Frame connection. Connections of elements of wooden structures. Making a half-tree gusset
Entering Connections
Calling the Connections dialog: Menu -> References -> Connections.
All structural elements (profiles of frames, imposts, shtulpom, sashes, infills) form connections with each other. Two articles are involved in one connection, i.e. it is impossible to create a connection with three structural elements in the program (for example, an impost is included in the connection of frames).
There are three types of connections:
angular (corner connection of frames and corner connection of sashes),
end (the impost enters the frame or the sash, the shtulp enters the frame), adjoining (the sash is adjacent to the frame, the double-glazed window is adjacent to the frame, impost or sash, etc.).
The end and adjacent connection form two elements, one of which is the base or main, the second is dependent. For example, in the “Impost-frame” end connection, the frame is the main element, the impost is dependent, in the adjacent “Glass-packet-sash” connection, the sash is the main element, the glass unit is dependent.
Thus, main connection elementthis is the element to which the dependent is adjacent or enters.
Dependent element we will call the article 1 ,
main - article 2 .
In a corner connection, both elements that form the connection are equivalent, therefore it does not matter which of the elements will be article 1, and which article 2.
Handbook Dialog Box Connections "consists of two pages"Description of connections" and " Connected elements”.
Bottom part - connection specification.
In the Name column a meaningful name for the connection is entered. Several connections can have the same name, but this is undesirable, as it will be impossible to distinguish one connection from another during product design.
In the second column, the priority to be given to connections that match in type and restrictions but with different specifications. For each connection, you can set technological restrictions for its application using the Angle, Angle to the horizontal and Radius, Seam length fields located in the right part of the dialog box.
The pictograms in the upper right corner show schematically the type of connections. Possible types connections:
corner joints 90 gr;
corner connection 45 gr;
end connection;
adjacent connection.
In addition, for each of the two articles that form the connection, it can be either inside or outside. The exception is fillings for which the connection can only be outside, for example, if a glass package or sash is inserted into the frame, then this connection for the frame is on the inside, and for the sash or glass package on the outside.
For adjacent connections with an impost or sash, the outside side is considered to be to the left of the profile.
Thus, in the groups Article 1-Side and Article 2-Side, it is indicated on which side the connection is located: from any, from the outside or from the inside.
The size connections - this is the distance that Article 1 goes inside Article 2.
This indicator has an impact on the calculation of the dimensions of profiles and filling.
The program calculates the dimensions of components according to the following formulas:
[Sash Size]=[Overall Dimension (Frame Size)]-2* [Frame Width]+2*[Sash-Frame Connection Size]
[Insulating glass unit size]=[Sash size]-2* [Sash width]+2* [Sash-insulating glass joint size]
If an impost is inserted into the frame, then its size will be equal to:
[Mullion Size]=[Frame Size]-2*[Frame Width]+2* [Mullion-Frame Connection Size]
Therefore, the accuracy of the calculations of the program itself will depend on how correctly the size is assigned in a particular connection.
For each connection, you can set technological restrictions for its use using the fields:
Injection,
Angle to horizontal
Radius
seam length spaced
on the right side of the dialog box.
Minimum and Maximum angles- limits of angle change between profiles for corner and end connections.
Minimum and Max Angle to the horizontal- these are restrictions on the location of the connection (for adjacent connections). For a rectangular structure, the horizontal top profile is taken as O degrees, then counterclockwise: left - 90 degrees, bottom - 180, right - 270. For example, if the sash enters the frame from below at a distance different from the other sides, then three connections must be created with angles to the horizontal 0-179 with one size, 180 - 180 with another size and 181-360 with the size, as in the first case. These three connections will ensure that the frame is connected to the sash along the entire contour with the desired dimensions.
Radius are the restrictions for adjacent connections.
Seam length - these are the restrictions for the first type of corner connections.
The sashes are in different planes- the flag is set for adjacent connection of two sliding doors if they are in different planes (sliding doors).
Flag "Article 1 vertical only"(only available for corner connections) - set if it is necessary to describe a corner connection in which one of the connected profiles can only be vertical, the other - only horizontal.
In this case Article 1 - on the page "Connected elements" there must always be a vertical profile.
After the name of the connection is entered on the page "Description of connections", the type of connection is selected (corner, end or adjoining), the Size and technological restrictions are set, on the page "Connected elements» it is necessary to enter the article numbers of the profiles that will be interconnected in the manner described above.
In the table " Any combination of Article1 with Article2» all Articles 1 are entered, which can be combined with all Articles 2. I.e. any element from the table Article 1 can be combined with any element from the table Article 2.
For adjacent joints, if Article 1 is a double-glazed window that is assembled at the factory from glasses and spacers different thickness(i.e. double-glazed windows of the same thickness may contain different amount glasses and frames), then you need to set the flag "Article 1 can be a composite double-glazed window" and put the minimum and maximum thickness double glazing. Thus, for this connection, all composite double-glazed windows will be suitable, the thickness of which will lie within the limits of the minimum and maximum thickness.
In the table "Combinations » A direct correspondence is established between Article 1 and Article 2 "one to one". Those. only those articles that are on the same line are connected to each other.
For example: It is necessary to describe the first type of corner connection for plastic profiles (connection of elements at an angle of 45 degrees). As a rule, with such a connection plastic profiles are welded. Only the same article numbers of frames or sashes can be welded together, therefore, in the table of “combinations” in one line, Article 1 and Article 2 will be the same. There can be as many of these rows as there are profiles that can be connected in this way and satisfy the technological restrictions on the page "Connection Description».
Completing the connection specification table
The connections described at the top of the "Description of connections" page and on the page "Connected elements" allow you to create only a sketch of the product.
Product specification formed from connection specifications(table at the bottom of the handbook " Connections » on page « Description of connections»).
The main profiles are written:
frames and sashes - in corner joints;
threshold - in the corner threshold-frame connection.
impost - in end connections impost-frame, impost-sash, impost-impost;
shtulp - in end connections shtulp-frame, shtulp-threshold, shtulp-impost;
In addition to the profile for the connection, the specification must specify those components that will be used in this connection and for which it is necessary to obtain a calculation of their number or cutting. These can be glazing beads, seals, screws, stands for double-glazed windows, etc.
Some components can be registered not in connections , and in the directory Inserts.
For example: - decorative caps on shtulp. They can be included in the connection specification, but then if several different compounds in which this shtulp is used (connections of the shtulp with the frame and the connection of the shtulp with the threshold), then these caps will have to be prescribed in each connection. In such situations, when the size or quantity of the component, regardless of the connection, remains constant, it can be written in inserts (see section Entering inserts).
In the Color column » indicates the color of the component. The list for selection offers color options that the component may have. Here you can choose a specific color: black, white, gray, etc., or you can specify that the color of the component should be matched to the color of one of the elements that form the connection. In this case, "As article 1" or "As article 2" must be entered. If the color of the component is selected according to the outer or inner color of “Article 1” or “Article 2”, then “Like Article 1/2 inside/outside” is selected accordingly.
For example, the glazing bead is selected according to the inner color of the profile, i.e. as "Article 2 from the inside". In this case, the program will analyze the color group of the glazing bead. If it contains a color that matches the color " Article 1" or "Article 2 » from the inside, the glazing bead will have the same color as Art. 1 / 2 on the inside. If there is no such color, then the program will analyze the data on the page "Color group matching» tables « Colors and color groups". If there is a match between the colors in the color groups of the specification line and Article 1 / 2, then the specified color is taken for the specification line. If not, then during designing the program will display a warning message about the impossibility of matching the color.
Qty - the number of components for this connection.
The size - the value of this field determines the calculation of the length or the number of components.
With a corner connection, this dimension indicates the shortening of the component relative to the overall dimensions of the product.
In the case of an end, it indicates the distance to which this component enters Art. 2.
In an adjacent connection, this dimension shows how far from the light opening the component enters Art. 2.
Coefficient - this is the number of components per 1mm profile.
If the unit of measurement of a component from the specification is meters (for example, a profile, sealant, bead, etc.), then the coefficient is 0.001 (1mm = 0.001m, i.e. 1 mm of the component accounts for 1 mm of the profile).
If the unit of measurement is a component piece (sets), then the coefficient shows how many pieces fall on 1 mm of the product. For example, if the screws are screwed in every 300 mm, then 1/300=0.0033 screws per 1mm of the profile.
If the unit of measurement of the component is liters or kilograms, then the coefficient shows how many liters (kilograms) fall on 1 mm. Let 400 g of Butyl go per meter of double-glazed window, then 0.001 / 0.4 = 0.0025 per 1 mm.
Thus, the Quantity of the specification element is calculated as ( Overall Size- Size) x Coeff.
Circuit No. - it is installed in the case when two specification elements with one article number form several circuits, for example, a seal of one article number has different size(at different distances it enters the profile relative to the color opening).
"Do not count" - the angle is not calculated."Weld" - the size of the profile depends on the angle.
The flag "On the contour" and the field " Contour shortening» - in the case of adjacent connections for components located along the contour of the opening with a shortening, for example, a seal in which it is located not along the entire contour, but with a gap for micro-ventilation.
Flag " Only for straight profiles» when this flag is set, the component from the connection specification will be included in the product specification only if the profiles from the page «Connected elements» will be straight. (For the correct calculation of the amount of reinforcement in arched products, this flag is set for reinforcement articles)
Set ("Always"; "With Article 1"; "With Article 2")- what is written for given element specifications. By default - in the "Always" position. The connection is formed by two elements. Sometimes it is necessary that the specification element is used not for the entire connection, but for one of its elements: Article 1 or Article 2. For example, in the corner connection of the frame and threshold.
on the opening - in the case of adjacent sash-frame connections, install for components with a unit of measurement meter, which are installed on the entire opening. For example, the ebb, which is installed in the production of wooden structures on the lower frame.
For each component from the connection specification, you can also set technological restrictions for its use using the fieldsAngle, Size and Radiuslocated at the bottom of the dialog box. From the specification for the connection, the program will select those elements that satisfy the given size, radius and angle.
If it is necessary to select an element of the connection specification at the request of the customer or the designer, then a restriction on parameters is introduced for this element.
For example, if you need to choose which glazing bead to put: straight, curly or elegans, then the parameter " Bead » with a set of values « straight" "curly" and "elegance" ". Three glazing beads are entered into the specification, and the “Beading” parameter with the corresponding value is set in front of each of them. A new parameter is added by pressing the Parameters button and a set of its values is added below. This will allow you to select this element during the design process.
To copy a connection, on the Connection Description page, on the desired connection, right-click and select Copy, then select one of the Paste and Paste with Connected Elements options.To remove a connection from the list, use the delete button specified in the Rules for Working with Tables. It is not possible to remove from the list a connection used in existing accounts. You can disable its further use by setting the Deleted flag. The entry will then disappear from the list.
To display in the list of remote connections, use the Show remote flag.
Windows made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or, as they are also called, plastic (metal-plastic) windows are widely used in Ukraine. And the first plastic windows appeared in the 1960s. in Germany, where the industrial production of PVC was mastered.
PVC- material belonging to the group of thermoplastics. Pure PVC is 43% ethylene (a petrochemical product) and 57% combined chlorine derived from table salt. For the production of window profiles, stabilizers, modifiers, pigments and auxiliary additives are added to PVC powder to impart properties such as light resistance, weather resistance, color shade, surface quality, weldability, etc.
Plastic windows can be used in industrial, public and residential buildings, there are no hygienic restrictions on their use.
PVC is a flame retardant and self-extinguishing material. It is resistant to acids, alkalis, atmospheric influences.
With a decrease in temperature, the elastic modulus of PVC increases, and, consequently, its strength characteristics for tension, compression and bending also increase. However, at the same time, its fragility increases (impact strength decreases), therefore, when installing plastic windows in winter time the risk of destruction of PVC is quite high.
As the temperature rises, polyvinyl chloride gradually softens, and the compressive and bending strength decreases. A sharp decrease in the strength properties of PVC begins at a temperature of +4CGS, and near +80°C there is a softening point. In this regard, the use of PVC windows is unacceptable in rooms with high temperature conditions.
By their design, PVC windows in general do not differ from wooden ones. Only for the manufacture of individual elements, not solid bars are used, but hollow multi-chamber plastic profiles obtained by extrusion.
Rice. 15.8. Elements and functional dimensions of PVC profiles: 1 - main profile(box); 2 - main profile (sash); 3 - additional profile (glazing bead); 4 - double-glazed window; 5 - sealing gasket; 6 - base lining; 7 - support (remote) lining; 8 - reinforcing insert (reinforcement); a - a gap in the porch; b - height in the narthex; c - backlash; d is the height of the glazing seam; g - the height of the pinching of the double-glazed window
Polymer extrusion is a method of manufacturing long profiled products from plastics and rubbers, which consists in continuous extrusion of a softened material through holes of a certain section. It is carried out in extruders, most often screw.
The profiles are supplied in lengths usually 6.5 m. They are cut to the required size at the assembly site.
The individual frame and sash profiles are connected by butt welding using a heating element. The fastening of the impost is carried out using mechanical connectors, and the glazing bead is simply snapped into the corresponding grooves of the frame or sash.
Rice. 15.9. Mechanical connection of the frame with the impost: 1 - frame profile; 2 – impost profile; 3 - connector; 4 - screw; 5 - holes; 6 - washer
The welded frames and sashes go to the next operation - the installation of seals. Middle seals are installed in most cases by the profile manufacturers themselves. Other types of seals are inserted manually using special rollers.
For the manufacture of semicircular and lancet window shapes, bending machines are used. Of all window materials PVC has the greatest bending capabilities with different radii of curvature. But this is a complex operation. When manufacturing a window with an opening arched sash, it is rather difficult to maintain the same bending radius of the frame and sash profiles, besides, curved profiles cannot be reinforced as straight ones. During the operation of such windows, temperature deformations of non-reinforced PVC may occur, leading to problems with a tight porch.
Rice. 15.10. Curvilinear PVC profile windows
Currently, a fairly wide choice of colors for the surface of plastic profiles is offered - from solid colors: red, green, blue, light blue to various decors, including with imitation under a tree.
There are several ways of painting (finishing) PVC profiles:
Coloring in mass (white and brown);
co-extrusion;
Acrylic film lamination;
Acrylic varnishing;
Spraying.
The most reliable, durable and weather-resistant method is co-extrusion, which is the result of the joint extrusion of acrylic and PVC, which allows you to get an acrylic coating on the surface of profiles in various color tones 0.5 mm thick.
To solve technical and architectural problems, profile manufacturers produce a large range of products, from which elements of various shapes and sizes are easily assembled.
The entire range of products can be divided into two large groups: main profiles and auxiliary (additional).
Rice. 15.11. PVC profiles and junctions (ADEPLAST): a - box profile; b - impost; in - sashes; g - glazing beads; e - reinforcing steel profile; e - seals; g - lining under the double-glazed window; h - node "box-sash"; and - node "impost-sash"; k - unit of blind glazing in the impost; l - the same, in a box; 1 - box; 2 - sash; 3 - impost; 4 - glazing bead; 5 - lining; 6 - seal
Profiles intended directly for the manufacture of windows, i.e. frames, sashes, imposts, shtulps belong to the group main products of the profile system. Typically, manufacturers produce 5 ... 7 varieties of the main profiles of each type (appointment) with different indicators for heat engineering, statics, and design.
Auxiliary (additional) profiles are produced to expand the architectural possibilities of PVC windows and for their quick and easy installation. Auxiliary profiles according to functional features can be divided into several groups:
Profiles that serve to increase the architectural expressiveness of windows: glazing beads; slabs for dividing glazing; connectors; rotary profiles; decorative overlays, etc.;
Profiles used for window mounting; finishing; thresholds; extension cords; flashings; ebbs-connectors; profiles for shutters, etc.;
Restoration profiles fixed to the existing frame of the old window without dismantling it;
Reinforcement profiles used in cases where the mullion or connecting profile does not pass according to the static calculation.
Rice. 15.12. Examples of elements decorating large window glazing surfaces: a - adhesive overlay; b - cross; c - double-sided pads with spacers
From products profile system windows of almost any configuration, any color and with any type of opening can be assembled - both with an impost for double-leaf windows or a window and a balcony door, and without it, with the so-called slit cuff, or shtulp.
Connectors- profiles designed to connect window (belcon) door frames to each other in structures consisting of two or more frames. Connectors can be designed for joining profiles at different angles, and their type is selected, as a rule, taking into account the requirements of window statics. These profiles are indispensable in the manufacture large windows, tape (horizontal and vertical) glazing, as well as bay windows of various shapes.
Rice. 15.13. Types of PVC profile connections: a - standard; b - connecting profiles; c - the same, with amplification; g - connector for right angle; e, f - connecting profiles for a variable angle; 1 - silicone; 2 - reinforcement with a bent profile; 3 - steel plate
Rice. 15.14. Bay window glazing details (KBE): 1 - box profile; 2 – connecting profile at 90°; 3 - profile connecting rotary; 4 - cylindrical profile; 5 - intermediate profile; 6 - reinforcing insert; 7 - sealing gasket; 8 - screw; 9 - expansion profile; 10 - butyl tape; 11 - insulation; 12 - facing brick; 13 - partition; 14 - drywall; 15 - facing corner
Extenders- profiles designed to increase the height of the window frame, which is often necessary, for example, when installing windows in old buildings with large quarters, when making kiosk plinths, when installing balcony doors, etc. Extenders can be the same width as the window frame or narrower. For example, smaller extensions are used to attach outdoor flashings or window sills.
Rice. 15.15. Balcony door made with PVC expansion profile (VEKA)
Drip connectors- profiles designed for effective water drainage from the window structure and for attaching external sills and window sills. Can also be used on their own to prevent water from running under the frame.
Finishing – different kind cladding profiles for finishing window slopes. There may be separate profiles: corners, platbands, plugs, etc.
thresholds- are made of aluminum, but are included in the programs of PVC profile suppliers. Thresholds are divided into thresholds for entrance doors and overhead protective profiles for balcony doors.
Rice. 15.16. Outward opening balcony door
Design features of PVC profiles. As already mentioned, PVC profiles have hollow chambers filled with air inside. The chamber is a closed internal cavity (system of cavities) of the profile, located perpendicular to the direction of the heat flow. The chamber may consist of a number of sub-chambers separated by partitions. The chambers perform various functions, for example, for the installation of reinforcing inserts or as self-ventilation channels. Basic profiles are available with three, four or five chambers. The number, dimensions and location of the chambers are determined by the technical calculation.
There are additional grooves in the profiles, which serve to install the glazing bead, fittings and for attaching additional elements. The wall thickness of the profiles, depending on their location, is 1.5 ... 3 mm.
big camera called basic, it serves to install a reinforcing insert (reinforcing profile), since PVC products under the influence of high temperatures and external loads change their shape, increase in size and deform.
The cross section of the reinforcing insert and the thickness of its walls are calculated according to the requirements of statics. They may have different shape- both U-shaped and closed rectangular. The wall thickness can be different - from 1 to 3 mm. Reinforcing (reinforcing) inserts are made of galvanized bent steel (basic option), aluminum, fiberglass.
With strong wind and rain, individual drops can penetrate the bottom of the double-glazed window rebate or frame. To drain this water, the bottom of the fold has a slope to the outer edge or a special recess. Further, water through special drainage holes in the walls of the frame and sash profiles enters drainage chambers, from where it comes out.
On fig. 15.17 shows the VEKA system frame and sash combination in the lower part of the window. The outer chamber of both frame and sash profiles is filled with polyurethane foam for thermal insulation, and the drainage chamber as such is completely in the warm zone. From the frame profile, water flows down the base profile, which can also be insulated.
Rice. 15.17. Frame and sash profiles with polyurethane foam filling (VEKA): 1 - outer chambers; 2 - drainage chambers; 3 - stand profile; 4 - drainage
For fastening fittings (hinges) connecting the frame and the sash, there are special chambers for fastening fittings. The presence of such chambers is due to the fact that the fastening screws must pass through at least two PVC walls with a total wall thickness of at least 5 mm.
Frame and sash can be positioned in relation to each other in different ways. The outer surfaces of the frame and sash can be in the same plane, partially or completely displaced. When the frame and sash are flush, the profile of the sash makes it possible to install double-glazed windows of greater thickness.
Rice. 15.18. The location of the PVC profiles of the frame and sash in relation to each other: a - flush; b - partially displaced; c - completely displaced
A groove is provided for fixing the glazing bead in the sash and in the frame. In the frame, it is used if the window is blind and, therefore, the glazing is arranged directly into the frame. The profile of the glazing bead can be very different, due to the architectural design. Glazing beads are most often fastened by pushing them into the groove, which makes it possible to replace the glazing if necessary.
There is also usually a groove on the glazing bead, where a sealant is inserted that tightly presses the double-glazed window. In recent years, there has been an increase in the use of systems with additionally extruded sealing elements, which form an inseparable whole with the glazing bead itself.
Sealing gaskets (profiles) are installed not only in the glazing bead area, but also in the sash for fixing glass on the other side, as well as between the frame and the sash for a tighter fit to each other (to ensure air and water tightness).
There are various options for sealing the plane between the frame and the sash, which is due to technical and architectural reasons:
Outer seal (in the frame) and inner seal (in the sash) - seal along the porch;
Medium seal, supplemented with an internal seal (in the sash);
The triple seal is a combination of the previous two; used to improve sound insulation.
Rice. 15.19. Frame and sash sealing systems: a - double-circuit; b - three-circuit
Methods for installing PVC windows in wall openings of various modern structures are shown in sufficient detail in Fig. 15.20.
Rice. 15.20. Installation of PVC windows in wall openings: a - c exterior plaster; b - with external brick cladding; c - the same, ventilated type; g - from three-layer concrete panels; 1 - window frame profile; 2 - expansion profile; 3 - sealing cord; 4 - insulation; 5 - casing; 6 - vapor barrier; 7 - silicone sealant; 8 - sealing gasket; 9 - antiseptic beam; 10 - waterproofing; 11 - mounting anchor; 12 - drywall; 13 - painting vapor barrier; 14 - antiseptic board
Choosing aluminum or PVC glazing, you have to think about how to connect a balcony frame of 2 parts so that the joints between them fit snugly, and the structure itself is strong, durable and does not loosen under gusts of wind, is without cracks, does not serve as a source of cold penetration and looks decent, aesthetically pleasing.Design window frames provides for such a need. To this end, the profile has side cutouts adapted specifically for the use of a connector, compensator or expander. Let's consider this possibility.
Connection of two balcony frames
Connecting piece for compound frames
If two or more frames are glazed into the balcony, a special profile is used to secure the connection, pressing them tightly at the joints. The detail well collects together any height window configurations.
Kopplung - the connector is an element consisting of 3 parts (3 mm):
Double profile: PVC and metal reinforcing it - ensure the strength of the connection.
Lateral protrusions included in the grooves of the combined frames are necessary for their coupling.
aesthetic outer side visible from outside and inside.
For the purpose of thermal insulation of the joints, an adhesive tape is additionally used.
How is assembly carried out?
For example, consider a connection in the vertical direction. You will need a connector, which is first attached to the lower frame, introducing protruding elements into its grooves. To avoid skew, you can knock on the surface, but only on metal profile but not plastic.
A hole is drilled in the metal part of the profile, crossing the frame, and a fastening screw is screwed in (it has a temporary function and is only necessary for the vertical arrangement of the frames).
The prepared lower frame is installed on the balcony railing, the second frame is built on top, inserting the connector protrusions into its grooves. They trim, with a light tapping with a wooden hammer, make sure that there are no distortions, and proceed to the fasteners.
With a long drill, through holes are made for screws 100 mm long and 5 mm thick, passing them through the profiles: the first frame, the connector, the second frame. By screwing in the screws, they are sunk into the profile so that there are no problems with the installation of the double-glazed window later.
Important! In accordance with the safety rules, docking of balcony frames should be carried out by at least 2 people - no less. It must be experienced professionals who know how to connect a 2-piece balcony frame in vertical or in horizontal position and not harm others.
Half-tree cutting - simple and reliable way connect two identical parts at a right angle. This method is useful when creating corner, cross and T-joints. By marking and selecting half the thickness of the material in each part, you will get a neat and strong connection, which will become indispensable in the assembly of frames and structures from timber.
A half-tree cut is made different ways: using a router, circular or band saw. We will tell you how to create perfectly tight joints using a classic set of hand tools.
INSTRUMENTS
- joiner's square;
- marking thicknesser;
- pencil or marking knife;
- edge saw;
- wide carpenter's chisel.
Do-it-yourself corner joints in half a tree
Corner cut half-tree (lap) - the most common type of frame connection. Its logic is extremely simple: recesses (folds) are cut out at the ends of both parts along the width of the counterpart. The fold forms a face and a shoulder - they must be perfectly even and strictly perpendicular to each other. In a quality connection, the surfaces of both parts are tightly fitted and form a joint without the slightest gaps.
Connection markup
Create markup for the fold selection. To do this, use a carpenter's square, thickness gauge and marking knife.
Measure the length of the edge across the width of the mating part. Draw marking lines on the edges. Set the thickness gauge at half the thickness of the part and make a side marking.
Advice! When creating carpentry joints with your own hands, use a sharp marking knife instead of a pencil. It will provide high marking accuracy and no marks on the finished part. In this case, the recessed line will become a convenient starting position for a chisel or back saw.
Seam cutting
Using a backsaw, saw off the waste part on each part, carefully following the markup without strong pressure or jerking.
Using a wide chisel, clean the edge and shoulder, achieving the most snug fit of the parts.
T-shaped (tee) connection
The lap tee is another variation of the half-cut saw, which is widely used when creating frame structures. In this case, the end of one part is adjacent to the middle of the second. On the first, a fold is cut out (according to a similar scheme, as in a corner joint), and on the second, a landing groove. Below is one of the schemes for creating such a groove manually.
Make a markup on front side, focusing on the width of the counterpart.
Using a thickness gauge and square, mark the edges.
Make cuts in the waste part. They will facilitate the subsequent selection with a chisel.
Remove the waste with a wide carpentry chisel. Shoot in layers, moving from the center to the edges.
Clean out the groove. The edge and shoulders must be perfectly even and converge strictly at right angles. This will ensure the tightest fit of the parts.
On the issue of fixation
Joinery connections in half a tree do not have mechanical connection, so they are fixed with gluing. About that, and we talked in detail in previous materials.
During drying, the structure must be fixed with clamps. When placing the clamps, make sure that their pressure is distributed evenly. An incorrectly installed clamp can deform parts or interfere with the fitting of the connection.
Unlike frame structures, logs or beams are strengthened using a different technology. In this case, screws, dowels or dowels are used to fix the connection.
It just so happened to me that the U-shaped niche for the electrical cabinet took shape with dimensions of 35x35 cm in cross section, and a height of about 3 meters. The width was quite enough for a din-rail for 12 modules, and the depth for free cable laying. The question arose of what to mount the din-rails on. I found the CS blog (many thanks to him for such work), and learned about WR-frames there. I decided to use them for the cabinet skeleton. I must add that my electrical project contained differentials of the 941st series, about which I also didn’t know a damn thing, as well as about the existence of the UZM. In general, the old project went to hell, and in the new one, the composition and volume of the module has changed dramatically. Now the entire height of the niche has become in demand.
Of the equipment, two built-in ABB boxes for 36 modules (ABB 12046) were purchased long ago:
Overlays on the built-in parts of the boxes can be beautifully placed one above the other with only a slight indent. Butt - quite unpresentable and impossible. The minimum indent turned out to be just one DIN rail:
There were almost 144 modules, and I had to buy a couple more boxes 12046. It turned out 4 “floors”. Some of the rest of the module, such as current transformers, terminals, etc., had to be moved into the depths of the cabinet, onto the “rear” DIN rails.
Now, actually, about the main thing. WR frames, if I'm not mistaken, are never longer than 2200mm. And you need to build 3000 mm. I bought 6 pieces of WR1101 (2100 mm). There is no regular connector for their longitudinal connection, because installation and maintenance at such heights is not expected (: I made 4 pieces of 900 mm from a pair of WR1101. In addition, 4 ED1 DIN rails were needed (were at hand) and bolts with washers and nuts (then whether m8, or m10, I don’t remember, they calmly passed through the holes in the frame and in the din rail).
A small series of pictures below shows how to connect.
On 4 DIN rails
He bent inward the “ears”-clamps protruding on them:
On the other hand, the second frame is started:
Next, the frames are reduced to the stop, and inside both frames the din rail is moved and set to a position where some of the holes simultaneously coincide in the frames and the din rail itself. Through these holes, the bolts that tighten the entire structure pass:
It turned out three bolts per joint. Washers, of course, must be taken wider, but so that they fit into the “target” of the frame. Additionally, the joint was “framed” with the same DIN rails, put them everywhere: both between each left and right pillars, and between the front and rear, respectively. A parallelepiped, in short, turned out. Next, I put the entire frame on the prepared M10 studs for the rear frames to back wall niches:
Although in general the frame turned out to be very rigid, I put metal thrust bearings under the front struts with a screed (you can see them a little in the photo with the terminals). There is no backlash of the front part of the frame to the left and right within a couple of mm, up and down and back and forth. After closing the GCR and overlays, it will not be at all.
That, in fact, is all that I wanted to tell. The budget for 4 connections is 4 rails ED 1 and 12 sets of bolt + 2 washers + nut.