The main and auxiliary equipment of the boiler room. Thermal power equipment: boiler installations. The need for repair within the warranty period

electrical filters;
air heaters;
chimneys.

These elements are the main parts among the auxiliary equipment. Their installation takes place above the boiler. The main and auxiliary equipment of the boiler room should be designed according to such technical diagrams to automate control.

Boiler system installation and safety

During construction own house, everyone carefully plans the interior, tries to carry out all the work and repairs with high quality, and, of course, the installation of the boiler. Boiler plant equipment - milestone to achieve complete comfort in your own home. The installation of this system must be treated responsibly so that in the future you do not pay fines and do not redo anything.

Work must be carried out under strict supervision by a specialist in order to avoid both fires and explosions.

In order to avoid repair of boiler equipment and serious consequences, a serious list of services from installation and organization is provided. It all starts with the collection of documents and ends with the launch of the heating system for use. In order for the operation of the boiler and the entire system to run smoothly, reliably and economically, all services for the use of the installation and commissioning of boiler equipment must be carried out by a highly qualified specialist. He must have a license and permission to carry out such work.

The entire heating system is pre-piped.
Checking for the correct operation of the entire system, in order to avoid repair of boiler equipment and accidents.
Carrying out the final adjustment of equipment for the boiler room.
Getting coaching from experts.

System maintenance

If the installation, adjustment of the boiler equipment and the boiler was carried out in accordance with all the rules and regulations, during use, situations may still arise that require additional repair of the auxiliary equipment of the boiler installation. most common cause such breakdowns become poor-quality water, which does not meet the standards of equipment for the boiler. Boiler adjustment, repair, related work is quite a consumable business.

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To reduce the cost of repairing boiler rooms and boiler equipment in the future, the construction of a heating system should be carried out by companies that have a wide range of services:

Post-warranty maintenance of the constructed facility.
Reconstruction.
Necessary repairs and adjustment.

The main task of the owner is to carry out timely maintenance of the premises for the boiler room.

The main (Fig. 1) and auxiliary elements of the heating system

The boiler room is a set of devices that is completely ready to convert the chemical energy of the fuel into thermal energy. hot energy, or a couple of required parameters.

The manufacturer of boiler equipment offers the following main components:

water economizer;
air heater;
frame with ladders and service shelves;
frame;
thermal insulation;
sheathing;
fittings;
headset;
flues.

Equipment for the boiler room (needs adjustment) has additional settings any manufacturer:

fans;
smoke exhausters;
nutritional, nourishing and circulation pumps;
water treatment plants;
fuel transfer systems;
ash collection plant;
vacuum ash remover.

Manufacturers of boiler equipment have developed the main installation in the fuel oil industry during the combustion of gas gas control station or gas control unit.

Rice. 2

Adjustment of the entire heating system, commissioning process - a pledge uninterrupted operation and comfort for everyone.

Steam boiler installation. This is a device that consists of a firebox, evaporation surfaces. Its main job is to evaporate the steam that was used outside this device. Incorrect adjustment of the process provokes, under pressure, which is higher than the atmospheric heat count and is released during the combustion of the fuel, the steam exits the boiler.
Water heating boiler. This heat exchange device, in which the main source of thermal energy is water.
Furnace device. The operation of this unit is to burn fuel, converting its energy into heat.
Boiler lining. This system, provided by manufacturers to do the job of reducing heat loss, ensuring gas density.
Kazan. it metal structure. Its main work is to hold the boiler and individual loads, to ensure the desired mutual placement of the elements of the boiler.
Steam superheater. This device increases the temperature of the steam above the saturation temperature of the pressure in the boiler. The manufacturer has provided for the operation of this system of coils, where the complete adjustment of the boiler equipment implies the connection of saturated steam to the boiler drum at the inlet, and to the superheated steam chamber at the outlet.
Water economizer. The essence of the operation of this device lies in its heating by the products of combustion of fuel, which, in turn, partially heats up or completely evaporates the water in the boiler.
Air heater. Its main job is to heat the air with the products of fuel combustion before the fuel enters the boiler furnace.

The need for repair within the warranty period

Parts for the boiler may be needed even while the unit is still under warranty.

Repair of boiler equipment is possible:

the work on the installation of the boiler was carried out incorrectly;
the use of the unit is not correct;
Maintenance carried out at the wrong time;
voltage drops (you can purchase a stabilizer that will eliminate this problem);
low-quality coolant (on the inlet pipeline, it can be installed as a filter for the boiler).

Rice. 3

To avoid repair of boiler equipment, all the nuances should be considered in advance, rather than urgently solving the problem.

Breaking? Don't panic

Of course, if repair of boiler equipment is needed before heating season, then this is not so bad, and if in the midst of cold weather, the main thing is not to panic. But you also need to take the problem seriously, because the adjustment of the boiler and the entire system can go astray. If the breakdown of the installation is not serious, repairs can be made independently. But if there are doubts about the causes and consequences, the repair should be entrusted to a professional.

Successful work installation depends not only on the manufacturer, but also on the choice of model back in the store. It depends on the choice whether the unit will cope with the tasks and the amount of work - the entire commissioning process. It is better if the company that made the sale had service center somewhere nearby. In order to help with the commissioning process at any time, she carried out an inspection and repair of the boiler (Fig. 2).

Of course, the manufacturer of boiler equipment is responsible for its product, but the owner must operate according to the instructions and rules so that there are no failures in setting up the installation and wasting money on repairs. Statistics from boiler and heating repair companies claim that almost 70% of the causes of breakdowns are due to correct use and operation of devices, violations of requirements and standards. Therefore, the repair of boiler equipment happens mainly through the fault of the consumer, not the manufacturer.

Rice. four

Device setup and repair

If a person does not understand repair issues, then it will be difficult for him to understand this process with boilers and appliances for it.

Here is a list of the most common problems:

Electronic board. The manufacturer gave this device responsibility for all processes. It regulates the device, turns it on and off, controls, affects the commissioning process. A slight malfunction will lead to an explosion. In order to avoid breakdowns, it is better to mount such an element as a voltage stabilizer.
(Figure 3). If the sale of boiler equipment was carried out with a defect from the manufacturer, not one commissioning process will help. The problem with the operation of the installations occurs in the first months of operation. To eliminate the deficiency, it is necessary to completely replace the heat exchanger. But the problem of clogging the passage is much more common. various deposits and salts. The coolant flow begins to decrease, and one day the boiler boils. In order to avoid repairs and commissioning, attention must be paid to water quality. And also, during the sale of the unit, pay attention to its quality, whether there is a marriage from the manufacturer.
(Figure 4). The commissioning process of the installation implies the continuous operation of this pump. But if it turns off, the boiler will boil. The unit will shut down thanks to the safety thermostat (commercially available). But the problem will not disappear and the repair is provided. The fault in the breakdown is the coolant - liquid for heating boilers. The pump can stop for two reasons: the appearance of scale; an increase in debris in the middle of the case. To avoid this trouble, there is a special filter on sale, which is installed on the inlet pipe.
Gas automation. Repair given element boiler is almost impossible. Usually, this component completely change. In order to avoid another adjustment of the boiler, this breakdown is better to prevent than to solve. Low quality fuel is found on sale. Therefore, in order to prevent damage gas automation worth buying fuel High Quality and use clean water for the coolant.

Today, there are many outlets that offer accessories for boilers. It is worth noting that well-known branded, popular firms parts are always recommended by professionals. They are of high quality, have an uncomplicated commissioning process, the boiler is adjusted quite quickly.

Boiler room in modern form is a complex complex of various mechanisms, including auxiliary equipment. Every detail matters: for effective work, to increase profitability, to protect against emergencies.

And if everyone knows about the boiler unit and burners, then not everyone knows what the auxiliary equipment of a modern boiler house is.

So, the boiler is a firebox, an air heater, an economizer, a lining, a headset and fittings.

Auxiliary equipment is:

draft mechanisms, including fans, smoke exhausters, gas ducts, air ducts and chimneys, in other words, everything that provides air supply to the furnace and removal of combustion products from the system into the atmosphere.
Pump equipment. Please note: it must comply with the recommendations of the boiler manufacturer. Installation low power pumps fraught with the formation of water hammer and the destruction of the system, high-power ones - a decrease in the reliability of the block boiler house and too high energy consumption.
Equipment for heat exchange and water treatment.
Fuel supply systems, which will mix the fuel from the bunker to the furnace. These include grabs, scraper, belt and skip conveyors. Such systems are used in solid fuel mechanized boiler plants.
Ash and slag removal systems- crushers, bunkers, conveyors, including dry and wet ones.
Ash collectors.
Chimneys and flues.
Automation systems and instrumentation.

A modern boiler plant is a complex technical structure and consists of a boiler and auxiliary boiler equipment located in the boiler room or outside it and designed to produce steam with the required parameters or for heating hot water, or both at the same time.

The composition of the boiler includes: a furnace, a water economizer, an air heater, brickwork and a frame with stairs and platforms, as well as fittings and a headset.

To accessories for heating boiler include: draft and power devices, water treatment equipment, fuel supply, as well as instrumentation and automation systems.
The technological process of obtaining steam in a heating boiler is carried out in the following sequence. Fuel in the boiler with the help of burners is introduced into the boiler furnace, where it burns. The air necessary for the combustion of fuel is supplied to the furnace by a blower fan or sucked through the grate - with natural draft.

To improve the process of fuel combustion in the heating boiler and increase the efficiency of the boiler, the air can be preheated by flue gases in the air heater before being fed into the furnace.
The flue gases in the heating boiler, having given up part of their heat to the radiation heating surfaces located in the combustion chamber, enter the convective heating surface, cool down and are removed by a smoke exhauster through the chimney into the atmosphere.

Raw tap water of the heating boiler passes through cationite filters, softens and then enters the deaerator, where corrosive gases (02 and CO2) are removed from it and flows into the deaerated water tank. Feed water is taken from the tank by a feed pump and fed to the steam boiler.
After passing through the heating surfaces, the water heats up, evaporates and collects in the upper drum. From the boiler, steam is directed to the general boiler steam collector and then supplied to consumers.

According to the purpose, boiler plants are divided into heating, production and heating and energy.

Boiler - heat balance

When fuel is burned in a boiler, not all of the heat released in the furnace is usefully used to heat water or produce steam. Part of the heat is lost with gases leaving the boiler, with chemical and mechanical underburning, etc. The main task in the operation of the boiler is to reduce these losses to a minimum.

The heat balance of the boiler is the equality of the heat introduced into the boiler and the heat used, which is the sum of the useful heat used to generate steam (hot water) and the heat losses that occur during the operation of the boiler plant. The heat balance is compiled for 1 kg of solid (liquid) fuel or 1 m3 gaseous fuel.

The simplified heat balance of the boiler is written as an equation;
when burned solid fuel, kJ/kgt
Qph = Q1 + Q2 +Q3 +Q4 +Q5 +Q6,
when burning liquid and gaseous fuels, kJ/kg(m3)t
Qph = Q1 + Q2 +Q3 +Q4 +Q5

If both parts of the equations are divided by Qph and multiplied by 100, then we get the balance equations expressed as a percentage:
100 = d1 + d2 + d3 + d4 + d5 + d6,
100 = d1 + d2 + d3 + d4
In the formulas Q1 ;q1 the used heat is useful.
Heat loss:
Q1; d2 - with outgoing flue gases;
Q2; d3 - from chemical incompleteness of combustion;
Q3; d4 - from mechanical incompleteness of combustion;
Q4; d5 - through the outer fencing of the brickwork into the environment:
Q5; d6 - with the physical heat of the slag.
Coefficient useful action- useful heat used in the boiler:
L \u003d d1 \u003d 100 - d2 - d3 - d4 - d5 - d6;
L \u003d d1 \u003d 100 - d2 - d3 - d4
The efficiency of the boiler depends on the amount of heat loss: the lower the loss, the higher the efficiency. The efficiency value can be in the range L = 0.93 - 0.7 (93-70%),. and the value of heat losses for low-power boilers is: q2 = 12-15%; d3 = 2-7%; d4 = 1-6%; d5 = 0.4-3.5%; d6 = 0.5-1.5%.

In the general case, a gas boiler plant is a combination of a boiler and auxiliary equipment. It includes the following main devices: boilers, economizers and air heaters. Boilers are its main part. Boilers that produce steam are called steam; designed to produce hot water - hot water; producing steam and hot water at the same time - combined. In boilers, flue gases formed in the combustion device during the combustion of gaseous fuels wash the heating surface of the boiler, giving it part of the thermal energy contained in them, and leave the boiler with more or less high temperature. For additional use of the heat contained in the flue gases leaving the boiler, the so-called tail heating surfaces are installed behind them - economizer, in which feed or network water is heated, or air heater, in which the air is heated, which goes to combustion in the combustion device. Depending on the local conditions economizers and air heaters sometimes do not install or install only one of these devices. Schemes and designs of boilers, economizers and air heaters are discussed in section II.

In addition to the listed main equipment, the heat generating plant must have auxiliary equipment, which includes: a traction device, a blower installation, feed or network pumps, devices for preparing feed water used to power steam boilers or make-up water used to replenish leaks in a heating network, pipelines, instrumentation, control devices and controls, fuel supply devices.

Traction device designed to create a vacuum in the gas ducts of a heat generating plant, necessary to remove cooled flue gases and overcoming resistance during their movement in the gas ducts of the installation. Traction devices include smoke exhausters (artificial draft) and chimney(natural traction).

Blower installation consists of fans and air ducts used to supply air to the furnace of the boiler unit.

Feed pumps are used to supply water to the steam boiler. Feed water tanks are installed in the boiler room, into which the steam condensate returned from the consumer enters, and additional water is supplied to cover the steam losses at the consumer. The feed pump draws water from these feed tanks and delivers it to the steam boiler.

Network (circulation) pumps installed in hot water boilers. In such installations, the return water pipeline of the heating system is connected to a network pump, which pumps water through the boiler and then delivers it through the discharge pipeline to heating system. Thus, the boiler is included in the water circulation circuit through the heating system.

Devices for the preparation of feed or make-up water include water intake devices, chemical water treatment and deaeration plants. In installation chemical water treatment soften (removal of hardness salts, causing the deposition of scale on the heat-receiving surfaces of the boiler) of the initial raw water, and in deaerator remove corrosive gases from chemically treated water. Deaerated water is fed to steam boilers by feed pumps and to feed heating networks with make-up pumps.

To control and automatically regulate the processes occurring in the boiler plant, control and automation devices are used.

Boiler plant with fuel ( natural gas) provides equipment fuel supply, including withdrawal from main pipeline and a gas control point, in which the gas pressure is reduced from the main one to the one necessary for operation gas burners and maintaining the gas pressure at the inlet to the burner within the specified limits.

thermal scheme boiler room with steam and hot water boilers

Thermal diagram of a boiler room with steam boilers

Thermal diagram of a boiler room with hot water boilers

Classification of boiler rooms

Topic 4.1. Thermal schemes and layout of boiler equipment

Classification of boiler rooms depending on the purpose and composition of the equipment. Thermal diagrams of boiler houses with steam, hot water and steam boilers. The main and auxiliary equipment of industrial and heating boiler houses. Typical layouts of boiler rooms for gas-oil fuel.

Boilers are a complex technical structure, consisting of a boiler unit and auxiliary equipment, and designed to produce steam or hot water, or both at the same time. According to their purpose, boiler plants are divided into:

Þ energy - generating steam to generate electricity;

Þ production and heating - generating steam for technology and heat supply;

Þ heating - producing water for heat supply;

Þ mixed - producing steam for energy, technology and heat supply.

Boiler rooms with hot water boilers can be built to release heat only in the form of hot water when burning solid, gaseous and liquid fuels. Liquid fuel usually arrives in tank trucks, i.e. in a warm state. These boiler houses can work both for closed and open heating systems. When developing and calculating thermal circuits with hot water boilers, it is necessary to take into account the features of their design and operation. The reliability and efficiency of hot water boilers depend on the constancy of the water flow through them, which should not decrease relative to that set by the manufacturer.

In order to avoid low-temperature and sulfuric acid corrosion of convective heating surfaces, the temperature of the water at the inlet to the boiler when burning fuels that do not contain sulfur must be at least 60 ° C, low-sulphur fuels - at least 70 ° C and high-sulfur fuels - at least 110 ° C.

Figure 4.1 - Thermal diagram of a boiler room with hot water boilers:

1 - hot water boiler; 2 - network pump; 3 – raw water pump; 4 – raw water heater; 5 - chemical water treatment; 6 - make-up pump; 7 - tank of deaerated water; 8 – deaerated water cooler; 9 - heater of chemically purified water; 10 - deaerator; 11 – steam cooler; 12 - recirculation pump.

To increase the water temperature at the inlet to the boiler at water temperatures below the specified ones, a recirculation pump is installed.

Vacuum deaerators are often installed in boiler rooms with hot water boilers. However, vacuum deaerators require careful supervision during operation, therefore, in a number of boiler houses it is preferable to install atmospheric deaerators.

Thermal diagram of a boiler house with hot water boilers operating on closed system heat supply is shown in Figure 4.1.

raw water pump 3 supplies water to the raw water heater 4 where it is heated by the heat of hot water. Heated water is sent to chemical water treatment 5 . Chemically purified and heated water is supplied to the deaerated water cooler 8 , where it is heated, receiving the warmth of make-up water. Further heating of water is carried out in the heater of chemically purified water 9 . Before entering the deaerator, part of the chemically treated water passes through the deaerator vapor cooler 11 .

Steam is often supplied to technological consumers from boiler houses, called industrial ones. These boilers usually produce saturated or slightly superheated steam at pressures up to 1.4 or 2.4 MPa. Steam is used by technological consumers and in a small amount - for the preparation of hot water sent to the heat supply system. Hot water is produced in network heaters installed in the boiler room.

The principal thermal diagram of a production boiler house with the release of a small amount of heat for the needs of heating, ventilation and hot water supply to a closed heat supply system is shown in Figure 4.2.

The raw water pump feeds the water to the blowdown water cooler, where it is heated by the heat from the blowdown water. Then the raw water is heated up to 20 - 30 o C in the raw water steam heater and sent to the chemical water treatment.

Figure 4.2 - Thermal diagram of a production boiler house with steam boilers:

1 - steam boiler; 2 – continuous blowdown expander; 3 – raw water pump; 4 - bubbler; 5 – continuous purge cooler; 6 – network water heater; 7 - chemical water treatment; 8 - feed pump; 9 - make-up pump; 10 – make-up water cooler; 11 - network pump; 12 – condensate cooler; 13 – network heater; 14 - heater of chemically purified water; 15 - steam cooler; 16 - atmospheric deaerator; 17 - reduction-cooling unit.

Chemically purified water is sent to the deaerated water cooler and heated to certain temperature. Further heating of chemically purified water is carried out in a steam heater. Before entering the deaerator, part of the chemically treated water passes through the deaerator vapor cooler.

The network water is heated by steam in two network heaters connected in series. Condensate from all heaters is sent to the deaerator, which also receives condensate returned by external steam consumers.

Water heating in the atmospheric deaerator is carried out by steam from boilers and steam from a continuous blowdown expander. The continuous blowdown from the boilers is used in the expander, where the boiler water is partially evaporated due to pressure reduction.

In a boiler house with steam boilers, regardless of the thermal scheme, the use of heat from the continuous blowdown of boilers is mandatory. The blowdown water used in the cooler is discharged into the blowdown well.

Deaerated water with a temperature of about 104 o With a feed pump is supplied to steam boilers. Make-up water for the heat supply system is taken from the same deaerator, being cooled in the deaerated water cooler to 70 ° C before entering the make-up pump.

The use of a common deaerator for the preparation of feed and make-up water is possible only for closed water supply systems due to the low consumption of make-up water in them.

In open heating systems, the consumption of make-up water is significant, so two deaerators should be installed in the boiler room: one for the preparation of feed water, the other for make-up water. In boiler rooms with steam boilers, atmospheric deaerators are most often installed.

For process consumers using steam over low pressure compared to that produced by boilers, and for auxiliary heaters in the thermal circuits of boiler houses, a pressure reducing unit (RU) is provided to reduce steam pressure or a reduction cooling unit (ROU) to reduce steam pressure and temperature.

With significant heat consumption for the needs of heating, ventilation and hot water supply and relatively low steam consumption for technological needs, boiler houses with steam and hot water boilers are usually designed. The construction of boiler houses with steam and hot water boilers is economically feasible only if the total heat output of the boiler house is more than 50 MW.

When developing a thermal scheme for a boiler house with steam and hot water boilers, two options are possible:

1. Two-stage heating of network water. In this case, water is heated first in steam-water heaters, and then in hot water boilers.

2. Single-stage heating of network water. With this method of heating, hot water is produced by hot water boilers, and steam is produced by steam boilers.

Figure 4.3 shows circuit diagram boiler room with steam and hot water boilers, providing single-stage heating of network water. The connection between the steam and hot water part of the boiler house is chemical cleaning feed water and steam lines for both heat transfer media (steam and hot water). Since the boiler house operates on an open heat supply system, it is planned to install two deaerators: one for degassing the feed water, the other for make-up water. Both deaerators are atmospheric.

The raw water pump feeds the water to the blowdown water cooler, where it is heated by the heat from the blowdown water. Then the raw water is heated up to 20 - 30 °C in a steam-water heater and sent to the chemical water treatment. Chemically purified water branches into two directions: the first is a heater, a steam cooler, a feed water deaerator, and the second is a make-up water cooler. From the feed water deaerator, the feed pump supplies water to the steam boilers and for injection into the ROU.

The network pump delivers return water into hot water boilers and then heated - into the supply line of the heating system.

Figure 4.3 - Thermal diagram of a boiler room with steam and hot water boilers:

1 - steam boiler; 2 - reducing installation; 3 – feed water deaerator; 4 – steam cooler of the feed water deaerator; 5 - steam cooler of make-up water deaerator; 6 – make-up water deaerator; 7, 9 – chemically purified water heater; 8 – make-up water cooler; 10 – network heater; 11 – condensate cooler; 12 - hot water boiler; 13 - recirculation pump; 14 - network pump; 15 - make-up pump; 16 - storage tank; 17 - feed pump; 18 - chemical water treatment; 19 – raw water heater; 20 - bubbler; 21 – continuous purge cooler; 22 - raw water pump; 23 - continuous purge expander.

Water from the expander enters the blowdown water cooler and is discharged into the blowdown well (bubbler).

Steam from steam boilers is partly sent to process consumers, partly to ROU, after which it is used for own needs and supplied to consumers requiring a pressure of 0.6 MPa. The continuous blowdown from the steam boilers is sent to an expander, where the boiler water is partially evaporated due to reduction. The steam from the expander enters the feedwater deaerator.

The auxiliary equipment of the boiler house includes various heaters, pumps, storage tanks (with open system heat supply), reduction and reduction-cooling units.

Basically, surface-type heat exchangers are used in boiler rooms. Depending on the location of the pipe system, heat exchangers are divided into vertical and horizontal.

vertical heat exchangers are used in large steam boilers for heating network water.

Horizontal heat exchangers are used to heat raw and chemically treated water.

Steam or hot water is used as the heat carrier in these heat exchangers.

Applied schemes for switching on deaerators are shown in Figure 4.4.

Vacuum deaerators are often installed in boiler rooms with hot water boilers. However, they require careful supervision during operation, therefore, in a number of boiler houses, atmospheric deaerators are preferred.

In figure 4.4, a shows a deaerator operating at an absolute pressure of 0.03 MPa. The vacuum in it is created by a water jet ejector. Make-up water after chemical water treatment is heated in a water-to-water hot water heater from a direct line with a temperature of 130 - 150 ° C. The temperature of the water after the deaerator is 70 ° C.

In figure 4.4, b the deaeration scheme is shown at a pressure of 0.12 MPa, i.e. above atmospheric. At this pressure, the temperature of the water in the deaerator is 104 ° C. Before being supplied to the deaerator, chemically purified water is preheated in a water-to-water heat exchanger.

Figure 4.4 - Schemes for switching on deaerators:

a - vacuum; b - atmospheric; c - atmospheric with a deaerated water cooler.

When preparing water for the needs of hot water supply in boiler houses operating on a closed heat supply system, various schemes are used for connecting local heat exchangers to the heat supply system. Currently, there are three schemes for connecting local heat exchangers, shown in Figure 4.5.

In figure 4.4, in the scheme of make-up water deaeration is shown, in which, after the deaeration column, water enters the deaerated water cooler, heating the chemically treated water. Then the chemically purified water is sent to a heat exchanger installed in front of the deaerator. The water temperature after the deaerated water cooler is about 70 ° C.

The choice of the scheme for connecting local heat exchangers for hot water supply is made depending on the ratio of the maximum heat consumption for hot water supply Q G.V to maximum flow heat for heating Q O.

Figure 4.5 - Schemes for connecting local heat exchangers:

a - parallel; b - two-stage sequential; c - mixed.

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