Installation of cutters in machines. Technical requirements for milling tools. Installation of cutters Installation and fixing of cutters on machines

Attached tools are mounted on a cylindrical or conical mandrel. Accordingly, they are provided with a base bore of cylindrical or conical shape.

Cylindrical bore tools include shell cutters, disc shavers, disc gear cutters, rollers, round shaped cutters , thread-cutting combs.

Of the tools with a conical hole, it should be noted mounted countersinks and reamers, cutter heads for bevel wheels.

According to GOST 9472-60, a number of hole diameters are used for shell mills: 8, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 27, 32, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 100 mm. The series is accepted as standard by all countries.

As you can see from the above list, the number of mandrels sizes is strictly limited. This is done in order to minimize the number of mandrels circulating in production.

Rice. 9. Forces acting on a cutter with straight teeth

Help Diameter Renders big influence to work cutter. During the milling process, the mandrel is subjected to torsional and bending moments. The tooth of a spur cutter is acted upon by a circumferential force P, tangent to the trajectory (circumference) of the movement of the point of its application, and a radial force P, directed along the radius (Fig. 9, a). The resultant of these forces Kg causes a bending moment of the mandrel. This can be seen if two equal but oppositely directed forces P are applied to the center of the mandrel. Then the pair of forces P will create a torque, and the remaining third force P together with the radial will give the resultant force f which causes the mandrel to bend.

Rice. 10. Forces acting on a cutter with helical teeth

It should be noted that mandrels that satisfy the conditions of strength are not always acceptable in terms of rigidity and vibration resistance. That is why mandrels of increased diameters have recently begun to be used. Such holders not only allow cutters to remove larger chips, but also guarantee greater accuracy and cleanliness due to the absence of vibrations. In connection with the widespread introduction of high-speed processing methods, the issue of tool rigidity and vibration resistance, as one of the factors in the AIDS system, is of particular importance. To clarify, consider an example. Tools equipped with carbide inserts operate at high cutting speeds, which often cause vibration. For correct operation these tools, it is necessary that the chip section removed by each tooth be as uniform as possible. However, due to the beating of the teeth, in the appearance of which the size of the mandrel and the accuracy of its mating with the cutter play an important role, the chip section per tooth changes.

Torque transmission

Torque transmission is carried out through a longitudinal (Fig. 11, a) or end key (Fig. 11, b). The dimensions of the conjugated pair are indicated by letters. Holes with a longitudinal keyway have become predominant. At proper manufacture such a design fully satisfies the requirements. The hole diameter must be limit deviations not higher than according to A1 or A, and the dimensions of the keyway - with deviations in accordance with GOST 9472-60. In order to reduce the runout of the teeth of the cutter, its ends must be mutually parallel and perpendicular to the axis of the hole. The runout of the ends relative to the axis of the cutter should not exceed 0.02-0.04 mm, depending on the size and purpose of the cutter. To avoid stress concentration and cracking during heat treatment the keyway must be provided with appropriate roundings.

To reduce the seating surface, the hole for milling cutters with a length of more than 20 mm is provided with a recess. The length of the undercut is taken within 0.2-0.3 of the length of the cutter. Thin cutters, such as slotted cutters, are usually made without a keyway, and the torque is transmitted by friction between the planes of the cutter and the setting rings.

The longitudinal groove affects the choice of the size of the base hole of the cutter, which is a significant drawback. The end groove (GOST 9472-60) has an advantage in this regard, since it does not weaken the cutter body. However, in practice it is rarely used - mainly for special cutters, for example, for heavy work. Normal milling cutters are made only with a longitudinal groove, with the exception of face milling cutters with a diameter of 100 to 250 mm.

End mill attachment

On fig. 12 shown various options fastening end mills on milling machines. Milling cutters are mounted either directly on the end of the machine spindle (Fig. 12, a, 6), or on a mandrel inserted into the spindle (Fig. 12, c, d). Landing surfaces are either cylindrical (Fig. 12, a, c) or conical (Fig. 12, i, d). In the first case, cutters of large diameters (250 - 630 mm) have grooves on both ends (Fig. 12, a), of which one

Rice. 12. Mounting options for end mills

serves to enter the spindle taper, the other for the location of four bolts designed to secure the cutter to the machine. Cutters of small diameters (40-110 mm) are equipped with one (Fig. 12, c) or more often two grooves for placing a washer and a bolt (GOST 9304-59) In addition, a longitudinal key is provided for transmitting torque (for cutters of small diameters) or end key (for large cutters). In the second case, the conical seat can be made either in the form of a conical hole with a taper of 7: 24 (Fig. 12, d), or in the form of a conical shank (Fig. 12, b). Fastening with a conical connection has greater rigidity, reliability and accuracy compared to a cylindrical one, but it is more laborious. Tapered shank is used for medium size cutters where particularly rigid clamping is required. Landing dimensions cutters must be consistent with GOST 836-47, which regulates the dimensions of the ends of spindles and mandrels.

Tapered mandrels

Mounted drills and reamers are mounted on a conical mandrel with a taper of 1:30 (Fig. 13). The dimensions of the conjugated pair are indicated by letters. The mandrel is equipped with an end key. According to GOST 9472-60, dimensions large diameter cones are set based on a series of cutter hole diameters. The mount is quite reliable and fully justifies itself in practice. However

Rice. 13. Tapered mandrel with end key fastening

for tools equipped with carbide, when working at high speeds, it shows less vibration resistance compared to end tools.

A common method of fastening the teeth-plates in the cutter body is soldering. Most often soldering is used for tools small size and complex configuration, where it is difficult or impossible to provide mechanical fastening of the cutting inserts.

But when soldering carbide inserts, tiny cracks often appear in them, causing a decrease in tool life. To avoid the appearance of cracks, the methods of soldering plates are improved, conditions are created for their uniform heating and cooling. It is not possible to completely eliminate the cracking of the plates during soldering due to the different rates of expansion and contraction during heating or cooling of the carbide plate and the body material. The difference in expansion when heated is not dangerous, since the plate is not yet connected to the body. And when the tool cools down after soldering, the plate is already "tacked" to its socket. The body and plate volumes are reduced from different speed, large stresses appear at the junction, and the fragile tool material cracks.

Therefore, they seek to replace soldering with mechanical fastening of hard-alloy plates. The durability of such tools is much higher than soldered ones.

Picture 5 - Ways of fastening the cutting inserts of the cutters

The method of fastening the plates with a cylindrical wedge and a differential screw (Fig. 5, a). A hard-alloy plate is installed in the groove of the body and fixed with a cylindrical wedge. The wedge is tightened by screwing in the differential screw on the hexagon socket. It is called a differential screw because the thread pitch in its upper and lower parts is different. Assume that the thread pitch on the screw head is 0.5 mm, and on the shaft 1 mm. Turn the screw in one turn. It will go into the case by 1 mm. At the same time, the screw head will move in the wedge thread by 0.5 mm. And since the total movement of the head must also be 1 mm, then for 0.5 mm the head will move with the wedge. Thus, the screw is driven into the body faster than into the wedge, and the wedge clamps the plate. The advantages of the differential screw are shown when the insert is changed. When unscrewed, it moves out of the body faster than out of the wedge, and therefore pulls the wedge out of the socket.

This type of mounting is compact and easy to use, but the parts must be made with high precision. When the wedge is in its seat, the axis of its hole must necessarily coincide with the axis of the body hole. Otherwise, the differential screw will tend to move the wedge to the side and the fastening will be unreliable.

Much simpler are cutters in which the wedge is fixed with an ordinary screw (rio. 5, b); this design is compact, but less convenient to use. To replace the insert, the fixing screw must be unscrewed and screwed into the tapped hole of the wedge instead. special key. This key rests against the bottom of the groove and pulls out the wedge.

Fastening with wedges and screws is used for face, disk and end mills with a diameter of at least 30 mm.

It is especially difficult to clamp a carbide insert in a disc cutter body. If the cutter is narrow, wedge and screw fastening cannot be used, and a conventional wedge may move under the action of lateral forces arising from the operation of the cutter. The method of mechanical fastening for such cutters was developed at the All-Russian Research Institute. With this method, the plates are fixed with wedges with a cylindrical bearing surface (Fig. 5, c). Such a mount is quite reliable, but difficult to manufacture.

In order to be able to process steel billets, giving them the desired shape, they are widely used in production. Thanks to metal cutters for milling machines, products are obtained in strict accordance with the engineering project. The types of cutters presented today on the domestic market are very diverse, which allows you to choose the most suitable option for a particular case.

Principles of classification of cutters for metal

Different types of milling machines are determined by the design and purpose of the tool, as well as the way the cutter is fed, among which are screw, rotary and straight. The working edges of the cutting tool, each of which, in fact, is a cutter, are made of especially hard alloys of steel or materials such as ceramics, diamond, carded wire and others.

A variety of cutters makes it possible to select material in the most difficult areas, as a result of which the workpiece is given the required shape and it turns into a specific part.

Milling cutters are classified according to the following parameters:

• the location of the teeth (cutters);
• construction (prefabricated, one-piece);
• tooth design;
• the direction of the teeth;
• method of fastening cutting elements;
• cutting material.

Types of cutters for metal

Any novice craftsman who is faced with the need to process metal has to look for information about what cutters are. We describe the most common types of cutters for their intended purpose.

Disk

Disc cutters are used for the following types of work:

• cutting blanks;
• slotting;
• metal sampling;
• chamfering, etc.

The cutting elements of such tools can be located on one or both sides. Depending on the type of processing (from preliminary to finishing), the size of the cutter and its teeth change. Carbide disc cutters work in the most difficult conditions with high vibration and the inability to efficiently remove chips from the cutting area.

Among the varieties of such tools can be distinguished:

• grooved;
• slotted;
• cutting;
• designed to process metal parts from two or three sides.

The names of these tools are determined by their purpose: for example, cutting cutters are needed for cutting metal blanks on milling machines, and with the help of slotted cutters, grooves and slots are cut.

end

Such cutters work with flat and stepped surfaces of metal parts. From the name itself it is clear that end part the tool is working, respectively, the axis of its rotation is perpendicular to the workpiece plane. Most often, these cutters are quite massive, making it convenient to use interchangeable inserts in them. A large number of teeth in the area of ​​​​contact with a metal part allows you to achieve high processing speed and smooth operation of the tool.

Cylindrical

Cutters of this type can be either with straight or helical teeth. The former process narrow planes, while the latter work more smoothly and therefore have received universal application.

Cylindrical cutter

Axial forces arising under certain modes of operation of cutters with helical teeth are very high. In these cases, double tools are used, the teeth of which are located with different directions tilt. Thanks to this solution, the axial forces that occur during the cutting process are balanced.

This type also includes rasp cutters of the "corn" type, with their help they process ledges and cut grooves.

corner

The edge of such a cutter for metal, used for processing inclined surfaces, as well as corner grooves, has a conical surface. There are both single-angle and two-angle types of instruments, which differ in location cutting edge(in two-angle models they are located on two adjacent conical surfaces, and in single-angle models they are located on one conical surface). With the help of such cutters, you can make chip grooves in tools of various kinds.

To form grooves with beveled side surfaces, single-angle dovetail and inverted dovetail metal tools are used.

Terminal

Most often, end (or finger) milling cutters for metal are used to create grooves, contour ledges and recesses, and to process mutually perpendicular planes.

End mills are divided into several varieties according to the following features:

• monolithic or soldered cutting elements;
• with a conical or cylindrical shank;
• for finishing metal (fine teeth) or for rough (large teeth).

End mills

Carbide end mills are used to work with poorly machined metals - steel, cast iron, etc. Among the end mills, there are also spherical (ball) cutters necessary for processing recesses of a spherical shape, radius cutters that serve to select grooves of various shapes, fungal - carbide cutters for T- figurative grooves on workpieces made of cast iron, steel, non-ferrous metals. End cutters also include engravers or engraving cutters that are used to process precious metals, copper, brass and other materials.

Shaped

From the name it becomes clear that this type of cutting tool is designed to process shaped surfaces. Such cutters are actively used for processing metal parts with a significant ratio of the length of the workpiece to its width, since the shaped surfaces of parts of small length in large industries are often made by pulling. Relief cutters are the most difficult to sharpen.

According to the type of teeth, shaped milling tools for metal are divided into two types:

• with pointed teeth;
• with sharpened teeth.

Worm

Processing is carried out by the rolling method due to the point touch of the workpiece with a tool. Worm cutters are divided into a number of subspecies according to the following parameters:

• solid or prefabricated;
• right or left (direction of turns);
• multi- or single-pass;
• with unpolished or ground teeth.

Annular cutters (or core drills)

Such tools serve to obtain holes, and annular cutters provide more high speed cutting compared to twist drills by approximately 4 times.

There are cutters for metal not only for CNC machines, but also for drills. Otherwise, they are also called burrs. Their design provides a special pin for clamping in the drill chuck. On sale, burrs can only be found in the form of kits, since working with metal with a drill requires accuracy and appropriate specific task cutter shapes.

For manual router cutters are also bought as a set. There are edging tools with and without bearings. The former are used for processing the edge of a part on a manual milling cutter, the latter can be used on any part of the workpiece, however, templates are required for their more accurate work. In the domestic market, as a rule, Chinese cutting tools for a manual router, however, their quality can be assessed as quite high.

In small-scale and single-piece production, universal devices are used: clamps, corner plates, prisms, machine vise, etc.

Used to secure workpieces complex shape or large dimensions directly on the machine table. Tacks can be various shapes and destinations (Figure 9.20).

Rice. 9.20.

Examples of fixing workpieces with clamps are shown in Figures 9.21-9.23. All clamps have oval holes or recesses for fastening to the machine table and the possibility of moving the clamps relative to the workpiece.

Workpieces of small height are fixed directly on the machine table (Fig. 9.21), others - with the help of linings (Fig. 9.22). Linings for clamps are stepped supports, bars of the required height, supports.

Corner plates used to install and fasten workpieces having two planes located at an angle of 90 °. Figure 9.24 shows insert mounting with a corner plate for face milling. When resetting, the weight can thus be handled side surfaces. The workpiece is attached to the corner plate clamp-

Rice. 9.21. Fixing the workpiece with a clamp: 1 - machine table;

• 2 - processed workpiece; 3 - sticking; 4 - bolt;
• 5 - screw

mi, and the corner plate - to the machine table using special grooves.

If necessary, more complex corner plates can be used that allow rotation about a horizontal or vertical axis, for example, in cases where the work surface and the fastening surface form an angle other than 90 °. This plate is shown in

figure 9.25. For rotation around a horizontal axis, a rotary device is provided on the lower base of the plate.

Rice. 9.22. Fixing the workpiece with a clamp: 1 - machine table;

• 2 - processed workpiece; 3 - stand; 4 - sticking;
• 5 - bolt; 6 - screw

Rice. 9.23.

tacks

Rice. 9.24.

• 1 - corner plate; 2 - processed workpiece;
• 3 - stiffener; 4 - grooves for installing and fixing the plate on the machine table; 5 - clamps for fastening the workpiece to the corner plate

They are widely used for fastening workpieces on milling and drilling machines. According to the possibility of orientation of the workpiece, a vice is distinguished: simple, not having the possibility of rotation; rotary, carrying out rotation around a vertical axis; universal, carrying out rotation around the vertical and horizontal axes. According to the method of fixing the workpiece, a vice is distinguished: with one movable jaw (Fig. 9.26), self-centering (with two movable jaws), with “floating” jaws, with special interchangeable jaws (for cylindrical workpieces and workpieces of complex shape), with manual clamping , pneumatic and hydraulic

Rice. 9.25. Special corner plate: 1 - plate for fastening the workpiece;

2, 3 - rotary device; 4 - grooves for attaching the plate to the machine table

Rice. 9.26.

personal (use if necessary, clamping a large force). Figure 9.27 shows examples of special interchangeable jaws that significantly expand the technological possibilities of using a vice, in particular, they allow you to fix both prismatic parts (Figure 9.27, a, c), and bodies of revolution (Fig. 9.27, b, d).

Rice. 9.27.

For workpieces in the form of bodies of revolution, special vices can be used (Fig. 9.28), with a prismatic base insert 5 and shaped semi-oval sponges 3, 6. The insert can be reversed to accept large diameter shafts. Sponges - replaceable, fixed with pins 2, 7. Fixing of blanks is carried out with a handle 1. Such vise can be installed on both horizontal milling and vertical milling machines, thanks to two supporting surfaces.

Rotary overhead tables are used for milling shaped surfaces and can have a manual, mechanical, hydraulic and pneumatic drive.

On drilling machines, in addition to the universal devices described above, they use special devices: dividing devices and conductors. Dividing devices are used, for example, for drilling identical holes located on the same diameter at regular intervals. Jigs are special fixtures used for workpieces with large quantity holes that have high requirements to relative position for easier tool alignment and orientation.

The cutting tool on milling machines is based and fixed with the help of devices - auxiliary tool(center and end mandrels, adapter bushings, adjusting rings, collet chucks and etc.).

Center mandrels (Fig. 3.46) are used to install cylindrical, disk, angular and shaped cutters on a horizontal milling machine. Taper shank mandrel 2 install in tapered bore spindle and fasten with a tension screw (rod) 1. To perceive the torque from the cutting forces, the rectangular grooves on the mandrel flange are combined with the driving keys 1 and 2 (Fig. 3.47), located in the grooves of the end of the spindle.

For the cylindrical part 4 (fig. 3.46) mandrels with a keyway put on the adjusting rings 3 and cutter. The kit is fixed with a nut 6. The second consolidated end of the mandrel is supported by a suspension bearing mounted on the trunk (see Fig. 3.1).

Rice. 3.46.

a- with a guide pin; 1 - tension screw (thrust); 2 - tapered shank (taper 7:24); 3 - adjusting rings; 4 - cylindrical part; 5 - key; 6 - screw; 7 - guide support; b - with supporting rotating axle box: 1-4, 6 - designations are the same as in part a; 5 - screw; 7 - supporting box

Rice. 3.47.

1,2 - driving keys

A guide support 7 is inserted into the suspension bearings (see Fig. 3.46, a) or supporting box 7 (see Fig. 3.46, b).

The diameter of the cylindrical part of the mandrel and the hole of the adjusting rings (from 13 to 50 mm) is selected depending on the diameter of the cutter. The setting rings supplied with the mandrel are available in widths from 1 to 50 mm. Precise setting rings with a width tolerance of ± 0.01 and ± 0.013 mm are used as intermediate rings for setting the specified distance between the disk cutters of the kit.

End mandrels (Fig. 3.48) are used to fix shell end mills on vertical and horizontal milling machines. They are fixed in the machine spindle in the same way as center mandrels. Torque from cutting forces end mandrel accepts a longitudinal parallel key 2 (see fig. 3.48, a), end key (Fig. 3.48, b) or insert 5 (see Fig. 3.48, in), which is included in face groove cutters. Last option used to install large-diameter end mills with a conical bore.

Some large diameter shell end mills are mounted directly on the cylindrical shoulder of the front end of the spindle (Fig. 3.49). The torque from the cutting forces is perceived by the end key 3. The machine spindle must have four threaded holes (see Fig. 3.47).

End mills 1 with a tapered shank are installed in the spindle 5 of the machine (Fig. 3.50, a), using adapter sleeves 4,

Rice. 3.48.

1 - mounting cone; 2 - dowel; 3 - cutter neck; 4 - screw; 5 - insert; 6 - sleeve; 7 - screw

the inner cone of which corresponds to the tool cone, and the outer one to the spindle cone. Torque is transmitted from the spindle to the driven flange 2 by means of a key 3. The set is fixed with a pull 6. End mills with a cylindrical shank are fixed in a chuck, which, with its tapered shank, is installed in the machine spindle. The design of one of these cartridges is shown in Fig. 3.50 b. The cutter is installed in the collet 7 and the nut 8 fixed in the cartridge case 9.

When milling grooves, accurate in width, with worn cutters, it is convenient to use a chuck (Fig. 3.50, in) with adjustable eccentricity. The cutter is fixed with screws 10 in the sleeve 13, which is installed in the body 11 and tighten with cap nut 12. Since the axis of the hole in the body is offset relative to the axis of its seating cone, and the axis of the hole for the cutter in the bushing does not coincide with the axis of the bushing, by turning the bushing it is possible to shift the cutter axis relative to its axis of rotation, changing the width of the milled groove.

Rice. 3.49. Mounting cutters on the spindle milling machine: 1 - cutter; 2, 4 - screws; 3 - key; 5 - machine spindle

Rice. 3.50.

a- with tapered shank; b- with a cylindrical shank; in - with adjustable eccentricity; 1 - blank; 2 - stand; 3 - vise; 4 - upper plane; 5 - spindle; 6 - thrust; 7 - collet; 8, 12 - nuts; 9 - cartridge; 10 - screw; 11 - frame; 13 - sleeve

Rice. 3.51.

1 - cutter; 2 - screw; 3 - cartridge; 4 - screw; 5 - sleeve

Significant time costs are associated with tightening the traction when attaching a tool, especially on vertical milling machines. To reduce these costs, when mounting end mills with a tapered shank, the chuck shown in fig. 3.51. A replaceable adapter sleeve 5 is inserted into the chuck body, ?, installed in the machine spindle, with the 4 cutter 1. When installing the sleeve in the chuck body, its leaders pass through the corresponding cutouts in the nut 2, screwed onto the body 3 , and enter the grooves in the end face of the cartridge case. The replacement sleeve is fixed in the body by turning the nut 2 at 45... 115°.

Dimensional adjustment when milling tool planes is performed by the method of test passes (Fig. 3.52). Touching the side plane 4 blanks 1, set in a vice 3 on a stand 2, rotating end mill, remove the workpiece from under the cutter with a transverse feed and raise the table by an amount atThen, touching the upper plane 5, the workpiece is removed from contact with the cutter with a longitudinal feed and the table is moved by a transverse feed by an amount (X A$ - A). Having performed a test pass (not necessarily along the entire length of the workpiece), the obtained dimensions are measured and a dimensional adjustment correction is introduced. Ah = L - BUT and Dg/ = - N. Correction displacement values

counted on the limbs of the transverse and vertical feeds.

Some Methods for Dimensional Adjustment to Location rectangular groove shown in fig. 3.53. Disk position

Rice. 3.52.

1 - vise; 2 - blank; 3 - stand; 4 - side plane; 5 - top plane

Rice. 3.53. Dimensional adjustment methods for the position of a rectangular groove ( a-e)

Rice. 3.54. Setting workpieces relative to the cutter when milling keyways ( a-d)

or end mill in the horizontal direction is controlled by a caliper (see Fig. 3.53, a, b) or a square (initial position, see Fig. 3.53, c, G). Dimensional adjustment to the depth of the groove is carried out by the method of test passes.

The initial positions of the cutter in the horizontal direction can be determined by touching the vertical plane of the workpiece with the rotating cutter (see Fig. 3.53, d, e).

The scheme of dimensional adjustment when milling keyways is shown in fig. 3.54. By moving the table in the right directions, set the workpiece under the cutter (see Fig. 3.54, a). The square is placed on the table so that its vertical shelf touches the side of the workpiece. Using a caliper or micrometer, measure the distance BUT. Then, moving the square to the other side, measure the distance B. The offset of the table by the transverse feed is performed at a distance = (B-L)/2. Then the plane of symmetry of the cutter will pass through the axis of the workpiece.

There is another way to dimensionally adjust the disk key cutter using a square (see Fig. 3.54, b). Moving the table with a transverse feed, combine the square with the end face of the cutter. Then in reverse direction move the table by H \u003d (d- B)/2 (here AT - cutter width).

The initial positions of the cutter and the workpiece can be determined by contacting the end face of the disk or cylindrical surface of the end (keyway) rotating cutter with the workpiece (see Fig. 3.54, c, d). Then the table is moved by an amount H:

Rice. 3.55. Installing a single-angle cutter in the diametral plane: a- initial position; 6 - offset relative to

blanks

H=(d + AT)/2 - for a disk cutter; H = (d + D)/2 - for the end mill.

Similarly, they carry out dimensional adjustment to the initial position of a single-angle cutter (Fig. 3.55, a), which is then displaced relative to the workpiece according to Fig. 3.55, 6.

Dimensional adjustment during the processing of dovetail guides is carried out by the method of test passes. However, the size measurement AT(Fig. 3.56) universal measuring tool almost impossible, and the size L due to burrs and chips, it also cannot be accurately measured. Therefore, in practice

Rice. 3.56.

Rice. 3.57.

widely used indirect method using smooth cylindrical calibrated rollers with a diameter d. Then if you measure WITH, dimensions AT and L can be calculated using expressions

In order for the dovetail connection to be mated, it is necessary to ensure equality B =(Fig. 3.57). Dimensions will be measured With and WITH. Then the equality

Measuring instruments for milling work are given in table. 3.5.

Characteristics of some measuring instruments for milling work

Table 35

Z.b. Basing, anchoring and dimensional customization tool

The end of the table. 3.5

Work 3. Processing workpieces by milling

3 . 6 . Locating, fixing and dimensional setting of the tool