Consider panel options what are the design features. "Costume design" Questions for the exam. Choosing clothes for the type of figure "Rectangle"
Doors made in Italy are a well-considered style, modern design, advanced production technologies, consistent quality and current models, which is highly valued in all countries of the world. During the seminar at EXPOSTROY on Nakhimovsky, organized by Salon-Press and XSMedia, experts spoke about the design features and finishing of interior and entrance doors
Our experts
Mikhail Krivushin. What is in demand in Russia is not always popular in Italy. Luxurious art deco doors are in demand among our customers. European fashion is constantly changing, but now it favors simple lines and forms that are not conspicuous.
Konstantin Laukhin. The white color remains relevant, its various shades, for example, "arctic", milky. Also on trend classic colors such as "dark walnut". Quite popular is "canaletto walnut" - a complex color that ranges from "cappuccino" to shades of gray in dark brown. At the same time, a rather rich pattern remains. And the design with a vertical arrangement of veneer is quite in demand - from top to bottom along the canvas. Interest in glossy and high canvases (up to 3 m), hidden aluminum boxes, as well as open boxes with the possibility of opening inside the opening and maintaining a single plane with the wall does not fade away. Now there is a trend that is called "modern classics". It means a door of classical proportions with panels in a modern style. A mandatory attribute is hidden loops, as well as unpretentious, but at the same time not the simplest flat trim.
Ekaterina Borovkova. This year, modern high doors made of eco-friendly natural materials are in trend. For example, the designer Cristian Bianco has developed the Line collection for UNION, which reflects all the current trends in Italian design. On the surface of Frassino natural veneer, a unique three-dimensional pattern is created, alternating a smooth texture and brushed with open pores.
Does the size range of products of Italian manufacturers correspond to standard openings in our typical houses?
Alexander Meshakin. Of course. The size of the door produced at our factory can be practically any, and this does not affect either the term or the order. But there are some standardized sizes that are suitable for typical Russian houses: the height of the canvas is 200, 205, 210 cm, the width is from 60 to 90 cm in 5 cm increments.
What is standard equipment door block made in Italy? What is its peculiarity in comparison with domestic ones?
Konstantin Laukhin. The standard set of the Italian door block is a leaf, a frame consisting of two vertical posts and a horizontal lintel, platbands, a lock, hinges. In some cases, it includes a handle if the manufacturer's design requires it to correspond to a certain type or style. As a rule, it is not included in the set of wooden doors.
Italian products differ from most Russian (not the most modern and high-tech) products in that they have all the necessary cuts made at the factory, hinges are installed or seats are made for them, seats are provided for a lock and a reciprocal bar, the boxes are sawn down for docking. Doors are ready for installation.
1-3. Tulipier solid door, Sanmarco collection (Agoprofil) (1); the door from the Flexo collection (UNIONporte) can be with or without floral decor (2); classic model with decorated architraves (3).
4. Interior door of the TRE-P TRE-Piu factory (Italy), Convex collection. The convex surface of the door can be covered with both glossy varnished wood veneer and expensive monochromatic compositions.
5. High interior door of the Longhi factory (Italy) from the Lord collection. A high-tech model with a modern and cosmopolitan style. Finishing of a door cloth - suede of terracotta color.
6-8. Door with glossy finish (6); door of the Doge line (Barausse) with patinated lacquer coating and figured frames (7); spectacular red model Rever (TRE-P TRE-Piu) (8).
What material is used to fill the leaf of Italian doors of serial production?
Ekaterina Borovkova. Our stock program is made in several Italian factories that specialize in industrial production canvases having a reinforced engineering structure 45 mm thick with honeycomb filling and facing panels of 8 mm MDF on both sides, which eliminates product deformation and provides increased sound insulation.
What are the design features of the so-called high doors (up to the ceiling of the room)? Are such models in demand in Russia?
Mikhail Krivushin. Yes, they are quite in demand in Russia. This is now a trend. Such products are produced by many manufacturers. We have a model that is very interesting in design, for which the opening can be anything, for example, 2.1 m, while the height of the door itself reaches 2.7 m. In this case, two long racks of the box are simply superimposed on the opening. If from floor to ceiling is just 270 cm, then even the top is not needed, because the hinges are axial and are attached to the box.
Ekaterina Borovkova. The fashion for high doors to the ceiling, without an upper lintel, appeared thanks to the Bluinterni factory, which for the first time offered doors up to 4 m high. High doors visually increase the height of the room and look very impressive. However, high-quality doors of large size are made only by highly specialized factories that are able to produce doors according to special technology using metal expansion joints. Only such a design can guarantee the reliability and aesthetic durability of the product.
Does sound insulation depend on the design of the canvas?
Mikhail Krivushin. It is possible to enhance sound insulation due to the special filling of the canvas and the modernization of the box. Standard filler corrugated board. If soundproofing elements are added, then the corresponding properties of the canvas will improve. They also make a soundproof box and install it on a sealant with the same qualities. The box itself may have several additional sealant contours. However, it should be borne in mind that such changes increase the cost of the door twice.
Is it possible to consider a retractable sill at the leaf as an effective means for soundproofing a door?
Konstantin Laukhin. An additional element, a retractable guillotine threshold, improves sound insulation, and also prevents the penetration of drafts and unpleasant odors. This is a smart and modern solution that allows you to abandon the classic threshold.
Is it necessary to have a sealing circuit for an interior door?
Ekaterina Borovkova. Yes, definitely. With the right seal, the door closes softly and silently, providing additional sound insulation and protecting the ends of the leaf from damage. All doors are equipped with wear-resistant silicone seals to match the leaf finish.
What finishing materials are more common today natural or artificial?
Ekaterina Borovkova. Now both materials are in demand, but artificial ones have been actively developing in recent years, successfully competing with natural ones. This is due to the emergence of new technologies that allow you to accurately copy the beauty of a "live" tree and even perform effects that are unattainable on natural materials. The artificial coating is distinguished by the constancy of texture and color, it allows you to easily create surfaces with open and closed pores, complex finishes with patina, aging effect, while even tactile sensations do not differ from natural wood. Thanks to this property, our new Flexo collection in Florentine patina or dark walnut finish is in high demand among connoisseurs of traditional classics. At the same time, doors made of natural wood (solid and veneer) remain in demand.
9-14. Finishing options: the richness of the shades of the Sanmarco models is achieved through a multilayer system of patination and varnishing (9); embossed brushed veneer door, Line collection (UNIONporte) (10); richness of carved decorations, inlays in the Domus Aurea (Flex) collection (11); refined pantographic finishing of the Sanmarco door (12); model Rondo RD1V (Romagnoli) with glass (13); the B-Line model (Bluinterni) is decorated with leather (14).
15. The design of the Secret door is unique - the door and the box are in the same plane. The combination of the Push handle and the canvas that repeats the wall decoration allows you to create a completely invisible door.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of natural veneer?
Alexander Meshakin. The advantage is that it is a natural material. It is prestigious and safe. The products have the only drawback: it is undesirable to operate them at too low or high values of humidity and temperature.
What are the features of polyester as a finishing material? Is the rack enough glossy surface to scratches?
Alexander Meshakin. Polyester becomes cloudy over time, it cannot be called wear-resistant. It can be easily damaged and almost impossible to restore. Our factory uses ABS plastics for glossy surfaces, which have a wide range of finishes and colors. This is an environmentally friendly, wear-resistant material, it is suitable for rooms with intensive use, such as kitchens.
Konstantin Laukhin. High-quality polyester is quite expensive to manufacture, since its application is a technologically complex process: several layers with intermediate grinding and polishing. A door with such a coating can have any RAL color. Manufacturers often need to reduce the cost of a product using modern plastics. But the latter have a significant disadvantage - a certain limitation on the palette.
What types of decorative glass are in fashion today?
Mikhail Krivushin. For example, Stopsol glass, which is used in aluminum partitions. it transparent material various shades, body-dyed, with titanium vapor deposition. He has mirror effect: You can see not only what is behind it, but also your own reflection.
Do Italian companies produce doors for painting? Are these budget models or exclusive products?
Ekaterina Borovkova. Italian doors for painting are unique modern products middle price range. The secret of the production of such doors lies in the fact that the canvas is covered with a special layer of primer, designed to apply any finishes to the wall, which makes it easy to implement the most beautiful and original design solutions. Especially for such doors, we have developed and patented the hidden Chameleon box, with which you can use not only the door for painting, but also pick up any canvas with finished finish from the UNIONporte range.
What finishing options are possible in the case of an invisible door?
Ekaterina Borovkova. Such a door can be wallpapered along with the wall, painted, textured, pasted with decorative elements or panels. It takes on the appearance of the room and can become invisible or, conversely, its main decoration. Since these doors are placed without platbands and in the same plane with the wall, it is easy to embody the minimalist style in the design of the room with them.
Alexander Meshakin. The weight of the finishing material is very important. And each manufacturer is required to indicate the maximum load that the canvas can withstand. Often you have to use some additional decor in the absence of standardized finishes. For example, in our assortment there is a hidden door without a part of the box, which is painted over. This is very important, since painted aluminum will show through anyway, and a crack will appear at the junction of metal and finish. In this case, it is done so that the finish fits the opening. In addition, a combination with any material of the factory is possible - a mirror, veneer (including brushed), gloss. And of course, the most popular model is a primed door for painting, which is masked along with the wall. I would also like to note one of the novelties of our factory in 2013 - a hidden Push handle, which is in the same plane with the canvas and the wall.
16-17. Door-book factory Foa (Italy), Elegance collection, with exquisite glass and stained-glass windows (16); double-leaf partition from the Independent collection of the A-Tipiko factory. Unique movement mechanism: the web does not move along the rail, but on separate rollers fixed on the wall (17).
18-19. Interior doors from the Filoparete collection of the EP-Porte factory can be moved inside the wall, along the wall with a cornice, and also along the wall with a chrome rail (18); two-rail guide from the Rimadesio factory (Italy) with a system for attaching sliding doors to the ceiling and door leafs from the Stripe collection (19).
20-23. Rivale doors (20, 21) are equipped with Cisa, Mottura and Securemme (Italy) locks; veneered milled marine plywood panel (22); model Bella imitates a glazed door (23).
What are the main advantages and disadvantages of sliding doors?
Konstantin Laukhin. It is possible, although very conditionally, to distinguish between sliding doors and partitions. Partitions are structures for zoning space, for creating separate rooms within one. A sliding door is an ordinary canvas, most often of a standard size, which simply shifts along the wall. This design, along with the advantage of saving space, has a number of disadvantages, the most significant of which is reduced sound insulation (primarily when it comes to bathrooms and bedrooms). Of course, additional elements in the design are used to combat noise. For example, a stop stand with a sealant, where the canvas comes; special frame elements; brush seals that compensate for the gap. But in any case, the sound insulation is worse than with a solid swinging canvas. Partitions of any manufacturer are a technically complex product and require preliminary preparation of the opening.
Is the "book" a specific model of the door or can any selected leaf be equipped with a corresponding mechanism? What are the pros and cons of a book door?
Konstantin Laukhin. Almost any canvas can be equipped with such a mechanism, with the exception of profileless glass, there is simply nothing to cling to. And then some manufacturers have options where for the front ends of two canvases used wooden racks, and such glass simply converges in the center. "Book" is designed to save space, like a sliding door. Structurally, they are even a little similar, since they also assume the presence of an upper rail. This is a more expensive item than a regular swing door. In some cases, it helps a lot, but there are certain limitations in terms of the lineup. Not all products (for example, paneled) can be reproduced on two halves so that it is harmonious and beautiful.
Alexander Meshakin. There is also an upper part where there is an open gap, so the sound insulation of the “book” is usually worse than that of ordinary doors.
At what stage of the repair should the front door be installed? What are design features Italian metal front doors?
Alexander Meshakin. Often in Russia, repairs begin with the installation of a metal front door. They provide temporary panels, but do not think about the box, threshold, handles, ends of the canvas, which can also become unusable during the work. Therefore, it is necessary to guess the moment when to put the door, regardless of whether it is with a false box or not. Its installation is carried out together with the installation of the door itself. You don’t need to do anything in advance, install a false box, close it with mortar and hang a clean door, which can be adjusted quite simply. Therefore, we must wait until the dirty rough work is over, and at the finishing stage, mount the metal door.
Sergei Kuryanov. Everywhere in Europe, and in Italy in particular, the vast majority of entrance doors open internally. In Russia, due to the specifics of the climate and, in addition, the small areas of apartments (when you don’t want to take the area of \u200b\u200bour hallway, we just “climb” onto stairwell), it is more convenient to open the door outwards. Our company is trying to adapt a product from Italy to Russian reality. In addition, all Italian canvases overlap the box, which is unacceptable for the domestic market. It is believed that such doors are easy to squeeze. In the doors of Rivale, we took into account this feature; we place the leaf flush with the frame.
In the doors produced by us there is no false box, the design is somewhat Russified. We put the door already with the finishing box. It is very rigid, made of durable metal, so nothing happens to it during installation and operation. And for those customers who are not sure about the safety of panels and fittings during the repair, our service department is ready to replace the necessary elements after completion of the work.
What is the standard size range of Italian entrance doors? Is it possible to make the door according to the customer's dimensions?
Sergei Kuryanov. We always have models in two sizes in stock: 88 cm wide, designed for an opening of about 90 cm, and 96 cm wide, designed for an opening of 100 cm. The height is always 2.10 m. Doors of these sizes fully satisfy the demand from owners of standard housing in Russia. But, of course, it is possible to manufacture products of any other dimensions. Order execution time rarely exceeds 2 weeks.
Are the Italian entrance doors burglary testing? If yes, how to determine its level?
Alexander Meshakin. The level of burglary resistance can be determined by European standard- Compliance with the second, third or fourth class. There are a number of characteristics that are inherent in each of them. The second class is suitable for an apartment building, the fourth for an isolated villa, where burglars can work with noisy tools, the third is something in between.
Do you need a double entry door?
Sergei Kuryanov. Modern metal doors possess sufficient level sound and heat insulation. Our doors are certified according to GOST-31173, and in soundproofing tests they were highly rated at 35 dB. But any steel door it is always a "bridge of cold", so if it is installed in a country house, then when it is -20 C outside and +25 C indoors, condensation will inevitably appear on it and it will freeze in some places. In this case, a well-functioning ventilation system is required, and during construction, a thermal vestibule must be laid.
You can do without a second door in an apartment. Now manufacturers are trying to create interior panels for entrance models with decor that matches the design of interior doors.
What is used to finish metal entrance doors?
Sergei Kuryanov. Fashion is dictated Italian manufacturers interior doors, and metal manufacturers adjust to them. Serious firms producing interior models also have solutions for decorating steel ones. They offer panels from different materials(using precious woods, HPL-plastic, if there are increased requirements for vandal resistance).
What does the subject "Costume Design" study and what does it include?
"Costume Design" studies techniques and methods for constructing drawings, clothing details of various silhouette shapes, cuts, taking into account the features of the figure. Includes into itself: information about clothing, information about the shape and structure of the human body.
What is the role and importance of design in the production of clothing? Construction takes the most important and leading role in the process of making clothes. In our country, clothes are made in the process of mass production (factories), and in conditions of individual production (author's workshops, ateliers, fashion houses). The design of clothing affects the choice of technology and organization of production, affects such technical and economic indicators as:
labor input,
Material consumption,
Cost price,
labor production,
The level of automation and mechanization.
The quality of fit of the product on the figure depends on the design of the product, its compliance with fashion trends largely determines the demand and sales of products.
What are the stages of clothing design?Clothing design- this is the construction of the model form, the development of a clothing design project, including calculations, drawings of developments of clothing details, a description of the properties of the fabric, technology and equipment, the construction and gradation of patterns of an experimental sample and a pilot batch. Stages of clothing design: 1 - Artistic design of the model (creating sketches of the model), 2 - Designing clothes (creating the design of the model), 3 - Launching into production.
What is the cut of clothes, how is it characterized? Under cover understand appearance, attached to clothing by constructive lines: the line of sewing in the sleeve and the lines of vertical or horizontal division of the shelf and back. Depending on the type of sleeve sewing line, the following cuts of clothing are distinguished: with a set-in sleeve, raglan sleeve, one-piece sleeve. Set-in sleeve cut characterized by the fact that the line of sewing the sleeve into the armhole of the bodice corresponds in its outline to the cross section of the arm at the place of its articulation with the body. The sleeve is connected to the armhole along a closed contour. Raglan cut characterized by the fact that the line of sewing in the sleeve runs from the neck of the back to the neck of the shelf. In this case, the shoulder part of the product is integral with the sleeve. In a product with one-piece sleeve, there is no line for sewing in the sleeve: the shelf is cut out as one piece with the front of the sleeve, the back - with the back of the sleeve. Various combinations of sleeve stitching lines on the front and back give various options combined cover. Construction lines vertical division shelves and backs allow to obtain such cuts of the product as cut with side seams, cut with reliefs, cut with a middle back seam. Cuts such as the cut of a product with coquettes on the main parts, the cut of a product cut along the waist or hips are obtained using construction lines horizontal division shelves and backs. The combination of vertical and horizontal design lines allows you to get combined cuts of products.
5. What are the proportions of a human figure, what do they depend on, what types of proportions do you know?The proportions of the human figure - this is the size ratio separate parts human body: head height and total body length; body length and limb length; hip width and shoulder width. The proportions of the body largely depend on the size of the bones of the skull, spine, upper and lower extremities. Body proportions are also affected by the degree of muscle development and fat deposition. In people of different ages and gender, the proportions are very different. Children have a relatively large head height; it is ¼ of the total body length. In adults, this ratio is 1/7 - 1/8. The circumference of the head of the child is equal to the circumference of the chest. In an adult, the circumference of the head is half the circumference of the chest. Among adult men and women, three types of proportions are distinguished: 1. dolichomorphic type – characterized by long limbs and a short, narrow body; 2. mesomorphic type – middle type, intermediate; 3. brachymorph type – characterized by short limbs and a long, wide body. Women's body proportions differ from that of men's with relatively wider hips and narrower shoulders. The proportions along the length of the body (R.d.) is - the ratio of the length of the body Dt (from the 7th cervical vertebra to the seat of the chair) to the height P:
Pr.d \u003d Dt/ R
Dolichomorphic type - Ave.d≤ 0,29;
Mesomorphic type - Ave.d= 0.31 ± 0.01;
Brachymorphic type - Ave.d ≥ 0,33.
6. What is a physique, what types of women's physiques do you know?Body type- these are the individual features of the human figure, associated with the degree of development of muscles and fat deposits. Musculature is developed weakly, medium, strongly. Fat deposits are weak, medium, abundant. Women have less developed muscles and more unevenly distributed fat deposition. There are three main and one additional body types of women. 1) When evenly distributed w / o: thin type; normal type; rubensian. 2) In case of uneven distribution w / o: top type; bottom type. 3) With uneven distribution of w / o on the trunk or limbs: trunk type; extreme type (finite). 4) With an increased distribution of w / o in certain parts of the body: chest type; hip type. The physique of a person depends on the biochemical characteristics of the body, as well as on the type of work, lifestyle, and age.
Rice.BODY TYPES OF WOMEN ACCORDING TO THE SCHEMEB. Shkerli
N - normal; R - Rubens; S - upper; J - lower; Tr - increased fat deposition on the body; Ex - increased fat deposition on the limbs; M - increased fat deposition on the chest; T - increased fat deposition on the thighs
What is a physique, what types of physiques of men do you know?Body type- these are the individual features of the human figure, associated with the degree of development of muscles and fat deposits. Musculature is developed weakly, medium, strongly. Fat deposits are weak, medium, abundant. In men, there are three main types: abdominal type - a conical shape of the chest, with medium or weak muscles and abundant fat deposition, a rounded-convex shape of the abdomen, a normal or stooped back; muscular type - cylindrical chest, with medium or strong muscles and medium fat deposition, rounded or straight back; chest type - flat chest, with weak muscles and fat deposition, stooped back, sunken stomach.
8. What is posture, what types of body posture do you know? Under posture understand the configuration of the human body in a natural upright position, which is characterized by different curves of the spine in the neck and waist, the position of the arms relative to the body and the height of the shoulders. Posture depends on the shape of the spine, the degree of development of muscles and fat deposits. There are three types of body posture: stooped, normal, and kinky. stooped figure has a pronounced roundness of the back with a protrusion of the shoulder blades, shoulders tilted forward, a slight deflection at the waist, a somewhat narrowed chest, an extended back, an elongated back waist and a shortened waist in front. normal figure the middle version, characterized by a straight posture and straightened knees. kinky figure has a flat back without protrusion of the shoulder blades, laid back shoulders, a large deflection at the waist, an expanded chest, a narrowed back, an elongated waist in front and a shortened waist in the back. In the clothing industry, posture is determined by two measurements: neck depth and waist notch.
What are anthropometric points? For the production of clothing, it is necessary to know not only the structure of the human body, but also its dimensions. This is achieved by carrying out anthropometric measurements. To get the shape and dimensions complex figure, which is human body, it is necessary to find the largest number of anthropometric points. Anthropometric points - these are bone formations of the skeleton (protrusions, tubercles, processes), as well as the boundaries of soft tissues, which are easily found or palpated on the figure. For the purposes of construction, 16 main anthropometric points were used, in classical anthropometry there are more than a hundred of them.
apex point - the highest point of the head in the position of its orbital-ear horizontal.
cervical point - apex of the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra.
Neck base point - the point of intersection of the line of the base of the neck with a vertical plane drawn through the middle of the shoulder slope.
Clavicular point -protrusion of the sternal end of the clavicle.
Upper sternal point - a point in the deepening of the jugular notch.
Midsternal point - a point in the middle of the line of the chest at the level of the articulation of the fourth ribs.
Shoulder acromial point - the most protruding point of the acromial process of the scapula.
shoulder point – at the top of the humerus.
beam point - on the superior process of the radius.
nipple point - the most protruding point of the breast.
Spinous-iliac anterior point - at the apex of the iliac crest.
knee point - the center of the patella.
Anterior armpit - at the top of the arc of the articulation of the arm with the body in front.
Posterior armpit - at the top of the arc of the articulation of the arm with the body from behind.
Gluteal point - the most protruding point of the gluteal muscle.
Waist line height point - the deepest point of the waist line on the lateral surface of the body.
What data is needed to build clothing details? The initial data for constructing a drawing of clothing details are the measurements of the human figure and the magnitude of the increments to these measurements. The drawing constructed according to these initial data is called the drawing of the basis of the structure. On the basis of the drawing of the basis of the design, it is possible to build drawings of the designs of many models - products that differ from each other in shaped elements: the length and design of the bottom of the sleeve, the shape of the collar, fasteners, pockets.
What are the main dimensional signs, what dimensional signs do you know?Main dimensional features- characterize the figure of a person in size and shape, i.e. give its dimensions. Dimensional signs indicate capital letters Russian alphabet, which correspond to the types of measurements: AT- height; G– depth; D– lengths, distances, arcs; O- girths; P- the position of the body; R- growth; FROM- semi-girths; C– distances between centers; W- width. Latin letter d represent diameters. Main dimensional features: R- growth; Og- chest circumference; From- waist circumference; About- hip girth; dr- the length of the sleeve. Auxiliary dimensional features: Vpr.z- armhole height at the back; dts- length of the back to the waist; wb- height of the hips; Di- length of the product; Shsh.z- the width of the neck at the back; VgI- chest height first; VgII- the height of the chest is the first minus Shsh.z; accidentI- waist length in front first; accidentII- waist length in front first minus Shsh.z; Shs- width of the back; Shpr- armhole width; Shg- chest width; Shp- the width of the shoulder slope; Op- shoulder girth.
What are the allowances for freedom of fit that are taken into account when designing clothes? Any clothing made of fabric, leather, duplicated materials exceeds the size of the human body in size. An air gap is formed between the surface of the body and the internal dimensions of the clothing. It is necessary to ensure freedom of breathing, movement, normal functioning of the human body, as well as to create a certain silhouette shape. The size of the air gaps depends on the degree of fit of the product to the figure. The amount by which the size of clothing exceeds the size of the human body is called allowances for freedom of fit. They are marked with the letter " P”. P \u003d Fri + Pd.k. According to their purpose, they are divided into technical and decorative-constructive.
What is a technical increase and a constructive and decorative increase, what affects them?Technical increase (Fri) - the minimum necessary increase, provides freedom of movement and breathing, creates a certain air gap to regulate heat transfer. The main factor influencing this increase is the change in the size of the body in dynamics (i.e., in motion) compared to its size in statics and the change in the body during breathing. Decorative and constructive addition (P d.k.)- is important when creating the silhouette shape of the product and the distribution of model lines. It depends on the volume of clothing and its shape and is determined in the course of the work of a fashion designer and designer. The value of the decorative and constructive increase is influenced by the direction of fashion and the purpose of the model, the features of the physique of a person, the thickness of the materials used for the top and butt.
What is product balance, what affects it, how can it be achieved?Product balance- this is the criterion for landing the product. There are three types of balance that are not separated from each other - anterior-posterior, lateral and supporting.
In shoulder items anterior-posterior balance - this is the balance of the front and back parts of the clothing, characterized by the position of the constructive points of the upper sections of the front and back in the vertical direction. Lateral balance - this is the balance of the same parts along the side seam or the balance of the front and back parts with side parts. Reference balance is determined by the position of the structural points of the upper sections of the parts relative to their midlines (in a horizontal position). If the balance is disturbed, fit defects appear, which must be corrected during fitting. The balance can be disturbed for a number of reasons: incorrect measurements of the figure, incorrect calculations by formulas, basic structures do not correspond to the figure of a particular customer, etc. Therefore, during the manufacture of the first sample of a new model, additional increases are given during the cutting of the product (mainly along the shoulder and side seams) to adjust the balance of the product.
What is a base grid, why is it needed?Basic grid is a set of auxiliary vertical and horizontal lines that define overall dimensions products along the chest line and the dimensions of the main parts: backs, armholes, shelves (front).
What lines make up the drawing of the basic basis of the structure? The lines of the drawing of the base structure of the structure are built on the base grid of the drawing. These are the lines of the middle of the back and front, neck lines, shoulder lines, armhole lines, darts lines, side lines, waist lines and the bottom of the product.
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Text from the book:
Federal state educational standard Educational system "School 2100" O.A. Kurevina, E.A. Lutseva grade 4 information for memorization; instruction card, diagram; answer the questions; complete the task yourself; complete the task with classmates; projects (creative works). Moscow b/wx: 2015 Dear friend! The textbook "Technology" is in your hands. By studying this subject, you will gain skills and knowledge about technology - the process of turning different materials into beautiful products. And you will also discover a world created by the mind and hands of masters. Traveling through the pages of the textbook, you will learn to F search, recall and use information; ^ communicate with classmates and adults (understand, negotiate, help others); f create (observe, discuss, create products). How to work with the practical task 1. Look at the sample. 2. Study the drawings and diagrams. 3. Name the product, determine its purpose. 4. What are the design features of the product: the shape of the parts, the number of main parts, the type of connection (movable or fixed)? 5. What materials is the product made of? Can others be used? 6. How can I mark out the details? 7. How to separate the parts from the workpiece? 8. Do parts need to be shaped? How? 9. How are the parts connected? 10. Is additional finishing required? Which? How to do it? Choose the right materials and processing methods. Make a plan, focusing on the following steps: 1. Mark out the details. 2. Select (cut) the details. 3. Shape the details (bend, fold, wrinkle or otherwise). 4. Assemble the product. 5. Finish. How to work on a project I. PROJECT DEVELOPMENT Why and who needs a project? Make a gift. Prepare for the holiday. Something other. What do we do? 1. We discuss and choose the product(s). 2. We determine the design of the product. 3. We select suitable materials. 4. We make sketches, diagrams, sketches of the object. 5. Choose the best option. How to do? 1. We select the execution technology. 2. We think over possible design and technological problems and their solution. 3. We select tools. II. IMPLEMENTING THE PROJECT Realizing the idea 1. Assigning roles or responsibilities (in a team or group project). 2. We make a product. 3. We make the necessary additions, corrections (in the design, form, technology). III. PROJECT PROTECTION What was done and how? 1. What did you decide to do and why? 2. How was the image of the project born? 3. What problems did you encounter? 4. How were the problems solved? 5. What happened? 3 Remember! □ o What natural motifs did the craftsmen use? ±J Porcelain tea service. XIX century Modern tableware made of glass, plastic and metal □ # What is the household purpose of these items? What can each product say? What materials are they made from? Who created them? What signs can be used to judge the time of their manufacture? 5 Clothing and fashion In ancient times, clothing served only to protect a person from cold, rain and snow. Then people began to decorate it. They invented and used new materials, details, design features. Each era gave birth to its own costumes. This is how fashion appeared - a special style that should correspond not only to clothing, but also shoes, hairstyles, hats, jewelry and much more. Fashion designers, hairdressers, tailors and many other craftsmen help us to look modern and beautiful. D. Levitsky. Portrait of E. Vorontsova A.N. Samokhvalov. Girl in a T-shirt. Modern hairstyles. Gloves. 17th century d ■ w j Are any features of the past reflected in the works of modern fashion masters: fashion designers of clothes and shoes, hairdressers? 6 Making and dressing the Young Lady doll Look at the doll, study the instruction cards on pages 8-13 and make a similar toy. What materials is the doll made of? What are the main parts of it? What technological operations need to be performed to make each part of the doll? © 7 Attach the hair and shape the doll's face. Beads Embroidery Making the details of the costume 1. Measure the circumference of the doll's chest (OG). OG: 2 = a (mm) 2. Measure the circumference of the doll's hand (OP). RR: 2 = b (mm) 3. Measure the girth of the doll's neck (OR). OSH: 2 = c (mm) 9 Drawing of the upper part of the dress Drawing of the skirt c + 5 1 a x 3 .J Compare two options for marking parts. Find similarities and differences. What is a pattern? Cutting line Cutting line Marking according to the pattern* Marking according to the pattern * The pattern is used by professional cutters in the studio, at the clothing factories. ten ? # Calculate required dimensions and make patterns for the upper part of the dress, skirt. HJ Instruction card Finishing products L "vix, .V" V Making an air loop Finishing with lace 12 1 Learning to embroider (magic stitches) Buttonhole stitch (button stitch) and its variants Herringbone Cross stitch stitch (cross stitch) and its variants 13 A book in a person's life People have always had a need to tell posterity about the events of their lives, to pass on their accumulated knowledge.The first such messages are rock paintings.Gradually, the texts lengthened, and the signs with which they were written were simplified.So letters appeared.People wrote on stones, on tablets covered with wax, on clay tablets, on birch bark.In Egypt, they used the bark of papyrus - a reed growing on the banks of the Nile River.People also wrote on parchment - this was the name of specially processed animal skin.Egyptian papyrus Ancient parchment □ Ancient picture on birch bark materials used by people to make books in ancient times?9 Gather various materials about the history of books gi: from antiquity to the present day. Write the collected material or type it on a computer on an A4 sheet. 14 2000 years ago, the secret of paper making was discovered in China. Books have appeared. In the first books, the texts were written by hand, that is, they were handwritten. The illustrations were made by artists right in the books. Salaries (covers) were made of leather, silver, decorated with precious stones. There were few books, and they were very expensive. With the advent and development of printing, books became more diverse. Writers, editors, artists, typesetters, printers, bookbinders take part in the creation of a modern book. Ev; the altar angel. 1628 Gospel salary A page from an old primer Modern books □ # How were books decorated in ancient times? How is a handwritten book different from a printed one? What masters are involved in the creation of a modern book? 15 Repairing Books # Find books and textbooks in your library that need repair. Determine the damage in the book. Refer to the relevant instruction card. Prepare the necessary materials and tools. Perform repairs. Instruction card "Repair of the book" Gluing the torn page 1. Prepare tools and materials. 2. Seal the gap with tracing paper. 3. Place clean paper on top and bottom. 4. Press down the sheets and close the book. 5. Place a weight on top. 6. After the glue has dried, cut off the excess tracing paper. 16 Instruction card "Repair of the book" Pasting a single sheet 2 3 l in; w ^ "W 4 Pasting a double sheet Use flour paste or slightly diluted PVA glue 1P Elements of a book-brochure Cover Fairy tales Instruction card Repair of a book-brochure Materials and tools Spine Book block 1. Assemble the book, clamp it with paper clips Material for gluing the spine How to work 4. Glue the spine. 2. Attach the template, make holes. 5. Put the book under the load. Tales 3. Sew a book. 6. The book is ready. 18J Book about the book Build your own book based on the collected material on the history of printing. 1. Consider the layout of your book, its dimensions, number of pages, arrangement of text and illustrations. Don't forget that the book has a spine. Illustrations and text should not be placed on the spine. 3. Illustrate and write the text (or type it on a computer). 4. Study the instruction card on page 18. 5. Make a book. Fields Text Illustrations 19J Construction The appearance (form) of any thing depends on its device - construction. It is developed taking into account the purpose of the object, its location, the functional loads that it will carry, safety requirements and much more. Bridge romantic style in the landscape park Pedestrian and transport bridge Swing bridge □ # How are the bridges shown different from each other? Try to explain why. 20 The first Dsheimler-Benz car The first B ■ O? + m Glebnaya baavka Design Dnimatsna G A Cut -J Copy Layout ^ Restore Paste»1t ^ Create. / Format according to the sample Delete b\" exchange fer With tide - 2. In the main menu, select the word "Home" with the mouse. Then click on the "Layout" button. 3. In the slide layouts that appear, select the layout you like with the title. The title will be the name of the file. t j Impress 1. In the main menu, click on the inscription "Insert" and in the menu that appears, select the item "Slide" 2. On the right side of the screen, click on the inscription "Layouts" 3. Select the layout (layout) "slide with title" The title will be the name of the slide 59 2 2 3 My Computer Tool Adding Text Open the pre-prepared text of your story in a text editor, select parts of the text, copy them to the clipboard, as you do in a text editor, and paste them into the pages of your e-book. If the text is selected, you can change its appearance. slide - Readings of slides 1. Osage I I 1LO * GTROM "OH Mail Select" connect with a place in the document "(1). Select page by title (2). Press the OK button (3). The hyperlink is ready. Impress The Hyperlink window will open; Select "Document" (1). Select button (2). A window will open: 1 Pmtap news E_d "Domuient Way Linking to alenact dokuneige Dopa" "gge1my" set up a rhine 2 M Form, that "st Soyat document 6 ZFFYT I I I I to> YES 1 Crpamia I c Stratytsa 1 4 au> Printed in the Smolensky branch Polygraphic Plant JSC Higher School Publishing House 214020 Smolensk, Smolyaninova str., 1 UDC 373.167.1:62 LBC 20ya71 K93 educational system“School 2100” is the winner of the RF Government Prize in the field of education for the theoretical development of the foundations of the new generation educational system and its practical implementation in textbooks. Positive conclusions were received on the textbook based on the results of scientific expertise (conclusion of the Russian Academy of Sciences dated 01.11.2010 No. 10106-5215 / 395), pedagogical expertise (conclusion of the Russian Academy of Sciences dated January 20, 2014 No. 000443) and public expertise (conclusion of the NP "League of Education" dated January 30, 2014 No. 157) Head of the publishing program - Corresponding Member. RAO, doctor ped. sciences, prof. R.N. Buneev The material on the use of ICT was developed by A.V. Goryachev Kurevin, O.A. K93 Technology. 4 cells : studies. for organizations engaged in educational activities / O.A. Kurevina, E.A. Lutsev. - Ed. 2nd, revised. - M. : Balass, 2015. -64 p. : ill. (Educational system "School 2100"). ISBN 978-5-85939-909-3 The textbook "Technology" for grade 4 ("Beautiful next to you") complies with the Federal State Educational Standard for Primary General Education. It is a continuation of the continuous course "Technology" for elementary school and an integral part of the set of textbooks for the developing Educational System "School 2100". Focused on the formation of experience in subject-practical activities. Can be used as a teaching aid. UDC 373.167.1:62 BBC 20-71 This textbook as a whole and no part of it can be copied without the permission of the copyright owner ISBN 978-5-85939-909-3 © Kurevina O.A., Lutseva E.A., 2008, 2011 © Balass LLC, 2008, 2011
Creating a panel can fill not only the house with beautiful designer things, but also life - bright colors. This hobby is suitable for everyone, without exception, so be sure to take note of it.
The ability to draw is not given to everyone, but there is a very interesting alternative to painting - the creation of panels. If paints are used for paintings, then almost any materials are suitable for panels, including those of natural origin and junk. Mixing of various techniques and components is allowed. It is not difficult to master this hobby, because you can choose the technology that is more attractive to you and start with the simplest plots that do not require complex actions.
History and modernity of panels and interesting facts
First panels found in caves primitive people- Animals and natural phenomena were depicted on stone walls. What it was - a desire to decorate your home, a way to capture what you saw or protection from evil spirits, now historians can only guess about it. Later, panels made of stone, mosaics, stucco, Venetian plaster. This kind of creativity has become an integral part of cultural development.
Modern panels are made of stone, mosaics, fabrics, leather, glass fragments, paper. Needlewomen use ribbons, beads, embroidery for their masterpieces. Suitable and very unusual materials: coffee, cereals, pasta. Do not disdain creative people and waste, such as toilet paper rolls and newspapers.
Separately, modular panels are distinguished - compositions created from several elements, representing a single work. Modular panels include decor from mirrors, photo frames, small paintings.
For example, to create a panel on the wall with your own hands, you can take several round mirrors without frames and stick them to the wall with adhesive tape or special Velcro for paintings.
The task of the panel is to decorate the interior, but designers make it work in full force. With the help of wall decor, it is easy to visually expand the space, mask defects and uneven walls, and protect the wall covering from dirt.
Features of the manufacture of panels from textiles
Fabric paintings are made according to the principle of appliqué, using embroidery and patchwork technique. With the help of patchwork mosaics, paintings worthy of admiration are obtained. For creating decorative panel First, a textile picture is assembled from the fabric, and then it is placed in a frame.
From textiles you can make fashionable modular paintings. The easiest option is to put in the same frame beautiful fabrics With different drawings and use them in wall decor. Tapestry, brocade, sewing, burlap are suitable for fabric paintings. AT rustic style it is better to use simple natural materials - linen, coarse calico, chintz with a cheerful pattern.
The simplest wall decor
Marine motifs - decor made of stones and shells
Returning from vacation, in addition to relaxing and sunbathing, people tend to bring pebbles and shells with them. This is an excellent material for creating a panel with your own hands. Even if you didn’t bring anything from the sea or didn’t go anywhere, you can buy all this in needlework stores or in construction departments. There is even a ready-made pebble mosaic on a grid.
Materials with a marine theme are suitable for bathroom decor. You can decorate the wall above the bathroom or a free wall opposite the mirror with the author's composition. It is appropriate to complete the picture with a small mirror, symbolizing the expanse of water.
Practical mosaic panels
Mosaic - ancient art originated many thousands of years ago. The oldest mosaic work is about three thousand years old. To create a homemade mosaic panel, ready-made mosaic tiles. It can be ceramic, glass, mirror, metal.
All these materials are not afraid of moisture, which means that you can decorate the wall with their help in the bathroom, in the kitchen, on the terrace or in winter garden. The decor can be of any scale - on the entire wall, above working area kitchen or as a miniature composition. Read more about this technique in our other.
What types of needlework are suitable for panels
To create a panel with your own hands, you can use almost all types of needlework. Consider the most popular and interesting.
Very beautiful and realistic wall decorations are obtained from artificial fruits and vegetables, which can be bought in decor and craft stores. Fruit compositions are ideal for the kitchen. For the bedroom, a floral picture of artificial flowers (ready-made or handmade) is more suitable.
Also for volumetric decor use all sorts of items: coffee cups, toy dinnerware sets with miniature replicas, clocks and everything that seems interesting and suitable for reincarnation.
To create a wall panel with your own hands, you can use items that cost almost nothing. For example, plastic spoons, colored plastic water stoppers,.
Master classes and new ideas
If you have become infected with a simple, pleasant and useful hobby, then start creating a panel using the ideas and master classes on our website.
