Treatment, prevention and eradication of canine distemper. Anti-epidemic measures for especially dangerous infections. Prevention of cholera, anthrax, plague and tularemia Main clinical signs

Infection with these infections occurs mainly through the air, which is infected by patients and carriers that secrete an infectious agent (bacteria, viruses, and others) into the external environment along with droplets of mucus (when sneezing, coughing, talking loudly). Large droplets of secretions settle on surrounding objects and infect them.

The importance of airborne infections belongs to such measures as ventilation, ventilation of premises, their wet cleaning and washing floors with disinfectants to reduce air pollution from dust particles and microbes contained in them. Other disinfection measures are directed mainly to the disinfection of the patient's secretions, things contaminated by them (linen, clothes, dishes, furniture, and others) and the premises (barracks, tents, isolation ward, etc.) where the patient was or is (see Table 4 Appendix No. 4).

In the focus of tuberculosis, the following are subject to disinfection: discharge of the patient (sputum, feces, urine), underwear and bed linen, uniforms, bedding, dishes, premises, furniture, household items, etc. Disinfection of the listed objects, both during the current and final disinfection, is carried out methods and means specified in (Table 4 Appendix No. 4).

In the room where the patient was located, the floor, walls, doors, furniture are plentifully and thoroughly irrigated from a hydro-panel or automax with a 5% solution of chloramine, a 3% solution of NS DHTsK (or D "GS GK), a 6% solution of hydrogen peroxide at the rate of 500 ml per 1 m. Cleaning equipment must be soaked in a disinfectant solution.

Features of disinfection in the focus of intestinal infections

During the current and final disinfection, epidemiologically dangerous objects are first of all disinfected - the patient's excretions (feces, urine, vomit), utensils for secretions, underwear and bed linen, uniforms, bedding, tableware, dishes, shoes, premises, furniture, care items, etc. If flies are found in the room, they are exterminated before disinfection with closed windows and doors, while using fast-acting insecticides (pyrethrine preparations, aerosol cans, etc.). At the same time, things are collected in bags for chamber disinfection. After disinfection of the room where the patient was, proceed to the disinfection of the restroom and other common areas. Particular attention is paid to disinfection in the dining room, tea room and other food service facilities. During the deployment of troops in the field, the main attention is paid to the disinfection of latrines (ditches), field food points and the processing (disinfestation) of places for collecting garbage.

Methods and means of disinfection of various objects that serve as factors for the transmission of intestinal infections are indicated in Table. 8.

Disinfection measures for especially dangerous infections

Disinfection in foci of especially dangerous infections (plague, cholera, anthrax, smallpox, and others) differs significantly from disinfection in other, less dangerous infectious diseases, such as dysentery, typhoid fever, viral hepatitis, influenza and other respiratory infections.

The most important of these features are: a large amount of disinfection work; variety of disinfection objects; combination of disinfection with disinsection, deratization and sanitation of people; the likelihood of disinfection in the field, including at negative temperatures; the urgency of disinfection, sometimes before establishing the type of pathogen.

In large outbreaks, the medical service of units, units and formations is not able to carry out the entire range of disinfection measures on its own and means, and therefore, by order of the relevant command, sanitary and epidemiological institutions, special units of chemical and engineering troops, clothing and food services are involved in this. , as well as the personnel of the units.

Under these conditions, the medical service is entrusted with: assessing the situation and issuing recommendations on the means, methods and modes of disinfection, processing in medical stations and institutions, quality control of disinfection in the outbreaks.

When disinfecting in the foci of especially dangerous infections, standard means and generally accepted methods and modes of disinfection are used (Table 8). If the type of pathogen is unknown, then disinfection is carried out according to the regime developed for the most resistant microorganisms (anthrax).

All manipulations related to the care of patients and work in the wards or other rooms where the patients are, the medical staff carries out in an anti-plague suit or protective kit and a gas mask.

Disinfection is carried out by a team led by a doctor (paramedic), which includes a sanitary instructor (regular disinfector) and 3 orderlies (disinfectors).

Upon arrival at the outbreak, the doctor (paramedic) distributes duties among the members of the group, outlines a processing plan. At the same time, one of the orderlies is preparing disinfectant solutions, collecting property for chamber disinfection. The second one is outside the premises, accepts property for sending for chamber disinfection and keeps in touch. The third orderly, together with the sanitary instructor, directly treats the outbreak.

Disinfection exposes the home and everything that the patient has come into contact with. They also process common areas, cesspools, latrines, field ditches, where the discharge of the patient could get. At the same time, disinfection and deratization are carried out. Indoors, disinfection starts from the door, successively irrigating the ceiling, walls, floor, and furniture. If arthropods are found in the room - carriers of pathogens of especially dangerous infections, then after disinfecting the floor, the room is treated with a solution of chlorophos, karbofos, closed for 4 hours, and only after that disinfection is continued.

After processing is completed, deratization is carried out, if necessary.

In case of plague, cholera, smallpox and other especially dangerous infections, the causative agents of which do not have great resistance to disinfectants, disinfection of premises and objects is carried out with a 3% solution of chloramine or hydrogen peroxide, 0.5-1% solution of NS DHTsK, 0.5- 1% solution of NGK or DTS HA, as well as 10% solution of Lysol. To disinfect secretions, food debris and debris, a 5% solution of chloramine, a 3% solution of NS DHCC, NGK, DTS HA, or a 6-10% solution of hydrogen peroxide are used.

Disinfection in anthrax is carried out with a 5% solution of NS DCCC, 1% activated solutions of DTS HA, NGK or 10% hydrogen peroxide solution with 0.5% detergents. For rough disinfection - whitewashing with 20% chlorine-lime milk or 10% solution of NGK, DTS GK.

G.R. Yusupova Ph.D., Head of Research Institute of KSAVM named after N.E. Bauman.

It has been established that the reaction of indirect hemagglutination using an antibody erythrocyte diagnosticum makes it possible to determine the virucidal effect. chemical substances from different classes

Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious infectious disease characterized by fever; damage to the circulatory and hematopoietic systems, croupous inflammation of the lungs and croupous-diphtheria inflammation of the large intestine,

Currently, CSF is found everywhere, with the exception of the USA, Canada, Australia, Iceland, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden , according to V.A. Apalkina (2005) in the Russian Federation, CES was registered in 2004, in one point, and in 2005. - in six, where 1213 heads of pigs fell ill and were destroyed. Despite the limited epizootic outbreaks, the state spends colossal sums on vaccinating pigs to prevent the disease.

In this regard, along with the development of new effective vaccines and diagnostic tools, the search for new, environmentally friendly disinfectants remains relevant.

A small number of works have been devoted to the issues of resistance of the CSF virus in the external environment, in which it has been shown that its resistance depends on the nature of the material that contains the virus (pieces of organ tissue, blood, urine, etc.). temperature, drying humidity, decay processes According to P.I. Pritulin, A.I. Karelina (1969) CSF virus is very resistant to external factors environment, especially low temperatures In a frozen state, it persists for many months and even years (XT Gizatullin et al., 1973; GR Yusupova, 1990). The virus is insensitive to drying and retains virulence from 3 to 6 years (G.R. Yusupova, 1990).

Currently, 1.0-2.5% sodium hydroxide solution is widely used for disinfection in CSF, which inactivates the virus in 60 minutes. N.A. Lagutkin (1983) found that the chemotherapeutic agent A-24 at a concentration of 500 μg/ml completely inactivates 9.0 log CCI-D50/ml of the vaccine strain "LKVNIIVViM" of the CSF virus, which makes it possible to obtain laboratory samples of a concentrated cultural inactivated vaccine against CSF .

In veterinary practice, a 3% solution of cresol, a 5% solution of phenol, a 2.5% solution of formaldehyde, bleach at a dilution of 1:5 and 1:20 are also used (P.I. Pritulin et al.; 1969) However, as A.Z. Ravilov et al. (1974), B.C. Ugryumov (1980), the problem of finding new effective drugs for veterinary disinfection remains relevant. However, there are few works concerning the search for new disinfectants for classical swine fever (V.Kh. Pavlov, 1989).

The purpose of our study was to find new disinfectants that most fully disinfect the CSF virus in the external environment.

Materials and methods. When studying the alleged disinfectants of the subjects chemical compounds used " Guidelines on the primary selection of disinfectants for especially dangerous infections by changing the antigenic activity of pathogens detected using serological reactions "(UTA GUV GAPK CM USSR on food and procurement 5 06 1990) Ilyasova (1989),

Research results. The primary test to study the inactivating effect against the CSF virus was subjected to 50 drugs belonging to various classes of chemical compounds, including both synthesized drugs and waste from the chemical and petrochemical industries (Table)

From the data presented in the table, it can be seen that most of the studied drugs have an inactivating effect on the CSF virus. So, among the studied preparations, synthesized preparations obtained from the Institute of Organic and physical chemistry them. A E Arbuzova (Nos. 290, 319, 321, 46, 291, 418, 461, 411, 412, F-761,

List of chemicals used for the initial test of their inactivating effect on the CSF virus

Designation:

It has an inactivating effect on the CSF virus; - - does not have an inactivating effect on the CSF virus.

515; 516; 517; 369; TRPH, phenosmoline, sulfate-forsha solution, alkaline waters, samples Nos. 1: 2, 4, evaporated liquors, technical calcium hypochlorite),

However, given the acute shortage of disinfectants in CSF, and the production of synthesized drugs is under development, detailed study Three preparations were subjected - phenosmoline, sulphate-formist solution (SFR) and sodium dichloroethocyanuric acid (DP-2), which are publicly available, but their inactivating activity against the CSF virus has not been studied.

In order to determine the reliability of the primary selection method in terms of the degree of reduction or absence of antigenic activity, initial experiments were carried out using the disinfectant commonly used in CSF - caustic soda.

Studies have shown that under the action of sodium hydroxide solutions there is a decrease in the antigenic activity of the virus, detected in RIGA using antibody erythrocyte diagnosticum. Noah and 5% concentrations, the reaction was negative, that is, there was a complete destruction of antigenicity. In the respective controls, the reaction was positive - hemagglutination activity was 1:8 -1:16. The results obtained made it possible to continue the development of RIGA to study the inactivating properties of chemicals in CSF

As a result of the research, it was found that phenosmoline destroys the theme of anti-pyretic activity at a 0.5% concentration, a decrease in antigenicity was already noted with the use of 0.1% Sulfate-formate solution is more active against the virus classical plague pigs - the destruction of hemagglutinating activity is observed in 0.25%; while the activity of the virus decreases sharply when using already 0.05%, DP-2 in its effect on the antigenicity of the virus was similar to caustic soda. When using a virus vaccine as a viral material, no significant changes were established in the process of inactivation (destruction of hemagglutination activity), namely, the concentrations acting on hemagglutination activity remained at the same level, and the sulfate-formist solution had the most significant effect. .

Thus, the conducted studies have convincingly shown that the reaction of indirect hemagglutination (RIGA) using an antibody erythrocyte diagnosticum makes it possible to determine the virucidal effect of the studied chemicals from various classes. At the same time, it should be noted that during the primary selection (screening), a virus vaccine against CSF can be used as a viral material,

Literature

1 Apalkin V A Epizootic situation on especially dangerous and quarantine animal diseases // Mater, International Symposium "Scientific Basis for Providing Animals from Ecotoxicants, Radionuclides and Agents of Dangerous Infectious Diseases" - Kazan -2005.-4.1 -C 3-6.

2. Gizatullin H.G., Yusupov R X. Swine fever and modern methods of its laboratory diagnostics // Tztknigshedat, -Kazan 1973, -173s

3. Lagutkin N.A. Prospects for targeted synthesis and empirical search for antiviral hisopreparations /7 Issues of veterinary virology: Abstracts -Pokrov -1983 -S.137-139,

4 Guidelines for the primary selection of disinfectants for especially dangerous infections by changing the antigenic activity of pathogens detected using serological tests: approved. GUV CM USSR for food and procurement 06/05/1990

5. Pavlov V.Kh Diss... candvet nzuk Pokrov. 1989.-127p.

6. Pritulin P.I., Karelin!LA Swine fever, the basis for the prevention of swine diseases // Rosselkhozdet, Moscow 1969. -p.57-70.

7 Ravilov A 3., Selivanova A S, Ugryumova V S The search for chemical compounds that have an inactivating effect against the foot-and-mouth disease virus // Mater, reports of the All-Scientific Conf. -225

8 UgryumovzVS Finding disinfectants for foot and mouth disease // Topical issues of veterinary virology - Kazan, 1980 P. 16.

9. Yusupova G.R. Diss. Candidate of Sciences, Vet. Kazan 1991.-115s,

10. Yusupov R.Kh, Ilyasova GKh. Instructions for setting RIGA with an antibody erythrocyte diagnosticum in case of classical plague of eating: approved by the GUV GAPK USSR 4 07

magazine "Veterinary Doctor" №2 2007

The invention relates to the field of veterinary medicine and is intended for disinfection of livestock buildings, disinfection and disinfestation of internal surfaces, air and equipment in livestock buildings, sanitization of premises for keeping animals and poultry. First, a preliminary mechanical cleaning of the premises is carried out. After that, the entire disinfected body is sealed with cellophane film. Then, using the Aist-2M mobile gas turbine unit, the body is heated inside to a temperature of at least 75 ° C and a disinfectant solution of a 37% formaldehyde solution is supplied with a temperature of at least 70 ° C for 10-15 minutes at the rate of 10-15 ml /m 3 and withstand disinfection exposure for three hours. The claimed invention provides an increase in the efficiency and quality of disinfection treatment of pig-breeding premises during the elimination of African swine fever in the focus of the disease, and the burden on the environment is reduced. 1 tab., 1 pr.

The invention relates to the field of veterinary medicine, in particular to a method for disinfection of livestock buildings, disinfection and disinfestation of internal surfaces, air and equipment in livestock buildings, and can be used in the sanitization of premises for keeping animals, birds, etc.

Known methods and approved "Instructions for the veterinary disinfection of livestock facilities", GUV Gosagroprom USSR, 08/25/1988, according to which the premises are disinfected in the presence of animals from disinfectants in the form of an aerosol, a 37% formaldehyde solution, a 20% paraform solution are used with the addition of 1% caustic alkali, 24% glutaraldehyde solution, 30% alkamones solution.

A known method of aerosol disinfection of indoor air in the presence of poultry in order to prevent infectious diseases with a 0.2-0.5% aqueous solution of a bactericide with a 20-30% formalin solution on hens of egg breeds of an industrial herd using a generator SAG-1 at the rate of 35-40 ml per 1 m 3 of the room. For wet preventive disinfection of livestock buildings and poultry houses, a bactericide of 0.1-0.2% concentration was carried out from the DUK installation at a concentration of 0.3-0.5 l of solution per 1 m 2 of area (RF patent No. 2130321, A61L 2/18, A61L 2/22).

A known method of wet disinfection of livestock buildings with a disinfectant containing acetaldehyde production waste with the addition of soap lye in a ratio of 1:1 and diluted with water 1:2 or 1:3, at the rate of 500-600 ml per 1 m 2 of area and exposure 2-3 hours at especially dangerous infections - brucellosis and tuberculosis (RF patent No. 2212900, A61L 2/00).

However, the above methods of disinfection for the eradication of African swine fever (ASF) are not used.

African swine fever (ASF) is a particularly dangerous highly contagious infectious disease of pigs, characterized by fever, extensive hemorrhages and cyanosis of the skin, severe dystrophic and necrotic lesions of the cells of the reticuloendothelial system, internal organs and 100% mortality. Domestic and wild pigs are sick, regardless of age and breed. ASF causes enormous economic damage to animal owners due to mass morbidity and death of animals, which significantly worsens the epizootic and environmental situation. The virus is resistant to a wide range of temperatures, changes in the pH of the environment, to drying and decay. Long time saved in objects external environment and livestock buildings. The main condition for the localization of a particularly dangerous ASF disease and the elimination of its consequences is the timely inactivation of the virulent pathogen in the environmental objects contaminated by it: soil, water, air exhaled by sick animals, manure, and others.

In accordance with current instruction“Instruction on measures for the prevention and elimination of African swine fever” (No. 115-6a dated 11/21/1980) in the outbreak during the elimination of ASF, it is recommended to carry out 3-fold disinfection of premises, pens and other places where animals were kept, in the following order: the first - immediately after the destruction of animals, the second - after removal wooden floors, partitions, feeders and thorough mechanical cleaning, the third - before removing the quarantine. The solutions are applied to the surface to be disinfected with the DUK installation at the rate of 1 liter per 1 m 2 of area. Decontamination time is at least three hours. Apply solutions of bleach with a content of 4% active chlorine, sodium hypochlorite (calcium) with a content of 3% active chlorine or formalin with a content of 0.5% formaldehyde. Solutions of these agents are applied to the surface to be disinfected at the rate of 1.5 liters per 1 m 2 . Decontamination time 24 hours.

Known mobile gas turbine plant for thermochemical disinfection of livestock buildings "Aist-2" (RF patent No. 2232602 - taken as a prototype). The installation works as follows. Preliminary mechanical cleaning and washing is carried out in the room hot water(60°C) under a pressure of 2 atm. After drying the hull, windows, ventilation hatches and other openings are sealed. For aerosol disinfection use formalin (38.7% formaldehyde) at the rate of 20 ml/m 3 . The supply of the disinfectant solution is carried out using the Aist-2M installation through the doorway, where the aft part of the ejector is inserted. The supply of the drug to the room is carried out within 3 minutes. In this case, the entire volume of the room is filled with formalin aerosol, the mass median particle size of the aerosol was 15 μm, after that the room is closed and the disinfection exposure is maintained for 24 hours. The disadvantages that prevent obtaining the desired technical result is that after preliminary mechanical cleaning of the premises, hot water (60 ° C) is washed at a pressure of 2 atm, then, after drying the housing, windows, ventilation hatches and other openings are sealed. This leads to an increase in hot water consumption, environmental stress, risk for service personnel and the duration of the disinfection process. Spraying the disinfectant solution without heating for 3 minutes reduces the decontamination activity of the treatment. Long exposure disinfection of 24 hours increases the duration of disinfection.

The technical result of the invention is to increase the efficiency and quality of disinfection treatment of livestock buildings during the elimination of African swine fever in the focus of the disease using the mobile gas turbine plant "Aist-2M", reducing the burden on the environment. By eliminating the operation of washing with hot water (60°C) at a pressure of 2 atm, subsequent drying of the case and the introduction of preheating of the disinfected room inside to a temperature of at least 75°C and the subsequent supply of a 37% formaldehyde solution at a temperature of at least 70°C within 10-15 min at the rate of 10-15 ml/m 3 and exposure to disinfection for three hours, the inventive method eliminates the disadvantages.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that in the method of thermochemical disinfection of livestock buildings during the elimination of African swine fever, including preliminary mechanical cleaning of the premises and their sealing, supply of a disinfectant solution using a mobile gas turbine plant "Aist-2M" by spraying a disinfectant, maintaining the disinfection exposure, according to the invention the entire body to be disinfected is sealed with a cellophane film, then, using a mobile gas turbine unit, the body is heated inside to a temperature of at least 75 ° C and a disinfectant solution of a 37% formaldehyde solution is supplied with a temperature of at least 70 ° C for 10-15 minutes at a rate of 10 -15 ml/m 3 and withstand disinfection exposure for three hours.

The novelty of the proposed proposal is due to the fact that at first the entire disinfected housing is sealed with a cellophane film, it is heated by the Aist-2M mobile gas turbine unit to a temperature of at least 75 ° C, then a 37% formaldehyde solution is fed into the housing for 10-15 minutes at temperature not less than 70°C at the rate of 10-15 ml per 1 m 3 , exposure time for 3 hours.

Bacteriological quality control of disinfection is carried out in accordance with the document "Instructions for the veterinary disinfection of livestock facilities", GUV Gosagroprom USSR, 08/25/1988.

According to the patent and scientific and technical literature, a set of features similar to the claimed one has not been found, which makes it possible to judge the inventive step of the claimed technical solution.

As for the criterion "industrial applicability", the claimed method is carried out using the mobile gas turbine plant "Aist-2M", which is patented in the Russian Federation (RF Patent No. 2232602), license No. 043358.

Due to the preliminary heating of the disinfected premises by the Aist-2M mobile gas turbine unit inside to a temperature of at least 75 ° C and the supply of a disinfectant solution of a 37% formaldehyde solution with a temperature of at least 70 ° C inside the pig-breeding premises, it makes it possible to increase the penetrating ability of the disinfectant aerosol into different hard-to-reach places and areas of the premises.

The introduction of a disinfectant solution in the form of an aerosol inside the livestock premises for 10-15 minutes makes it possible to completely fill the entire volume of the premises with a disinfectant solution, which will improve the efficiency and quality of disinfection of pig-breeding premises.

The use of a 37% formaldehyde solution at a dose of 10-15 ml/m 3 as a disinfectant solution makes it possible to reduce the burden on the environment, save and effectively use the disinfectant.

Holding the disinfection exposure for three hours makes it possible to achieve complete decontamination from the ASF pathogen and other microorganisms. This increases the efficiency and quality of the disinfection process in livestock buildings.

Thus, the technical result is achieved only with a combination of the declared parameters of the method of thermochemical disinfection and provides a high degree of disinfection of livestock buildings during the elimination of African swine fever.

An example of a specific implementation of the method.

After preliminary mechanical cleaning of livestock buildings, the entire disinfected housing is sealed with a cellophane film, after which it is heated to a temperature of at least 75°C by the Aist-2M mobile gas turbine unit. Then a disinfectant solution of a 37% formaldehyde solution is supplied inside with a temperature of at least 70°C for 10-15 minutes at the rate of 10-15 ml/m 3 and the disinfection exposure is maintained for three hours.

The effectiveness of disinfection according to the "Instructions for conducting veterinary disinfection of livestock facilities", GUV Gosagroprom USSR, 25.08.1988, is carried out by sampling and bacteriological control in the veterinary laboratory (table 1).

From table 1 it follows that the growth of sanitary-indicative microorganisms in the studied samples did not occur.

The advantages of the claimed invention is the ability to qualitatively decontaminate livestock buildings and eliminate African swine fever in the focus of the disease using the Aist-2M mobile gas turbine unit. In addition, the burden on the environment is reduced due to minimal environmental pollution.

A method for thermochemical disinfection of livestock buildings during the eradication of African swine fever, including preliminary mechanical cleaning of the premises and their sealing, the supply of a disinfectant solution using a mobile gas turbine plant "Aist-2M" by spraying a disinfectant, maintaining the disinfection exposure, characterized in that the entire area is sealed with a cellophane film of the case to be disinfected, then, using the Aist-2M mobile gas turbine unit, the case is heated inside to a temperature of at least 75°C and a disinfectant solution of a 37% formaldehyde solution is supplied with a temperature of at least 70°C for 10-15 minutes at the rate of 10 -15 ml/m 3 withstand disinfection exposure for three hours.

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SUBSTANCE: invention relates to veterinary medicine, namely to veterinary sanitation, and is intended for air sanitation of poultry premises in the presence of birds. A disinfectant containing an electrochemically activated neutral anolyte containing 0.5 mg/ml of activated chlorine is diluted with tap water in a ratio of 1:5. A 1% hydrogen peroxide solution diluted with a 40% lactic acid solution in a ratio of 1:100 at the rate of 1 mg per 1 ml of the preparation is introduced into the composition of the diluted electrochemically activated neutral anolyte. The use of the invention makes it possible to reduce the concentration of active chlorine and energy consumption while maintaining the initial high bactericidal activity of the electrochemically activated neutral anolyte. 1 tab.

The group of inventions relates to the production of ozonated water. A system for increasing the mean lifetime of ozone dissolved in a liquid comprises a liquid inlet positioned to receive liquid into the system; an acid-based cation exchange resin fluidly coupled to the liquid inlet, the resin being adapted to exchange cations in the received liquid with H+ ions on the resin; an ozone dissolution unit fluidly connected to the liquid inlet and the acid-based cation exchange resin; and a liquid outlet fluidically connected to the liquid inlet, the acid-based cation exchange resin, and the ozone dissolution unit, wherein the ozone dissolution unit and the acid-based cation exchange resin together provide an acidic ionized ozonized liquid for distribution from the system through the liquid outlet. . In addition, a method for increasing the average lifetime of ozone dissolved in a liquid is presented, as well as the use of a system for increasing the average lifetime of ozone dissolved in a liquid. A decrease in the rate of decomposition of ozone in the liquid is achieved. 5 n. and 21 z.p. f-ly, 2 tab., 10 ill.

The proposed group of inventions relates to the field of sanitation and hygiene. A method for overcoming resistance to at least one antibiotic in a multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative bacterium, an in vitro method for combating contamination of the MDR site with gram-negative bacteria, and the use of an alginate oligomer to overcome antibiotic resistance in an MDR gram-negative bacterium are proposed. What is proposed is a product containing an alginate oligomer and an antibiotic in the form of a combined preparation for separate, simultaneous or sequential use to overcome antibiotic resistance in an MDR gram-negative bacterium, where the specified alginate oligomer has a degree of polymerization from 2 to 100 and (1) at least 70% of residues guluronic acid or guluronate (G residues); or (2) at least 70% mannuronic acid or mannuronate residues (M residues). The proposed group of inventions provides effective suppression of the development of multidrug resistance of Gram-negative bacteria. 4 n. and 14 z.p. f-ly, 12 tab., 4 pr.

The invention relates to the field of veterinary medicine and is intended for disinfection of livestock buildings, disinfection and disinfestation of internal surfaces, air and equipment in livestock buildings, sanitization of premises for keeping animals and poultry. First, a preliminary mechanical cleaning of the premises is carried out. After that, the entire disinfected body is sealed with cellophane film. Then, using the Aist-2M mobile gas turbine unit, the body is heated inside to a temperature of at least 75 ° C and a disinfectant solution of a 37% formaldehyde solution is supplied with a temperature of at least 70 ° C for 10-15 minutes at the rate of 10-15 mlm3 and withstand disinfection exposure for three hours. The claimed invention provides an increase in the efficiency and quality of disinfection treatment of pig-breeding premises during the elimination of African swine fever in the focus of the disease, and the burden on the environment is reduced. 1 tab., 1 pr.

41. Disinfection for African swine fever

Classic swine fever (pestis suum) - viral disease wine, characterized by fever, damage to blood vessels and hematopoietic organs, croupous-diphtheritic inflammation of the colon mucosa. Registered in all countries. Classical swine fever causes enormous economic damage to farms: mortality is 80-100%.

The causative agent of the disease is a virus of the genus Pestivirus families Flaviviridae. In the body of sick pigs, the virus is found in the blood, in all organs and tissues. The virus has a high virulence and is relatively resistant to physical and chemical factors. Laboratory animals are immune to the classical swine fever virus.

444. Conduct 3-fold disinfection of premises, pens and other places where animals were kept, in the following order: the first - immediately after the destruction of the animals, the second - after the removal of wooden floors, partitions, feeders and thorough mechanical cleaning, the third - before removal quarantine. Simultaneously with the first disinfection, disinsection, desacarization and deratization are carried out. 445. The corpses of rodents collected after deratization are burned. 446. Before carrying out mechanical cleaning, all premises and equipment in them, pens, slaughterhouses and other places where animals were located are subjected to disinfection. For current and final disinfection livestock premises, pens, feeding grounds, slaughterhouses, meat processing enterprises and other facilities use drugs registered in the State Register of Veterinary Drugs of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 447. Disinfection of the soil of premises (after removal of wooden floors), pens, places where animal corpses were located, is carried out by uniformly sprinkling dry bleach containing at least 25% active chlorine at the rate of 2 kilograms per 1 square meter of area, followed by moistening at the rate of at least 10 liters of water per 1 square meter. After 24 hours, a layer of soil of 10-15 centimeters is removed and buried in a specially dug trench to a depth of at least 2 meters. The surface of the soil is evenly sprinkled with bleach and moistened with water. 448. Slurry in a slurry tank is mixed with dry bleach (with an active chlorine content of at least 25%) at the rate of 1.5 kilograms of lime per 10 liters of slurry. 449. Manure in a manure storage is sprinkled from the surface with dry bleach at the rate of 0.5 kilograms per 1 square meter, then transferred to a trench and buried to a depth of 1.5 meters. 450. A large amount of manure is left for biological disinfection for a period of 1 year. To do this, dry bleach is sprinkled along the edges of the manure storage at the rate of 2 kilograms per 1 square meter. Along the entire perimeter, on the outside of the manure storage, a barbed wire fence is installed and a ditch is being dug. 451. Vehicles and other equipment (bulldozers, excavators and others), after thorough washing, are disinfected in the zone of the epizootic focus on a specially designated site, for which one of the disinfectants registered in the State Register of Veterinary Preparations of the Republic of Kazakhstan is used. 452. Disinfection barriers, disinfectants, desvans are filled with one of the preparations registered in State Register veterinary preparations of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 453. In the epizootic focus, shower cabins are equipped and subjected to daily sanitization under hygienic shower all persons working in it without exception. At the same time, outerwear, underwear, hats, overalls and footwear are disinfected in a steam-formalin chamber for 1 hour at a temperature of 57-60 0 C. After the work is completed in the outbreak, the used overalls and footwear are burned. 454. At air temperatures below zero degrees, thorough mechanical cleaning is also carried out before disinfection. To do this, the surfaces of objects to be disinfected are first irrigated with one of the disinfectant solutions, and then freed from ice, snow, manure and debris are removed.

41. Disinfection for African swine fever

Classical plague? pig? (pestis suum) - a viral disease of vines, characterized by fever, damage to blood vessels and hematopoietic organs, croupous-diphtheritic inflammation of the mucous membrane of the large intestine. Registered in all countries. Classical swine fever causes enormous economic damage to farms: mortality is 80-100%.

The causative agent of the disease is a virus of the genus Pestivirus families Flaviviridae. In the body of sick pigs, the virus is found in the blood, in all organs and tissues. The virus has a high virulence and is relatively resistant to physical and chemical factors. Laboratory animals are immune to the classical swine fever virus.

444. Conduct 3-fold disinfection of premises, pens and other places where animals were kept, in the following order: the first - immediately after the destruction of the animals, the second - after the removal of wooden floors, partitions, feeders and thorough mechanical cleaning, the third - before removal quarantine. Simultaneously with the first disinfection, disinsection, desacarization and deratization are carried out. 445. The corpses of rodents collected after deratization are burned. 446. Before carrying out mechanical cleaning, all premises and equipment in them, pens, slaughterhouses and other places where animals were located are subjected to disinfection. For the current and final disinfection of livestock buildings, pens, feeding grounds, slaughterhouses, meat processing enterprises and other facilities, drugs registered in the State Register of Veterinary Drugs of the Republic of Kazakhstan are used. 447. Disinfection of the soil of premises (after removal of wooden floors), pens, places where animal corpses were located, is carried out by uniformly sprinkling dry bleach containing at least 25% active chlorine at the rate of 2 kilograms per 1 square meter of area, followed by moistening at the rate of at least 10 liters of water per 1 square meter. After 24 hours, a layer of soil of 10-15 centimeters is removed and buried in a specially dug trench to a depth of at least 2 meters. The surface of the soil is evenly sprinkled with bleach and moistened with water. 448. Slurry in a slurry tank is mixed with dry bleach (with an active chlorine content of at least 25%) at the rate of 1.5 kilograms of lime per 10 liters of slurry. 449. Manure in a manure storage is sprinkled from the surface with dry bleach at the rate of 0.5 kilograms per 1 square meter, then transferred to a trench and buried to a depth of 1.5 meters. 450. A large amount of manure is left for biological disinfection for a period of 1 year. To do this, dry bleach is sprinkled along the edges of the manure storage at the rate of 2 kilograms per 1 square meter. Along the entire perimeter, on the outside of the manure storage, a barbed wire fence is installed and a ditch is being dug. 451. Vehicles and other equipment (bulldozers, excavators and others), after thorough washing, are disinfected in the zone of the epizootic focus on a specially designated site, for which one of the disinfectants registered in the State Register of Veterinary Preparations of the Republic of Kazakhstan is used. 452. Disinfection barriers, disinfection mats, desvans are filled with one of the preparations registered in the State Register of Veterinary Preparations of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 453. In an epizootic outbreak, shower cabins are equipped and all persons working in it, without exception, are subjected to daily sanitary treatment under a hygienic shower. At the same time, outerwear, underwear, hats, overalls and footwear are disinfected in a steam-formalin chamber for 1 hour at a temperature of 57-60 0 C. After the work is completed in the outbreak, the used overalls and footwear are burned. 454. At air temperatures below zero degrees, thorough mechanical cleaning is also carried out before disinfection. To do this, the surfaces of objects to be disinfected are first irrigated with one of the disinfectant solutions, and then freed from ice, snow, manure and debris are removed.

General description of the disease

Plague is an acute infectious disease belonging to the group of quarantine infections, which occurs with intoxication, fever, lymph node damage, pneumonia and possible sepsis. In the past, the plague was called the "black death". According to available data, up to 100 million people died during its pandemics (mass epidemics).

Causes and ways of infection:

The causative agent of plague is the plague bacillus, which dies in boiling water, as well as from exposure to disinfectants. The carriers of the infection are rodents (rats, mice), lagomorphs (hares, squirrels), as well as wild dogs and cats that prey on rodents.

You can get the disease from the bite of a sick animal, as well as from fleas living on rodents, for example, when processing the skins of infected animals. In addition, infection is possible by airborne droplets and contact from a sick person.

1. 1 A sharp increase in temperature - up to 40 degrees.
2. 2 Chills.
3. 3 Strong headache, muscle pain.
4. 4 Vomiting.
5. 5 Violation of consciousness and coordination of movements, speech, the face becomes first puffy, and then haggard with dark circles under the eyes.
6. 6 Swelling of the lymph nodes, soreness, as pus appears in them.
7. 7 With pneumonic plague, a cough appears, sputum with blood.

• Bubonic plague - characterized by the appearance of buboes on the skin, most often axillary or inguinal.
• Plague secondary-septic - complications of other forms of plague.
• Skin-bubonic plague - characterized by the appearance of ulcers.
• Secondary pneumonic plague is a complication of bubonic plague.
• Primary pulmonary plague is the most dangerous and fulminant. Characterized by coughing up blood.
• Plague primary septic - characterized by severe bleeding of internal organs.
• Plague small - differs in a more benign course than the bubonic form.
• Intestinal plague - characterized by diarrhea with blood.

Useful products for plague

Plague patients are recommended a high-calorie, easily digestible, semi-liquid diet. In addition, usually at the initial stage of the disease, a therapeutic diet No. 2 is used, and during the recovery period - a general diet No. 15. In this case, it is recommended to break meals into 4-5 small parts. During the period of exacerbation of the disease, the amount of food can be reduced, but it is necessary to eat 7-8 times.

• It is recommended to eat dry biscuits and wheat bread from unbread dough, as these products saturate the body with carbohydrates and B vitamins. In addition, wheat bread contains iron, calcium salts, phosphorus and potassium.
• It is useful to eat soups with low-fat broth or vegetable soups. This dish has long been considered hearty and at the same time very light. Soup helps to maintain fluid balance in the body, preventing high blood pressure, and has a beneficial effect on blood vessels. Chicken broth soup has an anti-inflammatory effect. Vegetable soups saturate the body useful vitamins and minerals from vegetables.
• It is useful to use lean meats (veal, rabbit, lean lamb) and fish (hake, pollock) in boiled form. Meat contains a lot of complete proteins, as well as beneficial amino acids and iron, which prevents anemia. Fish is useful in that it is digested much faster than meat, and it also contains vitamins A, D, as well as polyunsaturated fatty acid essential for heart and brain health.
• It is useful to use an omelet from chicken eggs, as they contain vitamins A, B, D, E, as well as potassium, iron, phosphorus, copper. Thanks to the intake of these substances in the body, its protective functions will be enhanced, the immune system will cope with toxins faster, wounds will heal faster.
• It is also important to eat fermented milk products and cottage cheese, as they improve intestinal motility and enrich the body with calcium and phosphorus, which are necessary to strengthen the heart muscle.
• In addition, it is useful to consume vegetables and fruits in the form of purees, jelly, mousses, compotes and juices. They also have a positive effect on intestinal motility, being easily absorbed at the same time, and also saturate the body with useful vitamins and minerals to the maximum. Some of them, such as citrus fruits, garlic, inhibit the action of pathogenic bacteria, and celery has an anti-inflammatory effect.
• When sick with plague, it is useful to use honey, since it contains almost all the microelements and vitamins that exist in nature, but in small quantities. Honey is able to fully satisfy the body's need for glucose. In addition, it has bactericidal and antifungal properties.
• It is also recommended to eat butter and vegetable oil, as they contain vitamins A, B, D, PP, E, and they are necessary for creating new cells, transporting nutrients into cells, and binding free radicals. In addition, polyunsaturated acids, which are contained in the oil, support the immune system.
• To replenish the fluid in the body (you need to drink 1.5 liters of water per day), you can use weak coffee, tea, juices, compotes. It is useful to drink a decoction of wild rose. It increases blood pressure and strengthens the immune system, and also relieves beriberi. However, people suffering from gastritis and circulatory disorders, this drink is contraindicated.

QUARANTINE, QUARANTINIZATION- (Italian quarantena, from quaranta giorni forty days) - a set of restrictive medical and sanitary and administrative measures aimed at preventing the spread of quarantine infectious diseases. Quarantine measures can be aimed at protecting a certain territory from the introduction of infectious diseases from other countries (territories) and preventing their spread outside the outbreak.

Quarantine was first applied in the 14th century. in Italy. Ships arriving from plague-prone countries were delayed in the roadstead for 40 days. Permission to moor to the shore and unload goods was given only if during this period the ship did not have plague.

Subsequently, similar measures to prevent the introduction of certain infectious diseases prone to epidemic spread were taken by other European countries. With the expansion of scientific knowledge about the causes and ways of the spread of infectious diseases, the methods and timing of quarantine have changed. So, at the beginning of the 15th century. near Venice, on the island of St. Lazarus, the world's first quarantine station with an infirmary was organized, where people who fell ill on sea ​​vessels during quarantine. Similar institutions soon appeared in other European countries. In a number of them dignity began to be published. laws, decrees and resolutions to combat "generalized" or "plague" diseases.

In Russia, quarantine measures were first applied in the West. land borders, through which plague, smallpox, and typhus were repeatedly introduced into the country. Known, in particular, are the orders of Grand Duke Vasily III at the beginning of the 16th century. on the prohibition of entry into Moscow, blocking roads and measures to eliminate the outbreaks of plague.

In 1552, Novgorodians on the road from Pskov, where there was a plague at that time, set up a quarantine outpost that blocked the way to Novgorod. In 1592, such outposts were organized in Rzhev, and in 1602 - throughout the West. border of the Russian state. Persons arriving from abroad were detained at quarantine outposts, they were interviewed and, if indicated, quarantined.

Strict quarantine measures were carried out at the direction of Peter I in 1719 when plague diseases appeared in Narva, in the Kiev and Azov provinces. At quarantine outposts, in addition to asking travelers if there were any places affected by pestilence along the way, disinfection of clothes and goods was carried out, isolation of passing patients in specially provided premises, etc. During the plague in southern France in 1721-1722. ships arriving from there to the south. ports of Russia were subjected to inspection, and merchants were charged with the obligation to enlist the appropriate passports signed by the Russian ambassador when sending goods. In 1786, a charter was approved for a quarantine house on about. Seskar, which was organized to prevent the introduction of plague and other "epidemic" diseases through the ports of the Baltic Sea. In 1800, the quarantine charter was promulgated Russian Empire, in accordance with it, ships carrying suspected plague patients were prohibited from approaching the shore. In accordance with this charter, quarantine houses were organized in Feodosia, Akhtar, Odessa, Taganrog and Kerch seaports, as well as in Dubossary, Mogilev, Kizlyar, Mozdok, Guryev and other points. At the beginning of the 19th century In 1919, the regulation on the organization of quarantines in the ports of the Black and Azov Seas was approved, and then a quarantine was established on the White Sea (Chizhov Island).

Simultaneously with the development and improvement of the system of quarantine measures, Russia sought to bilaterally reach agreements with neighboring states. Among them, the agreements concluded in 1895 with Austria-Hungary and in 1905 with Germany on anti-epidemic measures, measures in border regions deserve attention. -nah, as well as the “Regulations on Sanitary Supervision of Navigation on the Prut River” (1908), developed on the basis of a convention concluded between Russia, Austria-Hungary and Romania.

The development of navigation and international trade contributed to the expansion of contacts between people and often complicated the epidemiological situation throughout the world. At the same time, local cordons of individual states with primitive measures were not always an obstacle to the introduction and spread of plague, cholera and other diseases. There was a need to develop common international measures for effective fight with the spread of infectious diseases on the routes of movement of people. The first form of such cooperation in order to create barriers against plague and cholera was the organization of International Quarantine Councils in Tangier (1792), Constantinople (1839), Alexandria (1843) and Tehran (1867), i.e., on the main routes connecting Europe with Asia. The main task of councils was the management organized by that time a dignity. service in the ports of the Middle East on the route of movement of Muslim pilgrims to Mecca, as well as in the ports of the Persian Gulf. So, in Suez and El Tor, quarantine stations were organized to supervise pilgrims, following ch. arr. by sea. Arriving ships were examined here, and all persons with suspected illness, and, if necessary, ships with crews and passengers were kept in quarantine.

In 1851, the 1st International Sanitary Conference took place in Paris, representatives of 12 states, including Russia, took part in the cut. The purpose of the conference was to reach a multilateral agreement on the standardization of quarantine measures aimed at preventing the importation of plague, cholera and yellow fever (smallpox was widespread at that time and was included in the list of so-called conventional diseases 76 years later). The conference did not reach the desired goal, worked out by dignity. The convention has not been ratified by most states. Subsequent international conferences in Paris (1859), Constantinople (1868), Vienna (1874), Washington (1881), Rome (1885) were also ineffectual. Only in 1892, at a conference in Venice, a convention was first developed, approved by all participating countries. Subsequent conferences in Dresden (1893) and Paris (1894) were devoted to cholera, and a conference in Venice (1897) to plague.

At the Paris Conference in 1903, a new International Sanitary Convention for the Control of Cholera, Plague and Yellow Fever was adopted, from which the name “convention diseases” came from. It was also decided to organize the International Bureau of Public Hygiene, the statute of which was adopted at the Rome Conference in 1907. The main task of the bureau was to collect information about the state of public health in different countries, on the spread of cholera, plague, yellow fever and other epidemics, diseases and the communication of this information to the member states of this organization. In 1911-1912. in Paris, the conference revised the convention of 1903. In 1926, at the conference in Paris, the 7th International Sanitary Convention was adopted, which included smallpox and typhus in its epidemiological distribution among the “convention diseases”.

After the creation of WHO, the first International sanitary rules and approved by the IV World Health Assembly in 1951. These Rules applied to plague, cholera, smallpox, yellow fever, typhus and relapsing fever. Subsequently, the VIII, IX, XIII, XVI and XVIII World Health Assemblies, convened in 1955, 1956, 1960, 1963 and 1965, respectively, amended the provisions of the Rules concerning the fight against yellow fever, dignity. control over the movement of pilgrims, forms of international certificates of vaccination or revaccination against smallpox and yellow fever, general declaration of vehicles, notices of disinfestation of ships and aircraft, etc.

In July 1969, at the XXII World Health Assembly, new International Health Regulations were adopted, which entered into force on January 1, 1971. In the new Rules (1969), the term “quarantine diseases” was replaced by “diseases covered by the Regulations” . Contagious diseases of international concern are divided into two groups: the diseases covered by the Rules are plague, cholera, yellow fever and smallpox; diseases subject to international surveillance are typhus and relapsing fever, viral influenza, poliomyelitis and malaria.

WHO monitors compliance with the Rules, summarizes information coming from member countries of this organization on quarantine and some other infectious diseases, which are published in weekly epidemiol reports (WHO Weekly Epidemiological Record). In turn, member countries of the organization are required to report to WHO about diseases covered by the Health Regulations, as well as about ongoing anti-epidemic and quarantine measures.

In the USSR, the procedure for implementing quarantine measures at state border crossing points, as well as during the elimination of foci of quarantine diseases, is regulated by the Rules for the Sanitary Protection of the Territory of the USSR from the Introduction and Spread of Quarantine and Other Infectious Diseases (see Sanitary Protection of the Territory). The Rules take into account the requirements of the International Health Regulations adopted at the XXII World Health Assembly in 1969, and subsequent amendments and additions to them introduced by the XXVI Assembly of WHO in 1973.

Quarantine measures

quarantine measures, provided for by the Rules, are carried out in sea and river ports, airports, on highways through which international transportation is carried out, by M3 institutions of the USSR; on border railroads stations - health care institutions of the Ministry of Railways.

The direct implementation of quarantine measures is carried out by the sanitary-quarantine departments (SKO) - in international sea and river ports; sanitary quarantine points (SKP) - at international airports and on highways and sanitary control points (SKP) - at border railways. stations that are guided by special regulations approved respectively by the M3 of the USSR and the Ministry of Railways. At the border crossing points, the UPC and SKO carry out: inspection of arriving vehicles, crews, passengers and cargo, including oral questioning of passengers; check of existence and correctness of filling a dignity. documents (international vaccination certificates, marine health declaration, etc.); identification of patients with quarantine diseases, as well as persons subject to isolation or honey. observation. Terms of isolation and honey. observations of persons who communicated with patients or arrived from countries with districts that are unfavorable for quarantine diseases correspond to the incubation period (with plague - 6 days, with cholera - 5, with smallpox - 14). SKO and UPC produce isolation of identified patients and persons who communicated with them in special hospitals (see Isolation of infectious patients). About every case of plague, cholera, smallpox and yellow fever, as well as about every case of death from them, local health authorities and health authorities of departments are obliged to inform the Ministry of Health of the USSR in the prescribed manner. Persons subject to honey. observation, SKO and UPC issue honey cards. observations and report (by telegraph or telephone) to the sanitary epidemiological station, the station at the place of their permanent or temporary residence.

In the epidemic, the focus of quarantine diseases, the organization and conduct of anti-epidemic. measures are carried out by emergency anti-epidemic commissions, which are created by decisions of the executive committees of district, city, district, regional, regional Soviets of People's Deputies, by resolutions of the councils of ministers of the union and autonomous republics. Emergency anti-epidemic solutions. commissions are obligatory for the population, as well as for enterprises, institutions and organizations, regardless of their departmental affiliation. Quarantine on the focus is imposed on the proposal of the health authorities by the decision of the relevant executive committee of the Soviets of People's Deputies. The decision to quarantine the city of regional (regional, republican) subordination, region, territory, republic is coordinated with the M3 of the USSR. Quarantine measures are carried out until the complete elimination of the focus of quarantine diseases.

International agreements provide for the implementation of quarantine measures only for the so-called. quarantine diseases (see), however some countries enter quarantine measures at own discretion. In the USSR, the quarantine of epidemics, outbreaks and full complex quarantine measures are carried out with smallpox, plague and cholera. This provides for the restriction or complete cessation of the movement of the population, goods and transport outside or through the quarantined zone; if necessary, the establishment of military protection of the quarantine; active identification of patients, their isolation and treatment; active identification of persons who communicated with patients, and their isolation; honey. monitoring of quarantined groups; carrying out the necessary laboratory tests, disinfection, disinsection, etc. Quarantine is terminated after the maximum incubation period of the disease has expired (counting from the moment the last patient was detected and isolated), if no new diseases have appeared in the quarantined team during this time.

In practice dignity. - protivoepid, establishments in the country, in particular at emergence of infectious diseases in children's establishments, etc., measures for separation are applied: the termination of acceptance of children in such establishments; prohibition during the period of the maximum incubation period to transfer children from groups to groups and to accept children in children's institutions; placing patients with an unexplained diagnosis of the disease in an isolation room in order to prevent the spread of the disease, etc. So, when chickenpox diseases appear in a children's preschool institution, the group where the disease is detected is separated 21 days after the removal of the sick person from it. At this time, the group does not accept children who were absent for any reason and did not have chicken pox, as well as newly arriving children; it is not allowed to transfer children from this group to another and vice versa. Children under three years of age who have not had chicken pox and have had contact with the patient are not allowed to enter preschool children's institutions during the period from the 11th to the 21st day of the intended incubation. Dissociation in kindergartens and nurseries is also established in the event of diseases such as scarlet fever, epidemic, cerebrospinal meningitis, epidemic, parotitis, diphtheria, poliomyelitis, etc. The duration of dissociation is determined by the duration of the incubation period (see) and is calculated from the moment of isolation of the last patient and the final disinfection. Restrictive measures are carried out also in to lay down. institutions, for example, when there is a threat of bringing influenza there.

Often, the listed restrictive measures are incorrectly referred to as quarantine, which contradicts the true content of this event.

Quarantine in the active army

Quarantine as an organizational form is an important measure for anti-epidemic, providing troops of the army in the field. In past wars, quarantine measures were carried out to prevent the introduction of infection into the troops from disadvantaged districts, in cases of an epidemic among the personnel of the troops, as well as to eliminate foci and prevent the introduction of infection into the rear of the country. Yes, in Russian-Turkish war 1768-1774 during the march of Russian troops through the territory, unfavorable for the plague, a “mobile quarantine” was organized - a team of sick people, which followed half a verst of rear guards in complete isolation (food was received through transfer points). The column of troops was surrounded by a chain of horse patrols that did not allow contact with the local population. Personnel were inspected daily. Identified patients were immediately isolated in a "mobile quarantine".

In the Russian-Turkish war of 1828-1829. to prevent the introduction of plague from the troops operating on the Balkan Peninsula into the depths of Russia, quarantine was organized on the Prut and Danube rivers. After the end of the war, before being sent to Russia, the army was subjected to a 42-day quarantine and "cleansing of the sick and suspicious." In the wars of the 19th century quarantine was established in the foci of cholera and smallpox.

Everything rational from the experience of organizing quarantine in the army to combat the so-called. especially dangerous infections in the past was used in the development of a system of quarantine measures in the troops in the conditions of modern warfare and, in particular, during possible application opponent of biological weapons (see). The content of quarantine measures carried out in the army in the conditions of modern wars has been expanded, and the timing of their implementation has been specified, based on the characteristics of the military situation, the organization and conduct of hostilities, epidemiol, the characteristics and timing of the incubation period of individual infectious diseases.

When establishing the fact of the use of biol by the enemy, weapons, an observation is established by order of the commander of the formation (unit) (see). When pathogens of smallpox, plague, cholera or the appearance of mass infectious diseases are detected. diseases of a contagious nature that threaten the combat capability of the troops, observation is replaced by quarantine. Quarantine is also established in those cases when the sanitary and epidemic state of the troops (see) is assessed as emergency and for non-quarantine infectious diseases.

Quarantine is established by order of the commander of the troops of the army or front. When a quarantine is established, a military unit (compound) is withdrawn from combat, and the area of ​​its location is called a quarantine zone. Full isolation of the quarantine zone is provided by armed guards. The quarantine zone is divided into an inner strict regime zone, in which quarantined personnel are placed in isolated small groups, and an outer restricted zone, in which service units are located. Honey. service units provide medical evacuation, laboratory and disinfection measures, as well as other types of anti-epidemic. measures (vaccinations and emergency prevention, etc.). To ensure the regime of the quarantine zone, the commander of the quarantined unit (compound) creates a commandant service.

For the timely detection of patients among the personnel of the troops in the quarantine zone, a survey is carried out, body temperature is measured, laboratory research(eg, with cholera) in order to identify carriers who, like patients, are isolated. For this, isolation rooms are equipped in such a way as to ensure separate accommodation of patients and persons with suspected disease, as well as carriers (for cholera). Persons at risk of infection due to contact with sick people are under honey. observation directly in subdivisions (within isolated small groups). Patients, persons with suspected illness and carriers from the isolation ward are sent to hospitals deployed near the outbreak.

The term of quarantine is determined by the duration of the outbreak in each individual isolated group. It is calculated by the duration of the incubation period of the disease from the moment of isolation (hospitalization) of the last patient or carrier, as well as the completion of measures to disinfect environmental objects.

The nature and procedure for carrying out activities during the organization of quarantine are specified in each individual case, depending on the nature of the infection and the specific features of the focus, identified during the epidemiological survey (see) and observation. The same circumstances determine the list of specific anti-epidemic measures in quarantine.

In foci of pneumonic plague, the unvaccinated are vaccinated, and emergency prophylaxis is carried out for those at risk of infection. The quarantine period is 6 days. after isolation of the last patient and final disinfection. In foci of bubonic plague, when determining the quarantine period, in addition, the time of carrying out deratization and pest control measures is taken into account.

In the foci of cholera, the unvaccinated must be vaccinated. With a pronounced threat of infection, emergency prophylaxis is carried out. Quarantine period - 5 days. after isolation of the last patient (carrier), final disinfection and disinfestation.

In foci of smallpox, personnel are revaccinated. Persons exposed to the risk of infection are introduced means of emergency prophylaxis. The quarantine period is 14 days. after isolation of the last patient and final disinfection.

The removal of quarantine is formalized by order of the commander of the army (front).

Quarantine in the context of civil defense

Quarantine measures in the context of civil defense are carried out in cases where foci of smallpox, plague, cholera and yellow fever appear among the population, or when it is established that the enemy has used BW.

Quarantine is introduced by order of the head of the civil defense of the region (territory, republic) immediately after establishing the fact of the use of BW by the enemy, even before determining the type of pathogen used.

After establishing the type of pathogen, the head of the GO of the region (territory, republic) decides whether to maintain quarantine or switch to observation.

Quarantine is maintained in the event that the enemy uses pathogens of smallpox, plague, cholera and other highly contagious infections. When the enemy uses botulinum toxin and pathogens of tularemia, brucellosis, glanders, melioidosis, Venezuelan encephalomyelitis, deep mycoses, etc., an observation is established, but only after disinfection and complete sanitation of the population located in the focus of infection.

Quarantine is established in cities and other settlements, as well as objects of the national economy that have been directly contaminated by bacterial agents.

The quarantine zone includes points directly adjacent to the quarantined city (settlement, object) and connected with it by local transport and general production activities.

At the forced export and resettlement of the infected persons from the cities - the centers of infection in other settlements the last also are exposed to quarantine, and the administrative territory, on a cut they are located, is declared by a zone of quarantine.

The most important measure in the quarantine zone is the isolation of the source of infection and each quarantined person. locality. Isolation is achieved by setting up guard posts along the border of the quarantine zone on all roads along the path of people and vehicles. Round-the-clock patrols are organized between the posts, and restrictive signs are installed on country roads prohibiting the passage of citizens and the passage of vehicles.

Departure from the quarantine zone can only be allowed in an organized manner for those citizens who have undergone observation and have a special permit in their hands. Depending on their number, the leadership of the Civil Defense establishes the order and order of observation and departure.

Industrial and agricultural products, raw materials, foodstuffs and other national economic goods are exported from the quarantine zone if there are documents confirming the harmlessness of these goods.

Movement of ground and water transport transit through the quarantine zone, but without stops and with measures that exclude direct contacts of transit passengers and transport personnel with the local population.

In the quarantine zone, uniform rules for the behavior of the population are established, a special regime for the operation of shops and catering establishments, and communication between certain groups of the population is limited. In addition, schools, cinemas, clubs and other entertainment facilities are temporarily closed in the focus of infection. Round-the-clock protection of infectious diseases clinics, observatories, as well as objects of centralized drinking water supply is organized.

Uninterrupted communication of the quarantine zone with other administrative territories is carried out through checkpoints (checkpoints) and sanitary control points (SCP) deployed on the main highways, railways. stations, sea and river ports and airports.

Checkpoints and UPCs are entrusted with ensuring control over compliance with the requirements of the quarantine regime during the exit (entry) of citizens and the export (import) of national economic goods from the quarantine zone. Civil defense formations that arrived to carry out measures to eliminate the source of infection are freely allowed to enter the quarantine zone.

The personnel of the civil defense formations are provided with personal protective equipment and emergency prophylaxis and must be vaccinated.

During quarantine, the population must strictly observe the order established in the quarantine zone, apply protective equipment in a timely manner, comply with the requirements of personal and public hygiene, and not consume water, vegetables and other food products that have not passed heat treatment seek help immediately if you feel unwell.

Antiepidemic measures include: disinfection of environmental objects, early active detection and hospitalization of infectious patients and persons with suspected disease, sanitation of the population, establishment of antiepidemic. mode of operation to lay down. - prof., and other honey. establishments, the control of observance of the established mode of work of public catering establishments, trade, the industry and transport, carrying out vet. supervision over page - x. animals and products of animal origin.

Medical professional, activities in the quarantine zone include: honey. observation of the population, carried out by sanitary guards through house-to-house rounds, emergency prophylaxis, treatment of infectious patients and observation of persons who had contact with the sick.

During the observation, the requirements to restrict the exit (entry) of the population from the focus of infection remain. After carrying out disinfection and sanitation measures, all enterprises and institutions begin their normal activities. The special operating mode remains only for to lay down. - prof, establishments, public catering establishments and trade.

Quarantine (observation) is canceled by the decision of the head of the civil defense of the region (krai, republic) after the expiration of the incubation period of this infection, calculated from the moment of isolation of the last sick person and the final disinfection in the focus of the disease.

Veterinary quarantine

Veterinary quarantine is a system of restrictive measures aimed at preventing the introduction and spread of contagious animal diseases. Even in ancient times, measures were taken to prevent the spread of epizootics (see). In many countries of the world, including in Russia, quarantine was almost always established when especially dangerous epizootics of cattle arose (rinderpest, etc.). Quarantine was reduced mainly to the isolation and slaughter of sick and suspicious animals, the organization of cordons and outposts on the main roads and borders of states. Many of these measures were established by relevant government acts. With the development of science, quarantine began to be used in combination with other measures (diagnostic studies, immunization, etc.).

In the vet. In practice, a distinction is made between preventive quarantine and quarantine established when a contagious disease is detected. All newly introduced animals (including birds, fur-bearing animals, zoo animals, fish and bees) are subject to preventive quarantine. Within 30 days, such animals are kept apart, they are given a wedge, examination, necessary diagnostic tests, vaccinations and are allowed into the general herd only if they are healthy. Preventive quarantine is also carried out when animals (including birds, fur-bearing animals, zoo animals, fish and bees) are imported from foreign countries at border veterinary checkpoints, after which their further transportation across the territory of the USSR is allowed.

When contagious diseases appear that are capable of spreading beyond the primary focus (foot-and-mouth disease, plague, anthrax, glanders, swine fever, sheep pox, fish rubella, etc.), quarantine is established. The list of diseases, as well as the procedure for establishing quarantine for them, is determined by the Veterinary Regulations USSR. Changes and additions to this list of diseases may be made by the USSR Ministry of Agriculture.

In case of certain contagious diseases, for example, foot-and-mouth disease, swine fever, anthrax, a threatened zone is established around the quarantined object. The nature of quarantine and other vet.-san. measures in quarantined objects (on a quarantined territory) and preventive measures in a threatened zone depends on the characteristics of the disease that has arisen. Basically, these measures are reduced to the prohibition of the entry, withdrawal and regrouping of susceptible animals; strict isolation of sick animals; destruction or disposal of the corpses of dead animals; disinfection of manure, bedding and food residues; prohibition of harvesting in the quarantined territory of products and raw materials of animal origin, hay, straw and their export from this territory. In quarantined premises for animals, in herds, flocks forbid access to people (with the exception of service personnel), hang out signs indicating bypass roads, set up guard posts * In some cases, markets are closed, fairs, bazaars and animal exhibitions are prohibited. When especially dangerous diseases(foot-and-mouth disease, rinderpest, etc.) temporarily stop all economic ties with prosperous settlements.

The veterinary charter of the USSR provides for the responsibility of heads of farms, enterprises, local authorities, as well as ministries and departments, in whose subordination farms and enterprises are located, for the observance of quarantine. Appropriate control is carried out by state veterinary inspectors.

The removal of quarantine (cancellation of the decision to establish a threatened zone) is carried out after the complete cessation of diseases and the necessary measures for the disinfection of environmental objects by the authority that established the quarantine (threatened zone).

Agricultural quarantine aims to prevent the importation into the country or into any territory of plant diseases and pests of agricultural crops. cultures. Plants, cereals, flowers, vegetable seeds, etc., transported without preliminary checks, are selected and destroyed.

Bibliography Baroyan O. V. Fate of conventional diseases, M., 1971, bibliogr.; Vasiliev K. G., Gold E. Yu. and Marchuk L.M. From the sanitary protection of borders to the sanitary protection of the territory, M., 1974; Vinogradov-Volzhin-s to and y D. V. and Levitov T. A. Quarantine diseases, L., 1975, bibliogr.; Military epidemiology, ed. I. I. Rogozina, L., 1962; Medical Service of Civil Defense, ed. F. G. Krotkova, p. 312, M., 1975, bibliography; International health regulations (1969), M., 1972; Epizootology, ed. Edited by R. F. Sosova. Moscow, 1974. Howard-Jones N. The scientific background of the international sanitary conferences, 1851-1938, WHO Chron., v. 28, p. 229,

I. D. Ladny; V. D. Belyakov (military), B. A. Gaiko, G. G. Gromozdov (GO), A. D. Tretyakov (vet.).

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Isolation of patients. Patients are isolated for the entire time of infection, and persons who have been in contact with them - for the period of maximum incubation of the corresponding disease. Isolation in hospitals is much more effective than home monitoring, as people in isolation are under the constant supervision of doctors, which makes it possible to identify the sick when the first symptoms appear. With the high-quality work of isolation and the correct observance of the special regimen during individual isolation, the elimination of the focus can actually be considered completed after the expiration of the maximum incubation period, even in the case of a disease among the observed.

The most perfect is the system of isolation of patients in individual or Maltsev boxes. When placed in infectious diseases hospitals for patients with homogeneous infections, separate wards, departments or buildings are allocated.

Patients with plague, smallpox and other highly contagious diseases are isolated in separate isolation wards or boxes. In plague-enzootic areas, action plans are developed in advance in case of plague. At the same time, premises are provided for deploying a hospital for plague patients, an isolation ward for accommodating persons in contact with a plague patient, the corpse of a person who died from the plague, a camel, and a provisional (temporary) hospital (or provisional Department at the plague hospital) for acutely febrile patients. Depending on the specific situation, the isolation room can be deployed on the basis of existing hospitals, hotels, schools and kindergartens. In the absence of the necessary buildings at the site of the occurrence of infectious diseases in the warm season, they can be deployed in tents in a specially designated isolated area.

Home isolation can serve as an effective anti-epidemic measure only if a strict anti-epidemic regime is observed to prevent the spread of infection. As a forced measure, it is allowed in case of mass morbidity, extreme difficulties in transportation from remote settlements. With most chronic infectious diseases, isolation of the patient at home is allowed if the necessary organization of his life is possible. When this is not sufficient due to an easy transmission mechanism (open forms of pulmonary tuberculosis), then a more effective form of isolation is used, i.e. hospitalization.

Isolation of persons with suspected infectious disease. Patients with suspected infectious disease are isolated individually (in isolation rooms or at home) or hospitalized in provisional wards infectious o-c(branches).

In order to correctly identify patients in the foci of puma, cholera and smallpox, door-to-door rounds of the population are organized. During household rounds, patients are identified by questioning and examination. In the presence of one of the symptoms of the disease, for example. diarrhea or vomiting, in a cholera-prone territory, the patient is considered suspicious for this infection. Such a patient undergoes provisional hospitalization. In the focus of the plague, all persons with fever, identified during door-to-door rounds, are necessarily hospitalized in a provisional hospital. The issue of diagnosis is resolved in a hospital on the basis of clinical laboratory and other methods of examination. To isolate this category of patients, a provisional hospital is organized or departments (wards) are allocated depending on the size of the settlement, the nature of the outbreak, and the estimated number of people subject to provisional hospitalization. In a provisional hospital (department), a regime is provided that excludes the possibility of nosocomial infection, since patients with various infectious diseases that have only some similar symptoms can enter the hospital.

Provisional hospitalization based on the correct identification of patients was developed in our country and was successfully used during the outbreak of El Tor cholera in the Karakalpak ASSR in 1985, in a number of port cities of the country (Odessa, Kerch, Astrakhan) and 1970. The significance of the hospitalization in the general plan of anti-cholera measures is well illustrated by the data obtained during the eradication of cholera in 1970, which are cited by P.N. Burgosov (1971): out of 1500 actively identified and provisionally examined patients with mild bowel disorder, 10% were diagnosed with cholera during bacteriological examination in a provisional hospital. For the successful implementation of measures for the correct identification and hospitalization of patients with intestinal disorders or vomiting in cholera foci, with fever in plague foci, with the presence of rashes or temperature in smallpox foci, clear and well-coordinated work of both anti-epidemic and medical institutions is required.

Isolation of persons in contact with infectious patients. Persons who have been in contact with patients with plague, cholera, and smallpox are usually isolated separately, and if individual isolation is not possible, in groups (families). Persons in contact with patients with pneumonic plague are isolated only individually. Without waiting for the placement of the contacts in the isolation room, especially on the first day of the detection of the focus, when the organization of a hospital for those in contact takes some time, they immediately begin the prophylactic use of antibiotics. In case of plague and smallpox, in all those isolated, in order to timely identify the sick, the temperature is measured 3 times a day.

An isolator for those who have been in contact with patients with quarantine diseases is deployed in a room that should be provided for similar measures for the prevention and control of quarantine diseases.

For healthy individuals who have been in contact with other infectious patients, along with sanitation and laboratory examination, medical supervision is used during the incubation period with leaving at home. The period of care for the patient is calculated from the moment when communication with the patient was terminated (isolation of the patient or his death). Medical supervision includes questioning, examination and thermometry. At the same time, the health worker during the examination pays special attention to the manifestation of early signs characteristic of a particular disease.

For some infectious diseases, caregivers at home are subject to separation (they should not communicate with the surrounding population, leave the house, etc.).

They also separate children who have been in contact with patients with whooping cough, measles, scarlet fever, etc.

Isolation of infected patients in the Armed Forces. In the Armed Forces, it is carried out in the nearest medical institution in order to prevent the spread of infection during transportation over long distances. Usually, to isolate the sick, the medical service uses isolators deployed in parts and, if necessary, expands them. During the war, a mobile hospital was used to isolate and provide care for infectious patients from the active forces. Transportation of infectious patients from the isolation wards of the evacuation stages to the mobile infectious diseases hospital was carried out by special vehicles sent by the infectious diseases hospital at the request of military units.

Thermal insulation K-flex rubber: characteristics, application

Foreword. Consider in this article a new for many, but already proven over the years of operation, a heat insulator for pipes made of foamed rubber K-flex. Let's take a closer look at the characteristics of the material, the advantages and scope of the insulator. And at the end of the article we will show a video instruction for installing K-Flex insulation, and you will see that it is very easy to work with the material.

Thermal insulation for pipes K-flex refers to modern insulation made of foamed synthetic rubber, which has closed pores with air. K-flex st is produced with a self-adhesive coating in the form of sheets and pipes of different diameters. Foamed rubber gives insulation for ventilation pipes elasticity and strength, which makes its use justified for various engineering tasks in construction.

Advantages of thermal insulation for K-FLEX pipes:

Insulation K-Flex for communications

– long service life and constancy of characteristics at different temperatures;

— resistance to a mold, fungi and temperature influences;

- vapor and water impermeability, low thermal conductivity of the material;

- preservation of elasticity and the ability to self-extinguish when ignited.

The performance characteristics of K-flex foamed rubber allow it to be used at temperatures from -200 to +150 degrees, and the high flexibility and elasticity of the material guarantees reliable adhesion of thermal insulation. The combination of all these characteristics ensures the ease of installation of K-Flex insulation even in the most inaccessible areas, as you can see in the video presented.

Characteristics of K-FLEX rubber insulation

Due to the closed cell structure of the foamed rubber, K-Flex thermal insulation has low thermal conductivity and diffusion resistance to moisture, i.e. does not accumulate moisture during operation. The vapor permeability coefficient is comparable to the vapor permeability of a conventional polyethylene film, therefore, when insulating pipes in the basement of a house, waterproofing is not required.

Technical characteristics of thermal insulation k-flex st

The presence of flame retardants in the composition gives insulation for engineering systems the ability to prevent ignition and the spread of flame in case of a possible fire. Thermal insulation has low toxicity of combustion products. The guaranteed service life of synthetic rubber, according to the manufacturer, is up to 20 years, all these data are confirmed by repeated tests.

Scope of thermal insulation made of rubber

Installation of K-Flex insulation on communications

K-Flex is recommended for use in the insulation of communications during the construction of facilities with high hygiene and fire safety requirements - in schools, hospitals and hazardous industries. Installation of K-Flex insulation roll does not require the use of additional fasteners or a vapor barrier device, which reduces installation costs and makes it as simple as possible.

K-flex rubber thermal insulation is the most suitable material for insulation engineering communications civil and industrial use. The material, like foil penofol, is used in the installation of thermal insulation, in construction sewer systems, laying pipelines in the ground, various systems air conditioning and ventilation of residential buildings.

Application of roll thermal insulation K-Flex

— isolation of pipelines with negative and positive temperatures;

— isolation of pipelines of heating systems at underground and overground laying;

- insulation of refrigeration units, low-temperature pipelines;

— isolation of gas pipelines, oil pipelines, pipelines with oil products;

– isolation of air conditioning systems, ventilation and much more.

Where to buy K-FLEX thermal insulation inexpensively

Materials under the K-FLEX brand are produced by IK Insulation Group. The production group includes enterprises in Turkey, China, USA, India and Russia. Since 2005, a modern plant "Rolls K-Flex" from production company IK Insulation Group. Therefore, it is very easy to buy k flex in Moscow.

In the regions, the official representatives of the Rolls K-Flex plant are many companies selling heat-insulating and Construction Materials. Find out the supplier of pipe insulation in your city, where to buy k flex tape in Kazan, Rostov, Novosibirsk, our directory will help, if you are a representative of the company, then you can also enter the data of your organization into the catalog.