We all know the word "herbarium" from school years. Each of us dried up among book pages favorite flowers or leaves. But how to make a botanical collection according to all the rules? This activity can be informative, exciting and will allow you to realize your creative abilities. In addition, recently the herbarium has become a fashionable decoration in the interior.

plant collection

The word "herbarium" comes from the Latin herbsarium (herba- "grass"). This is a collection of dried plants dissected according to certain rules. Usually, herbarium samples after drying are mounted on sheets of thick paper. Each plant is accompanied by a label indicating the name, location (region, district, nearest locality), habitat (e.g. meadow, forest), date of collection, surname and initials of the collector. Depending on the size of the plant, a whole individual, a group of individuals, or part of a large plant can be represented on the herbarium sheet.

Carl Linnaeus believed that for every botanist, the herbarium should be superior to any image and that no verbal description of a plant can replace a herbarium sheet.

In the service of science

The herbarium documents the composition of the flora of a particular territory, as well as the distribution (areas) of individual taxa. With its help, the morphology of plants, their ecological, geographical and individual variability are studied. Herbarium funds have an important advantage over any laboratory equipment: they practically do not become morally obsolete, continuing to serve science indefinitely. In addition to general floristic, there are special herbariums of food, technical, medicinal and other plants.

In a broader sense, a herbarium is a building that stores a collection of dried plants, or an institution that stores and processes the collection. In a scientific herbarium, sheets with plants of the same species are placed in a common, “specific cover”, sheets with plants of the same genus - in another “shirt”, a herbarium of plant families - in separate folders. Plant species are arranged alphabetically, genera are arranged alphabetically or in a systematic order, families are usually placed in a systematic order.

From the history

The first herbariums appeared in Italy in the 16th century. Their invention is attributed to the professor of botany from the University of Bologna, Lucio Ghini, the founder of the Pisa Botanical Garden. It was he who came up with a method of drying plants between sheets of paper. Unfortunately, Gini's own herbarium has not survived to this day. Almost 150 years later, Joseph Tournefort, a French physician, botanist and traveler, first applied the term "herbarium" to collections of dried plants. And Carl Linnaeus, a Swedish naturalist, creator of a system of flora and fauna, believed that for every botanist, a herbarium should be superior to any image and that no verbal description of a plant can replace a herbarium sheet. Since then, the name of each plant species has become inextricably linked with a specific herbarium leaf, elevated to the rank of nomenclature (reference) type. It was Carl Linnaeus who determined the technology of plant collection, which has not undergone almost any changes to date. He wrote: “Plants should not be picked wet; parts should be preserved, carefully straightened, not bent; fruiting organs must be present; dry between sheets of dry paper ... "

Today, all herbaria in the world, regardless of their departmental affiliation, are registered in the international database "The Index Herbarium", which contains 3,293 herbaria from 168 countries. The largest herbarium in the world is located in the National Museum of Natural History in Paris (7.5 million sheets), and the largest herbarium in Russia is kept at the Botanical Institute. V.L. Komarov Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg (7.16 million sheets). But not only museums, botanical gardens and universities are engaged in the collection, storage and description of the herbarium. Herbarium was collected by many great people. In Russia, the first herbarium sheet was laid down by Peter I with a laconic inscription "torn in 1717".

The herbarium is harvested in dry weather, when the morning dew has disappeared. Wet plants do not dry well, may rot or change their original view.

Green hunting

Before you start collecting plants for the herbarium, you need to make a herbarium folder in which the plants will be placed during walks in nature. For the folder you will need two sheets of A3 cardboard. They are folded together and holes are made in the corners, into which thick laces or braid are threaded. If the laces are tightened and tied, we get a temporary press for the collected plants. Old newspapers are placed inside the folder, between which the plants intended for the collection are placed neatly in a straightened form.

If you are interested in the scientific side of the issue, then a field label can be attached to each plant indicating the name, place and time of collection. To establish the name of the representatives of the flora will help you atlases - determinants of plants. A small metal spatula is useful for digging up plants, and a secateurs for cutting branches from trees.

The herbarium is harvested in dry weather, when the morning dew has disappeared. Wet plants do not dry well, may rot or change their original appearance. For the herbarium, intact, not very large specimens are chosen, preferably during the flowering period. The plant is dug up with a root using a spatula. Thick rhizomes, stems, bulbs are cut lengthwise so that they dry out faster. You should also know that the collection of plants on the territory of nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, in botanical gardens can be produced only for scientific purposes and with the permission of the administration.

Unyielding

There are many plants that dry poorly or change their appearance greatly when dried. First of all, these are succulents (stonecrops). With normal drying, they can continue to grow in the herbarium for several months and lose their decorative effect. Botanists first "kill" the tissues of these plants with boiling water, alcohol and other methods. But it is difficult for a novice herbarium collector to cope with this task.

The group of "difficult" for drying includes plants with delicate flowers like irises. Parts of the flower stick together and stick to the paper, and then tear. To preserve them, it is necessary to place filter paper under the flowers during the first laying, and cover them on top. plastic wrap. In this case, the shape of the flower will be preserved, but the color may change. Very often the delicate white flowers of apple, plum, cherry turn yellow and then turn brown when dried. It should be remembered that blue, purple, blue flowers do not retain color well. aquatic plants practically do not lend themselves to drying in this way: they rot, lose color.

Coniferous plants dry well, but slowly, while fir and hemlock needles crumble.

Press, iron and book

At home, green trophies are placed under a press or in a herbarium net. The press consists of two wooden frames measuring 30 x 45 cm, between which are stretched metal mesh. The plant, carefully straightened, is placed in an open newspaper. Some leaves can be specially folded back to show reverse side with a different texture. Slightly damaged leaves, faded flowers should not be cut off: the plant should look as natural as possible. Pieces of absorbent paper should be laid between overlapping parts of the plant, otherwise they will be deformed. Between the straightened plants put several layers of newspapers. No more than 15-20 "shirts" with plants are placed in the folder. The press is pulled together with a cord or thin belts.

The folder is stored in a dry, well-ventilated area, periodically (every 2-3 days) re-laying newspapers. The plant is considered dried if its shape is no longer changing, usually the process takes 10-15 days. With this method of drying, plants do not lose their natural color and invoice.

If time does not endure, you can dry the plants with a hot iron. Wrap the plant in napkins or newspapers as mentioned above, place it on an ironing board and iron it 1-2 times. The iron should work in the "silk" mode without steam. Set the herbarium aside for a few hours, then iron again. Repeat the procedure 3-4 times until the plant is completely dry. With such drying, the leaves become smooth, lose texture and hairiness. Large inflorescences and stems are almost impossible to dry with an iron.

Drying plants between the pages of books is an old tradition that is featured in many novels and poems. A flower found between the pages of your favorite novel brings back memories. But, returning to the practical side of the issue, with this method, the plants do not dry well, and the books deteriorate.

Installation and design

Next, you need to mount the herbarium. And there is no limit to fantasy. You can make a classic herbarium according to all the rules. On sheet A3, only one type of plant is mounted - in one or several copies. With long-shoot flowers and herbs (for example, cereals), even before drying, it is necessary to bend the stem several times to get sharp corners. Glue the plant to the sheet with thin strips of tissue paper or sew with linen (cotton) threads, matched to the color of the dried plant. In the lower right corner, place a label indicating the scientific (Latin) name of the plant, the Russian name, place and time of collection, and the name of the collector. Such a herbarium can be stored in a special folder or arranged in the form of an album, laminated and used for teaching children.

Blue, purple, blue flowers do not retain their color when dried.

Space for creativity

Recently fashion trend became botanical prints, illustrations, herbariums. Many will like the Provence style, with its simplicity, romance and airiness. He came to us from southern region France - Provence. In home decor, this style actively uses plants: bouquets of dried flowers, bunches herbs hung in the kitchen, and the herbarium becomes the main character of living rooms and offices. It is permissible to give completely one of the walls of the room for a decorative herbarium. The size of herbarium sheets can be different - from tiny, A6 format, to large, A2 format. At the same time, the herbarium is framed with a passe-partout.

For interiors in vintage style the herbarium can be placed on sheets of aged paper. It can be purchased at the store, but it is much more interesting to create with my own hands: sheets of watercolor paper are moistened with strong brewed tea with a cotton swab. The procedure is repeated 2-3 times, securing the sheet along the edges to avoid wrinkling. A plant is mounted on a dried sheet, usually glued so that fasteners are not noticeable. Instead of a classic label, names are written in Latin under the plant, copying the ornate handwriting of botanists of past centuries. In such a herbarium, fern leaves, large ornamental flowering plants look stylish (especially if specimens of the same species are located on adjacent herbarium sheets, but at different stages of development - young plants with buds, flowering specimens and fading with fruits). With similar herbariums, you can decorate the screen doors, alternating plants with fabric and decorative paper.

Can be made from dried plants beautiful crafts, applications, however, this has nothing to do with the herbarium. It's a completely different story...

The flower is withered, earless,
Forgotten in the book I see;

October is perhaps the most beautiful autumn month, because the trees are covered with bright foliage, which, falling off, forms a chic motley carpet. You can simply enjoy it while walking in the park, breathing in fresh, albeit already cool air, or you can connect your imagination and make an excellent herbarium. This is especially true for mothers and grandmothers who spend a lot of time with their children on the street. In this article, we will tell you all the secrets that relate to the collection of a herbarium, its design and preparation.

First, let's take a look at what a herbarium is. A herbarium is a collection of dried plants. People started drying leaves and herbs as early as the 16th century. They did it mostly medicinal purposes. With the development of science, especially in such branches as botany and natural science, researchers began to deal with the herbarium for scientific purposes. With the same goals in kindergartens and schools, children are offered to collect and dry different plants.

You can make one of these types of herbariums with your child:

1. Special - to collect exactly those plants that are studied at school or in kindergarten.
2. Systematic - collect different plants and arrange them in alphabetical order.
3. Thematic herbarium - to collect plants of only a certain type (flowers, trees, shrubs, grass).
4. Floral herbarium - collect different types plants that grow only in a certain area.
5. Periodic is a herbarium that is collected according to botanical families.

To collect a herbarium, you need to clearly follow certain rules.:

• Collect plants only in dry weather, not after rain. Be sure to take fallen leaves, but without rot and damage that fungi or insects can cause.
• If you want to dry a small plant, you can dig it up with the root system. Only in this case, stock up on a bag in which you carefully pack the rhizome.
• If you are making a collection of shrubs, then, in addition to the leaf, you also need to pick the flower and the fruit.
• Collect several copies of each plant so that you have a supply. The leaves are quite fragile and can be damaged during transportation.
• All plants that have a fairly thick stem should be cut in half so that they do not deform when dried.
• On the same leaf, do not attach plants of different species.
• You can not break off the branches - be sure to use a knife for this purpose.
• Do not pluck individual leaves - cut the whole branch so that the child can see how the leaves are located on it.

When you go to the forest or park to collect plants or foliage, take old magazine or a special album in which you will add all natural material. Only in this way will you be able to keep them in their original form and not damage them.

If collecting a herbarium for you and your child is not just entertainment, but a whole educational event, then we recommend that you consider the following recommendations:

• Write down the name of the area in which you collected the herbarium, indicate on what soil the plant grows.
• Take a photo of the area where you found the plant.

By collecting a herbarium, you can instill in your child a love for science, nature, knowledge of the world around. Therefore, be sure to find time in your busy schedule to take care of collecting and drying plants with your child in the fall.

What album is needed for the herbarium

In any store for creativity and needlework, you will find a special album in which you can collect a herbarium. It is made from a special paper that is used to dry the plants so that they just give up all their moisture without wilting or rotting. This album usually looks like this:

But it is not at all necessary to spend money to make storage for a collection of plants. You can make an album for the herbarium yourself. We offer several options for how to do this:

1. Take any paper (printed, newsprint, packaging, stationery, even porous cardboard). Sew them or staple them with a binder. You will get an album no worse than a special one. In the end, you can buy a regular sketchbook. A child attending kindergarten will like this option the most because it is understandable.
2. You can sew several pieces of fabric together if you have special skills. Cotton-based leaves keep very well.
3. Get office folders with files. Of course, here you will also have to spend a little money, but such a purchase will be less expensive than a specialized herbarium album.

Previously, we used thick art books that had already fallen into disrepair to store the herbarium. You can follow the same example, only such a collection does not look very aesthetically pleasing, and there is no reason to spoil the literature.

Herbarium sample, photo

1. You can make a paper album with parchment paper envelopes. As you can see, the author glued the collected plants onto thick paper, and made different signatures from other pieces of paper. I made a special envelope out of parchment paper that covers the plant so that it does not wrinkle and does not come into contact with other species.

1. This is the option we have already mentioned. There is nothing complicated here - just put the dried plants carefully into the files. You can also put a sheet of paper under them for strength, on which you can make inscriptions if desired.

1. Here is an ordinary album or notebook in which the author carefully pasted a sample of a plant and next to it signed in calligraphic handwriting where he found this plant, what is its name. You can also make brief botanical descriptions.

How to dry leaves for herbarium

There are several ways to dry (or press) herbarium plants:

1. You can build a special press from 2 dense boards:

• find 2 boards of the same size and thickness;
• on one place a sheet of paper on which carefully lay out the herbarium;
• close the herbarium with another sheet of paper, and cover with a second board on top;
• screw the boards together with screws from 4 sides.

Important! If you dry the plants this way, then you need to change the paper every 3 days, otherwise the leaves will rot, as the paper will absorb all the moisture from them. Plants will dry completely with this method in a month.

1. You can use an iron to dry the herbarium. The drying process is as follows:

• place the leaves on paper and cover them with the same paper on top, then place such a blank under the press (under a thick book, for example) and leave for several hours so that the plant is leveled;
• turn off all functions on the iron that are responsible for the release of steam, let the appliance heat up to minimum temperature for ironing (there must be a gentle mode);
• put an even herbarium in paper on the ironing board, press it down with an iron for 15 seconds (in no case do not iron it - just press it down);
• after 20 seconds, repeat the above step as many times as you need to completely dry the plant.

Important! Keep in mind that when drying a plant in this way, it may change its color due to temperature.

1. You can dry plants between thick books:

• put this blank in the middle of a thick book, and then put several more of the same editions on top of this book;
• change the paper every 3-4 days so that the plant does not start the process of decay, and the book in which it dries does not get damp.

Important! Due to this method of drying, the plant may dry unevenly.

1. You can dry the herbarium in the microwave:

• place the leaves on paper and cover them with the same paper on top;
• put this blank in the middle of a thick book, and then put another book on top of this book (tie them with an elastic band or rope);
• place the books in the microwave for 60 seconds (after 1 minute, repeat the entire procedure);
• place the prepared blank under the press for 3 days, and the herbarium will be ready.

How to make a herbarium sheet

After the plant is dried, it must be properly arranged. Remember that after drying, the leaves become very fragile, they can crumble right in the hands. If a child works with such material, it will be difficult for him to do anything. Therefore, we recommend dipping the dried herbarium into a solution of PVA glue. It is prepared like this: 5 tbsp. glue mixed with 1 tbsp. water. Within a day after impregnation of the herbarium in glue, it will dry out. By the way, instead of PVA, you can use decoupage glue.

• If you use this method of strengthening plants, then they will need to be glued to the album with dry glue.
• If you use the herbarium unchanged, then it is quite acceptable to sew each type with small stitches to thick paper or fabric.

Important! Whatever design style you choose, remember that your collection must be durable, so follow a few important rules:

• Place the plant on a sheet of paper so that its massive part is on the side that you will take to, for example, turn the sheet over.
• If you do decorative composition, then carefully consider where and how each leaflet should be located. You must show all its winning sides.
• Make signatures after you have already attached the herbarium. They cannot occupy the main part of the sheet. Set aside space for signatures on the side.

How to sign a herbarium

As we have already mentioned, inscriptions can be made directly on paper. This option is more suitable for a child who already knows how to write well - for a schoolboy. It will be more interesting for a preschooler to make inscriptions on special labels bright color. He can write on them everything he knows about the plant that he found and dried.

If the baby cannot write, then help him make an inscription or print it out. necessary information to make everything look aesthetically pleasing.

What information should be indicated on the label for the herbarium:

• The name of the plant.
• The botanical family to which a plant belongs.
• Place and time of collection of this plant.
• What medicinal properties this plant has
• What kind Interesting Facts you know about him (this may be a legend, a parable).

It is better to place signatures in the lower corners, but here it is more based on the preferences of your child. He himself must determine which side, according to his creative idea, the inscription should be.

Herbarium title page design

The cover of the album, in which the herbarium will be stored, needs to be made bright and eye-catching. To do this, it can be decorated with colored paper, dried leaves, or simply beautifully painted with felt-tip pens or paints. But besides this, on the title page you need to specify some information:

• The name of the album or herbarium collection. For example, if a child made a herbarium for the first time in his life, you can call it “My first herbarium”.
• Next, the name and surname of the performer are indicated.
• The exact date the album was made.

Can be made beautiful title page on a computer using a text program Microsoft Word.

Examples of title pages that can turn out are attached for you below:

Herbarium Templates

If you have not encountered the creation of a herbarium before, but want to do something really useful and beautiful with your child, then use the templates below as an example of how everything can be beautifully and competently designed:

Herbarium of leaves in the garden, in detail with a description and photo

While the child goes to kindergarten, he is unlikely to be able to make a whole album on his own. Your task is to help him collect, dry the leaves and plants he likes, and then decorate. The easiest way is to use the folder and files:

1. To get started, collect natural material, dry it using any of the methods proposed in this article, and then place them in files for temporary storage until you issue a herbarium album:

1. For one leaflet, take a whole spread of the album. On one side, glue it on a sheet of white paper, and on the other side, attach a printout with detailed description plants. Here you can also insert fairy tales about the plant, riddles and poems:

Leaves that are not included in the herbarium can be folded into a file and used in fine art lessons - sticking leaves to drawings on the theme "Autumn", or creating applications:

Herbarium of leaves to school, in detail with a description and photo

Here we also suggest that you arrange a herbarium in a folder with files, only the technique for making such an album will be more complicated:

1. Prepare necessary material for work:

• white A4 sheets according to the number of plants that you will arrange in a herbarium album;
• white cardboard (according to the number of plants);
• strips of corrugated cardboard (length 12 cm, width - 4 cm) - according to the number of sheets to be used;
• stationery files by the number of sheets;
• PVA glue and dry glue;
• needle and thread;
• scissors with a hole punch;
• dense threads and a bright felt-tip pen (you can use a marker).

1. Take a sheet of plain paper, spread one plant on it and make a few stitches to secure it on the sheet (we paint the threads in the color of the sheet with a felt-tip pen). Glue the leaves to the paper with dry glue:

1. Glue a sheet of paper with a plant on cardboard. Cardboard for this must be smeared with PVA:

1. Cut the file into 2 parts - you should get 2 identical halves:

1. Attach one part to the herbarium sheet, with right side attach a piece of corrugated cardboard on the side vertically:
2. We make a title page. In this case, we also did it on a computer in a graphic editor. First, they found several photos of plants, then made a collage of them, into which they harmoniously inserted an inscription with information about the theme of the herbarium and the name of the artist:

You can make any other title page you want.

Herbarium in a frame, photo

The herbarium, framed under glass, looks very nice. You will get an exquisite picture of natural materials which will perfectly complement any home interior.

The herbarium is an exciting activity which helps to develop not only creativity and imagination in children. In adults, too, in the process of creating a herbarium, creativity is activated, inspiration and even relaxation come! So do not miss the moment - forward to the forest for natural material!

Video: "How to collect a herbarium"

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Imagine that you are reading a magical book with photos that make your soul freeze. Page after page takes you to unknown lands, tells a story about something wonderful and how beautiful this world is. Who is the author of this work? Nature. And the name of the masterpiece is “Herbarium of leaves with flowers”. Let's read this book together to understand why it was written? To whom is it intended? And for those who have a desire to try their hand themselves and help the Author continue this grandiose work, we suggest learning how to make a herbarium with your own hands.

Let's find out together: what is the herbarium and what are its goals; small secrets of the herbalist: suitable plants what are the conditions for drying a particular plant, how to distribute the herbs; how to assemble a herbarium and what are the rules for its design.

About the herbarium

Interestingly, the first memories of a herbarium made by someone do not speak of the scientific purpose of the collection, but have romantic roots. The whole point is that such in an unusual way lovers kept signs of attention. donated beautiful flower they wanted to dry to remember a dear person.

But in the 15th century, books about plants began to appear. Some of them were true, some were myths and legends. Yes, and then it was not possible to take pictures. Therefore, the manufacture of the herbarium was carried out using more or less accurate drawings, according to which it was sometimes difficult to determine a particular plant. But in the middle of the 16th century, works of a scientific nature suddenly began to appear with examples from glued dried parts of plants.

The appearance of the botanical collection has not changed much since then. But they began to collect it more often at home for school children, and even for kindergarten. Why? Who needs it? And what is the purpose of such a collection?

The way your herbalist will look depends directly on the goals for compiling a herbarium.

Classification:

1. Special. For example, a herbarium for an elementary school.
2. Systematic. Any system is taken as a basis. For example, by genus or family, the same colors of a dried plant, or a collection in the order of letters in the alphabet.
3. Periodic. Compiled according to the periods when the materials were collected.
4. Thematic. Medicinal, cereals, weeds or houseplants, etc.
5. Morphological. When the material of the same type with altered organs is dried.
6. floristic. All plants of a certain region.

Suitable plants

• Herbarium leaves must be healthy and undamaged by insects.
• Carefully dig them out along with the root; release the root from the ground.
• It is possible to make a herbarium of leaves of high quality and durable only if you collect them during the day in warm sunny weather.
• The specimen must have flowers in full bloom, preferably fruit as well.
• You should not be limited to one sample. It is advisable to collect with a margin so that you can choose the best option to make an herbalist.

Necessary tools and materials for collecting material to make a herbarium of flowers: a spatula, a knife, an excursion folder (they can be made from two sheets of plywood / cardboard), newspaper “shirts” for drying, a label and a pen.

What to mark on the label: the name of the plant, the name of the area and its designation (forest, field), the date, by whom it was collected (if there was a group trip, and if you yourself or with children collected, you can not make such a record).

Conditions for drying a particular plant

The collected roots, so that they dry faster, are cut lengthwise with a sharp knife.

The most common is flat drying. The material dried in this way can be used for decorative applications and albums.

How to make a herbarium yourself using the flat drying method.

step by step

1. Things to consider before drying flowers:

   Plants are collected only in dry weather;
   - It is advisable to find a place away from the roadway;
   - The time to choose is when the air has warmed up;
   - Only a fresh plant is good, without any signs of wilting.

2. We choose a suitable book, such that our leaflets are freely placed on the page.
   Don't forget, if you don't want to ruin the book, the plants will dry out faster if you line them up with clean paper on both sides.
3. You need a press that will press the book. It may be other weighty print publications.

Do you want your plants to dry quickly and reliably? Then it is worth changing the paper to clean and dry every day for a week.

When the leaves dry, they release moisture, which is absorbed by the paper. If it is not changed, it will affect the quality and appearance material.

In the future, you can get the plants from the book and store them in a dark place. Of course, losses are inevitable. But they can be shortened.

How long to dry plants? A small material will be ready in 2-3 weeks. For dense and voluminous, you need a month.

In addition to the usual book, you can use a hot iron. How to dry them properly? Lay out the plant evenly on a sheet of paper and cover it with another sheet. Press with an iron, and then iron.

Interesting!

Blue/blue flowers will not lose their brightness if placed in denatured alcohol for half a minute.

The density of the plant is achieved by the fact that we let it lie down in a solution of PVA and water (4: 1).

A solution of glycerin and water (60 degrees), 3:1 will preserve the shape of the flowers. But at the same time, the solution makes the plants darker.

In order to dry the dandelion and it does not fall apart, it is torn off when the box with umbrellas is slightly opened. A wire is threaded through the stem and the dandelion head is lowered for 10 seconds. into boiling water.

The whole process takes only a couple of minutes if you use the microwave at the lowest power.

How to dry bulky material, for example, how to deal with flower bud? To do this, parts of trees or flowers are placed in boxes and covered with sand or silica gel. In this case, the buds should look down.

How to dry flowers for a herbarium on the street? You have to do it in the shade. The flowers are buds facing down. And the plants should not touch each other.

How to distribute herbs in an album

The design of the herbarium begins with the assimilation of the main rule: all plants are attached to the sheets of the album, and they are covered with tracing paper (there are special albums for the herbarium, which can be bought at the bookstore, in the stationery department).

To mount the material, you can use threads: white or green, paper straws and glue. But in no case plaster or tape.

How many plants should be in the collection? What size the collection will be, you decide. You can even compose many volumes.

If you don’t have a special album, then you can make it yourself using the usual album sheets and transparent files.

But in order to arrange everything beautifully, it is desirable that there be one type of plant on one sheet. If it is larger than the page, the material may be cut in several places.

Important! Each page must be signed.

How to make a herbarium with a child so that the baby is also interested? You can creatively arrange everything by adding pictures.

See a few more ideas for creativity, maybe this unusual design you will be inspired by something interesting and creative:

How to create and organize a meeting

But that's not all. Let's talk about how to arrange a herbarium not only for school, but also for decorative purposes.

There are 2 options:

1. The first. Glue one plant in the middle on a sheet of paper.
2. Second. Choose the size of the cardboard to which to attach with glue flower arrangement, Considering color scheme and shape of the material.

If we are talking about how to make a herbarium to school, the first option is suitable.

In the second option, it is very important to take into account all the nuances. Therefore, do not rush to stick your composition until it is found desired option. First, lay out all the flowers and leaves on paper, you can even take a picture, so that it will help to stick to the plan when you glue.

The picture is ready and can be completed with a suitable frame. Now you can decorate the wall with such an original panel.

The identification of plants is carried out according to special guidelines (determinants or "Flora"). Most of the determinants are composed in such a way that they consistently recognize the family, genus, and species. Often guides contain "dichotomous tables" to define families, genera, and species.

The dichotomous table consists of successive steps, indicated by serial numbers on the left side of the table. Each individual step (1, 2, 3, etc.) is divided in turn into 2 parts: the thesis (usually a positive statement is the first part of the step, denoted by the number 1,2,3, etc.) and the antithesis ( usually a negative position or another set of features) is the second part of the same stage, denoted differently in different determinants: “+”, “-”, “0”.

At the end of each thesis and antithesis there is a number of some degree or the name of a family (in the table for defining families), a genus (in a table of genera of a family) or a species (in a table for defining a genus). The determiner, guided by the characteristics of the plant being determined, chooses the thesis or antithesis.

If there is a number at the end of the thesis or antithesis, then this means that the definition of the plant must be carried on further, moving on to the step whose number is at the end of the chosen thesis or antithesis. So one should gradually move from step to step until the end of the thesis or antithesis is the name of the family. Defining a family is the first step in the process.

This is followed by the second stage - the definition of the genus to which the plant belongs. The number after the family name indicates the page where you need to look for the next table by which the genus is determined. Generic tables are compiled in the same way as the tables for defining families, that is, each consists of steps, indicated by numbers.

The final third stage is the determination of the plant species. After determining the genus, you should pay attention to the number in front of the name of the genus. This figure indicates the number of the genus, under which the table of species definitions of this genus is given. View tables are built similarly to generic tables. The course of the determination and the results of the determination should be recorded in a notebook.

Many rungs have numbers in parentheses next to the rung number. These numbers designate the previous steps from which reference is made here and outline the reverse course of the definition. This notation makes it easier to determine if a mistake has been made. In case of an error in the definition (if the indicated set of features does not fit), the definition of the stage where the error may have occurred should be repeated more carefully, or the entire definition should be started from the beginning. When determining, it is necessary to read the thesis and antithesis in full, carefully compare them, and only after comparison choose the further path of definition.

The manuals for identifying plants (at the beginning or end of the book) provide explanations on the technique of identification, conventions and abbreviations.

Without performing a morphological analysis at first, it is impossible to begin the definition of a plant by a determinant. For an initial acquaintance with the definition, you should choose already famous plants With large flowers: buttercup, apple tree, cherry, pea, tobacco. If our object is a cherry, then the results of the determination in three stages will be as follows:

Family: Rosaceae. Rosaceae.

Genus: Cerasus. Cherry.

Species: Cerasus vulgaris Mill. Garden cherry.

The scientific name of a species is made up of two Latin words according to binary (double) nomenclature. The first word "Cerasus" is the name of the genus, the second "vulgaris" is the specific epithet (but not the species!). These two words together make up the name of the species. After the Latin name of the species, the surname or initials of the author who gave this name is written. In this case, the name of the plant was given by Ph. Miller, whose last name is abbreviated as Mill.

Sometimes after the Latin name of the species in brackets there are other Latin names. They should not be written on labels. The name of the genus should not be abbreviated, only the first letter of its name. In guides, this is done because of the economy of text in the tables to define the species, with the full name of the genus given in the heading of each table.

After identifying the plant, all data is recorded and subsequently used to write the herbarium label.

The following information is written on the label:

1. On the first line they write Latin name families

2. On the second - Russian name families

3. On the third - the Latin name of the species with an indication of the abbreviated surname of the author who proposed this Latin name.

The labels do not need to write the words: genus, species

4. On the fourth line write the Russian name of the species

5. On the fifth line indicate the habitat where the plant was collected (meadow, forest, swamp, arable land, steppe).

6. Below is information about the place of collection - a geographical point

7. The date of collection is written on the last line, as well as who collected and identified the plant (legibly - last name and initials).

The label is glued to the herbarium sheet, and the glue is applied only to the right edge of its underside.

Label sample:

If the dried plant has not yet been identified, then space is left on the label for the subsequent writing of the family and species name. All other data (about the place, time of collection, place of collection) must be entered on the label and only after that the temporary labels are destroyed.

In case of difficulty, the determination of plants can be performed in the laboratory of the University.

To mount the herbarium, thick A4 paper is taken, plants are sewn or glued to it in two or three places with narrow strips of adhesive tape. Before attaching the plant, a label is glued to the lower right corner, and then the plant is placed in the middle of the sheet, moving it slightly up. After that, the herbarium sheet is placed in a file.

In the folder, herbarium plant species are grouped by genera and families. The genera within the family are arranged alphabetically by the first letters of their Latin names.

In the same order, a list of families and plant species included in the herbarium is compiled. The list must be attached to the herbarium. The student must be able to recognize the plants of his herbarium by eye, firmly remembering their name.