a large one, chamfered, pulled out a large drill, put a nozzle, screwed a screw or screw, pulled out a nozzle, put a small drill ... And again on a new one.

How many body movements do you need to make !!? And how much time do you need to spend on it !!!?

This is appropriate when there is one such hole, but what if you have 100 or more such operations? Therefore, I decided that I would use it.

How dad used it, but the cartridge was missing one sponge out of three. So I went and bought a new cartridge for this drill. It turned out that the cartridge is on a tricky thread. The whole city climbed, and by some miracle found a cartridge with such a thread!

And then, the size for drills, in the old cartridge, was small.

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