Yew pointed nana. Yew is a coniferous tree. Varieties of yew berry tree: photos and descriptions
This tree comes from China, Japan and other Far Eastern countries. It tolerates shade very well, loves the presence of lime, alkali and acid in the soil. Watering is needed only for young trees during their rapid growth, grown plants are famous for their resistance to drought. Yew rarely grows above 20 meters, but it is a long-liver: its average age is almost a thousand years. The methods of planting it are seeds and cuttings (it can be quite small, and already slightly woody).
Pointed yew - coniferous evergreen tree, belongs to the yew family. In the wild, there are few large specimens: they grow up to a maximum of 6 meters. It is worth saying that this yew is listed in the Red Book of the Primorsky Territory and the Red Book of the Sakhalin Region.
You can also meet a shrub (creeping) - this type occasionally occurs in pointed yew. Its crown holds an oval shape, a horizontal location of the branch (relative to the earth's surface), and the bark of a 1-meter diameter trunk is reddish-brown. The tree has flat, sickle-shaped needles with a small spike at the top. The needles themselves are green (dark in color) on the top and slightly lighter on the bottom, 2.5 millimeters long and about 3 millimeters wide. Nature gave a strong root system to the yew spiky. It is shallow, the tap root is not sharply expressed, however, the tree is provided with the necessary resistance to wind. On the roots, offspring are formed with mycorrhiza appearing soon.
Like any gymnosperm plant, the pointed yew has female and male sporophylls. Male (microsporophylls) are spherical in shape. Their habitat is the tops of last year's shoots, where they are in the form of peculiar spikelets hidden in leaf sinuses. Female sporophylls (megasporophylls) are single ovules and "live" at the very top of the shoots.
Yew seeds have an ovoid flat (oval-elliptical) shape, they are brown, 4-6 mm long and 4.5-4 mm wide. The month of their ripening is September. True, solid harvests can be expected no more than once every 5-7 years. The wood (which lends itself well to polishing) of the pointed yew is highly valued: it is used to make beautiful furniture and various joinery. But this species yew is listed in the Red Book, so they rarely work with it.
Since the tree is very beautiful, it will be a godsend for a variety of landings when planning landscapes - both singly and in groups. The yew has increased shadow endurance, so the most shady areas of gardens and park areas can become its “home”. In addition, the crown of this tree is beautifully shaped.
Attention! The yew has poisonous needles! Slightly sweet in taste, an edible seedling (fleshy, bright red) is sometimes called a berry by mistake. But it is the seeds that contain poisonous substances.
Pointed yew Taxus cuspidata "Nana" (variety "Nana")
This is the name of the shrub. It is evergreen, the shape of the crown is irregular, the needles are thick, dark green. It is perfectly processed by the so-called topiary haircut, when shrubs and trees are given a specially selected shape using garden pruner. In particular, the shapes of balls, pyramids and cones suit him.
"Nana" is a variety that grows slowly (and even very much), which is why it is better to plant it in rock gardens, on a rocky hill, or use it as a border. The maximum height of "Nana" is only 1.5 meters, it grows no more than 5 cm per year. It looks beautiful on roofs intended for landscaping, terraces. It is magnificent and in the form of a hedge. It can be grown in containers and combined with deciduous trees in creating a landscape. Also, this tree is resistant to winds and frosts and undemanding to the soil.
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tis is conifer tree or shrub with slow growth and dense branching. The bark is thin reddish-brown, exfoliating in plates. Usually dioecious. The leaves are linear, flat, leathery, sitting on short petioles, the bend of which gives them a two-row arrangement on horizontal shoots, on sticking up they are arranged spirally. Male cones are round, solitary, sitting in the axils of the leaves on the underside of the shoot. The female generative organs are located in the same way. The seed is surrounded by a fleshy juicy red appendage - aryllus (roofing, seedling) in the form of a glass 5-8 mm in diameter. Seeds ripen in the current season.
All parts of the yew coniferous tree, except for the aryllus, are poisonous.
Wild forms of yew berry and spiky winter well in middle lane. The latter is considered more winter-hardy than berry, but there is no clear evidence for this. Varietal forms may have different winter hardiness, preferably low varieties that winter under the snow.
The oversnow part can burn in the spring in the sun. They can also be damaged by strong prolonged frosts in snowless winters. When growing high grade pyramidal yews, it should be taken into account that the crown often becomes flattened (T. media ‘Hatfieldii’) and decorative qualities are lost.
Plants are shade-tolerant, preferring fertile, well-cultivated garden soil and regular watering in drought.
Yew Properties and Applications
Yew price dark needles that do not change color for the winter, beautiful "fruits". It goes well with various conifers and hardwoods. Compact densely branched varieties easily tolerate a haircut, which allows you to give them a smooth geometric shape. It is possible to use winter-hardy varieties for sheared hedges.
Yew berry has always been valued as an ornamental and building material- over the centuries, it was almost completely exterminated because of its "eternal" wood. One of important properties yew - its bactericidal action. Houses that at least partially used yew protected their inhabitants from disease-causing infections.
Types of yew and his photo
The genus of evergreen coniferous trees and shrubs of this family includes about eight species of yew. The most common of them are Canadian, pointed, medium and berry. known interspecific hybrids. In the middle lane, 4 species are grown (one of hybrid origin). Varieties of different types of yew are often difficult to distinguish.
All types of yew are widespread in the Northern Hemisphere; the birthplace of three of them is the USA and neighboring areas of Canada. Yews are also found in Europe and East Asia.
Canadian yew
Canadian yew (Taxus canadensis) is low bush, growing in the conditions of Moscow for 20 years up to 1.5 m in height and 2.7 m in width.
The branches are usually spread out to the sides, raised. The leaves are short, 1.3-2 cm long and 1.5-2 mm wide, narrowed into a short pointed tip, with very short petioles, dark, olive above. Are located two-row in one plane.
Grows in the northern United States and Canada. Rarely grown, although cultivated since 1933.
It is considered the most winter-hardy. Varieties are few and rare on sale.
Yew pointed
Yew (Taxus cuspidata) good conditions can grow in the form of a tree up to 20 m tall, in the middle lane in 20 years it reaches about 3 m in height with a crown diameter of 2.6 m, often grows bushy. Skeletal branches prostrate or raised.
The leaves are 1.5-2 cm long and 2-3 mm wide, with a clear midrib, dark green, sharply narrowed at the apex, arranged in two rows, forming a V-shaped “parting”. It is found in the Far East, Japan, Korea, China. In culture since 1854. A beautiful and fairly winter-hardy plant.
Varieties of yew pointed and their photos
About 20 varieties of yew spiky are known, some of them are noted for sale in our country.
Variety of yew spiky ‘Capitata Aurea’. Has one or more trunks. The crown is pyramidal. Branches obliquely ascending. young leaves with yellow border.
Variety of yew spiky ‘Dwarf Bright Gold’. Semi-dwarf. Grows up to 1.2 m tall, grows slowly. The crown is dense, roundly flattened, irregular. Branches directed upwards. Shoots are short, dense. Young leaves with a bright yellow border, growing shoots from a distance seem completely yellow.
Yew ‘Monloo’(‘Emerald Spreader’) (1998, England). At 10 years old, height 0.8 m, width 3 m. The crown is low, cushion-shaped, very compact, even. Branches horizontally spread, dense. The leaves are dark green, densely arranged in two rows, on young shoots evenly cover the entire upper surface.
‘Nana’. dwarf variety yew. Grows slowly. Dimensions at age 30: 1.5 m high and 2.6 m wide. As you can see in the photo, the yew variety "Nana" has a compact crown, irregular, cushion-shaped. The branches are short, obliquely directed upwards. The leaves are shorter than the type, often protruding and indistinctly two-rowed. Fruiting. 'Compacta' - very similar (if not the same).
Yew variety ‘Rustique’(1950, Holland). Dwarf. Height 0.8 m, width 1.5 m. The crown is loose, vase-shaped, irregular. Branches obliquely ascending. The needles are sparse, up to 3.5 cm long and 3 mm wide, slightly sickle-shaped. Often used for bonsai.
Variety ‘Stricta’. Female clone. The crown is columnar. Apparently, lower than the similar variety of yew berry.
Tees medium
The middle yew (Taxus x media, T. baccata x T. cuspidata) is a garden hybrid of the berry and pointed yew, obtained around 1900 in the USA (T. D. Hatfield, Hunnewell Pinetum, Wellesley, Massachusetts). It has intermediate features: kidney scales are obtuse, with a weak keel, leaves with a clear midrib, but located in two rows and often in the same plane. It is a collection of varieties with different winter hardiness, which form the basis of the modern range of yews.
Medium yew varieties: descriptions and photos
There are about 40 varieties of medium yew. On sale are:
Middle yew variety ‘Hatfieldii’(until 1923, USA). Medium height. Height up to 4 m with a width of 3 m. The crown is wide-pyramidal, dense. The branches are vertical, the needles are radial and two-row.
Variety ‘Hicksii’(about 1900, USA). Male and female clones. It grows up to 5 m in height with a width of 3 m, but in the middle lane it is not very winter-hardy and freezes over. The crown is neat, columnar, expanding upwards. The leaves on the vertical shoots are arranged radially, on the lateral shoots in two rows, 2.5-3 cm long and 3 mm wide, dark.
Yew variety ‘Hillii’(1914, USA). Female clone. It reaches a height of 4 m with a width of about 3 m. The crown is oval in youth, broadly columnar with age. Skeletal branches are vertical, lateral short. A female fertile clone. Leaves 2-2.2 cm long and 2.5 mm wide.
Variety ‘Sentinalis’(USA, 1947). Low shrub. It grows up to 3 m high and about 0.7 m wide. The crown is narrow pyramidal. This is one of 30 pyramidal varieties received in the USA (John Vermeulen and Sons Nursery, Neshanic Station, New Jersey) in 1933-1952. They differ somewhat in the shape of the crown and the color of the needles. Among them are 'Flushing' (1952), 'Pilaris' (1947), 'Pyramidalis' (1946), 'Robusta' (1948), 'Stricta' (1946), 'Vermeulen' (1947), 'Viridis' (1948) .
Medium yew variety ‘Taunton’('Tauntonii'). Dwarf. The height is about 1 m with a width of 1.5 m. The crown is round, flattened, rather dense. Branches outstretched and raised. The needles are bright green, two-row. Fruiting. It is considered very winter hardy.
Description of yew berry and photo
European yew (Taxus baccata) is a tree that usually grows as a shrub in cultivation. It grows slowly, reaching a height of 2 m in 20 years. Skeletal branches are horizontal or obliquely ascending. The crown is ovoid, spreading, multi-topped (in a tree) or cup-shaped (in shrubs).
The description of the yew berry is similar to the description of the middle yew. Young shoots are bare, ribbed, green.
Unlike other species, kidney scales are blunt and without keels. The leaves are straight or somewhat sickle-shaped, 2-3.5 cm long and 2-2.5 mm wide, with a distinct midrib and tucked edges, gradually narrowing to a sharp apex, which may even be with a spine. They stay on the branch for 5-6 years. Found in Western Europe, in the Caucasus, Asia Minor, North Africa in mixed and deciduous forests. In culture for a very long time.
Less winter-hardy than spiky or Canadian yew, it can freeze slightly in severe winters. Winter hardiness of varieties may be unsatisfactory.
Varieties of yew berry tree: photos and descriptions
In total, there are at least 150 varieties of yew berry. Cultivated in botanical gardens and arboretums, also varieties of yew berry are found on sale.
Grade ‘Adpressa’(1838, England). Female clone. shrub or small tree, reaching a maximum height of 3 m. At 12 years old, height 0.5 m (Moscow). The crown is dense, rounded, flattened. The branches are raised. Twigs are short, crowded. Needles less than 1 cm long, 2-4 mm wide, dark. Winter hardiness is good.
Yew variety ‘Adpressa Aurea’(‘Adpressa Variegata’) (until 1885, England). Lower than 'Adpressa'. Female or male clone (according to various sources). Declared dimensions at 10 years: 60 cm high and 70 cm wide. The crown is almost round, dense, expands in breadth with age. The leaves are short, 0.6-1.2 cm long, with yellow edges when blooming. The color is brighter in the sun. A female fertile clone. It cuts well.
Yew variety ‘Amersfoort’(1939, Holland). Shrub of medium size. It grows slowly, at 10 years old, height 0.6 m. Maximum height - 1.5 (2) m. The crown is oval, loose, irregular. Branching is irregular. The branches are strong, obliquely ascending and vertical. The leaves are dark, oval, up to 1 cm long and about 0.5 cm wide, rounded, spirally arranged. They are characteristically concave below, giving this variety a recognizable "curly" appearance. Perhaps, in fact, it is a variety of spiky yew.
Yew variety ‘Cristata’. Dwarf. The crown is dense irregular shape. The branches are directed randomly and somewhat twisted. The needles are narrow, pointed, blue-green, very thick and also twisted. Grows slowly.
Yew ‘Dovastoniana’(‘Pendula’) (circa 1777, England). wide shrub cupped or a tree. At 12 years old - 0.6 m tall, freezes heavily (Moscow). Skeletal branches, horizontally spread with long drooping branches. The leaves are dark or glaucous, often two-rowed, splayed and overlapping, usually sickle-shaped. Very prolific in good conditions.
Variety of yew berry ‘Dovastonii Aurea’(‘Dovastonii Aureovariegata) (before 1930, France). Grows slower than the green form. At 10 years old: 0.5 m high and 1.3 m wide. Young leaves and shoots are yellowish, the color persists throughout the year. The same type of 'Summergold' is a more modern variety.
Yew variety ‘Elegantissima’(‘Aurea Elegantis-sima’) (1891). Female clone. large shrub. In the conditions of Moscow, it freezes strongly and reaches 0.5 m by the age of 10, with a declared height of 1 m and a width of 1.5 m. The crown is vertical. Branches obliquely ascending, widely spread. Twigs with hanging ends.
As you can see in the photo, the yew tree of the Elegantissima variety is a plant with linear or crescent-shaped leaves, up to 3.5 cm long and 1.52 mm wide, gradually narrowed towards the top, arranged in two rows or spirally, randomly at the ends of the branches. Young leaves with a yellow border, which brightens later. The brightness of the color depends on the illumination. Forms sold under this name may vary in leaf size and shape. Found in nature.
Variety of yew berry ‘Erecta’(‘Pyramidalis’) (1838). Male clone. Large shrub. Normally, the crown is broadly columnar. In the middle lane it freezes strongly and has a wide, flattened crown. The branching is dense, the branches are short, prostrate or drooping, often extending almost at a right angle. The leaves are linear, overlapping, 1.8-2.2 cm long by 2 mm wide, usually arranged spirally, but there is also a two-row arrangement. They fall relatively early - in the 3rd year.
One of the most interesting protected (Red Book of the USSR, 1975, 1978, 1984; Red Book of the RSFSR, 1988; Kharkevich, Kachura, 1981) species of trees in the Far East should be considered yew spiky taxus cuspidata Sieb. et Zucc. ex Endl. This is a small species belonging to the relics of the Tertiary period. Yew spiky common in South Sakhalin, Southern Kuriles, in the south-east of the Khabarovsk Territory along the Amur and on the eastern macroslope of the Sikhote-Alin Ridge in the entire Primorsky Territory. Outside of Russia, the spiky yew is found in China, on the Korea Peninsula and in Japan. The spiky yew belongs to the genus Taxus of the Yew family (Tahaseae) of the Gymnosperms department.
Map of the Russian south Far East
taxus cuspidata- coniferous evergreen dioecious tree up to 20 m high, in the north - shrub, on the islands of Peter the Great Bay - dwarf elfin (1). Single specimens or small groups of specimens of the spiky yew grow in coniferous-broad-leaved forests on the eastern macroslope of the Sikhote-Alin at an altitude of up to 900 m above sea level. On about. Petrov in the Lazovsky Reserve and in the vicinity of the village. Matveevka in the Chuguevsky district of Primorsky Krai, small yew groves have been preserved. This plant propagates by seeds. The wider distribution of the pointed yew in nature is limited by the fact that its seeds are readily eaten by birds, and the wood is highly valued as an ornamental material. In this regard, even being under the protection of the law, the spiky yew is cut down and even exported abroad. We saw felled yew trees in the Dzhigitovka river basin at logging sites where logging is carried out. Resumption and adults of this species are killed in forest fires, which are also quite common in the Far East. It is assumed that animals with helminthiasis eat the needles and branches of the spiky yew, causing harm to it. We had to observe in the Sikhote-Alinsky reserve in the renewal of a yew individual with eaten needles. The spiky yew grows in the Komsomolsky Reserve in the Khabarovsk Territory and in all the reserves of the Primorsky Territory. A grove of spiky yew with an area of 2-3 hectares in the valley of the Taezhnaya River in the Terneisky district of Primorsky Krai should undoubtedly be declared a natural monument. Here, the yew is really protected both by law and by the staff of the reserves. Taxus cuspidata is cultivated in many botanical gardens in the country, including the Botanical Garden of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Row received garden forms of this kind. The BSI FEB RAS has developed a technology for yew propagation by seeds. |
Japanese yew tree in the central part of the Sikhote-Alin Biosphere Reserve |
>In the early 60s, as part of a large-scale plant search for substances with antitumor activity, organized by the US National Cancer Institute, it was found that the Pacific yew bark extract ( taxus brevifolia), common in North America, inhibits the growth of malignant tumors. In 1971 Wani et al. reported that Chemical substance paclitaxel isolated from the extract is responsible for its cytostatic effect. Schiff et al. proved that paclitaxel has an original antitumor mechanism of action. Initially, the only source of paclitaxel was yew bark, which made it difficult to obtain it in quantities sufficient for preclinical studies and preparation. dosage form. The need for destruction a large number trees forced to search in the direction of creating synthetic and semi-synthetic analogues of paclitaxel.
In 1986, in the laboratory of the Rhone-Poulenc Rohrer company, together with the National Research Center of France, the alkaloid baccatin was obtained from the biomass of the needles of the European yew Taxus baccata, which served as the basis for the chemical synthesis of the second taxane derivative, docetaxel. Unfortunately, further study of paclitaxel and docetaxel began to be carried out in a closed mode, there is no information about the results of these works in the open press. We think that artificial plantations can be used as a raw material for the medical industry in order to obtain large quantities of yew bark. In the first 60-70 years of life, the spiky yew in cultivation in the south of Primorsky Krai grows relatively quickly, the diameter of its trunk during this time reaches 25 cm.
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Undoubtedly the most full time for the spiky yew in Primorye, the article by E.A. Chubar (1999) devoted to the island populations of yew in the territory of the Far Eastern Marine Reserve should be considered. She also studied the nature of the distribution and germination of its seeds, the characteristics of the early stages of ontogenesis and the formation of skeletal axes and the root system, and the factors influencing their development.
The study of yew populations in the Sikhote-Alin Biosphere Reserve was carried out by us in 1997-1999. The yew here has so far been recorded only on the eastern macroslope; it occupies a well-defined ecological area. Typical habitats for the yew are the lower parts of the slopes of the ridges of southern and eastern exposures, steep rocky river cliffs, slope bends and floodplain terraces of the upper reaches of small rivers and their tributaries. In the very sources of streams and in the middle reaches of rivers, yew is not found. Yew does not form independent monodominant plantations in the reserve, however, as in the entire Primorsky Territory (Kolesnikov, 1935). It usually enters as an insignificant admixture in the composition of spruce-fir forests with Siberian pine, ribbed birch, yellow and green maples, Amur linden can also participate in the forest stand.
Despite the existing database of forest inventory data for the reserve, there are no data on the total number of yews in its territory. The database contains information only about those quarters where the yew participates in the forest stand. Based on such a database, it is only possible to indicate the composition of plantations in which this species participates, and in best case plan geographically your research on measuring individuals, tied to those quarters where this breed is marked. Taxation characteristics do not always give an undistorted picture of the yew distribution, since individuals of this species can be found singly or in pairs at a distance of 100-700 m from each other, and sample plots measuring 100x100 m are completely insufficient to characterize the local population of the spiky yew.
In the Sikhote-Alin Reserve, yew is a perennial tree of the 2nd or 3rd size, dioecious, with a reddish-gray lamellar bark. As part of the forest plantations of the reserve, yew grows as a low, highly branched tree with a knotty corrugated trunk, with a flat or domed, low-lying crown. According to our data, the average height of the trunks is 6-8 m, the crown diameter is 6-9 m. Trees exceeding 12 m in height and 50 cm in diameter are rare.
Small-group distribution of plants is characteristic. At the same time, 2-3 closely standing individuals can close in crowns, but this is extremely rare. In general, the natural coenopopulations of yew in the reserve are separated from each other at a distance of several kilometers or even tens of kilometers. At the same time, adults give the impression of being healthy, although we observed broken and dead tops in almost all of them. Frequent cases of breaking off of the main and side axes are probably associated with the fall of dead trees of the first tier on the yew - fir, spruce, and cedar. At the same time, a trunk that has fallen on a yew may already completely rot, and the yew continues to grow steadily, forming a new top instead of a broken one.
Evidence of the special survivability of the yew can serve as individuals found by us with trunks almost lying on the soil (the result of repeated falls on them by neighboring trees), the roots of which continue to feed several branches growing upwards. In this case, one of the side branches begins to play the role of the main axis. Of the completely dead individuals with a dead trunk, only one was found, registered on the site among a group of fallen and half-fallen yews at the mouth of the stream. A riddle at its confluence with the Dzhigitovka River (8 km above the mouth of the Nevidimka stream). Other dead yew trees were not found by us.
Other mechanical damage to the trunks is associated with damage to the bark, as well as squeezing it with vines. The latter, in comparison with fir and trees of other species, is extremely rare. The reason for this is probably in chemical composition yew bark or in those phytoncides that it releases during external environment. These substances are probably poisonous and unfavorable for seed germination and growth of actinidia and other vines. This special effect of the yew is also manifested in other plants: it was noted that within a radius of 3 m from the yew trunk, trees of other species practically do not settle, and if they do, they are strongly oppressed and quickly fall out.
Preliminary results on the study of the association of yew with other tree species were obtained by registering all trees within a radius of 5 m from 100 measured yews in the Dzhigitovka river basin. The aim of the study was to identify breeds that are not oppressed within the phytogenic field of yew spiky. Of the 100 surveyed circular areas at a distance of 1-3 m from the trunk of a yew, oppressed individuals of only two breeds are occasionally found - Betula costata and Acer ukurunduense. At a distance of 3-5 m, individuals of fir are rarely found and rarely - the renewal of spruce and cedar.
The question of the renewal of yew trees in the middle Sikhote-Alin is very interesting. Despite the most thorough searches, we practically did not observe natural renewal under the canopy of mature trees on our territory. One specimen of undergrowth about 120 cm tall was noted only once, on the floodplain terrace of the river. Boar (PP F-5). This is a very weakly coniferous small-sized individual without lateral shoots. Almost all the needles on it are eaten by animals. From the literature, the fact of the adverse effect of environmental conditions created by adult yew trees on their renewal is known (Semagina, 1983; Pridnya, 1984; Chubar, 1999; Galanin et al., 2000). Seedlings older than 2 years of age are very rare, usually in groups outside the crown of seed trees. The absence of young yew plants is also characteristic of some other areas within the range of pointed yew (for example, on Hildenbrandt Island in southern Primorye, according to E.V. Chubar, 1999). In general, the age structure of the yew populations has not been studied, so it is still difficult to talk about the uniqueness or commonality of those cenopopulations that grow in the reserve. Seed-bearing in yew spiky was noted not annual. Abundant harvests happen once every 5-7 years. Shoots of yew in some years are quite plentiful. By the end of August, most of the seedlings are already dying. The rest die after the first or second wintering. Of considerable interest is the study of possible ways of dispersal of seeds, including by birds and wild boars. After all, someone spreads cones at a distance of several hundred meters and kilometers from the mother individuals? |
In such spruce-cedar-fir forests in Sikhote-Alin biosphere Two rare species grow in the reserve - the spiky yew and Fori rhododendron. Both of them are relics of the Tertiary period. |
Class: Conifers (Pinopsida Burnett, 1835) Order: Pine Family: Yew Genus: Yew Species: Pointed yew
Taxus cuspidata Siebold et Zucc. ex Endl.
A brief description of. Coniferous evergreen dioecious coniferous tree up to 12 m tall, in the Amur region - a bushy tree, on the sea coast - elfin (1, 2). The trunk is usually curved, the bark is thin, reddish-brown, in old trees it peels off in plates. The needles are flat, soft, pointed at the top. Pollination in May-June, seed ripening in August-September. (3).
Spreading. In Russia, it is found in the southeast of Khabarovsk and in the Primorsky Territory and the Sakhalin Region. (middle and southern parts of Sakhalin Island, Moneron, Kunashir, Shikotan, Iturup, Urup, and Kutoi Islands) (3, 4, 5). Outside of Russia, yew is known in China, on the Korea Peninsula, and in Japan (5).
Features of ecology and phytocenology. Slow-growing, long-lived and shade-tolerant breed, grows singly or in small groups among shady mixed, cedar-broad-leaved and coniferous forests mountain thalwegs. For normal development requires rich soils, does not tolerate acidic soils. In the mountains, on the ridge. The Sikhote-Alin yew rises to 900 m a.s.l. ur. m., preferring places with deep snow cover, which keeps it from severe frosts. Under these conditions, it does not bear fruit well, but gives abundant shoots. Wind resistant. Tiss painfully endures sudden lightening and dies in clearings; subsequent renewal does not occur in these areas (6).
Number. Several hundred localities of this species are known in the insular and mainland parts of the ranges. In the populations of the Northern Sikhote-Alin (Khabarovsk Territory), about 300 specimens have been preserved, in Primorye - up to 10 thousand specimens.
State of local populations. In the last decade, the number of yew populations and its numbers have declined sharply due to unregulated logging. On the Lower Amur - in connection with the catastrophic fires of 1998-2001. - Fragmentation of the range is noted. Populations at the northern limit of distribution in Ulchsky, Nanaisky, Komsomolsky and Lazovsky districts suffered the most.
limiting factors. Natural factors: low seed productivity, slow development of undergrowth, isolation and low density of populations, narrow specialization of the species. Anthropogenic factors: fires, timber and mining development of territories (7, 8, 9, 10).
Security measures taken. It was included in the Red Books of the USSR (1978, 1984) and the RSFSR (1988). The species is included in the Red Books of the Khabarovsk Territory (2000) and the Sakhalin Region. (2005), as well as in the List of objects ... listed in the Red Book of the Primorsky Territory (2002). It is protected in 7 nature reserves: Komsomolsky, Far East Marine, Kedrovaya Pad, Kurilsky, Lazovsky, Sikhote-Alinsky, Ussuriysky, as well as in the Moneron Island nature reserve, in the Khingan PA, in the Gassinsky Model Forest and in numerous regional PAs (4, 8, 11).
Required security measures. Prohibition of clear cuttings in the Birsky and Chukensky reserves, expansion of natural monuments on the northern border of the distribution of the species (Ulchsky, Komsomolsky districts). Population control.
cultivation possibilities. Cultivated in 22 botanical gardens in Russia (12), as well as in neighboring countries. It is well bred by seeds and offspring from the roots, a number of garden forms tolerate shearing and air pollution well. (fourteen).
Information sources. 1. Strict, 1934; 2. Kharkevich, Kachura, 1981; 3. Vorobyov, 1968; 4. Red Book of the Sakhalin Region, 2005; 5. Vascular Plants..., 1989; 6. Usenko, 1984; 7. Schlotthauer, 1972; 8. Red Book of the Khabarovsk Territory, 2000; 9. Schlotthauer and Kryukova, 2005; 10. Schlothauer et al., 2001; 11. Current state..., 2003; 12. Plants of the Red Book..., 2005. Compiled by: S.D. Schlotgauer.
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Notes
Literature
- Petukhov A.V., Kordyukov A.V., Baranchuk-Chervonny L.N. Atlas of vascular plants in the environs of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: Eikon, 2010. - 220 p. - 1500 copies. - ISBN 978-5-904209-05-6.
Links
- Nakamura Y and P V. Krestov
An excerpt characterizing Yew pointed
- Sire, tout Paris regrette votre absence, [Sir, all Paris regrets your absence.] - as it should, answered de Bosset. But although Napoleon knew that Bosset should say this or the like, although he knew in his clear moments that it was not true, he was pleased to hear this from de Bosset. He again honored him with a touch on the ear.“Je suis fache, de vous avoir fait faire tant de chemin, [I am very sorry that I made you drive so far.],” he said.
– Sir! Je ne m "attendais pas a moins qu" a vous trouver aux portes de Moscou, [I expected no less than how to find you, sovereign, at the gates of Moscow.] - Bosse said.
Napoleon smiled and, absently raising his head, looked to his right. The adjutant came up with a floating step with a golden snuffbox and held it up. Napoleon took her.
- Yes, it happened well for you, - he said, putting an open snuffbox to his nose, - you like to travel, in three days you will see Moscow. You probably did not expect to see the Asian capital. You will make a pleasant journey.
Bosse bowed in gratitude for this attentiveness to his (hitherto unknown to him) propensity to travel.
- BUT! what's this? - said Napoleon, noticing that all the courtiers were looking at something covered with a veil. Bosse, with courtly agility, without showing his back, took a half-turn two steps back and at the same time pulled off the veil and said:
“A gift to Your Majesty from the Empress.
This was bright colors a portrait painted by Gerard of a boy born of Napoleon and the daughter of the Austrian emperor, whom for some reason everyone called the king of Rome.
A very handsome curly-haired boy, with a look similar to that of Christ in the Sistine Madonna, was depicted playing a bilbock. The orb represented the globe, and the wand in the other hand represented the scepter.
Although it was not entirely clear what exactly the painter wanted to express, imagining the so-called King of Rome piercing the globe with a stick, but this allegory, like everyone who saw the picture in Paris, and Napoleon, obviously, seemed clear and very pleased.
“Roi de Rome, [Roman King.],” he said, pointing gracefully at the portrait. – Admirable! [Wonderful!] - With the Italian ability to change the expression at will, he approached the portrait and pretended to be thoughtful tenderness. He felt that what he would say and do now was history. And it seemed to him that the best thing he could do now was that he, with his greatness, as a result of which his son played in bilbock the globe so that, in contrast to this greatness, he showed the simplest paternal tenderness. His eyes dimmed, he moved, looked around at the chair (the chair jumped under him) and sat down on it opposite the portrait. One gesture from him - and everyone tiptoed out, leaving himself and his feeling of a great man.
After sitting for some time and touching, for what he did not know, with his hand until the rough reflection of the portrait, he got up and again called Bosse and the duty officer. He ordered the portrait to be taken out in front of the tent, so as not to deprive the old guard, who stood near his tent, of the happiness of seeing the Roman king, the son and heir of their adored sovereign.
As he expected, while he was breakfasting with Monsieur Bosset, who had received this honor, enthusiastic cries of officers and soldiers of the old guard were heard in front of the tent.
- Vive l "Empereur! Vive le Roi de Rome! Vive l" Empereur! [Long live the emperor! Long live the king of Rome!] – enthusiastic voices were heard.
After breakfast, Napoleon, in the presence of Bosset, dictated his order to the army.
Courte et energique! [Short and energetic!] - Napoleon said when he himself read the proclamation written without amendments at once. The order was:
"Warriors! Here is the battle you have been longing for. Victory is up to you. It is necessary for us; she will provide us with everything we need: comfortable apartments and a speedy return to the fatherland. Act as you did at Austerlitz, Friedland, Vitebsk and Smolensk. May later posterity proudly remember your exploits in this day. Let them say about each of you: he was in great battle near Moscow!
– De la Moskowa! [Near Moscow!] - repeated Napoleon, and, having invited Mr. Bosse, who loved to travel, to his walk, he left the tent to the saddled horses.
- Votre Majeste a trop de bonte, [You are too kind, your Majesty,] - Bosse said to the invitation to accompany the emperor: he wanted to sleep and he did not know how and was afraid to ride.