Where a person uses various substances of plant cells. Human use of plants

Purpose: to establish the relationship between plants and humans.

Tasks: highlight the basic concepts that determine the importance of plants for humans,

To identify ways of positive human influence aimed at the conservation of plants,

Contribute to the formation of research skills

Be able to prove, analyze, reason, generalize

Develop speech, thinking, attention, memory, cognitive abilities,

Promote the development of a sense of responsibility, frugality towards nature.

Equipment: tablets, subject pictures, a set of aroma oils, wood items, a flipchart.

Org. moment

Today's lesson is different

But for you it is quite familiar,

You have to think with your head

The question is difficult to hear.
The nut of knowledge is hard, but still

We are not accustomed to retreat.

Magic words will help us split it:

"Want to know everything!"

Weather forecast

What month is it?

What do you know about February?

In ancient Russia, February was considered last month year, hence the name "section ”, as if cutting off the year. It was also called " low water " - calendar between winter and spring, " snowfall " and "fierce ”- from snowfalls and frosts that fall at this time. And yet, perhaps, the most apt nickname of February is “ side-grain ", on the sunny side starts to warm up.

What changes have taken place in nature?

What surprised you?

February 4 - Timofei Poluzimnik . The crawl has passed. Timofeevsky frosts. Knocks down the horn of winter. It's time not to doze - plows get along, carts correct. On this day, beekeepers inspect bees in omshaniki. They listen: the bees are buzzing barely audibly - they endure the winter easily; a restless buzz speaks of the trouble of the bee colony.

What signs of February do you know?

signs of the day

• 
  If the sun is visible on this day at noon, spring will be early, if a blizzard sweeps, the whole week is blizzard.
• 
  If the windows and frames sweat in the cold - wait for warming.
• 
  "Snow plants" climb up the glass - the frost will continue, their shoots bent - to the thaw.

What groups of plants do you know? (trees, herbs, shrubs)

Give examples. (Rebuses) Slides

What conditions are necessary for plant life? (air, water, light, heat, nutrients)

Plants grow in a variety of environments. Depending on the growing conditions, they are divided into water, moisture-loving, drought-resistant, cold-resistant and heat-loving, light-loving and shade-tolerant.

Let's see how well you know these plants.

1. 
   These plants have wide succulent leaves, well adapted to the evaporation of moisture. Their roots are not long, branched in the form of a bundle of thin roots.

B) moisture-loving

B) shade tolerant

2. These plants need heat to survive. They do not tolerate frost at all.

A) drought tolerant

B) cold resistant

B) hygrophilous

D) shade-tolerant

D) thermophilic

E) light-loving

3. Once in open areas as a result of cutting down trees, these plants die in direct sunlight.

4. The seeds of these plants are sown in early spring, and some varieties - before winter.

5. These plants have long roots, thick fleshy leaves or in the form of small scales.

6. These plants prefer to grow in well-lit areas.

7. Match the tiers of the forest

1) mosses and grasses

2) low trees

3) shrubs

4) tall trees

(mutual check)

Work in pairs

Match the plants into groups (Work in the "Diary of Observations") p.44

Examination

Target setting.

Have you ever wondered how rich nature has endowed us?

Each of us uses this wealth and sometimes does not think about how he does it.

Problem Question: Please look at the things I brought. Think about what they have in common?

Today we will talk about the role and importance of plants in human life.

Know: where and how a person uses plants

Be able to: establish the relationship of plants and humans.

Plants are the primary source of existence, prosperity and the promotion of life on Earth.

Think about whether a person can do without plants?

Let's try to prove that a person cannot exist without plants, they are connected with each other and depend on each other.

What do plants secrete? (oxygen)

How important is oxygen to all living organisms? Plants are often referred to as "oxygen factories" for a reason.

OXYGEN

Why can't any of living organisms, including humans, be able to live without plants?

Plants give us food. But we also eat animal food, what do plants have to do with it?

Food chain: plants - animals people

Make a conclusion about how a person uses plants.

I have in my hands the book "Medicinal Plants". What do you think about what you can read in it?

Why are more and more people turning to this book rather than pills?

Infer, based on our discussion, how and why does a person use plants?

MEDICINE

Why do many settlements got the name of the village?

Who among you has seen a wooden house?

What does man use the forest for?

HOUSING FURNITURE TABLEWARE

What utensils are made from wood?

What musical instruments are made from different types of wood? (balalaika, guitar, fife, maracas)

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

(dyes, fuels, fabric making, cosmetology, …)

group work

You will be scientists in a laboratory that studies how humans use plants.

Group 1 - Plants - food source

Group 2 - Plants - a source of raw materials for industry

Group 3 - Plants - a source of raw materials for obtaining medicines. Medicinal plants.

Group 4 - Psychological and aesthetic effects of plants on humans.

Group 5 - Plants - indicators

Target: To study the theoretical material. Choose main. Make a diagram. Give examples of plants in your group.

Advertising.

We always speak beautifully
Bold and slow.

Clearly, clearly speaking
We think and do not hurry.

During the speech of the comrades, we make notes in the table.

Plants are a source of food for humans. They contain: proteins, fats, carbohydrates, starches, vitamins. There are many spices among plants that we use in cooking.

Project defense (Nikita's group

Textile industry

Receiving rubber

Perfumery and aromatherapy (identify the plant by smell)

Medicine (The Tale of Medicinal Plants)

What medicinal plants are found in the fairy tale? Do people use these plants? (chamomile, St. John's wort, bear's ear, cabbage, snapdragon, plantain, cloudberry, blueberry, strawberry, lingonberry, raspberry)

Which poisonous berry met? (Wolfberry)

All plants need to know
Protect and protect them.
After all, from the herbs of the forest kingdom
People make drugs.
biofuel

Determination of ways of positive human influence on the condition of plants

Plants give a lot to people. And what can a person give to plants?

Work according to the textbook p.132

What actions should a person take in order for our planet to be rich in oxygen?

How can a person protect medicinal plants?

What actions should a person take to preserve our wealth - the forest?

How should a person relate to plants - the source of life on earth?

Creative work in groups

Creation of the sign "Take care of the plants!"

1) Do not trample plants.

2) Do not pick flowers.
3) Plant trees, shrubs, herbs.
-4) Do not cut trees.

5) Do not break tree branches, do not tear off the bark.

Advertising

- On excursions, during hikes and walks, do not break the branches of trees and shrubs! A plant is a living being and the branches, together with the leaves, help it breathe, release oxygen into the air, and trap dust. Where there are many plants, it is easy to breathe!

Do not damage tree bark. Understand they hurt! They stop growing and die painfully for a long time, only they cannot say about it.

Do not pick flowers in the forest and in the meadow! After all, a flower in a vase is a prisoner sentenced to death. May this miracle please the eye, rejuvenate the heart, the soul of those who come after us. It was the habit of picking flowers that led to the extinction of many plant species.
- ) In the forest, try to walk along the paths so as not to trample the grass and soil. folk wisdom says: "One person leaves a trail in the forest, a hundred people leave a path, and thousands leave a wasteland."
- Do not build a fire in the forest if it is not necessary! Bonfires are wounds in the forest above ground cover. They take 15-20 years to heal. A fire can start from a fire!

Do not knock down mushrooms, even inedible ones. Anyone who knocks fly agarics with a stick does not respect the forest, does not understand it. Amanitas help trees grow, they feed on squirrels, moose, magpies
In order for there to be enough oxygen on our planet, a person must .......

Generalization

Try to prove that plants and man are connected with each other and depend on each other.

Plants give a person ...... In order for the source ...... not to dry out, a person needs .......

Lesson summary

For millions of years, wild plants fed humans, provided firewood for fires, served as material in the construction of dwellings and the manufacture of tools for labor and hunting. Without plants and plant materials, a person will not be able to live in the age of modern nuclear energy and electricity. The whole history has been and will be for a long time connected with plants. And the more varied vegetable world, the wider and more fully it can serve a person.

Conclusions: 1. The value of plants is determined by their role in the life of other organisms and in nature as a whole. 2. A land devoid of plants will turn into a barren, lifeless desert.

D / s. In groups, prepare newspapers about the Importance of plants for humans

Crossword about medicinal plants, according to the textbook pp. 132-133, retelling

Evaluation paper

Evaluation paper

Evaluation paper

Evaluation paper

Evaluation paper

Evaluation paper

Since ancient times, man has mastered agriculture and animal husbandry as the main types of economic activity. All the products that he received as a result of his labor were used for tailoring, making household items and cooking.

Nature from the very beginning takes care of us and provides everything we need. Man, over time, learned to use its gifts so widely that today there is probably not a single representative of the flora who would not be involved in any area of ​​\u200b\u200bhuman economic activity.

What plants play the largest and most significant role in human life? Let's try to understand this issue by describing the most common areas of application of herbal products.

Areas of plant use by humans

Of the 340 thousand species known to date, about 200 representatives of the flora have been cultivated by humans. A significant part is collected in wild habitats. For example, medicinal herbs.

In total, there are several main areas in which they find application useful plants for a person:

• medicine (both traditional and alternative);
• food industry (including confectionery);
• textile production;
• tailoring;
• chemical production (obtaining dyes, various raw materials);
• decorative purposes ( houseplants, arrangement and design of premises, streets of the city);
• landscape design;
• use as a source of oxygen (in space, for example);
• plantings in the stripes of the city to improve the ecological state of the environment.

Thus, it turns out that the most significant areas of activity for the normal quality of life and the preservation of human health are provided by the plant-based raw material component. This makes it possible to argue that it is difficult to overestimate the role of flora for people.

Useful plants for humans

There are a lot of them. For each area of ​​use. For example, in chemical industry plants are used from which natural dyes are obtained. In the same area of ​​\u200b\u200buse is hevea - a tree whose milky juice is natural rubber. Beneficial features Plants have been known to man since ancient times and are widely used.

The food industry knows no boundaries at all in the use of plant products: from different varieties of wheat, barley, rye and other grains to cultivated fruits and root crops. After all, everything that grows in our gardens is used for food. A person receives valuable proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, micro- and macroelements from plants: rice, buckwheat, tomatoes, cucumbers, cabbage, potatoes, carrots, ocean algae, etc., etc.

Plants play an important aesthetic role in human life. indoor views widespread and numerous. In addition to beauty, they carry the ability to purify and renew the air in the room, absorb and destroy harmful radiation and electromagnetic effects, eliminate negative energy and clean the air from pathogenic microbes. These plants include:

• cacti;
• saintpaulia;
• pelargoniums;
• begonias;
• different types of ferns;
• spurge and other succulents and so on.

The role of some representatives of the flora in the textile industry is very significant. You know who "dress" a person and give him towels, bed sheets, scarves and other products of this industry? The main ones grown on a large scale are cotton and flax. Consider these and some other types in more detail.

What plants are fabrics made from?

There are several representatives of the flora, the stems and leaves of which contain special ones. They are used to make fabrics. What are these plants that "dress" a person? These include:

• Different types of flax.
• Hemp.
• Kenaf.
• Abacus.
• Yucca.
• Agave.
• Cable car.
• Jute.
• Sidu.
• Sesbania.
• Rami.
• Kendyr.

Most of them belong to tropical species. Flax, sida, hemp and rope grow in temperate latitudes.

Cotton is also an important representative of the flora for fabric production. In its seeds, thin white hairs are formed that form whole downy balls. It is from them that the most common, valuable and excellent quality fiber of the future fabric is made.

Cotton plant in nature

Under natural conditions, this culture is very widespread in various forms. Man cultivated cotton more than 5 thousand years ago. And this is not surprising. After all, 40% of the fabrics produced in the world come from cotton.

The plant is a rather high (up to 200 cm) medium-sized shrub stalks, with a dissected beautiful leaf blade. The flower is small, inconspicuous color (yellow, white or cream). After flowering, it changes its colors to red, orange or purple. In its place, a fruit is formed - a box in which the seeds ripen.

One fruit is capable of producing about 50 seeds. At the same time, each seed forms up to 15 thousand thin hairs on itself, which are used to obtain tissue. The appearance of the ripe fruit is very interesting: the box opens, and white cotton balls are shown outside. At this time, the technical crop is harvested for processing into fabric.

life forms

Cotton is a heat-loving, moisture-loving and tender plant. No wonder sometimes it is called the "child of the sun." The following life forms are distinguished for him:

• woody;
• shrubby;
• herbaceous.

Each of them can be one-year, two-year or multi-year. Shrubs are grown to obtain fabrics. annual variety. In taxonomy, it belongs to the Malvaceae family.

Application

Cotton production in the world is over 25 million tons annually. It is carried out in 80 countries. Its main area of ​​application, of course, is as a source of high-quality fabric with excellent technical characteristics.

Plants that "dress" a person, of course, include cotton in their list. Everyone knows the excellent quality of cotton clothing, especially when the material is combined with other additives that improve wearability and prevent severe wrinkling.

As cotton has been cultivated for a very long time. Previously, only very rich people could afford to wear clothes made from this material. Today it is not at all but essentials. Cotton fabrics are durable, beautiful, easy to dye, soft and pleasant to the body, wear-resistant.

For technical purposes

Cotton is also used as a basis for obtaining:

• artificial fibers;
• pyroxylin;
• celluloid;
• varnishes;
• dynamite;
• smokeless powder and so on.

Linen in nature

The best plants that "dress" a person include flax in their list. Under natural conditions, there are approximately 330 species of this representative of the flora. The most common is ordinary flax. It is he who is used to obtain fibers.

The culture is a herbaceous form up to 1 meter in height. The stems are strong, but thin, the leaves are lanceolate, the flower is not large, but of medium size, the color of the corolla is pale blue, almost lilac. In the wild, there are species with bright yellow, white flowers. Flax is a plant (photo can be seen below), which is quite often found in nature in temperate latitudes.

The main value of flax is presented in its stem. It is in it that bast fibers ripen, allocated by a person for his own needs. The collection of these stems is made only after they are fully ripe, that is, yellowing.

The plant itself is very unpretentious. It calmly tolerates low temperatures and lack of moisture, is not attacked by pests due to the rather toxic substance contained in the stem and leaves. This makes growing flax very convenient for people.

Application

A person uses not only the stem of this species, but also other parts.

• Received from flax linseed oil(medicine, cosmetology, technical purposes).
• Extracts from the plant are used in medicine.
• Specialized medical threads (cotton wool, bandages) are made from flax.
• Fabrics from this plant can be thin and lacy, or they can be extremely durable and coarse (burlap, ship canvas).

In addition, flax is a plant (the photo clearly demonstrates this) is very tender, therefore, from an aesthetic point of view, it is also very suitable for growing.

Plants (Latin Plantae or Vegetabilia) are studied by the science of botany, for the 21st century, scientists have more than 320 thousand plant species, most of which belong to flowering plants (about 280 thousand species), the number of plants is increasing every year, new species are constantly being discovered.

What would our planet be like without plants?

The role of plants both in nature and in human life and economic activity cannot be overestimated. Thanks to the process of photosynthesis that occurs in the green leaves of plants with the participation of sunlight, oxygen is formed, which is vital for all inhabitants of the earth's surface. Plants are the richest source of vitamins and minerals, an indispensable element of trophic food chains, a producer of various organic substances in nature from inorganic raw materials. If there were no plants in nature, then there would be no animals, no man himself, and the planet itself would look like a lifeless desert, it would not even have soil and any landscape diversity created precisely by plant groups. A person should appreciate and understand the role of plants in his life, because without them he simply would not exist, planting and caring for small sprouts of green life, we become cleaner and kinder, we join the mysteries of nature and the universe.

Photosynthesis as the great cosmic process that makes our planet habitable

One of the most important functions of green plants is the production of oxygen during photosynthesis. The leaves of green plants contain the pigment chlorophyll, which, under the influence of sunlight, separates the water drawn from the soil by the roots into hydrogen and oxygen (the process of photolysis). Also, carbon dioxide absorbed by plants in the presence of chlorophyll and already without the mandatory participation of sunlight reacts with water, forming glucose and oxygen (the process of carbon dioxide reduction). Combining the resulting glucose with sulfur, nitrogen and phosphorus compounds obtained from the soil, plants generate proteins, fats, starch, various vitamins and other complex compounds necessary for their further life.

What other useful plants give nature

The rate of photosynthesis depends on the intensity of light, the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide, and the ambient temperature. The resulting O 2 is partially released into the atmosphere, and partially goes to the respiration of the plants themselves. Every year, plants release up to 510 tons of oxygen into the atmosphere, they maintain its constant gas balance to a state suitable for breathing. Rising into the upper atmosphere, oxygen turns into ozone and becomes part of the ozone layer that protects our planet from harmful UV radiation from the sun.

Plants produce up to 170 billion tons of organic matter every year, most of which is produced by land plants. With the help of plants, the upper fertile layer of the Earth called soil is formed, they provide it with a constant circulation of mineral substances, which is so necessary for its fertility.

Plants, due to the fact that they return to the atmosphere 90% of the moisture that the land evaporates, significantly soften the climate of the Earth and form the temperature regime of the planet. By absorbing carbon dioxide, they reduce the so-called greenhouse effect, although a person, as a result of his economic activities (burning fuel and cutting down large areas of humid equatorial forests), is trying to reduce all the efforts of the "lungs of the planet" to zero.

Vegetation, covering the earth with a dense carpet, protects it from drying out, creates a milder, more humid climate, roots keep the soil from weathering and erosion, and prevent the appearance of ravines and landslides. Plants release specific phytoncides into the air, which are harmful to pathogenic bacteria; they are the first important step in the trophic food chains.

man and plants

Plants play a huge role in human life, because in addition to being sources of oxygen necessary for breathing, they are used by humans as food (cereals, vegetables, grains and legumes, tree fruits, essential oil crops, sugar plants), medicines are made from them. , clothes, houses, they serve as raw materials for industrial production paper, paint, rubber and other various useful substances.

Plants - irreplaceable source vitamins and minerals, the deficiency of which can lead to the development of serious diseases in humans. In animal husbandry, fodder crops are used as food for animals, in large cities they absorb excess carbon dioxide, serve for sanitary and hygienic purposes, absorbing harmful substances from the air, ionizing it and moisturizing it.

The emergence of agriculture with good reason considered a turning point in history. The independent formation of the agricultural way of life in the most favorable centers for this (in Mesopotamia, North Africa, the Balkans) about 10 thousand years BC. e. led to the emergence of the first civilizations. Their existence and change, in turn, determined the entire subsequent history of mankind. The beginning of this process is associated with the "Neolithic Revolution" as a sharp change in lifestyle.

The period preceding this was traditionally considered and is considered as the dominance of the "appropriating" - hunting and gathering - economy. Subsequent changes are associated mainly with changes in the composition of commercial animal species. Gathering has always been assigned a secondary role - largely due to the fact that it was practically not represented in the archaeological material and all discussions about it were based on ethnographic analogies and the "principle of actualism": plant foods are present in the diet of all known peoples, including the population Far North.

In the 70s of the last century, the Leningrad archaeologist A. N. Rogachev put forward a hypothesis about “complicated collecting” in the Paleolithic (Old Stone Age, 2.6 million years ago - 10 thousand years BC).

Rogachev considered "complicated collecting" initial stage formation of the agricultural system.

Pestle graters: Kostenki 16 (~30 thousand years) - top row; Kostenki 14 (layer in the ashes ~40 thousand years) - bottom row

The reason for this was the presence in the inventory of a number of Paleolithic sites of Eastern Europe specific stone tools - pestles and grating pestles (in the figure), presumably associated with the preparation (grinding to the state of flour) of plant products for long-term storage. Their presence in the cultural layers of the Early Upper and even the Middle Paleolithic testified to a long "preparatory" period for the formation of agriculture.

Modern research has shown that grater pestles existed for a long time and over large areas (from the Atlantic to Transbaikalia, from the early Upper Paleolithic to ethnographic modernity). They were not directly linked to any of the known cultural traditions. This means that plant processing was widespread (if not ubiquitous) in the Paleolithic. However, the tools associated with it reach archaeologists relatively rarely, perhaps because of their special significance for ancient man.

Until recently, the connection of grater pestles with plant processing remained only a hypothesis due to the lack of methods for its direct proof. Moreover, completely different functions were attributed to grater pestles, for example, rubbing mineral paints.

The possibility of accurate determination has appeared relatively recently thanks to analytical studies using modern microscopes, carried out by a group of Italian researchers from the University of Florence.

On stone artifacts from the Bilancino Paleolithic site (25,000 years old), comparable in shape and size to pestles, the remains of a marsh plant of the cattail family (Typhaceae) were determined from starch residues.

At the initiative of Italian scientists, the study was expanded by attracting materials from the Pavlov 6 site (Moravia, Czech Republic) and the Kostenki 16 site (Voronezh region, Russia), where outwardly similar tools were found. Analytical studies have confirmed their connection with the processing of plant resources. A generalized study, which analyzed the source from all three ancient monuments, was published in today's issue Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences .

The choice of the Kostenkovskaya group of sites for this study is not accidental. It is due to the variety of components of material culture:

at present, 26 Paleolithic sites are known in a relatively small area of ​​the villages of Kostenki and Borshchevo!

Almost half of them are multi-layered, that is, they contain the remains of several cultural layers - the remains of settlements. In total, about 60 settlements are represented here. Thanks to the unique conditions, almost all types of archaeological sources can be found in Kostenki. In addition to flint and bone tools and faunistic (simply speaking, kitchen) remains, which are common for Paleolithic sites, these are numerous collections of jewelry and works of art, including figurines of "Paleolithic Venuses", the remains of residential structures made of mammoth bones, anthropological remains, including ancient burials …

Tools associated with the processing of plant resources are far from the first place on this list. Until recently, their significance for the reconstruction of the household activity of a Paleolithic person was limited to ascertaining their presence. The fact that a person rubbed paints, used abrasives for sharpening bone tools, various types of chippers, retouchers for making stone tools, with a high degree of certainty, could be assumed by the presence of paints and sharpened bone tools, even if there were no grinders, abrasives and chippers in the available material. . With tools for processing plant resources, the situation is much more complicated, since the final product obtained as a result of this type of household activity is not presented in the material that has come down to the archaeologist.

Kostenki 16.

On the surface of one of the tools from the Kostenki 16 site, Italian paleobotanists found particles of starch from several plant species, including grapevine (Botrychium), a plant from the genus Ferns (illustration 6 of the photo gallery). This plant is present in the deposits of the cultural layer and speaks of rather severe climatic conditions comparable with the modern climate of the tundra.

“We were able to show that the found pestles were used specifically for processing plants,

in another, independent way - with the help of the so-called trace analysis. The uniqueness of our method is the study of tools from the point of view of their functional purpose, that is, attempts to understand what this or that object was used for.

This method was invented by the Russian archaeologist Sergei Semyonov (by the way, this is the only method invented in Russian archeology that has become widespread in the West). Traces of work always remain on the tool, appearing as a result of the friction of the tool on the material being processed. Based on these traces (they are called traces), one can judge the purpose of the tool, its function. Such analyzes are carried out by a special science - archaeological traceology.

In order to have an evidence base - to substantiate the fact that certain routes belong to a particular type of activity - many experiments were carried out on the manufacture of tools and their processing different materials. This is how such a reference collection was created, that is, a collection of samples - replicas of tools, modified by processing different materials. When we find tools in excavations, we look at them through a microscope and, comparing them with our standards, determine the function of the found archaeological sites.

Thus, we were able to accurately confirm that ancient people used plants in their daily activities already in the Paleolithic era.

Similar results were obtained by Laura Longo (Museum of Natural History of Verona) in the study of tools from the sites of Pavlovo 6 and Belancino.

These works show that the "Neolithic Revolution" is the result of a long evolutionary process of the formation of methods for processing and storing plant remains over long period time.

Our cooperation with Italian colleagues is very old: Professor Laura Longo had an internship in our laboratory several decades ago. Since then we have been working together.

Unfortunately, often the issue of cooperation rests on funding. In the Russian Humanitarian Foundation and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Russian Humanitarian Scientific Foundation and Russian fund fundamental research) there are international programs, but it is very difficult to “break through” them. Actually, there are especially few humanitarian projects. I would like, of course, that through these grants, cooperation could be consolidated in the longer term.”

Prepared by Alexandra Borisova

At present, mankind continues to widely use plants for their needs. At the same time, the natural vegetation cover is gradually changing. Forest areas are decreasing, treeless spaces are increasing, some plants that were once widespread on Earth are disappearing and not being restored. Although this process of destruction of the original natural vegetation is gradually progressing, nevertheless, there are still many plant species that continue to maintain a large economic importance for people's lives.

how medicines;
With decorative purposes;

The nutritional value of plants is well known. As human food and animal feed, as a rule, parts containing reserve nutrients or the substances themselves extracted in one way or another are used. The need for carbohydrates is mainly satisfied by starch- and sugar-containing plants. The role of sources of vegetable protein in the diet of humans and animals is performed mainly by some plants from the legume family. The fruits and seeds of many species are used to produce vegetable oils. A significant role in human nutrition is played by spices and plants containing caffeine - tea and coffee.

Tea plantation. Photo: Jakub Michankow

The technical use of plants and their products is carried out in several main areas. The most widely used wood and fibrous parts of plants. Wood is used in the manufacture of building and other structures, furniture, as well as in the production of paper. Dry distillation of wood makes it possible to obtain a significant amount of important organic substances widely used in industry and in everyday life. In many countries, wood is one of the main types of fuel.

In world trade, a variety of painted woods are in great demand for furniture and decorative plywood. This is a mahogany, such as mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), which is harvested in South America; green Tree(Ocotea roiaci), also found in South America; ebony (species of the genus Diospyros) supplied by countries in Africa and East Asia; teak tree (Tectona grandis) - inhabitant rainforest East Asia, etc.

Despite the widespread synthetic fibers, vegetable fibers obtained from cotton (morphologically, these are trichomes), flax, hemp and jute, have retained great importance in the production of many fabrics.

Many wild plants serve as a source of a variety of fragrant substances, which are used as raw materials in the manufacture of soaps, perfumes, as well as products used in Food Industry and medicine. The most valuable of them (except for cultivated pink geranium, Kazanlak rose, clary sage, lemongrass, etc.) are numerous species of the families Umbelliferae, Labiaceae, Compositae (wormwood), etc., growing in different parts of the Earth.

Plants have been used for medicinal purposes for a very long time. In folk medicine, they make up the bulk of medicines. In scientific medicine of countries former USSR about a third of drugs used for treatment are obtained from plants. It is believed that with medicinal purposes the peoples of the world use at least 21,000 plant species (including mushrooms).

At least 1,000 plant species are cultivated for ornamental purposes, either for their beautiful flowers or for their showy greenery.

The existence and normal functioning of all ecological systems of the biosphere, of which man is also a part, is entirely determined by plants.
Plants already used by man or which may be used by man in the future constitute plant resources. Plant resources are categorized as renewable (with correct operation) as opposed to, for example, non-renewable mineral resources. Most often, plant resources are divided into resources of natural flora (this includes all wild species) and resources of cultivated plants. In terms of volume and significance in the life of mankind, they differ significantly.

The introduction of plants into culture and the formation of additional plant resources in this way is associated with the formation of ancient human civilizations. The existence of these civilizations could only be ensured by a certain "range" of cultivated plants that provide the necessary amount of vegetable proteins, fats and carbohydrates. The life of modern man and modern civilization are impossible without the widest use of cultivated plants. Almost all cultivated plants, the number of which now reaches about 1500 species, are angiosperms. By the middle of the XX century. cultivated plants occupied 1.5 billion hectares, i.e., about 10% of the entire land surface of the globe.

Today man has unique opportunity not only to use plants already invented by nature, but also to invent and create something new. We are talking about the genetic biotransformation of plants and the creation of transgenic plants with unique properties that are resistant to various factors.

What are transgenic plants used for? Of course, first of all, in order to preserve the harvest. Transgenic plants are generally resistant to either herbicides or insect pests. Up to 50% of all non-transgenic potatoes die from harmful insects, including from colorado potato beetle. This is a significant blow to the economy and prices, so genetically modified soybeans, transgenic potatoes, transgenic corn are being introduced and used in the United States and other developing countries of the world. Transgenic plants resistant to herbicides carry a gene taken from one of the bacterial species. This gene encodes a toxin that is used to spray non-transgenic plants, so essentially nothing changes. That we externally spray non-transgenic plants, that we introduced this gene, and it acts from the inside.

In addition to transgenic plants resistant to herbicides and traditional pests, there are plants with improved properties: an increased content of vitamins, an increased content of amino acids, and an altered composition of fatty acids.
An example is rice with a high content of beta-carotene, which is converted into vitamin A in the human body. It is known that today in the developing world people do not get enough vitamin A. In extreme cases, this can lead to blindness. Therefore, the development of such organisms is relevant. Another example is the development of genetically modified carrots in which beta-carotene is increased. This carrot is already successfully sold in American stores today.

There are five main areas where a person directly or indirectly uses plants:

• as food;
• source of raw materials for industry;
• as medicines;
• for decorative purposes;
• to preserve and improve the environment. Let's consider each of them separately.

Let's start with food. Carbohydrates, proteins and fats are the three main groups of substances that a person needs to build his body and ensure its vital functions. Throughout life, a person processes great amount substances - more than 1000 times the weight of his body. Assimilated substances, he processes them inside his body, takes energy from them and then partially releases them again, but in an altered form.

The total need for food is directly or indirectly provided by plants: directly by eating the plants themselves or plant products, and indirectly through animals, which ultimately also feed on plants. The ratio of plant and animal food in human nutrition is very different and depends both on its capabilities and on established traditions.

The first conscious relation of man to plants appeared, no doubt, in the fact that he began to collect them in order to eat. Fruits and seeds, tubers and roots, young shoots and even whole plants made up an essential part of the diet of the first people. At the same time, it was necessary to distinguish edible plants from inedible and poisonous. So very quickly a direct and close relationship between people and plants was established, which grew stronger as knowledge about different types plants, as well as with the invention of methods for producing fire and the associated processing of harvested plants and the improvement of their nutritional qualities.

When and where man came to the conscious cultivation of plants has not been clarified, nor can it ever be clarified. It is firmly established only that he has been purposefully cultivating plants for a very long time.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CELLS. Study the chemical composition of the cell. - presentation

The oldest traces of this are 10,000 years old, that is, they date back to those distant times when people in some territories switched to a settled way of life.

The most important modern cultivated plants are starchy, and among them, first of all, representatives of the cereal family: wheat, rice, corn, barley, oats and rye. In terms of human use, wheat is undoubtedly in the first place. Rice is slightly inferior to wheat.

The third very widespread grain crop is corn, which is mostly fed to livestock.

Starch-bearing plants, in addition to cereals, also include representatives of other families, among them potatoes are primarily among them.

The next important starchy plant is the banana. Powdery banana fruits are especially rich in starch. They are boiled, fried and baked, from which brown flour is obtained, which finds a wide variety of uses.

In addition to starch, sugar is one of the most important carbohydrates. But the number of sugar-bearing plants in comparison with starch-bearing plants is relatively small, and only two of them - sugar cane and sugar beet - are of great importance.

Proteins, unlike carbohydrates, a person receives mainly from animal food. Of course, many food plants also contain proteins, but in fact, only the seeds of legumes are currently important as a source of vegetable proteins used by humans.

The situation is different with fats, since a significant part of them is given to humans by plants.

These are plants such as rapeseed, colza, poppy, sunflower and others. All these plants contain fats in fruits or seeds.

However, carbohydrates, proteins and fats are purely plant origin It is only part of the basic human diet. Another, no less important part, a person receives from plants through animals.

A person receives from plants not only energy-rich substances, but also vitamins. Almost all fruit and vegetable plants can be classified as vitamin-bearing plants.

An essential role in our diet is played by spices and spices, all of which, with the exception of common salt, are of vegetable origin. The main part of the flavoring substances of spicy plants belongs to a large group essential oils, which are formed by plants in special cells or are secreted into special receptacles located inside tissues, and later when they leave the plant body through glandular hairs or glandular cells. We are talking about easily evaporating, pleasant-smelling liquids, which are a mixture of alcohols, carbonic acids, esters and other substances. Taste also depends on organic acids playing important role in metabolism.

Valuable properties depend on secondary plant substances cultivated plants another group - plants containing exciting substances. The most important of them are coffee, tea, cocoa and tobacco.

However, plants are used by man not only as food and aphrodisiacs; Plants and the products derived from them also play an important role in other areas of human daily life. Plants often use as a raw material or source material to obtain it. Wood, cotton, jute and other fibers, as well as plant-derived cellulose, rubber, vegetable fats and oils, dyes and tannins, are still needed for many industries. National economy. Wood has been used by man for a long time; it was the first fuel, and in a number of areas the first building material.

Flax is one of the most famous cultivated plants. To this day, it serves as the main raw material for the manufacture of fabrics, which are used, for example, for bed and table linen.

Hemp is the oldest fibrous plant. From its relatively thick and brittle fibers, at present, mainly ropes, canvas, thick threads, etc. are made. An even coarser fiber gives jute. Almost all jute goes to the production of burlap.

However, cotton, a fibrous plant, plays the most important role in the world economy.

Plant fibers consist of almost pure cellulose, and vegetable cellulose is the main raw material for the manufacture of very many products, of which it is enough to name only paper, cardboard, rayon, viscose, imitation wool, varnishes. The initial raw material for the production of cellulose is mainly wood, but sometimes cane and straw are used.

Another important plant product for industry is natural rubber, although today it no longer has of great importance like before.

Tannins, which are part of some plants, are bitter in taste and are widely used in the food industry, since, along with other substances, they determine the taste of many fruits, stimulants and food products.

Tannins are found in lingonberries and blueberries; they give them an astringent taste. Tannins are found in the leaves of the tea bush; rich in them and seeds coffee tree. There are especially many of these substances in the bark and heartwood of some trees. The presence of tannic acids often protect these tissues from damage by microorganisms, making them more resistant.

There are also many other economic uses. plant matter. True, as a result of the development of chemistry, the importance of some of them has decreased, while others are no longer used at all, such as, for example, many dyes of plant origin.

Like medicines plants still play an important role. Information about healing effect plants were kept different peoples many centuries. Now we know the substances contained in many plants, and we know what effect they have on the human body. But in folk medicine there are also many false, mystical and superstitious ideas. To some extent, this attitude has continued to this day.

However, plants are not only used for nutrition, for economic and medical purposes, they, in addition, decorate our lives and improve the human environment natural environment , being its constant component.

In the daily life of people, flowers have always played and play big role. As a sign of attention to a friend and comrade, as a gift to a beloved woman, as a last bow to the deceased - flowers are never forgotten. They give comfort to our homes and workplaces, they decorate parks and gardens. Their role in our lives is evidenced by thousands of species and varieties of ornamental plants. Beautiful not only ornamental plants. Even microscopically small plants cannot but attract attention with a peculiar form.

The plant world is undoubtedly the main component of the biosphere, which, in fact, arose only when plant organisms appeared capable of transforming solar energy and carry out the synthesis of bioorganic matter on Earth. Since then, the overall balance of matter and energy has been closely dependent on the state of the vegetation cover of individual regions and the planet as a whole.

Main article: Flowering plants

The value of flowering plants in nature

Flowering plants, along with other plants, are the main producers of organic matter. Plants, and primarily flowering plants, provide food for all living organisms on the planet. In addition, they are suppliers of oxygen, which is necessary for most organisms to breathe. Flowering plants are an integral part of landscapes and form the face of our planet.

The value of flowering plants in human life

Flowering plants play an essential role in human life, as they provide food and pet food.

cultivated plants

see Cultivated plants

Plants and industry

In addition to cultivated plants, man uses many wild plants for food as animal feed and for other purposes.

Plants are the raw material for various industries industry: woodworking, pharmaceutical, food. They are used to build houses and other structures, in shipbuilding.

From cellulose, which is part of the membranes of plant cells, paper, cardboard, and fiberboards are made.

In the bark of many trees there is cork tissue, consisting of dead cells, usually filled with air.

Human use of plants

Such fabric reliably protects plants from unfavorable conditions. It does not conduct heat well and does not let water through, because the cell membranes of this tissue are impregnated with a special water-repellent substance. Such tissue in some trees can be cut without harm to the plant. Cork oak bark, for example, is used to make bottle caps and light, resilient, water- and air-impervious facing boards. Material from the site http://wiki-med.com

Plants and medicine

Many plants contain poisonous, strong-smelling, or medicinal substances. These substances are used for the production of medicines, perfumes. Flowers, leaves, stems or fruits of some plants are used as spice and aromatic additives to food dishes.

Plants for decoration

Beautifully flowering plants are used to decorate parks, squares, household plots. Indoor plants play an important role in landscaping living and working premises, recreations. Nature makes people's lives more harmonious. It is a source of inspiration and creativity for a person.

Material from the site http://Wiki-Med.com

On this page, material on the topics:

• distribution of flowering

• the importance of flowering plants and their protection

• the role of angiosperms in human life and its economic activity

• How are flowering plants used by humans?

• report on the use of angiosperms in human life

Where does a person use various substances of plant cells

§one. Life Science

1) Insert missing words.

Answer: 1) Biology is the science that studies living organisms, them structure, development e, manifold and vitality.

2) Botany studies plants, zoology - animals, mycology - mushrooms.

2) Write what the Greek words mean:

Answer: bios life

"logos" doctrine

3) Complete the diagram that reflects human use of plants.

4) Fill the table.

5) Insert the missing letters into the words.

• 1- Sob and ratel
• 2- Many about cage about chic
• 3- Org a nism
• 4- Bi about logic

6) Make up two sentences with the words from task 5.

Answer: Biology studies unicellular and multicellular organisms. Ancient people were engaged in gathering.

Task 1. Insert the missing words.
1. Biology is a science that studies living organisms, their structure, diversity, development and vital activity.
2. Botany studies plants, zoology studies animals, mycology studies fungi.

Task 2. Write what the Greek words mean:
"bios" - life
"logos" - doctrine

Task 3. Fill in the diagram that reflects the use of plants by humans.

Plants: cultivated, ornamental, wild, fodder, poisonous, medicinal.

Task 4. Fill in the table.

Task 5. Insert the missing letters into the words.
1. Collector
2. Multicellular
3.

organism
4. Biology

Task 6. Make two sentences with the words listed in task 5.
Biology studies unicellular and multicellular organisms.
Ancient people were engaged in gathering.

Answer left Guru

At present, mankind continues to widely use plants for

your needs.

At the same time, the natural vegetation cover is gradually changing.

Forest areas are decreasing, treeless spaces are increasing, disappearing and not

some plants that were once widespread on Earth are being restored.

Although this process of destruction of the original natural vegetation gradually

progresses, however, there are still many plant species that continue to

maintain great economic importance for people's lives.

There are five main areas where a person directly or indirectly uses

plants:
as food;
source of raw materials for industry;
as medicines;
for decorative purposes;
to preserve and improve the environment.

The nutritional value of plants is well known. As human food

and animal feed are generally used parts containing spare parts

nutrients or the substances themselves extracted in one way or another.

The need for carbohydrates is mainly satisfied by starch and

humans and animals are mainly performed by some plants from the family

legumes. The fruits and seeds of many species are used to produce vegetable

oils. spices and plants that contain

caffeine, - tea and coffee.