What are zoned plant varieties. Zoning and resistance of varieties of fruit and berry crops to diseases. The system of state variety testing, its tasks and necessity

Most varieties and hybrids are able to grow in different regions, but only those that grow in given natural and climatic conditions are zoned the best way. At the variety testing plots received from different places varieties and hybrids are compared with a reference variety for a given region.

Competitive tests last 2-3 years, so that applicants for zoning can show themselves in different weather conditions. Beginners are evaluated on a number of grounds, of which the most important are yield, ripening time, disease resistance, vitamin and mineral content and taste qualities. Varieties and hybrids are zoned that have passed the test, showing results as high as the reference variety.

Zoning and resistance of varieties

Over the past decades, horticulture has been enriched with valuable data on growing different varieties fruit and berry crops in a particular area. Breeders have bred many new varieties, and gardeners have identified valuable local varieties of folk selection.

This made it possible for the relevant scientific institutions and agricultural authorities to conduct regionalization of breeds and varieties according to climatic zones and establish a zoned (so-called standard) assortment of fruit and berry crops for different regions, soil-climatic and economic regions.

When zoning varieties, it was very important to establish groups of administrative regions in areas with similar soil-climatic and economic conditions.

Based on the study of climatic, soil and economic data, and most importantly, materials on the cultivation of the corresponding varieties, a zoned assortment was established for each administrative region, with the allocation in some regions of separate groups of regions with different soil-climatic and economic conditions.

For each region and individual groups of regions, a list of varieties is established, the cultivation of which under these conditions gives the most top scores. Therefore, novice gardeners need to plant not the varieties that they want, but those that grow well in your area.

Temperature regime

When cultivating heat-loving crops (eggplants, peppers, tomatoes, cucumbers, etc.) in the Non-Chernozem region, orientation to zoned varieties is half the battle. Heat-loving vegetables grow actively only at temperatures above 15°C.

Each variety can be characterized by the sum of temperatures above 15 ° C, which the plants must receive in order to proceed to fruiting. In varieties released in the Non-Chernozem region, especially in its northern regions, the sum of active temperatures is minimal. Varieties bred in southern latitudes require a higher sum of active temperatures for fruiting, therefore early varieties southern origin in middle lane behave like mid-season, and mid-season - like late and may not ripen at all.

Transferred to other latitudes

Varieties transferred to other latitudes, as a rule, cannot fully show their positive qualities. Their productivity is reduced, they are susceptible to diseases, and when seeds are reproduced in a new place, they quickly lose their varietal characteristics.

The variety plot draws up an annual report on its work based on the data of the main and production variety testing. The results of variety testing are considered first at a meeting of specialists and heads of farms in the service area of ​​the variety plot, and then at the regional (territorial) agronomic meeting convened by the agro-industrial committee of the region (territory) and the regional (territorial) inspection for variety testing of agricultural crops. The regional agronomic meeting develops a draft varietal zoning for the next year, makes proposals for the exclusion of varieties from the number of zoning. The final decision on these issues is made by the State Commission for Variety Testing of Agricultural Crops. Based on its decision, the executive committee of the regional (territorial) Council of People's Deputies approves the varietal zoning of agricultural crops for the next year.

33. The system of state variety testing, its tasks and necessity.

State variety testing - The final stage selection process, in which the best varieties and hybrids receive official recognition. The head institution is the State Variety Testing Commission (in Moscow), and the main ones are the State Variety Testing Plots (GSU) (Station Variety Testing).

State variety testing stations and plots test varieties that are sent to them, taking into account the wishes of breeders.

The variety should be cultivated for 3 years, for 2 years it is recommended as a promising one.

Recommendations for state variety testing (GSI) are sent to the site. Develop a regulation on the procedure for including new varieties in the GSI system. Institutions offering their varieties and hybrids must submit the necessary samples and documents to the Commission. The variety should be new, constant and homogeneous, as well as exceed the existing varieties in terms of yield with higher quality indicators.

A registration card is started (with household valuable indicators of the variety). The ICG accepts the variety and recommends it for testing in a number of areas. Check uniformity, uniqueness and originality. The name of the variety db is short, clear, non-repetitive and contains the uniqueness of the variety.

The purpose of the GSI is to give a comprehensive assessment of new varieties, to quickly identify promising high-yielding and valuable varieties and hybrids, and to prepare a proposal for their release or recognition as promising.

In addition to state stations (GS), mb assessment laboratories and Russian agricultural centers.

GSUs have a permanently isolated territory, those with a certain amount of arable land. For testing crops of field crop rotation 60 - 100 ha, vegetables and melons - 20 - 25 ha.

The tested varieties must undergo a production variety test (propagation of the best variety), the purpose of which is to finally determine the suitability for further cultivation.

In 1 farm, no more than 2-3 crops, 2-3 varieties are tested and compared with the standard (the best zoned variety). The tested varieties should occupy an area: spring grain - 1.5 -2 ha; flax, kart, mn l tr – 1 ha; cucumber, onion - 0.5 ha.

Preferably in Last year testing in production. In addition, mb technological and economic tests.

All dB experiments are substantiated and in 4-fold repetition. DB principle of single difference, elongated randomized arrangement aligned with fertility variegation.

Varietal zoning

selection the best varieties s.-x. crops and the definition of the territorial boundaries of their cultivation. In the USSR, it is held annually on the basis of proposals from variety-testing plots (see Variety-testing plots). General management is carried out by the State Commission for Variety Testing. cultures under the ministry Agriculture USSR. The best varieties and hybrids are zoned, the most adapted to local conditions. New varieties that have passed the Variety Test and exceed the old ones (standard) in terms of a set of indicators (yield, product quality, resistance to diseases and pests, etc.) are zoned in addition to those already zoned or for variety change (See Variety change). As of 1976, 4,915 varieties and hybrids have been released in the USSR (out of 11,455 tested in 1974), of which 3,142 are Soviet selections, 827 are local, and 946 are foreign selections. For the first time, 105 varieties and hybrids of 50 agricultural crops were zoned. crops, including cereals 27, technical 13, potatoes, vegetables and melons 22, corn 10, fodder 19, fruits, berries and grapes 14. First S. p. developed in the USSR in 1929.

Lit.: Catalog of varieties of fruit, berry crops and grapes included in the state variety testing, M., 1963; Catalog of zoned varieties of agricultural crops, M., 1974.

Big soviet encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what "varietal zoning" is in other dictionaries:

Selection of the best varieties of agricultural crops and determination of the territory of the boundaries of their cultivation. In the USSR, it was carried out annually (since 1929) on the basis of state variety testing data ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Selection of the best varieties of agricultural crops and determination of the territorial boundaries of their cultivation. In the USSR it has been carried out annually (since 1929) on the basis of state variety testing data. * * * VARIETY REGIONING VARIETY REGIONING,… … encyclopedic Dictionary

VARIETY REGIONING- selection of highly productive, valuable in terms of product quality and other indicators of varieties and hybrids with. X. crops and their implementation in x wah determined. natural areas. At S. r. take into account the complex of households. and biol. indicators, according to the Crimea new variety Or the hybrid gets...

- (lat. selectio choice, selection, from seligo I choose, I select) 1) the science of methods for creating varieties and hybrids of plants, animal breeds. 2) Industry c. X. production, engaged in breeding varieties and hybrids with. X. crops, breeds of animals. FROM.… …

The branch of plant growing (See Plant growing) engaged in the mass propagation of seeds of zoned varieties for the implementation of variety change (See Variety change) and variety renewal (See Variety renewal). In the production of varietal seeds ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

- (French sorte, from lat. sors variety, species) cultivar, a collection of plants created as a result of selection and possessing certain morphological, physiological, economic characteristics and ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Study, evaluation of varieties and hybrids p. X. crops (compared to a standard variety) and determining their suitability for cultivation under production conditions. In the USSR, station and state S. are carried out. At station S., varieties are studied ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia- branch of growth, engaged in mass reproduction of varietal seeds. C. is closely related to seed science and breeding. In Russia, S.'s origin refers to the 2nd floor. 19th century (in landowners' farms growing sugar beets and grain crops). ... ... Agricultural Encyclopedic Dictionary

Varieties of vegetable crops are created 8-12 years. The breeder considers the bred variety, and often justifiably, the best, as we consider the best of our child. But this is a subjective opinion, and it may not be justified even in the region where the variety was created. Moreover, it may not be justified in other regions. A variety created in the Voronezh region may not be completely suitable for cultivation in the Primorsky Territory due to the difference in climatic and soil conditions.

In order to determine the suitability of a variety for cultivation in a particular region of Russia, there is a special organization "State Commission for the Testing and Protection of Breeding Achievements". This organization has 1-4 variety plots in each region (krai). All newly created cultivars are tested according to a special method on the state variety plots in natural field conditions within 2-3 years and are compared with varieties previously allowed (approved) for cultivation in this region (krai). If a new variety in terms of yield or some other valuable economic indicators (the quality of treasures, resistance to diseases, etc.) exceeds previously zoned varieties, then it is allowed (allowed) to be grown in this region - zoned.

It turns out that zoned varieties are varieties tested by the State Service, and the best for this region at the moment from what breeders of the country and partially abroad can offer.

Many varieties of vegetable crops are zoned in most regions (territories) of Russia (cosmopolitan varieties) . These are varieties of white cabbage - "June", "Glory 1305", "Gift"; table beets - "Bordeaux 237"; table carrots - "Shantane 2461" and others, but there are varieties zoned only in one region (territory), most often in the one in which they were created. Thus, the cabbage variety "Khutorok" (selection of the Primorsk Experimental Vegetable Station, hereinafter referred to as the POOS) is zoned only in the Primorsky Territory, while the carrot variety "Typhoon" (selection of the POOS) is zoned in 11 regions of Russia, the sweet pepper variety "Freshness" (selection of the POOS ) - at 6.

Exist vegetable crops, according to which the cultivation of non-released varieties in the garden can only result in a loss of 10-30% of the crop for the vegetable grower, and there are crops when, due to the desire to find out something unusual, or most often out of ignorance, you can lose 100% of the crop. Such crops, for example, include cucumbers. Cultivation of non-Far Eastern cucumber varieties in the Primorsky Territory almost always leads to a complete loss of the crop..

It cannot be said that the list of zoned varieties is a dogma. Life is diverse, it flows and changes. New varieties appear, the State Service does not always have the opportunity in all regions of the country to test all varieties of Russian and foreign selection. Yes, and the requirements for varieties of the State Service and the private vegetable grower sometimes differ. Therefore, curious vegetable growers can set up their experiments on variety description in the garden in search of something better or original, something “that the neighbor does not have”. But we must remember that all these experiments should not affect that part of the garden that feeds the family. Only zoned varieties can feed a family with relative certainty .

List of released varieties in Primorsky Krai:

White cabbage: Artemovka, Knevichanka, Primorochka, Sotka, Khutorok.
Carrot: Typhoon, Surazhevskaya 1, Primorskaya 22.
Beetroot: Success, Primorskaya 4, Primorskaya cylindrical.
Cucumber: Avangard, Amurchonok, Vladivostok 155, Vostok, Far East 27, Far East 6, Erofey, Cascade, Whale, Lotus, Mig, Ussuriysky 3, Khabar.
tomatoes: Amur cliff, Askold, Dersu, Dunyasha, Zarya Vostoka, Novato, Odysseus, Patroclus, Posyet, Primorets, Summit, Toptyzhka, Khabarovsk pink 308.
Sweet pepper: Artemka, Joy, Freshness, Catch, Lazo, Amgu.
Eggplant: Egorka, Quartet, Bear cub.
Onion: Dmitrich, Ivashka, Rocket.
radish: Night beauty.
Loba: Raspberry ball.
Turnip: Purple Primorye.
Radish: Red giant.
sweet corn: Anchor, Country.
Large-fruited pumpkin: Hope, Granddaughter.
vegetable marrow: Kit.
Vegetable beans: Emerald, Sapphire, Taiga, Fedoseevna.
Parsley: Eastern.
Celery: Gamayun.
Horseradish: Atlant.

When choosing a variety for the garden, listen to the advice of specialists from the National Research University, to the advice of experienced vegetable gardeners.

What regionalization of varieties? What is disease resistance? Where and how best to land fruit crops? Different varieties of a particular breed have unequal resistance to disease damage.
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Zoning varieties

What is the meaning of regionalization

It is known, for example, that the forest beauty"Severely damaged by a fungal disease - scab. If in other varieties the leaves are partially affected, sometimes the fruits, then in the "Forest Beauty", if you do not fight, the scab disfigures not only the fruits and leaves, but also young branches.

Other fungal disease — powdery mildew, brought to Europe at the end of the last century from America, greatly reduced our culture of large-fruited gooseberry varieties. However, there are varieties, for example, Houghton, Korsun-Shevchenkovsky, Abundant, which are not affected by this disease.

Different varieties of fruit and berry crops grow and bear fruit differently in a given area. Each variety gives the most best harvests only in the area, climatic and soil conditions which fully meet the basic requirements of this variety for growing conditions. This is due to the adaptation of varieties, as complex biological organisms, to certain conditions environment.

Zoning and climatic conditions

So, the beautiful Central Russian apple variety Antonovka ordinary is unsurpassed in the conditions of the middle part of the RSFSR. winter variety. And in southern regions, in particular in the south of Ukraine, completely loses its taste and economic qualities, turning into a low-value summer variety.

This indicates that the climatic and soil conditions of the south do not meet the requirements of Antonovka. We get even worse results when transferring southern varieties to northern regions. The history of fruit growing knows many such attempts. They all ended in complete failure.

Thus, for successful horticulture, it is necessary that in each region, in each locality, only those varieties are grown that correspond to given conditions and therefore give here high yields at best quality fruits.

Zoning and resistance of varieties

Over the past decades, horticulture has been enriched with valuable data on the cultivation of different varieties of fruit and berry crops in a particular area. Breeders have bred many new varieties, and gardeners have identified valuable local varieties of folk selection.

This made it possible for the relevant scientific institutions and leading agricultural bodies to zoning breeds and varieties according to climatic zones and to establish a zoned (so-called standard) assortment of fruit and berry crops for different regions, soil-climatic and economic regions.

When zoning varieties, it was very important to establish groups of administrative regions in areas with similar soil-climatic and economic conditions.

Based on the study of climatic, soil and economic data, and most importantly, materials on the cultivation of the corresponding varieties, a zoned assortment was established for each administrative region, with the allocation in some regions of separate groups of regions with different soil-climatic and economic conditions.

For each region and individual groups of regions, a list of varieties has been established, the cultivation of which under these conditions gives the best results. Therefore, novice gardeners need to plant not the varieties that they want, but those that grow well in your area.

And which apple trees grow well in Russia, read.