Kitsch style in the interior: your design will not go unnoticed. Extravagant kitsch style in the interior Kitsch style in the interior and architecture
Kitsch(German Kitsch), kitsch - a term denoting one of the phenomena of mass culture, a synonym for pseudo-art, in which the main attention is paid to the extravagance of the external appearance, the loudness of its elements. Particularly widespread in various forms standardized household decoration. As an element of mass culture, it is the point of maximum departure from elementary aesthetic values and, at the same time, one of the most aggressive manifestations of the tendencies of primitivization and vulgarization in popular art.
Kitsch is an umbrella term for some Post-Modernism movements, such as Memphis, that exploit the potential for bad taste and the charms of mass-market sentimental crafts. This is a game of anti-design that emerged as a protest trend in interior fashion for those who are ready to take their environment not too seriously.
General characteristics of the Kitsch style
The definition of "kitsch-interior" appeared relatively recently and it means a newfangled category of interiors. Basic style idea kitsch is a mockery of history and artistic traditions, tastes and styles. This is a kind of nihilism in architecture, denying all its previous achievements. When frank bad taste becomes the principle of choice, and eye-catching incompatibility of colors and interior items is its main hallmark. For example, gilded stucco molding along the cornice, large shiny stars on the bright blue ceiling, tubs with palm trees stand symmetrically against the walls, and the floor is laid out ceramic tiles with oriental motifs.
For the kitsch style, the presence of elements in one interior is typical. different styles(for example, country music and classics), color disharmony, numerous assorted accessories, passion for consumer goods. Usually, a kitsch-style interior makes a defiant impression - whether it is a deliberate craving for luxury, for external "beauty", or, on the contrary, a denial of any aesthetics.
In accordance with how this style manifests itself in the interior, three types of kitsch can be distinguished: pseudo-luxurious kitsch, lumpen kitsch and, finally, designer kitsch.
Pseudo-luxurious kitsch style is easily recognizable by fake luxury items, finishing materials, imitating natural ones, according to the general desire to give the interior a luxury look. The pseudo-luxurious style of kitsch arises more often due to an unprofessional approach to interior design. Trying to plan for yourself inner space of your house or apartment, it is easy to get carried away and forget about the conformity of all interior items to one style. For example, a room where a fireplace is adjacent to fluorescent lamps, oriental vases and heavy velvet curtains will look like kitsch. The desire to collect in one room "all the best at once" - sure sign the fact that the result is a kitsch-style interior.
Kitsch style in the interior can be dictated not only by imitation of the “cream of society”, but also by poverty. Low level lives and a certain amount of creativity produce lumpen kitsch. In this interpretation, the kitsch style is represented by pieces of furniture from different kits, a naked light bulb under the ceiling, deliberately torn wallpaper or casually painted walls. Old things remade new way, complement the interior in the kitsch style: a grandmother's chest of drawers, painted in a radical bright color, or a floor lamp with a wire frame instead of a lampshade. The kitsch lumpen style draws attention to itself with anti-aesthetics, emphasized disregard for harmony. An inhabitant of "poor" kitsch is most likely a rebel in spirit and a maximalist.
kitsch style can be found in the works famous designers interior. In this case, kitsch is "art for art's sake" - for example, a kitsch-style interior is created for an exhibition. design projects. Kitsch from a famous designer - as a rule, irony over popular culture and the inability to distinguish the beautiful from the fashionable. Design decision in this style is often based on super-popular images and objects. An interior decorated with motifs like "Hello Kitty" or pink hearts also fits the definition of kitsch. Junk Chinese trinkets, sentimentally sugary ruffles and fake gilding are win-win elements of kitsch style. In the processing of professionals, the kitsch style becomes a subtle mockery of the very concept of style and a provocation for colleagues. Designer fantasies on the theme of kitsch, both the pseudo-luxurious style and the style of the lumpen are beaten.
History of Kitsch style
Kitsch only appears when traditional interiors get bored, and new ones have not yet appeared. Historically, this usually coincides with some kind of crisis: social or economic, when the situation becomes unstable, and society is waiting for change. In this regard, the popularity of kitsch interiors usually does not last long.
But there is always a certain number of people in whose character there is a certain nihilism by nature, they like to put others in bewilderment, to refute authorities. Such people in any era, to put it mildly, dress in an original way and furnish their homes in the same original way. So kitsch, as a style, is always present.
Most often, kitsch appears on opposite sides of society, it can be generated by wealth or vice versa by poverty. But, be that as it may, it is always a desire to attract attention, to stand out due to the interior.
Stylistic kitsch arising from inept imitation noble examples, has its roots in the distant past. This is the style of provincial pre-revolutionary hotels, striving to resemble nothing more than the Astoria in St. Petersburg. And then the velvet is replaced with plush, gilded baguettes - with thick stucco frames covered with bronze paint "under gold", and "paintings" are ordered from the bazaar master, with the indispensable preservation of the plot. Marble bas-reliefs of walls and columns can be painted than spending money on a real noble stone. But having done all this, you can enjoy the copied beauty and boast of your own "wealth". So the Russian analogue of the word kitsch existed for a long time and, what is most interesting, quite accurately reflected the meaning of the concept.
AT former USSR kitsch had to endure difficult years: Soviet sociologists wrote it down in the category of “bourgeois mass culture” and severely reproached it for bad taste and philistinism. The old generation remembers the merciless struggle with elephants on the chest of drawers, the attacks of satirists on rugs “with swans” and plaster piggy banks in the form of sitting cats. Meanwhile, kitsch, despite all the attacks from the state, survived! The people obediently threw elephants and swans into the trash, but began to massively decorate their homes with crystal - both real and fake (in the form of the famous Cascade chandeliers). And carpets - so it was generally a question social status: if you have a carpet (and preferably two or three) - you are a respected person.
Nowadays, carpets have clearly lost their relevance, however general trend decorating your own home according to the principle “everything is beautiful and rich with me” has been preserved in the best possible way.
Kitsch style features
As a rule, kitsch is an unprofessional fake, something fashionable, momentary, spectacular, eye-catching, made quickly from improvised material, poorly replicating popular designs.
Interiors in the kitsch style are characterized by sentimentality, pathos, loudness of color, an excess of decor, deliberate eclecticism, fakes expensive materials.
This style is characterized primarily by the use of a large number of inexpensive decorations in interior decoration - pictures, toys, figurines, and so on, as well as the use of bright, incompatible colors. However, the embodiment of this style is easy to find not only in the dwellings of oligarchs, but also in student dormitories (first of all, this applies to the rooms of romantic representatives of the fair sex, big fans of hanging walls with colorful rugs, and hanging over carpets Greeting Cards and therefore similar presents of their no less romantic gentlemen). And, of course, apartments creative people who consider it unacceptable to adhere to any rules that limit their inner freedom: directors and artists (primarily fashionable, that is, glamorous).
When decorating an interior in the kitsch style, everything is used in a row: draperies made of lining fabric, crystal chandeliers(now made of Czech glass), floor vases with plastic roses faded in the sun, arcades and antique columns supporting the ceiling 2.50, foam “stucco” with “gilding”, home fountains with figures of gnomes, paintings in frames “bronze”, window sills “marbled”, cabinets with carved curls “under the tree” and other attributes of a beautiful life ... All this surroundings, according to the owners, is designed to create an atmosphere of a wealthy home.
As a rule, pseudo-historical architecture and interiors are a favorite theme of kitsch style. Pointed towers and turrets country cottages in abundance "decorating" such works, narrow Gothic windows in combination with modern blinds and roller shutters, and the corresponding interior decoration: a huge "knight's" living room is decorated with an electric fireplace. All this is typical kitsch, but not ironic, but serious. When the owner is not something that does not notice the fakes, he is sure that they give the impression of the originals.
In addition to kitsch, which appears as a fake for "nobility" in all seriousness, there is kitsch as a style in art. Its essence lies in the conscious desire to create negative things and works of mockery. This is exactly the feeling that even well-known masters-designers are guided by, sometimes creating masterpieces-parodies with humor.
But there is also a kitsch interior from poverty, it has a different look. It has a lot in common with street graffiti and the worldview of the accent. In such interiors, the main materials are polyethylene curtains, homemade partitions, Wall art from aerosol cans with bright acid paints and furniture found in a landfill. Such an interior is less imitative than its rich relative, and irony in it gives way to aggression. You can live in such an interior only with a certain state of mind, which cannot last long.
Conclusion
So, the kitsch style, as a whimsical product of our time, has already become part of the history of design and a completely independent uncomplicated style.
Supporters of classical styles often associate the appearance of kitsch style with the emergence of the concept of nouveaux riches in society - people who have a lot of money and not much good taste(jokes about golden toilet bowls in the mansions of wealthy people are from this opera). Those who see a certain beauty in this style call kitsch anti-design, designed to fight against established traditions and give the individual the freedom to be different.
Deliberately, the kitsch style is chosen by extravagant personalities who love to shock the public and create own style in everything. Kitsch style will also appeal to many teenagers whose tastes, sense of style and generally outlook on life are just being formed - usually this is a short-term addiction.
kitsch style- the most controversial and ambiguously perceived style in interior design.
Kitsch, aka kitsch. Many have heard this definition more than once, which is mainly applicable to the style of the interior or pieces of furniture. I propose to understand what is hidden behind kitsch, how to distinguish it and how to use it, and how simple hack differs from the common style in design.
Nowadays, kitsch can be found anywhere: on the stage, the podium, in films and even on the streets of the city. Remember Lady Gaga and her style. Glamor, sequins, eye-catching incompatibility of colors and objects, flashy, gaudy outfits, and even makeup - nothing more than kitsch. High fashion also does not hesitate to turn to bad taste. For example, John Galliano uses kitsch in his shows, demonstrating the aerobatics of using vulgarity in fashion.
Kitsch as a phenomenon is opposed to high, aristocratic, expensive art. In Clement Greenberg's book Avant-Garde and Kitsch, this concept has been greatly expanded to include advertising, "cheap" literature, music, and films. He wrote: “... simultaneously with the advent of the avant-garde in the industrial West, a second cultural phenomenon arose, the very one to which the Germans gave the wonderful name "kitsch": commercial art and literature designed for the masses, with their inherent colors, magazine covers, illustrations, advertising, reading, comics, pop music, recording dances, Hollywood movies, etc. etc.".
Together with the development of postmodernism, kitsch takes on the form of a creative movement. He is exalted for his openness, and he finds a field for realization within the avant-garde. Kitsch objects began to be used in interiors to give a special effect precisely because of their bad taste. Outrageous, imaginary luxury and denial of authority - these are the main trump cards of kitsch.
Style Features
1. Removal, isolation of objects from their natural environment.
2. Vulgarity. Bombast. Banality. Falsity. If, after looking at the subject, you want to express yourself in such words, then most likely you have kitsch in front of you.
3. Rough and deliberate mixing of different styles.
4. Screaming color mixing.
5. An overabundance of decor.
5. Often a fake or a simple imitation of art.
Objects are not born "kitsch", but become
Many objects in the process of evolution of culture and society have become kitsch. An example is Philip Stark's Juicy Salif citrus press. Created in 1990, it has become a design classic. The aluminum tripod gained popularity so quickly that it was found in every fashion establishment and every interior style article. But few people really used it for its intended purpose, and if they did, then no more than two times. Being an impractical item, Juicy Salif has become just a decoration kitchen worktop and acquired the status of kitsch.
Commerce Tool
Today, kitsch has become a good commercial tool in the media, art and design, turning into an original phenomenon and attracting everyone's attention. That is, he does not copy samples of past years and does not vulgarize them, but creates something new.
Kitsch is an irony over itself and a vivid example of how the phenomenon of mass distribution of cheap copies has become a model of skillful design, emphasizing the status of the consumers themselves.
And so that you can better distinguish kitsch from other design, here are some examples of its manifestation in different areas:
From mass bad taste to a fashion trend
It is generally accepted that the word comes from the German "kitsch", which means vulgarity, bad taste, hack-work. Accordingly, vulgar and non-functional objects of mass culture, which had a status value and were mass-produced, can be attributed to kitsch. But at the same time, they are attractive designs and admired by a large number of people.
Kitsch was most widely used in the 1950s. Then they began to produce "junk" plastic products, copying samples of "high" design, inaccessible to the average consumer. Among other things, the popularity of kitsch could be explained by the lack of some people's own taste. Behind kitsch, it is easy to hide an undeveloped aesthetic sense, filling the house with things, each of which is full of things and insistently demands attention.
Kitsch is one of the youngest interior styles. It is quite controversial and is not suitable for everyone. The main concept of kitsch is a mockery of bad taste or excessive pedantry. Often people decorate rooms with cheap knick-knacks like figurines of angels, "paintings" in plastic framework and other elements of decor-consumer goods. It is these traditions of interior design that the kitsch style exaggerates and presents as a challenge. Kitsch aesthetics is accentuated bad taste and dissonance in colors and selected shades and textures. Most often, interiors in this style are popular during those periods of the life of society, when after a certain stage new system aesthetic outlook. There is certain category people who are comfortable and comfortable in such a room. It is they who choose kitsch for home decoration.
In general, there are two ways to develop the kitsch style. The first is the desire to imitate exquisite interiors in classic style. At the same time, for furniture finishing, it is emphasized cheap material screaming tone. It is not uncommon for situations when, for example, several chairs of one set are completely upholstered. different fabric, which are in no way in harmony with each other.
The second direction of development of this style is the maximum demonstration of stylistic nihilism and the use of the most atypical materials for interior decoration. For example, in such an interior there may be curtains made of polyethylene, painted with spray paint, as cabinets - carton boxes, and as wall decoration - graffiti. Such a concept is typical in a situation of blatant poverty and a desire to stand out at any cost.
Image
Characteristic elements and accessories
Curtains with exaggerated lambrequins in the living room, foam columns and bas-reliefs used in the most unexpected places - such kitsch, in fact, appears as a tasteless implementation of sophisticated trends. At the same time, the interior in this style looks somewhat sentimental and endowed with a certain charm.
Lighting
With regard to lighting in the style of kitsch, it is difficult to determine any single system. This interior will benefit from several various sources lighting. For antique kitsch, chandeliers and sconces in classical and pseudo-classical styles are suitable. Successfully complement the selected entourage of candles in candelabra.
Color solution
When deriving a color concept for this style, the rule “The brighter and more contrast, the better” will be relevant. Paradoxically, there are no incongruous shades and prints in the kitsch style - their choice is limited only by the designer's imagination.
Materials (floor, walls, ceiling)
The same rule applies to finishing materials. Classic dark green wallpaper with wide vertical stripes can easily be combined in the same room with bright pink linoleum. Metal, plastic, glass, wood, ceramics, marble - all this can take on the most bizarre combinations in a kitsch-style interior.
Ideas
At first glance, the possibility of the existence of such a style seems incredible, but it is worth taking a closer look at the interior of almost any apartment to see its emerging features that formed spontaneously when the owner of the apartment did not have enough time to carefully consider the design of the home.
Kitsch is the most controversial and controversial style in interior design. Kitsch style is not even uniform style, and a mixture of different styles and trends in design, in a word - a combination of incongruous. Kitsch in German means bad taste, and this word very accurately characterizes this interior style.
Progress does not stand still, but is constantly in motion. Everything changes, the new comes to replace the old. But everything new is certainly a well-forgotten old. This statement is confirmed, in particular, by the now fashionable trend - kitsch in the interior. The essence of the kitsch style is that it is based on the traditions of antiquity, but the main thing is that this antiquity is ridiculed. This style of interior is a kind of nihilism in architecture, which persistently denies any achievements of all previous generations. Priority is given to the incompatibility of colors, which, literally, hits the eye. Screaming vulgarity, rejection of the rules - all this is kitsch in the interior. He attracts attention not at all by beauty, but by outrageousness and catchiness. As a rule, kitsch is preferred by those who, by all means, strive to stand out from the surrounding gray mass, no matter what the cost. Usually, the authors of such ideas themselves create such a kitsch interior, because only they know what they want to get as a result.
The nature of kitsch and its origin are associated with the repetition and rethinking of already established classical images. But in the process of repetition there is a sort of enumeration: a different material, scale, environment, etc. The line between classic and kitsch is almost completely invisible, since the current kitsch is “the highest and best brand". The most expensive materials and recognized manufacturers who do not hide the achievements of technical progress, but demonstrate them. Return to nature and emphasized sustainability. A mixture of real retro and fantasies about it. The color scheme - among the flashy range from pink to poisonous green and purple, aggressive red is in the lead.
The kitsch style appeared as an imitation of the mores of high society, as an imitation of the palace interior in an ordinary dwelling. Kitsch is the very philistinism that was so mercilessly stigmatized in the USSR - porcelain elephants, a caged canary, a fringed lampshade and knitted doilies on the TV. However, the Soviet “luxury” style, with its indispensable imported wall, carpet on the wall and crystal, is also kitsch, a philistine idea of beauty.
The main idea of kitsch is a mockery of history and artistic traditions, tastes and styles, when frank bad taste becomes the principle of choice, and striking incompatibility of colors and interior items is its main distinguishing feature. Kitsch things come into fashion when old designs good manners boring, and cause melancholy, and the new aesthetics has not yet been formed. Historically, this usually coincides with some kind of crisis, when the situation becomes unstable, and society is waiting for change. 
Kitsch style - for original people that refute the authorities. The desire to shock, to show one's originality is born either from excessive satiety or wealth, or from blatant, challenging poverty.
For the kitsch style, the presence of elements of different styles in one interior is typical, for example, country and classics, color disharmony, numerous accessories of various colors, and a passion for consumer goods. Usually, a kitsch-style interior makes a defiant impression, whether it is a deliberate craving for luxury, for external prettiness, or, on the contrary, a denial of any aesthetics.
In accordance with how this style manifests itself in the interior, three types of kitsch can be distinguished: pseudo-luxurious kitsch, lumpen kitsch and, finally, designer kitsch.
The pseudo-luxurious style of kitsch is easily recognizable by fake luxury items, finishing materials that imitate natural ones, by the general desire to give the interior a luxurious look. The pseudo-luxurious style of kitsch arises more often due to an unprofessional approach to interior design. In an effort to independently plan the interior of your house or apartment, it is easy to get carried away and forget about the conformity of all interior items to one style. For example, a room where a fireplace is adjacent to fluorescent lamps, oriental vases and heavy velvet curtains will look like kitsch. The desire to collect “all the best at once” in one room is a sure sign that the interior will end up in the kitsch style.
Kitsch style is found not only in residential interiors but also in the design of public places. For example, explicit kitsch - plastic tables and chairs in a cafe against the background of walls with gilded friezes. Whether it's inappropriately flashy colors, a pseudo-historical style, or improvised luxury, kitsch grabs attention, but does it in an annoying, intrusive way. Such an interior as a whole does not create the most favorable impression of its owner.
The kitsch style in the interior can be dictated not only by imitation of the "cream of society", but also by poverty. A low standard of living and a certain amount of creativity produce lumpen kitsch. In this interpretation, the kitsch style is represented by pieces of furniture from different sets, a bare light bulb under the ceiling, deliberately torn wallpaper or carelessly painted walls. Old things, remade in a new way, complement the interior of the kitsch style - a grandmother's chest of drawers painted in a radically bright color, or a floor lamp with a wire frame instead of a lampshade. The kitsch lumpen style draws attention to itself with anti-aesthetics, emphasized disregard for harmony. An inhabitant of "poor" kitsch is most likely a rebel in spirit and a maximalist. 
The kitsch style can also be found in the works of famous interior designers. In this case, kitsch is "art for art's sake" - for example, a kitsch-style interior is created for an exhibition of design projects. Kitsch from a famous designer, as a rule, is an irony over mass culture and the inability to distinguish beautiful from fashionable. The design decision in this style of interior is often based on super popular images and objects. An interior decorated with motifs like "Hello Kitty" or pink hearts also fits the definition of kitsch. Junk Chinese trinkets, sentimentally sugary ruffles and fake gilding are win-win elements of kitsch style. In the processing of professionals, the kitsch style becomes a subtle mockery of the very concept of style and a provocation for colleagues. Design fantasies on the theme of kitsch beat both the pseudo-luxurious style and the style of the lumpen.
So, the kitsch style is many-sided, and unusually tenacious. common feature of all interiors in the style of kitsch - the use of elements of different styles and outrageous. This style of interior often breaks through the interior like weeds in addition to the desire of the designer. Deliberately, the kitsch style is chosen by extravagant personalities who love to shock the public and create their own style in everything. Kitsch style will also appeal to many teenagers whose tastes, sense of style and general outlook on life are just being formed - usually this is a short-term addiction. But real calling card kitsch style has become for the nouveau riche.
It is unlikely that someone wants to become famous for their lack of taste, therefore, to create and implement large projects in the interior, you should contact interior design specialists, in this case, “random” kitsch does not threaten you.
The modern kitsch style in the interior is a special trend in design. It is attractive to uninhibited, internally free and non-standard thinking people. It is characterized by catchy colors, a mixture of different styles, an excessive pile of all kinds of objects. What is definitely not to be found here is boredom. The main thing is that the game of “anti-design” does not turn into ordinary, ordinary bad taste. The current kitsch is a constant provocation, balancing on the edge. But if you are a creative person and confident in your abilities, then the kitsch style in the interior is for you!
Kitsch style is an the most extravagant way of interior design today. It began to be used not so long ago, but this did not stop Kitsch from conquering a lot of fans among creative people who love to challenge conservative society and classic solutions in everything, including interior design.
After all, everything correct eventually gets boring, and people want novelty, a little madness and a complete lack of boundaries, at least in the territory of their own home.
The basic concept of kitsch
The main concept of Kitsch is absolute eclecticism and total negation. classic combinations in an apartment setting. Here you can show your imagination to the fullest and combine even the most incongruous at first glance things. Kitsch is kinda propaganda against narrowly focused traditional aesthetic values, Sometimes this style takes an overly aggressive approach to established traditions.
The main idea of Kitsch is mockery old values, luxurious living, traditional tastes of wealthy people. For this purpose, Kitsch applies the full mismatch of interior items, bright flashy colors and patterns, mockery above latest achievements design idea. In other words, the Kitsch-style interior is a sophisticated personification bad taste.
As a rule, in a kitsch interior there is a mixture of elements of different styles that have nothing in common with each other. For example, classic style and country. In this case, all elements of other styles will look like forgeries Bad quality something traditional and valuable in the eyes of society. All this is done in order to attract as much attention as possible here and now, to shock the observers.
Interior design in the style of Kitsch
When decorating the interior in the style of Kitsch, all improvised means and materials:
- "gilding" of foam in the likeness of stucco;
- picture frames, imitating bronze;
- carved furniture, imitating a tree;
- luxury gothic windows with blinds.
Such interior items are designed to demonstrate mockery of beautiful life wealthy people. Interestingly, at the same time, the owners of the Kitsch-style apartment are sure that such an interior looks expensive.
However, one should not think that lovers of the interior in the style of Kitsch secretly envy the rich, and therefore ridicule their lifestyle. In the elements of such an interior, you can also see a parody of the lives of poor people. Most often this is expressed in graffiti on the walls, curtains out polyethylene on windows, home-made furniture or furniture brought from the nearest dump, various partitions painted by hand.
The interior in the Kitsch style is replete with various cheap toys, paintings, figurines. In terms of colors everything should look most incompatible.
Of course, in such an environment, not everyone will feel comfortable. Hurry, it will be appreciated creative personalities with out-of-the-box thinking. In their opinion, such recklessness in the interior will contribute to the development of creative talents, removing all boundaries.
The most likely portrait of a Kitsch lover in home decor is a modern, extravagant personality who defends the right to his individuality and independence. Very often, such an environment can be found in the rooms of student dormitories, the inhabitants of which have not yet decided on their tastes and life priorities.
Secrets of interior design in the style of Kitsch
Despite the obvious chaos, the creation of such an interior requires serious approach. Kitsch is more likely to be called pseudo-art, the purpose of which is to ridicule the poor and the rich with a serious expression.
Usually, ordinary people they don’t see anything interesting for themselves in this style, so Kitsch is chosen either by very wealthy people, or by those who can’t afford anything at all. In the first case, such a choice is dictated by the result of fatigue from all the novelties in the field of design, since such people can afford everything. In the second case, people simply bring home everything they can get, thus forming unusual interior. In general, this style is a natural choice for both segments of the population, since it allows express your individuality in accessible ways.
However, some differences are still present. For example, interior design in the style of Kitsch for wealthy people implies the presence certain style as a basis. So, the base can be antique style, which can then be supplemented with elements classic interior. In another case, it may be a "chivalrous" style with electric fireplace in the center.
Concerning "poor" interior in the style of Kitsch, here you have to do everything yourself. In this case, wall painting under street graffiti special paints. Generally, preference is given acid shades. Hanging on windows instead of curtains polyethylene bags.
Of course, not every person can feel free and comfortable in such an environment, except for a hundred ardent fans of this style. However, if this type of interior was preferred by such a large number of people, so he has the right exist and develop.