Tatar lettuce (Russian) Tatar lettuce (Ukrainian) lactuca tatarica (l.) c.a.mey (lat.) Popular names: molokan, blue sow thistle. Honey productivity of milkweeds and molokans Description Tatar lettuce

quarantine organism

Family: Asteraceae, Compositae (Asteraceae, Compositae)

Genus: Lettuce (Lactuca)

biological classification

Definition

Tatar lettuce- perennial rhizomatous weed. poisonous plant. Height up to 190 cm. The stem is straight, branched, in thin felt pubescence or glabrous. The leaves are alternate, thick, fleshy, puff-shaped. Rarely entire, lanceolate. root system powerful, rhizomatous. Inflorescences - baskets, collected in a common paniculate inflorescence. Corollas are blue. The weed is widespread in the European part of Russia, Siberia, the Caucasus, the Crimea, Central Asia. (Trukhachev V.I., 2006) (Bobrov E.G., 1964)

Morphology

The shoots of Tatar lettuce are distinguished by the presence of milky juice. The supra-cotyl internode is undeveloped. The subcotyl area is blue-purple, 8–12 mm long. The cotyledons are oval, rounded at the apex, tapering at the base and passing into short petioles.

The first leaves are arranged alternately. The first is oval, sometimes oblong obovate. There is a small spike at the top. Along the edges - small rare, sometimes barely visible teeth. On the second leaf, the teeth are more visible. (Vasilchenko I.T., 1965)

The leaves of adult plants are lanceolate, often strugulate, sometimes whole, fleshy. Thick. Stem up to 190 cm, erect, branched. The surface is bare or covered with thin felt. Marginal blue, reed and medium tubular flowers are collected in baskets, forming a common inflorescence - panicle.

The fruit is an oblate achene. She is black and ribbed. The fly is white, falls off easily. Sizes of achenes: 4.5 - 5 x 0.75 - 1.25 x 0.4 - 0.6 mm. Weight of 1000 pieces - 1.25 g. (Gubanov I.A., 2004) (Trukhachev V.I., 2006)

The root system is powerful and consists of vertical and curved rhizomes hidden in the ground. Penetrates into the soil up to 5 m. (Bobrov E.G., 1964) (Fisyunov A.V., 1984)

Biology and development

Tatar lettuce- rhizomatous perennial. The plant is drought-resistant, able to tolerate well compacted and saline soils. Propagated by seeds and vegetatively. The main method is vegetative. (Fisyunov A.V., 1984) (Nikitin V.V., 1983)

Shoots of achenes and shoots of buds germinate from March to May and at the very beginning autumn period. Minimum temperature germination +2°C - +4°C, optimum - +20°C - +30°C, maximum - + 34°C - +36°C. (Fisyunov A.V., 1984)

Root buds are laid in the first year of plant life, but they can germinate in subsequent years. Germination of buds takes place during the entire growing season of the plant. Aboveground organs can withstand temperatures down to minus 10 °C. The roots are kept in the ground. (Fisyunov A.V., 1984) (Nikitin V.V., 1983)

Tatar lettuce blooms from July to August, inclusive. Fruits from July to September. Maximum fertility - up to 6200 seeds per plant. (Fisyunov A.V., 1984)

Spreading

Habitat in nature

Tatar lettuce in wild nature found on sandy, including saline, clay soils, along the banks of reservoirs and on coastal sands. It lives in the mountains up to a height of 3400 m above sea level. (Bobrov E.G., 1964)

Geographic distribution

Tatar lettuce widely distributed in the Middle and Atlantic parts of Europe, the Balkans, Asia Minor, India, Iran, Afghanistan, Mongolia, China, in the mountains of Tibet. In Russia, the weed grows throughout the European part, except northern regions, in the Caucasus, in the Crimea, in Siberia, Central Asia. (Bobrov E.G., 1964)

Maliciousness

Tatar lettuce- a malicious weed that clogs crops of various field crops, melons, vegetable gardens, orchards, irrigated and irrigated lands. (Bobrov E.G., 1964) Clogging of fields leads to a number of negative factors:

  • shading of cultivated plants;
  • violation of the water and temperature regime;
  • decrease in fertility;
  • the development of pathogenic microorganisms;
  • reproduction of harmful insects;
  • deterioration in the working conditions of agricultural machinery. (Masters A.S., 2014)

Slave Unit Pesticides Against

Chemical pesticides.

Object map

Synonyms.

Sonchus tataricus L., Mulgedium tataricum (L.) DC.

systematic position.

Family Asteraceae (Asteraceae) Dumort. (Compositae), genus Lettuce Lactuca L.

biological group.

Rootstock perennial.

Morphology and biology.

The root is vertical, with numerous horizontal lateral branches, giving rise to new above-ground shoots. Stem glabrous or white-cobweb, simple or branched, 25-80 (115) cm tall. Leaves close together in the lower part of the stem, sessile, harsh, gray-gray, narrowed towards the base, with sparse spines along the edge. Leaves 5-18 cm long and 0.5-5 cm wide. The lower and middle leaves are pinnately or pectate-lobed with narrow lobes. Upper leaves entire, lanceolate, almost sessile. The inflorescence is a spreading panicle. Pedicels are short, with small scaly leaves. Baskets 2.5-3 cm in diameter, receptacle glabrous. The flowers are blue or purple, reed, with reeds 10 mm long and 2.5 mm wide. Involucre cylindrical, 4-rowed, 11-16 mm long and 3-5 mm wide, pubescent outside. Hemicarps about 6 mm long, slightly compressed, with 5-7 longitudinal ribs, almost black, densely pubescent with small hairs. The nose is equal to half the achene. Pappus-tuft 9-12 mm, of white, soft, easily falling hairs, surrounded by a sharp-toothed ringlet at the base. The plant contains milky juice. Blooms in July - August. Molokan propagates by seeds and root shoots, its rhizomes are fragile and root easily. The plant is capable of producing about 6000 seeds, which remain viable for up to 4 years. Optimum temperature seed germination 20-30°C. Seedlings appear in spring and autumn.

Spreading.

Western Europe, northern Central Asia, Japan. In the territory former USSR: the European part of Russia, the Caucasus, Central Asia, the south of Siberia. It has been found in the Far East as an adventive plant since the second half of the 20th century.

Ecology.

Distributed in the forest-steppe, steppe and semi-desert zone. Drought-resistant plant, tolerates salinity and soil compaction. In nature, it grows in meadows, in steppes and semi-deserts, also on saline soils, for example, along sea coasts. Also found in ruderal places (roadsides, railway embankments, etc.) and in crops.

Economic value.

A common segetal weed. In the steppe and forest-steppe, it mainly infests grain crops, and in the semi-desert and desert zone it infests any crops. Control measures. Weed rhizomes and seeds should be destroyed regularly with appropriate types of tillage and herbicides. Contamination should be avoided seed and soil with lettuce seeds, for which the weed is mowed or weeded out before fruiting. Molokan control should include the use of deep plowing of the soil. Proper crop rotation and weeding of fallows and borders are also necessary.

Literature:

Mayevsky P.F. Flora middle lane European part of the USSR. M.-L.: Selkhozgiz, 1954. 912 p.
Maltsev A.I. Atlas of the most important species of weeds in the USSR, vol. 1. M.-L.: Selkhozgiz, 1937. 168 p.
weed plants USSR, vol. 4. Ed. Keller B.A., Lyubimenko V.N., Maltsev A.I. and others. M.-L.: AN SSSR, 1935. 414 p.
Vascular plants of the Soviet Far East, vol. 6. Ed. Kharkevich S.S. St. Petersburg: Nauka, 1992. 428 p.
Ulyanova T.N. Weeds in the flora of Russia and other CIS countries. St. Petersburg: VIR, 1998. 344 p.
Fisyunov A.V. Weed plants. M.: Kolos, 1984. 320 p.
Flora of Siberia, v. 13. Ed. Krasnoborov I.M. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1997. 472 p.
Cherepanov S.K. Vascular plants of Russia and neighboring states (within the former USSR). St. Petersburg: Mir i semya, 1995. 991 p.

Honey productivity of plants with milky juice.

Sometimes beekeepers, talking about honey collection and nectar-bearing honey plants, cannot understand each other. Confusion arises especially when it comes to plants with milky juice. This is what happens when spurge and molokan are mentioned. What's the matter here?

Plants with milky juice

The fact is that spurges and molokans are plants of different families. How big is the difference? The difference is very big, as well as honey productivity.

During a conversation with the mention of a molokan (colloquially, molokanka) or euphorbia, a person (beekeeper) without botanical knowledge implies that we are talking about the same plant, the juice of which is similar to milk. Everyone saw white juice, and everyone had their own perception of plants with juice that looked like milk. However, this knowledge is not enough for a correct judgment about plants with milky juice. There are many such plants in nature. Moreover, not all of them will belong exclusively to the families of milkweeds and molokans. There are many families with milky juice.

It would be possible to start the story with cacti, but they do not grow at all in our country. So there is nothing to worry about them.

But it will be appropriate to mention the goat wanderers: dubious and meadow. The plant is conspicuous since childhood. Who is meadow goatweed(lat. Tragopogon pratensis) shaggy did not try, did not eat! The plant is edible. By the way, bees, although rarely, visit it.

Which of the beekeepers is not known thistle field(or sow thistle yellow, or sow thistle euphorbia) (lat. Sonchus arvénsis). Not to be confused with pink thistle. A plant with milky juice, honey-bearing, with good honey productivity - 60-140 kg / ha.

As you can see, we have not yet read up to milkweeds with milkweeds, but honey plants with milky juice have already appeared. In addition, even a plant was found that is not related to euphorbia, but has the word "euphorbia" in its name. By the way, did you know that Molokan is not a scientific definition of a plant?

It is here that the “dog is buried”, from here the “misunderstandings” begin for beekeepers. If you talk about specific subjects conditionally (ah, approximately, like this), then it is unlikely that you will come to an understanding. Here it is necessary to open botany, or, more simply, an atlas-determinant of plants.

Now let's deal with milkweeds and molokans.

Milk productivity of milkweeds.

Euphorbia - herbaceous perennial, is ubiquitous. In the table of nectar content in terms of milkweed, the figure is 25 kg / ha. I don’t know where, but there is a problem with the honey productivity of euphorbia in our area. You will see a bee on them no more than once every five years. Bees sit on the fence more often than on milkweed. Bees do not go to euphorbia. Here are all sorts of flies and different beetles willingly sit on milkweed. However, even on the largest arrays of milkweed, there are no bees nearby.

Therefore, I have no desire to represent the “interests” of milkweed on this page. However, solely for the sake of the photo reader and stuff. Widespread:

(lat. Euphorbia esula);

Euphorbia is not a fan of pampering bees with nectar.

Euphorbia vine, rod-shaped, (or broadly branched(lat. Euphorbia virgata), Euphorbia Waldstein (Euphorbia waldsteinii));

Euphorbia cypress(Euphorbia cyparissias).

Euphorbias bloom all summer, but they are of no use, "like from a goat's milk."

Honey productivity of Molokans.

Unlike Euphorbia, all Molokans continuously supply bees with pollen and nectar all summer long. The official name of the Molokans is lettuce. The genus of lettuces includes almost one and a half hundred species. Lettuce (Molokan) is in the Asteraceae family. As all of us beekeepers know, this family is the supplier of a wide range of honey plants, starting with the asters themselves.

In the list below, the first four types of Molokans are the most common. All of them are known as good honey plants and pollen plants. Nectar from lettuce is available to extract by bees. Molokans are especially valuable from July to August, when the genus of Molokans notably provides bees with nectar and pollen. Most lettuce helps out in dry seasons. During such periods, Molokans are the main suppliers of pollen.

I will present to your attention the most known species Molokans:

Tatar lettuce(Molokan Tatar, sow thistle blue) (lat. Lactuca tatarica). The flowers are blue, the leaves are long in the form of an elongated ellipse going up the stem.

perennial lettuce (Molokan perennial) (lat. Lactuca perennis). The flower is purple, the leaves are strongly dissected along the entire stem.

General view of flowering perennial lettuce.

wild lettuce (Molokan compass) (lat. Lactuca serriola). The flower is yellow, the leaves are oblong pinnately lobed along the entire stem.

wall lettuce(wall molokan, wall mycelis) (lat. Lactuca muralis). The flowers are yellow, the leaves are large triangular-toothed, grouped below at the root, smaller towards the top.

oak lettuce (lat. Lactuca quercina) listed in the Red Book, we have it, honey plant of the same quality as the previous ones.

Distinguishing species is quite simple - by the color of the flower and the arrangement of the leaves. In Tatar lettuce, the flower is blue, the leaves are elongated elliptical, in lettuce perennial flower purple, the leaves are deeply pinnate, in others the flower is yellow, but in the wall lettuce (mycelis) the leaves are wide located at the root, and in the compass, the leaves are dissected along the entire stem. (I didn’t plan to write about these honey plants, so I didn’t prepare a photo, I’ll try to fix it over the summer.)

Molokans are ubiquitous (wastelands, abandoned places), mainly in crops. With any main flow, if there are Molokans nearby, the bees find working resources to visit the lettuce. At large areas, overgrown with lettuce, the apiary is able to get marketable honey. As a rule, this situation develops in abandoned fields. A clarification should be made here. The same conditions as for Molokans are suitable for pink thistle (thistle) and yellow thistle (field). All these plants are constantly adjacent to each other. Therefore, honey obtained from such lands has the name sow thistle (honey from thistle), and in common parlance “from molokanka”.

Thistle pink is not a relative of milkweeds and Molokans.

The honey productivity of Molokans is sufficient to obtain marketable honey. Nectar from Molokans is certainly present in all varieties of honey extracted in the second half of summer.

Now about the official honey productivity. Not in any book on beekeeping, not in any atlas honey plants I didn’t see not only numbers, but even a mention of lettuce or molokan. Here, the sharp euphorbia and the horned bird-foot, on which we have never seen bees in our area, are, but there are no Molokans. This is back to the question

Tatar lettuce

scientific classification
Kingdom:

Plants
The Department:

flowering plants
Class:

Dicotyledonous
Order:

Astroflowers
Family:

Asteraceae
Genus:
View:

Tatar lettuce
International scientific name

Lactuca tatarica (L.) C.A. Mey.
View in taxonomic databases
CoL

Tatar lettuce(lat. Lactuca tatarica) is a perennial plant of the Asteraceae family ( Asteraceae).

Description

Basket and buds

A perennial plant with a powerful root system and vertical or somewhat curved rhizomes hidden in the ground, which serve as the basis for above-ground offspring (shoots). The tap root reaches 1 m in annual specimens, and 4-5 m in adult perennials. usually only in the upper part or, more rarely, throughout.

Leaves close together in the lower part of the stem, bluish or bluish, rather thick, fleshy, but harsh, narrowed towards the base. The lower ones have a semi-stem-embracing petiole, pinnately or strugulately dissected, with narrow, backward-facing, usually pointed lobes or lobes, along the edge with sparse callous spines; the middle ones are similar to the lower ones (but smaller than them) or whole, lanceolate; upper leaves sessile or almost sessile, entire, lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate; in rare cases, all the leaves on the plant are whole.

Baskets are collected in a branched-paniculate common inflorescence on peduncles, seated with small scaly leaves. Involucral leaflets are four-rowed, very thinly pubescent outside, often slightly purple, with a membranous, usually wavy border along the inner edge, obtuse at the apex. Corollas are lilac-blue or blue.

Hemicarps 5.5-6 mm long and 0.75-1 mm wide, oblong-linear or elliptical, slightly compressed, from yellowish-brownish to dark olive or almost black, with 3-4 large and between them numerous small longitudinal protruding ribbed, rather densely covered with very short stiff hairs, at the apex gradually retracted into a spout-shaped constriction, usually slightly lighter than the achene, ending in a funnel-shaped disc bearing a tuft of thin, white or yellowish-dirty, soft and shiny, almost smooth and rather light separating hairs.

Spreading

In Russia, it is distributed in the European part, Crimea, the Caucasus, Western and Eastern Siberia. General distribution: Central and Atlantic Europe, Balkan Peninsula, Asia Minor and Central Asia, Iran.

It is common in all natural and administrative regions of the Saratov Right Bank. In the Rtishchevo district, it was noted along the Rtishchevo - Shilo-Golitsyno highway.

Features of biology and ecology

It grows on clayey and sandy soils (including saline ones), along the banks of rivers and other reservoirs, in waste places, often in large groups (latn). As a weed, it is found in crops of various field crops, on fallows, in vegetable gardens, melons, orchards and among forest protective belts, as well as on irrigated lands, in oases and near springs.

Blooms in June - July; fruiting in August.

It reproduces mainly vegetatively, due to numerous adventitious buds on the roots and renewal buds on the rhizomes. One plant can develop more than fifty above-ground shoots in one vegetative period.

Category and status

Tatar lettuce is one of the burdensome and difficult to eradicate root shoot weeds.

Literature

  • Elenevsky A. G., Radygina V. I., Bulany Yu. I. Plants of the Saratov Right Bank (compendium of flora). - Saratov: Sarat Publishing House. pedin-ta, 2000. - ISBN 5-87077-047-5. - p. 76
  • Flora of Central Russia: Identifier Atlas / Kiseleva K. V., Maiorov S. R., Novikov V. S. Ed. prof. V. S. Novikov. - M.: CJSC "Fiton +", 2010. - S. 505
  • Flora of the USSR. T. XXIX. / ed. E. G. Bobrov and N. N. Tsvelev. - M., L.: Nauka, 1964. - S. 282-285

Latin name: Lactuca tatarica (L.) C. A. Mey.

Description

Belongs to the aster family. Distributed in the southern and southeastern regions of the European part of the country, in the Caucasus, Siberia, Northern Kazakhstan, and Central Asia. Hard to eradicate and harmful weed. Weeds all crops, orchards, orchards, plantations of vineyards, tea, pastures. Prefers often moist, slightly saline, both light and heavy soils. Drought-resistant plant, tolerates soil compaction.

The root system is powerful, strongly branching, vertical roots penetrate the soil up to 4 ... 5 m. Vegetative shoots appear from a depth of up to 1 m. Adnexal buds are laid on the roots and germinate or are in a dormant state for several years. Bud germination occurs throughout the growing season, but is most intense in spring and autumn. The stem is straight, branched, up to 1 m high. The whole plant is bluish-green. The leaves are alternate, the lower ones are notched-pinnatipartite, the upper ones are lanceolate, almost sessile, sharp. The flowers are collected in baskets, purple-blue, blooms in July - August.

The fruit is an oblong-club-shaped, black with a reddish tinge and an achene that falls easily. Length - 4.5 ... 5 mm, width - 0.75 ... 1.25, thickness - 0.4 ... 0.6 mm. The mass of 1000 seeds is about 1.25 g. It bears fruit in July - September. The fertility of one plant is from 300 to 6.2 thousand seeds. Achenes in laboratory conditions germinate well, in the field - poorly. The viability of seeds is up to 4 years. Achenes germinate in moist soil from a depth of no more than 1.5...2 cm at a temperature of 20...30°C. Shoots from seeds in field conditions are dying. The main mode of reproduction is vegetative.

The ability of Tatar lettuce to repeatedly regenerate above-ground shoots requires careful implementation. agrotechnical measures to fight him. After harvesting the predecessor, peeling is carried out with share cultivators to a depth of 8 ... 10 cm, then repeated peeling to a depth of 12 ... 14 cm and deep autumn plowing to a depth of 25 ... 27 cm.

Control measures

In the fight against lettuce important role belongs to black pairs, where deep tillage is combined with mid-depth tillage with cultivators (up to 8 times). Due to the strong dispersion of the soil in last years a combination of treatments with spraying with herbicides is widely used. Some success in the suppression of Molokan can be achieved by sowing highly competitive seed crops (winter, fodder) in combination with herbicide treatment. Effective drugs: banvel, tordon, lontrel mixed with 2,4-D.

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