We determine the optimal angle of inclination for the stairs to the second floor. Calculation of the angle of inclination of the stairs according to GOST Maximum angle of inclination
When building a private house, you almost always have to resort to making stairs - in order to save usable area site modern building private houses in most cases are the construction of two-story mansions. Stairs in private house the price can have the most diverse, depending on the size, cost of the material of manufacture and the materials used for decoration. The design of the stairs of a private house can be a classic mid-flight, with a lack of space, the installation of a spiral staircase is often used. Recently, bolt ladders have become increasingly popular, the construction of which uses hidden fastenings on bolts or pins.
Features of design and calculation
Proper design and calculation of an object under construction very often turns out to be extremely important and significant for the further trouble-free operation of the building, for example, incorrectly calculated ceilings can lead to the destruction of the building, and violations in the design of stairs threaten the impossibility of comfortable use and increase the risk of injury for residents of the house. The base moment in building stairs is the stage of its calculation and design, experts recommend paying due attention to it.
When building a house without a professional project, the issue of calculating the stairs can cause some difficulties, the reason for this is the lack of the necessary knowledge in engineering science. In this article we will try to recall the requirements and standards that should be followed when creating stairs in a private house.
How to determine the size of marches and landings
It is generally accepted that optimal width stairs in a private house should be 1.2 m, but given that the area for its installation can be very limited, it is allowed to reduce the width to 0.9 m. The gap between parallel marches should not be less than 0.1 m. The sum of these indicators will be the width of the future landing. Please note that the selection is minimal. allowable sizes will lead to the fact that the stairs will be very narrow and it will be extremely difficult to carry furniture or other large items along it. This is especially undesirable if the marches are located relative to each other at an angle of 180 degrees. If the angle is 90 - the site will be square.
If there is enough space to determine the width of the stairs, you will need to decide on its purpose, the planned throughput, the dimensions of the site allocated for the construction of the stairs. The staircase for descending to the basement or ascending to the attic can be 0.8 m wide. The width of a comfortable staircase in a private house can be from 1 to 1.5 m, of course, if the area allows. It will be convenient for residents to move along it. The width of the opening is measured from the wall to the railing or between opposite railings, the width of the steps is usually slightly larger.
Calculate the number of steps
Calculating the number of steps will require the use of accurate floor height measurements. They are obtained by measuring the distance from the floor of the first floor to the floor level of the second. If, when calculating the size of a staircase in a private house, you only have a distance to the floor level, then you should first decide on the design of the future floor and take into account the thickness of the insulation and finishing material or others structural elements. Such accurate calculations required for the reason that the height of the steps must be the same.
The recommended value for the height of the stair step is 0.15 m, however, in practice it often turns out that this size is adjusted design features Houses. Often, developers install stairs not with standard sizes steps 0.3x0.15 m, and 0.31x0.16 m or 0.29x0.17 m, which is also acceptable, because dimensions are not out of range.
In one march, the number of steps should not be more than 18. Such a number allows you to create a staircase with a height of 2.7 m. But given that the width of the step should be 0.3 m, the length of the stairs will be 5.4 m. rational option there will be a creation of a staircase with two flights of 9 steps.
The calculation of the number of steps may also depend on the dimensions. staircase, the smaller its area, the higher the steps will have to be designed.
Pay attention to the height of the ceiling above the intermediate platform; it should not be less than 2 m.
Stairs in a private house can have a variety of projects, but the number of steps will be determined as follows: divide the height of the entire staircase by the recommended height of one step. For example, with a staircase height of 3 m and a step height of 0.15 m, the number of steps will be 20. Since the last step will turn out by itself, the required number of steps for the stairs is 19.
If the calculation results in indicators that do not correspond to the recommended ones, in particular, the height and width of the steps, then the design indicators should be slightly changed within reasonable limits until an optimal result is achieved, as close as possible to the recommended standards.
Calculation of a curved profile staircase
Independent implementation of such a calculation will require the use of deeper knowledge. If the rotary options for stairs in a private house are calculated independently, then you should remember:
the minimum width of the narrow part of the wedge-shaped step cannot be less than 0.1 m, along the central axis - not less than 0.2 m,
the maximum step width at the far, wide end should not exceed 0.4 m
the turning radius of the narrow part of the stairs cannot be less than 0.3 m.
When constructing a staircase, it is allowed that its vertical surface hangs 0.03-0.05 m above the horizontal one, this will significantly increase the width of the steps and avoid increasing the length of the stairs.
Factors affecting the calculation of the stairs
The result of the calculation of the stairs will be influenced by:
- number of platforms and their dimensions, height flights of stairs and their number
- the area that can be allocated for the construction of stairs,
- material from which it will be made stairs and decoration.
When calculating, one should not forget about such an important indicator as clearance. This is the height from the steps to the nearest upper barrier, for example, the ceiling of the second floor. The clearance should have a height such that a person tall could calmly, without touching the ceiling with his head, walk up the stairs, on average this figure should not be less than 1.9 - 2 m.
Stair steepness
The steepness of the future stairs, or in other words - the angle of its inclination, should facilitate comfortable movement along it and be in the range from 22 to 40 degrees. At an angle less than 22 degrees, you can get by with the construction of a ramp, but its construction will require very big square, in private houses its construction is impractical. A slope greater than 40 degrees will be acceptable for attic stairs or leading to the basement, more than 75 - only for firefighters.
The higher the steepness of the stairs, the less area required for its construction.
Consider how in practice you can calculate the angle of inclination. A right angle should be drawn on a sheet of paper, on its horizontal side, mark on a scale of 1:10 the length of the floor section allocated for the flight of stairs, along the vertical side - the height of the flight of stairs. By connecting the segments marked on the sides of the corner, we get a triangle, the hypotenuse of which will be equal to the length of the string of the stairs. The angle formed with respect to the horizontal line is the angle of inclination of the march; its value can be measured using a protractor.
Calculation of the height and width of steps
The calculation of the stairs in a private house also involves determining the width and height of the steps. To do this, you can use a simple formula 2a + b = 0.6 - 0.64 m, and - this is the height of the step, its recommended value is 0.15 m, but in reality it can be in the range from 0.14 to 0.17 m. It is not desirable to increase the indicator to 0.2 m or more. b is the overhang, or tread width. This indicator should be in the range from 0.2 to 0.32 m, it will be difficult to walk on wider steps - the step will go astray. Too narrow steps will be very inconvenient when going down. 0.6-0.64 m is an indicator of the average step of an adult.
The second formula that can be used in the calculation:
a + b \u003d 0.45 - 0.46 m. Everything is also extremely simple in it: if a is equal to the standard indicator of 0.15 m, then b will be equal to 0.3 - 0.31 m.
The top step should not hang over the bottom step by more than 0.05 m.
ORTHODOX GYMNASIUM
NAMED AFTER REPRED SERGIUS OF RADONEZH
FESTIVAL OF SCIENTIFIC AND CREATIVE PROJECTS
"HARMONY OF THE UNIVERSE"
K R U T I Z N A
L E S T N I C S
Serova Maria, 6th grade.
HEAD: Sterlyagova Galina Gennadievna,
mathematic teacher.
Sergiev Posad
2015
Everyone probably knows the special staircase in our utility block, which leads from the second floor to the third. The steps of the stairs are halves of ordinary steps and they are located symmetrically with respect to the line of travel. Why? We decided to look into this issue and the concept of “steepness of the stairs”, which we met in a mathematics lesson, helped us in this.
But first, a little history.
The staircase has long become a familiar, traditional attribute of our Everyday life. It facilitates the path of a person to the upper floors, while striking people with its beauty and grace. Stairs meet us literally at every step - in country houses, in administrative and public buildings, apartment buildings and on industrial facilities. But, of course, the question is very interesting, when and where did the staircase first appear?
The history of stairs begins with the first human settlements. No one knows what the first staircase was. It could be tree branches tied with bunches of grass or steps hewn with stone axes. Perhaps, noting that it is more convenient to climb the mountain along the goat path, which looks like a clumsy ladder, primitive people adopted this experience from the animal world.
Stairs, reminiscent of modern ones, were made millennia ago. The first mention of the technology of building stairs was found in Egyptian manuscripts of the 4th-1st millennium BC. Building numerous temples and amphitheaters, the ancient Greeks and Romans also could not do without massive stairs and stepped structures. Egyptian pyramids are huge stairs leading to heaven.
Stairs in the temples of the ancient Greeks had steps no less than human height. In the Middle Ages, the development of "staircase" was stimulated by the construction of knightly castles with high walls and defensive towers.
Over time, staircase structures became more and more complex, gradually taking on an aesthetic function. During the Middle Ages, when city streets were very narrow and houses grew mostly strictly vertically, . Such designs also became widely used in castles. But the greatest impetus to the development of staircase structures was given during the Renaissance, when great attention began to be paid to decorative decoration. Stairs began to be endowed with a large number of bizarre, openwork elements to give them high aesthetic qualities. As a result, they have become an integral part interior decoration and architectural design of buildings. The ancient staircases that were installed in the luxurious front rooms were a real work of art.
And so, the ladder serves to climb to a height. And important for the characteristics of the stairs is itssteepness (slope) .
In a mathematics textbook for grade 6 (author N.Ya. Vilenkin and others), the following definition is given:
The steepness of a staircase is the ratio of the height of a step to its width.
slope = height: width
According to the slope of the stairs are divided into steep and gentle. With a steepness of less than 0.78 (slope 38 °), stairs are consideredgentle , and from 0.78 to 1 (slope from 38° to 45°) -cool .
We measured the steepness of various stairs, and found among them both gently sloping and very steep.
1. Every day when we come to our gymnasium, we climb the stairs in two steps. The steepness of this staircase is 0.36 (slope 20°).
2. And the primary school students of our gymnasium climb the stairs, which have a steepness of 0.54 (slope 28 °).
3. The steepness of the stairs in the building of our gymnasium is 0.45 (slope 24°).
4. The steepness of the stairs leading to the second floor in the utility block is 0.67 (slope 34°).
5. AT tall buildings, where there is little space, and the lifting height is high: in towers, mills, bell towers, etc., stairs with great steepness are used. Stone stairs with a steepness of 0.92 (slope42°) leads up the bell tower of the Assumption Church, which is located on Bolotnaya Street.
6. And at the very top of the bell tower of the Assumption Church, in order to climb to the bells, there is a ladder with a steepness of 1.05 (slope46°).
7. We found the steepest staircase in the same bell tower. The wooden span of the stairs of the bell tower has a steepness of 2.6 (slope69°)!
And now let's return to the special ladder in our utility block. We learned that these types of stairs are called "duck step".The duck step ladder is also known as the goose step, samba, and Japanese tread. All these names are very suitable for this design. Remember the gait of geese and ducks, they shift weight from one foot to another, while their body sways from side to side, if you climb these steps, your gait will look like a duck or goose. There is another option that explains the funny name - the shape of the steps is similar to the paws of a goose or duck. The name “samba” is also logical: the dance and climbing the stairs must be started with a certain step, not to stray from the rhythm.
Such designs found their application ten centuries ago in Europe. They were used in high bell towers and used to be called "monk's stairs". The goose step staircase has one great advantage- because of her unusual design takes up little space, almost two times less than a conventional staircase.
We measured the steepness of the stairs in the utility block, and it turned out to be 1.2 (slope50°).
And now let's get acquainted with the most beautiful and famous stairs in the world.
Potemkinskaya stairs
Boulevardstairsleading to the seaOdessa . An architectural structure in the style of classicism, which is an architectural monument of the first half of XIX century and one of the main attractions of the city. From the top stepsstairsopens a wide panorama seaport. To date, the staircase consists of 192 steps (initially there were exactly two hundred of them, but eight steps were lost when the port was expanded) and a dozen spans. The length of the Potemkin stairs is 142 meters, it was created perspectively - its base (21.7 m wide) is much wider than the upper part (12.5 m), which is why, when viewed from above, the stairs give the impression of the same width along its entire length.
Staircase over the sea in Spain
On the tiny Spanish island of Gastelugatx, there is a luxurious staircase. It leads high up the mountain, to a hermitage built in the 20th century. Walking 237 steps, enjoying the silence and picturesque nature, is best in spring or autumn. In summer it is crowded.
Spiral staircase taihan, china
These steps will certainly appeal to extreme sportsmen. Their height is 91.5 m. There is a staircase near the Tiaihan Mountain in Lingzhou, China. Climbing such a staircase is a pleasure: you can feel the full force of the wind, admire the birds flying by, and feel the slight creak of the steps under your feet.
Staircase as a work of art, Germany
This 21 m high staircase is verylooks like a rollercoaster . You can walk along it, but you can’t go around the whole circle, because in the middle of the attraction"loop" .
Tourists nicknamed the stairs the Tiger and the Turtle. And she is inDuisburg , Germany.
Chand Baori well, India
In the Indian village of Abaneri, near the city of Jaipur, there is an interesting building - Chand Baori, built in 800. The giant well has 3,500 steps that go 30 meters underground.
The well was built to preserve as much as possible more water because this area is very dry. At the bottom of Chand Baori, the temperature is 5-6 ° C lower, so on especially hot days locals come here to relax.
Livraria Lello - this staircase leads to book heaven
located in Porto, Portugal. Here is the most beautiful wooden staircase in the most beautiful bookstore in the world. The absolutely amazing interior of the store is richly decorated walls, intricate carvings and an intricately curved red staircase crowned with a stained-glass ceiling.
Musical staircase at Odenplan metro station in Stockholm.
At the initiative of the Volkswagen concern, a staircase appeared at one of the Stockholm metro stations, not only reminiscent of piano keys, but also publishing real musical sounds. The idea of the project was to inspire people to take the stairs, and it worked, the number of those who preferred the steps increased by 66%.
Moses Bridge stairs. Netherlands.
Fort de Ruver, built in the early 17th century, is surrounded by a moat and was originally built without a bridge. However, during a recent restoration program, it was decided to build a bridge providing access to the fort.Out of respect for the fort's original island status, the Netherlands built the "Moses Bridge Ladder", an inconspicuous "flooded" bridge that sits flush with the line of soil and water. The result is an almost invisible bridge that partially submerges people walking on it into the moat.
In conclusion, I would like to note that it was interesting for us to find the application of our school knowledge in the life around us.
List of information sources used :
1. Article:History of stairs. Access mode:centersi. spb. en/ flattery- art1. html .
2. Article: The Potemkin Stairs is one of the most beautiful stairs in the world. Access mode:lifeglobe. net/ blogs/ details? id=134
3. Article: The most beautiful stairs in the world. Access mode:
Choosing an ergonomic and comfortable angle of inclination is one of the main tasks when designing stairs. Can do marching ladder or, conversely, a very compact and elegant spiral staircase - everything will depend on the area of \u200b\u200bthe house and the height of its ceilings. Create beautiful design numerous photos on the Internet will help you, but in order to design it correctly, you will have to remember your school years and do math.
When calculating the angle of inclination of the stairs, you need to take into account many nuances - you will learn about them from the article
As a rule, almost all stairs have a slope of 45˚. The width of the step should correspond to the 45th leg size, but not less than 30 cm, so that the person does not fall down. Please note that if you make too wide steps, then you will lose your step, and if the width is excessively reduced, it will make it difficult for you to descend.
In principle, the angle of rise is not so difficult to calculate, knowing the height of the ceilings and the length of the sole of the stairs. There are several ways:
- Fulfill everything necessary measurements. Just measure with a tape measure the distance between the contact of the ceiling with the wall and the location of the bottom step.
- Make a special calculation. Represent the length and height of the triangle as the legs of a right triangle, and the length of the stairway will be the computed hypotenuse.
In the photo - a variant of the stairs with quite comfortable angles of inclination. Despite the fact that the staircase looks unusual, climbing to the second floor is not difficult.
Max Tilt Angle
In order to understand what is the maximum angle a staircase can have, we will divide all their available types into groups with their characteristic angle of inclination:
- Household stairs designed for residential premises - the angle of inclination is from 30˚ to 45˚;
- Ramps, gentle stairs - the maximum slope is 30 degrees;
- Side, steep stairs - from 45˚ to 75˚;
- Evacuation, utility stairs have an angle of inclination over 75˚.
But a slope of less than 23˚ for an internal staircase is not even discussed, since no one will spend meters of living space on “laying a lying” staircase. It is even difficult to imagine how long it should be with such a small slope to climb to the next floor, with a ceiling height of 3 meters.
Comfortable tilt angle
The most comfortable tilt angle is 40 - 45˚, however, this design is very cumbersome, so it is usually used in large rooms.
A ladder with a slope angle of 30 - 36˚ is quite compact, but not so comfortable. Climbing such a ladder structure will be convenient, but the descent is quite dangerous, so it is better to do it backwards.
Before you start building stairs, you need to "scan" all the space available in your home. Each room should be used to the maximum, so you need to make calculations and choose an option in which the stairs will not take up much space.
It is imperative to install a railing if there are more than three steps in your design. The width of the steps should be about 0.28 - 0.30 meters, and the height - 0.15 - 0.18 meters. When all the steps are the same size, this increases the safety of its use.
Standard tilt angle
As mentioned earlier, the standard and most optimal angle of inclination of the ladder structure is 40 - 45˚. But since such a staircase is very large and takes up a lot of space, many people neglect these recommendations. We give you expert advice on the slope of the march and the size of the steps.
Ideal angle
The span angle, in most cases, is from 20˚ to 50˚. The most ideal is the slope, which ranges from 30 - 45˚. But, unfortunately, not every person has a lot of space to mark out such a convenient staircase.
Notice what less value angle, the more dangerous it will be to move around, and the larger the angle, the more cumbersome it will be.
Important! A comfortable step when climbing stairs with an inclination of more than 45 degrees is almost impossible, but you can safely descend it only with your back forward. Probably not worth it, and talking about children who cannot climb such a ladder.
How to calculate the angle of the stairs
You can calculate the angle of inclination of the stairs by one indicator - the length of the step when walking calmly along horizontal surface adult person. The slope of certain marches is calculated separately depending on the number and height of the steps. if you have finished project, then the angle of the stairs is determined incredibly simply.
The height of the steps will be ideal at a value of 150 - 180 mm, width - 280 - 300 mm. Adhering to such standards, the angle of inclination can be calculated by the formula: 2x + y \u003d 580/660 mm, where x is the height of the steps, and y is the width. With a step size of less than 145 mm, you need to use a different formula: x + y.
The above formulas use a width that is equal to the average size of a person's foot and a height that is equal to the step size. From this we can conclude that the lower the step, the wider it should be, and vice versa.
The angle of inclination of the stairs according to GOST
When thinking about building stairs in your home, you need to remember that they must be made in accordance with GOST and SNIP, the main provisions of which speak of:
- If the house has more than two floors, then the stairs should have one span;
- The width of the structure, for the passage of one person, must be at least 80 cm, and for the passage of 2 people - at least 1 meter;
- Marches must have at least 3 and no more than 18 steps;
- The slope of the ladder structure should be made no more than 1:1 (the angle of elevation should be 45 °) and not less than 1:2 (the angle of elevation - 26 ° and 40 ′). slope less than 5˚ - use ramps. The most convenient are stair structures with a slope of 26 ° 7 '/30 °.
Interesting fact! It is better to make the number of steps in the march odd, since it is more comfortable for people to start and complete the ascent or descent of the stairs with the same foot.
Ladder angle
The attached ladder structure rests against the floor and against the wall with bowstrings so as to fully maintain stability and at the same time provide an opportunity to climb to a hard-to-reach place.
The angle of inclination of the attached ladder structure is about 60 - 75˚, so the ascent and descent of such a structure is quite difficult, and the transfer of any cargo is generally impossible.
Video
From the video you will learn how to properly mount the stairs to the attic, as well as various subtleties that must be considered during installation.
There is nothing difficult in designing stairs. The main thing is to follow the formulas and established rules, correctly calculate the width and length of the structure in general, as well as the number of feet and the angle of inclination. A well-designed and well-installed staircase will serve you for many years.
Choosing the design of the stairs in the house is simple - just give free rein to your imagination and fit into the budget. Harder with technical specifications. This article will help you choose the optimal angle of inclination of the stairs to the second floor, depending on the purpose of the object and the size of the room.
Requirements
There are special requirements for the operation of marches in multi-level cottages:
- security;
- comfort;
- compactness;
- durability.
The concept of "comfort" includes various components:
- height and width (depth) of steps;
- step size;
- span angle;
- the number of steps taken while ascending and descending.
The foot should be confidently located on the surface, not hanging down, not slipping. The height should be comfortable for a slight bend in the leg. Otherwise, the movement will be difficult and tedious. This indicator is affected by the angle of inclination.
When reaching the highest point, the head of a person should not rest against the upper level. On right installed ladder the body is strictly vertical.
When choosing a slope, take into account minimum distance up to the ceiling The width of the flights of stairs is at least 90 cm. If it is planned to move goods and bulky items, the width is increased. Often set 3 - 17 steps. An odd number is considered correct. It is desirable that the person finishes the lift with the same leg they started with.
If the design turned out to be too long a march, you should divide it into 2-3 small ones. This can be done using the site or turning steps.
Determining the degree of slope, take into account not only the rise, but also the descent. If it is too flat, it is inconvenient to move down. An additional disadvantage this option is considered a large number of steps required for installation.
Slope: degrees or percentages
Builders and engineers measure the slope of stairs in degrees or percentages. Slope 100% = 90°. We will use a more understandable and common value - degrees.
There are several commonly used metrics:
- ramps and gentle stairs with an angle not exceeding 30 °;
- standard interfloor structures are in the range of 30° - 45°;
- attached, temporary, attic models correspond to 45 ° - 75 °;
- over 75 ° - ladders, auxiliary structures rarely used.
Common biases various types structures Slope ranges for different stairs
Designers have developed several different options with different angle tilt.
Goose step - new model with non-standard form of steps. Each tread has a narrow and wide part. Visually, the design is divided into 2 parts. The steps are staggered. Due to this, the step height during movement is not the same. Moving along such a ladder resembles a waddling gait - hence the name of the structure.
Ladder “Goose step” This option saves space, looks unusual and modern. Often used in business premises. The minus experts consider the complexity of the correct calculation of loads, lengthy installation. Tilt angle - within 45° - 60°.
Tilt is not taken into account in screw models. These are designs of a special type, in which the emphasis is on the dimensions of the steps. Compact stairs must provide a safe and comfortable transition to the floor. The step between the steps is selected depending on the height of the room, the age of the residents, the number of expected steps.
Optimal dimensions steps screw structures GOST standards for stairs for residential premises do not apply to outdoor, attic, basement structures. To reduce their size, they are installed at an angle of 60 ° - 65 °. Such structures must be equipped with railings.
Example attic stairs Portable ladders have a permissible angle of inclination - 75 ° - 90 °.
When choosing a model, take into account the convenience and intensity of operation of the stairs.
Optimal slope values
The smaller the slope of the structure, the more convenient it is to climb, but also the more space she will take. In standard situations optimal slope stairs in the house is 30° - 45°. The best combination convenience and compactness - this is a slope of 35 ° - 40 °. In this position, comfortable and safe movement is ensured, while the ladder has acceptable dimensions. In rare cases, it is allowed to install marches with an indicator of up to 50 °.
Designs with a slope of 26 ° - 30 ° are very convenient for all categories of people, including children and the elderly, but they take up a lot of space. However, if your house has enough space for such a staircase, then you can safely make a slope of 26 ° - this value is achieved with a step height of 150 mm and a depth of 300 mm. By the way, in SNiP such values \u200b\u200bare considered as basic for residential buildings.
How to Calculate Slope: Design Steps
For safety, you can entrust a complex project to professionals. If you have the desire and time, you can calculate everything yourself. The calculations are based on the frequency of use and size. For a ladder and an ordinary ladder, these are different indicators.
The correct calculation of the degree of inclination of marches is based on indicators:
- the number of steps in each span;
- installation location;
- specifics of use;
- materials used.
On the one hand, the design should take up a minimum of space, on the other hand, the angle of elevation of the stairs in a private residential building is chosen taking into account comfort for all age categories of residents.
The calculation should include the dimensions of the railing, the height of the room, the position of the doors.
Compliance of popular step sizes with their slopes The diagram shows the dependence of the length of the stairs and the height of the steps on the angle of inclination of the structure. With the same initial height, the march with the largest slope occupies a smaller space of the room.
Online calculator for calculation
On the Internet there are various options instructions for self-calculation of the correct slope of the structure. But it is much faster and more convenient to calculate using. To do this, you need to substitute your parameters, and the calculations will be performed by the program automatically.
After that, you can double-check the data in the table.
Checklist The best angle should be chosen based on the specific installation conditions of the structure.
How to make a steep staircase comfortable?
The “duck (goose) step” version of the ladder makes climbing steep stairs confident and comfortable. This model is simplified by arranging steps in the form of a trapezoid.
This option looks unusual, but still has all the advantages of the “goose step” Sometimes 2 marches are installed with steps arranged in a checkerboard pattern. The step height is reduced and it is easier to climb this design.
This design can be the highlight of the whole interior. You can install a combined version, which will be more convenient for older people and children. To do this, along the edges of each step, it is necessary to make cutouts with a depth of about 10 cm.
Combined variant Ease of use provides high-quality lighting. It can be a window with natural light or lamps. You can use general lighting or mount small ice lamps in the steps.
An important point is the edge of the steps. In rounded versions, comfort for the foot is respected, but this carries a potential danger when descending such steps. The foot slides when walking, and the design must provide reliable support during movement. Railings help you move freely and safely.
The height of the railing for a residential building within 90-100 cm provides convenient location arms. A smaller size will result in the need to bend over while holding on to a support. A higher level will force you to raise your palm high, which is inconvenient with frequent movements.
The material from which the staircase is made must withstand the load: the weight of the railing, people, a possible covering in the form of a track. Despite the apparent complexity, after reading this article, you yourself will be able to choose the right angle of inclination of the stairs for your private house or cottage. If you have any doubts, ask in the comments.
In our age of limited living space and rational use In residential areas, the importance of stairs is steadily increasing - they play the role of a connecting element between floors, between separate buildings, serve as the supporting structures of the building. Functional purpose stairs have long been complemented by a significant decorative element- due to the variety of shapes of stairs and the materials from which they are made, they can become a real highlight of the interior. However, as before, the correct calculation of the stairs remains the main requirement for its construction. Otherwise, the most luxurious or most elegant staircase can become a potential health hazard for the people who use it.
The main elements of the stairs are steps, consisting of risers and treads, which are attached to wide bowstrings or stringers made of wood or metal. In order to make the design more convenient and safe, a railing made of balusters, called a balustrade, is installed on the stairs, on top of which a handrail is attached. There are some more additional elements, which are used depending on the configuration and design of stairs.
Given the steep angle of this ladder, it can be assumed that climbing it will be difficult, and the nearby wall will limit maneuvering when lifting large objects.
Great amount construction teams today offers their services, but their professionalism will be visible only during the work. Moreover, as advertising on many sites, ready-made stairs are presented that have obvious defects in their design. Therefore, it does not bother the customer to know how to calculate the stairs in order to be able to control building process and, if the builders make a mistake, ask them to correct it in a timely manner.
During the construction of multi-storey residential buildings, the standards for calculating stairs are observed very strictly, because the safety of all residents depends on this. Owner country house or a cottage is not so limited in the choice of shapes, sizes and steepness of the stairs that will be built in it. And yet, in order for the ladder to be convenient and safe to use, it is better to adhere to existing norms.
Example of parameter calculation
The calculation of the stairs to the second floor is based on the following data: the height between floors and free space allocated under the stairs. First of all, it is worth deciding on the shape of the stairs. The most convenient is considered a single-flight staircase - a straight march, starting at the level of one floor and ending at the level of another. This option is suitable for those rooms where the height between levels is relatively small (from 2.5 to 3.5 meters), and free space enough to install the stairs.
Before you decide on the shape of the stairs, you should clarify whether there is enough free space where it is planned to be installed.
Compliance with the rules when calculating the stairs ensures that it will be easy to use
The optimal ratio of the length and height of the stairs is considered to be a ratio of 2: 1, that is, with a distance between floors of 3 meters, the length of the stairs will be 6 meters.
Slope index
An important indicator is also the steepness of the stairs, which determines the angle of the structure. How to calculate the angle of inclination of the stairs so that it does not pose a danger to others, is easy to use and harmoniously fits into the interior?
On such a ladder you can easily move large items
The optimal steepness of the stairs is in the range of 30-40 degrees, although in country houses most often this indicator is determined by the preferences of the owner
The optimal angle of inclination of the stairs is considered to be an angle of 30 degrees. A smaller angle will turn the stairs into a sloping ramp, bulky and uncomfortable, and an angle of more than 40 degrees makes the stairs dangerous to use not only for the elderly and children, but also for adult residents of the house.
One of the varieties of a single-flight wooden staircase - the goose-walk staircase - saves space, but it is obvious that its steepness is far beyond the established norms.
Width and height of steps
The calculation of the steps of the stairs is carried out according to two parameters and depends on the length of the average step of a person, which ranges from 57 to 64 centimeters. You can use the formula in which the sum of the width of the tread (A) and twice the height of the riser (B) should not go beyond the length of the average step of a person. In mathematical display, it looks like this: A + 2B \u003d 57-64 cm.
To use the stairs was convenient and safe, do not neglect established norms height and width of steps
There are other calculation options, for example, the convenience formula: A-B \u003d 12cm. Whatever method of calculating the steps is used, it must be remembered that climbing stairs with a step height of more than 17 centimeters for the elderly will not be associated with comfort and safety.
Important! All steps of the stairs must be of the same width and height, even slight deviations are not allowed. This is due to the fact that a person performs many actions automatically, such actions include climbing stairs. Having determined the width and height of the steps, a person then switches to other thoughts, and the slightest discrepancy between the end of the stairs and its beginning can lead to accidents.
Usage intensity setting
There are two more important parameters to consider when designing stairs. Before you calculate the size of the stairs, you need to decide on the number of people who will use it at the same time, and the purpose of the stairs. The width of the structure depends on these parameters. If the stairs are used simultaneously by two and more people moving in opposite directions, then its width must be at least 120 centimeters. The same width will be optimal if bulky items (equipment or furniture) are to be moved up the stairs.
Even without measurements, it is clear that the width of the steps does not meet the standards, and descending and ascending these stairs can turn into a dangerous journey.
Usually, stairs of this width are not needed in private houses; for comfortable operation, a staircase of 90 cm wide is quite suitable. If the dimensions of the room are limited, then the width of the stairs can be reduced to 70 centimeters - the minimum allowable width.
Calculation of a wooden staircase
The calculation of a wooden staircase is carried out according to the same parameters as stairs made of another material, but there is a nuance - given that wood, compared to metal or concrete, is less durable material, on the wooden stairs with a width of more than 90 centimeters, it is advisable to install an average bowstring. This support beam will add strength to the wooden stairs and avoid possible deflection of the steps.
How to calculate the spiral staircase
Stairs of a different shape, for example, spiral or rotary, are calculated a little differently. The calculation of a spiral staircase depends on its purpose: if this staircase serves as an element of the decor of the room and will be used occasionally, then its parameters can be slightly adjusted in favor of the aesthetic component and at the expense of comfort.
This spiral staircase was not built to save space, so climbing it will be convenient and safe.
If the stairs are supposed to be used all the time, to carry heavy dimensional objects from floor to floor, then you need to know how to calculate the spiral staircase correctly and you should follow the generally accepted rules. The outer diameter of a spiral staircase depends on the space provided to it, the inner diameter depends on the diameter of the supporting structure.
The steps of a spiral staircase are most reminiscent of a cone in shape, so special requirements are also imposed on them: in the central part, the recommended width is 20-25 centimeters, in the widest part - no more than 40 centimeters. But the requirements for the height of the riser for spiral staircases more democratic: they can reach 18 centimeters.
The nuances of calculating the turning stairs
Another way to rationally use space is to install turning stairs. It is a bit like a two-flight staircase with an intermediate platform, with the only difference being that the platform here is replaced by several steps, so the calculation of the turning staircase is not much different from the calculation of a conventional staircase.
A properly designed staircase with turning steps will take up little space and will successfully complement the interior of the room.
The calculation of a staircase with turning steps is based on the rise height, the length of the stair opening, the total number of steps and the number of turning steps ( best option- no more than three).
General mandatory rules for settlement
- the distance from the upper surface of the stairs to the ceiling or the upper steps of a spiral or turning staircase must be at least 2 meters, otherwise head injuries may occur;
- the number of steps in one flight of stairs can be no less than three and no more than 16, a deviation from this indicator is a violation of safety regulations;
- a staircase is considered comfortable for walking if its steepness is in the range of 30-40 degrees.