Vegetative propagation of plants table. Vegetative propagation of flowering plants. Features of vegetative propagation

Lesson Objectives:

• explore ways vegetative propagation flowering plants and learn how to apply the acquired knowledge in practice;
• show the possibility of using information and communication technologies in a biology lesson.

Educational tasks:

• reveal the meaning of the concepts: brood buds, daughter rosettes, cuttings and their types, layering, root offspring, bulb and its types, rhizome;
• consider the features of vegetative propagation indoor plants.

Development tasks:

• development of general educational and communication skills (comparison, analysis, generalization), skills of working with modern computer equipment, with electronic sources of information;
• the formation of practical skills for the implementation of vegetative propagation of indoor plants.

Educational focus of the lesson:

• implementation of environmental, labor education;
• cultivating respect for the opinions of others.

Lesson type: combined.

Equipment:

• multimedia projector,
• presentation for different stages of the lesson,
• sheets with blank tables and diagrams for student answers,
• various indoor plants
• pots with earth, plasticine, paper, scissors
• a vessel with water, garlic and onion bulbs, scalpels, coal,
• spatulas (for practical tasks).

At different stages of the lesson, the teacher is assisted either by the students of this class or by the students of the senior classes. They demonstrate methods of reproduction, read poetry (poetry by the author of the development). Using the lesson material, you can create a presentation of your own. The drawings are taken by the author of the development from the site files.school-collection.edu.ru

Greeting, marking absent, finding out the reason for absence.

In the last lesson, we got acquainted with the concept of reproduction and the main types of reproduction. Today we have to study in more detail one of the methods of reproduction - vegetative. During the lesson, we need to identify the positive aspects of this method of reproduction compared to others. And perhaps we will find the disadvantages of this method. But now let's return to the material of the last lesson, to your homework.

1. Conversation on questions (frontal survey). What is reproduction? Why is reproduction necessary?
2. Fill in the scheme “Methods of reproduction” (prepared schemes are issued on leaflets, you need to indicate the methods of reproduction and 2 examples for each).

1. Determine the method of reproduction on a paper model (or drawing)
   A) We cut the rectangle or square in half (asexual reproduction).
   B) Two semicircles different color connect with each other (sexual reproduction).
   C) We cut off a fragment from the square (vegetative propagation).

Each answer must be commented by the students.

1. We will tell and show
   How to propagate our plants.
   There are many ways, believe me.
   But everyone has one way
   Add fellow row.
   We will choose the best one.
2. You will find the solution today in the lesson, the topic of which is “Vegetative reproduction of flowering plants”. Open notebooks, write down the date and topic of the lesson.
   Let's take a look at the theme we wrote down and see what it means. Let's start from the end.
   What plants are flowering plants? What else are they called and why?
   What two groups can all the organs of flowering plants be divided into? What are vegetative and what are generative organs?
3. Methods of vegetative propagation of flowering plants.
   You already know almost everything, it remains to get acquainted with the methods by which vegetative reproduction of flowering plants is carried out.
   So, let's start our conversation about the method of propagation by cuttings. (The assistant cuts off part of the Tradescantia shoot and puts it in a glass of water)

look here buddy
A cutting is in front of you.
Stem, buds and leaves,
So they ask for a pot. (or into water)

Tip: there should be at least 5 buds or leaves on the handle. You can place the cutting in water or directly into the ground at an angle of 45 degrees.

Propagation by stem cuttings. Currant. Willow, poplar, gooseberry

Unfortunately, when propagating by stem cuttings, it is not always easy to get a new plant: the cuttings are very vulnerable, they can rot, be damaged by diseases and pests. Therefore, in horticulture, another, more reliable method is often used - reproduction by layering.

The wind tilted the branch
And forgot about the thread.
And on a branch from longing
Roots appeared.

Reproduction by layering. Currant, gooseberry, rose, tradescantia, ivy.

You can touch if you're not a coward
Strawberries have a long mustache.
You cut off the sockets.
And grow strawberries.

This method is useful not only for propagating strawberries, or rather garden strawberries, but also for some indoor plants (saxifrage, chlorophytum). The assistant cuts off the rosette with part of the mustache and puts it in water or drops it in a pot.

The assistant distributes plasticine to the children and asks them to repeat after him. Makes a valley tourniquet and then cuts or tears it into small pieces.

This is not a technology lesson. You have now divided the rhizome! Everything is so simple!

What is there in the earth behind the mustache?
Yes, it's a fucking rhizome.

With the help of rhizome division, many wild plants, such as nettle, mint, iris, lily of the valley, wheatgrass.

Guess what it's about?
Many eyes on nodules.
And they are still closed.
And the eyes will open
When the earth will be covered.

Of course, this is reproduction with the help of tubers. This is how potatoes and Jerusalem artichoke propagate. You need to remember the rule: the more eyes, the better. Do not divide the tuber into many parts.

The newbie will understand
A whole bush gives a leaf.
Cut the leaf and plant.
New bush ahead!

Many plants propagate by leaf cuttings (leaves), but this method is best suited for begonias, saintpaulia, sansevier.

An assistant cuts a Saintpaulia leaf at an angle of 45 degrees. He explains that the cut must be air-dried for 15-20 minutes, and then placed in water or placed in the ground.

They are made up of slices
What friendly families!
And stand up for each other
Try it, break it!

The lobed bulb must be divided into slices, the outer slices are selected for planting. You need to divide carefully, without damaging the scales. It is better not to divide the lamellar bulb, but if this is necessary, then powder the slice with activated carbon for disinfection. Students are encouraged to divide the bulbs.

The bush is huge, the bush is mighty
Took up a lot of space.
Divided into three parts
While our bush was dozing.

The bush must be freed from the top layer of soil and divided, choosing the path of minimal damage for this.

Sat like in a cage
These kids are on mom.
Here are the extreme kids!
Jumping, flying is not enough for them!

Such children are called brood buds. Not many plants have them. The most famous is Kalanchoe.

We got acquainted with the main methods of vegetative propagation of plants. Does the vegetative method have advantages over propagation by seeds and vice versa? (discussion)

Guys, you have been given tables. I suggest you complete 1 column. Let's fill in the 3rd column together (filling in and condemning)

Homework. Complete the second column of the table. Repeat questions: methods of reproduction, plant structure, vegetative propagation. Preparing for the test.

The reproduction of flowering plants is the reproduction by varieties of their peers. It makes it possible to maintain continuity between different generations and maintain the number of populations at a certain level.

Plant propagation methods

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Of course, you have seen the perfect lawn in the movies, on the alley, and perhaps on the neighbor's lawn. Those who have ever tried to grow a green area in their area will no doubt say that this is a huge job. The lawn requires careful planting, care, fertilization, watering. However, only inexperienced gardeners think so, professionals have long known about the innovative tool - liquid turf AquaGrazz.

Consider the main methods of plant propagation.

Vegetative propagation of plants

Vegetative propagation of plants, compared with such a method of reproduction as asexual, is possible with the help of stems, leaves, buds, and so on. Vegetative propagation of plants should be carried out in favorable conditions: as well as asexual reproduction.

Consider in the table below which vegetative organ to use for the propagation of some crops:

asexual

Asexual reproduction occurs through spores. The spore is a specialized cell that germinates without combining with other cells. They can be diploid or haploid. Asexual reproduction is possible by means of flagella for locomotion. The asexual can spread through the winds. Asexual propagation is the most common way for houseplants to propagate.

Propagation of indoor plants

sexual

Sexual reproduction of plants is related to the union of special sex cells, which are called gametes. Gametes are the same and different in the morphological state. Isogamy is the fusion of the same gametes; heterogamy is the fusion of gametes of different sizes. For certain groups of vegetation, alternation of generations is characteristic.

Types of plant propagation

There are the following types of plant propagation:

Reproduction by division

This method is very well known and at the same time quite reliable. Propagated by dividing the bushy planting roots, which can grow from root shoots from dormant buds.

The division of the bush

To divide the bushes, you will need a knife, with which you can carefully divide the bush into the desired number, however, each part must have at least 3 shoots or buds. Then all parts must be planted in containers and the necessary growth conditions for new plantings must be provided. In addition, in some cases, in order to get new root shoots, the bush must be cut before the growing season, while leaving shoots only in the central part of the plant. By the end summer period new shoots grow that can be used for propagation.

Plant cuttings

The formation of a daughter bulb

Reproduction of indoor plants can also be carried out using another method of dividing bushes, only its difference is that it is not a natural option for propagating plantings.

cuttings

Propagation by cuttings consists in cutting off cuttings from adult plants for rooting and further cultivation new specimens of plants - exact copy maternal. Based on what part of the plant is used for cuttings, cuttings are root, stem and leaf. bulbous plants can also be propagated.

Consider the main types of cuttings:

1. root cuttings

This is good way propagation for indoor plants, mainly forming new shoots on the sides that grow at the roots. The meaning of the method lies in the fact that the rhizome of the plant is divided into parts, the length of which is 10 centimeters. Dip the cut areas charcoal. Then the cuttings need to be planted in the ground in pre-made grooves with a slight downward slope, while a little bit must be applied to the base. river sand. Then the grooves need to be covered with sand mixed with soil.

Thus, it turns out that there is a small layer of sand near the roots, which facilitates the adaptation of plantings. In addition, the distance from the roots to the ground should not be more than three centimeters.

1. cuttings from stems

They can be obtained by cutting small plant stems, which may be green, semi-lignified, or lignified.

1. green cuttings

Green cuttings are new shoots of a plant with green stems, they mainly have a growing point and about 4 grown leaves. Based on the number of the latter, the growth of the shoot may be different. Apply this method better in spring or in early summer, when the plant is actively developing. To do this, you need to cut upper part shoots that have the above features. At various plants rooting period is different.

Green cuttings

Reproduction by layering

The method of layering is that new plantings grow by rooting shoots as they develop.

Air layers are pretty effective method increase in the number of landings. Reproduction in this way is not suitable for all types of plantings. It is mainly used when the landing length is large enough.

First you need to determine the length of the future planting and select the appropriate area on the stem, free it from the leaves and make a couple of cuts near the stem in the liberated area. Then, on the incision site, you need to apply moss or soil for rooting.

An interesting option is the film, which is covered plastic pot. In the central part of its base, it is necessary to make holes equal to the diameter of the stems, and then saw it into two parts, so that the sawing area takes place between the holes. Then the two parts of the container must be combined on the plant, so that the stem is in this hole, and fix it. Wrap the stem area with moss, place in a container where we fill light soil. After all of the above points, the soil must constantly be moistened, and when the shoot begins to give roots, the stem of the mother planting must be cut under the base of the pot, and new landing transplant into another container for further cultivation. Thus, the following plants can be propagated: ficus, jasmine and dracaena.

Rozhkova Marina

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Vegetative reproduction of plants

Vegetative Reproduction What is asexual reproduction? How many parents are involved in asexual reproduction? Which plant organs carry out vegetative reproduction? Types of asexual reproduction Cell division Spores Vegetative

Methods of vegetative propagation Fill in the table Method of vegetative propagation Example whiskers leaves tubers bulbs rhizomes layering grafting

Vegetative reproduction is an increase in the number of plant individuals as a result of their development from parts mother plant(shoot, root)

Reproduction by rhizomes nutrients, renewal and vegetative propagation for example: lily of the valley, wild hoof, violet, wheatgrass, etc.

Reproduction by tubers Tubers are thickened fleshy parts of the stem, consisting of one or more internodes. There are aboveground and underground. Aboveground - thickening of the main stem (kohlrabi), side shoots) Often have leaves. Above-ground tubers are a reservoir of reserve nutrients and serve for vegetative propagation, they may contain axillary buds with leaf rudiments that fall off and also serve for vegetative propagation (live-bearing buckwheat).

Underground tubers - thickening underground shoots(potato, Jerusalem artichoke). On underground tubers, the leaves are reduced to scales that fall off. In the axils of the leaves are buds - eyes. Underground tubers usually develop on stolons - daughter shoots - from buds located at the base of the main shoot, look like very thin white stalks, bearing small, colorless scale-like leaves, grow horizontally. Tubers develop from the apical buds of stolons.

Reproduction by mustaches Aboveground stolons (whiskers) are short-lived creeping shoots that serve for vegetative propagation. They are found in many plants (bone berry, creeping bent grass, forest and garden strawberry). Usually they lack developed green leaves, their stems are thin, fragile, with very long internodes. The apical bud of the stolon, bending upwards, gives a rosette of leaves, which takes root easily. After the new plant takes root, the stolons are destroyed. vernacular name these above-ground stolons are whiskers.

Reproduction "Mustache"

Reproduction by root offspring Some plants, like this aspen, can form shoots on the roots and thus multiply.

Reproduction by brood buds Some liver mosses also have brood buds. They consist of 2-3 cells. In Kalanchoe, brood buds also develop on the leaves.

Bud grafting (budding) SCRIPT ROOTSTOCK

Reproduction by layering If the currant shoot is pressed to the ground, it will give adventitious roots and shoots from lateral buds. Such an escape is called a branch. Man propagates many by layering garden shrubs(gooseberry, currant)

Reproduction by layering

Propagation by stem cuttings A cutting is most often a piece of a shoot (several nodes and internodes with buds). If you stick it in wet sand, it will take root - it will give adventitious roots, and shoots will develop from the buds. So from one sprig of currant you can get several bushes.

Propagation by stem cuttings

Propagation by leaf cuttings Some types of indoor plants - begonia, Saintpaulia (Uzambara violet), lemon, are propagated by leaf cuttings. The leaves are planted in wet sand. After that, adventitious buds and adventitious roots develop on the leaves.

Reproduction by root cuttings A root cutting is a segment of a root 15-25 cm long. On a root cutting planted in the soil, adventitious shoots develop from adventitious buds, from the bases of which adventitious roots grow. A new, independently existing plant develops. Root cuttings propagate garden raspberries, rose hips, some varieties of apple trees and ornamental plants.

Propagation by root cuttings

Reproduction by grafting When grafting, a part of the shoot, called a scion, is not rooted, but engrafted to another plant, usually of the same or similar species. This is - great way breeding fruit trees valuable varieties that have existed for a long time. Nowadays, it is often not whole plants that are propagated, but a culture plant cells, obtaining whole plants from them.

Kidney vaccination (budding)

Vaccination methods are very diverse. Whole twigs and individual buds are grafted into the split of the shoot, to its cut or incision in the bark.

Reproduction by bulbs A bulb is an underground, less often above-ground shoot with a very short flattened stem (bottom) and scaly, fleshy, succulent leaves that store water and nutrients. Aerial shoots grow from the apical and axillary buds of the bulbs, and adventitious roots form on the bottom. Bulbs are typical for plants from the lily family (lilies, tulips, blueberries, onions) and amaryllis (amaryllis, daffodils, hyacinths). Depending on the placement of the leaves, bulbs are scaly (onion, hyacinth), tiled (lily) and prefabricated or complex (garlic). In the sinus of some scales of the bulb there are buds from which the daughter bulbs develop - babies. Bulbs help the plant survive in adverse conditions and are the organ of vegetative reproduction.

Reproduction by root suckers Some plants reproduce by root suckers. For example: some of the raspberry roots grow horizontally, shallow from the soil surface. Adnexal buds are formed on them, from which young above-ground shoots grow - offspring. Root offspring, along with part of the roots of the mother plant, can be separated and planted in a new place.

Reproduction by corms Corms are outwardly similar to bulbs, but their leaves do not serve as storage organs, they are dry, membranous, often they are the remains of the sheaths of dead green leaves. The storage organ is the stem part of the corm, it is thickened. Characteristic for gladioli, saffron (crocuses). Babies (2) are formed at the end of the growing season at the base of the replacement corm (1) and are the organs of vegetative propagation of gladioli.

Conclusion: vegetative propagation, as well as seed propagation, contributes to an increase in the number of individuals and their resettlement. During vegetative propagation, plants inherit the characteristics of the mother plant. This is used in the practice of agriculture to quickly obtain high yields(e.g. potato tubers) and to preserve valuable varieties cultivated plants(for example, fruit trees when grafted

1. potatoes

2. Name the method of reproduction

Onion. Onion 3. What do these plants have in common3

4. Determine what method of vegetative reproduction the fern has

Answer questions 1 What is the name of the type of reproduction in which only 1 parent participates? 2 How is an apple tree propagated? 3 How are potatoes propagated? 4 what organ is involved in potato reproduction? 5 At what type of reproduction do plants fully reproduce the properties of the mother organism?

Vegetative reproduction is reproduction by parts of plants: shoot, root, leaf, or groups of somatic cells of these organs. Such reproduction is one of the adaptations for the formation of offspring where sexual reproduction is difficult.

The essence of vegetative propagation

The vegetative method is based on the regenerative ability of plants. This type of propagation is widespread in nature and is often used in crop production. During vegetative propagation, the offspring repeats the genotype of the parent, which is very important for maintaining the traits of the variety.

In nature, vegetative propagation occurs by root offspring (cherry, aspen, thistle, thistle), layering (skumpia, wild grapes), mustaches (strawberries, creeping ranunculus), rhizomes (wheatgrass, reed), tubers (potatoes), bulbs (tulips, onions), leaves (bryophyllum).

All natural methods of vegetative propagation of plants are widely used by man in the practice of plant growing, forestry, and especially horticulture.

Natural methods of reproduction

Reproduction by layering used for growing currants, walnuts, grapes, mulberries, azaleas, etc. For this, a one- or two-year-old shoot of a plant is tilted into a specially dug groove, pinned and covered with earth so that the end of the shoot remains above the soil surface.

It is possible, even without a groove, to spread the shoots with radii on a leveled soil surface, pin them and sprinkle them with earth. Rooting goes better if bark incisions are made under the kidney. The influx of nutrients to the incisions stimulates the formation of adventitious roots. Rooted shoots are separated from the mother plant and seated.

Berry bushes are also propagated by dividing the bush into several parts, each of them is planted in a new place.

Root offspring propagate rose, lilac, quince, mountain ash, hawthorn, raspberries, blackberries, cherries, plums, horseradish, etc. Specially injuring the roots, gardeners cause an increased formation of root offspring. They are transplanted with part of the mother plant.

artificial ways

cuttings call the parts of the shoot, root, leaf cut off for this purpose. stem cuttings- one-, biennial shoots 20-30 cm long. Cut cuttings are planted in the soil. Adventitious roots grow at their lower end, and new shoots grow from axillary buds. To increase the survival rate, before planting, the lower ends of the cuttings are treated with solutions of growth stimulants. Many varieties of currants, gooseberries, grapes, roses, etc. are propagated by cuttings.

leaf cuttings begonias, uzambar violets, lemons, etc. are propagated. A leaf cut with a cutting is placed with its bottom side on wet sand, making an incision on large veins to accelerate the formation of adventitious roots and buds.

root cuttings- sections of lateral roots 10-20 cm long are harvested in autumn, stored in sand and planted in greenhouses in spring. Used for propagation of cherries, plums, raspberries, chicory, apple trees, roses, etc.

Propagation by grafting is widely used in horticulture.. Grafting is the splicing of a bud or cutting of one plant with the stem of another growing in the soil. A cutting, or bud, is called a scion, and a plant with a root is called a stock.

budding called grafting a kidney with a piece of wood. At the same time, on the stem of a one-, two-year-old seedling, an L-shaped incision is made 2-3 cm long, horizontal - no more than 1 cm. Then the edges of the bark are carefully folded over, an eye cut with a piece of wood is inserted under the bark. The peephole is pressed tightly against the wood with bark lapels. The vaccination site is tied with a washcloth, leaving the kidney open. After fusion, the rootstock stem above the eye is removed. Budding is carried out in summer and spring.

Copulation- grafting an annual cutting with several buds. In this case, the scion and stock should be of the same thickness. They make the same oblique cuts. The graft is applied to the rootstock so that their tissues match (the coincidence of the cambium is especially important) and carefully tied with a washcloth. At different thickness rootstock and scion are grafted into the split, behind the bark, into the butt, etc.

Significance in agriculture

Artificial vegetative propagation of plants has great importance in agriculture. It makes it possible to quickly a large number of planting material, preserve the characteristics of the variety and propagate plants that do not form seeds.

Since mitotic division of somatic cells occurs during vegetative reproduction, the offspring receives the same set of chromosomes and completely retains the characteristics of mother plants.