Pitched roof of an industrial building. The concept of industrial buildings. Classification of industrial buildings by purpose. Types of electrode coatings

In industrial construction, rolled roofs, corrugated asbestos-cement and aluminum sheets and sheets of corrugated fiberglass and other synthetic materials are used.

For heated buildings, the most common and economical are rolled or mastic roofs. Roofing material, roofing felt, hydroisol, glass-roofing material, glassine, pasted on bituminous or tar mastics, serve as materials for the installation of rolled roofs.

Long-term practice of operating such roofs has shown that with slopes with a slope of more than 8%, they quickly lose their waterproofing properties due to the runoff of mastics softening in hot weather. Therefore, at present, slightly sloping roofs with a slope of 1.5 ... 5% are becoming widespread. Such a slope excludes the flow of mastics, but ensures the flow of water to water inlets. The waterproofing carpet in such roofs is usually made of three-, four-layer roofing material, glued with roofing bituminous mastic.

In places where rolled roofs adjoin protruding elements and in places where expansion joints are installed in the coating, additional layers of a waterproofing carpet are laid. The carpet is led onto the protruding elements, attached to them with nails or dowels, and the joints are protected with grease or upholstered with galvanized steel.

Currently, when constructing flat and sloping roofs industrial buildings along with coatings from rolled roofing materials Roofs made of various mastics are becoming more and more widespread. In comparison with roofs made of rolled materials, they have the following advantages: their installation can be comprehensively mechanized; the complexity of applying a waterproofing layer is less; cold mastic coatings are waterproof and have the necessary mechanical strength.

Mastic roofs are made of bitumen-latex emulsion EGIK (waterproofing and roofing emulsion). Such a coating is arranged in a mechanized way using a special unit consisting of a pressure tank for bitumen-latex emulsion, a pressure cylinder for a coagulator, a spray gun and a set of hoses. Bitumen-latex emulsion is applied in layers. Total number layers should correspond to the accepted thickness of the insulating layer (Fig.).

Rice. Roofing with bitumen-latex coating:

1 - bitumen-latex coating;

2 - reinforced bitumen-latex coating; 3 - technical fabric;

4 - roof panel; 5 - insulation; 6 - floor slab

Cold coatings are often made from asbestos-cement corrugated sheets reinforced profile 8 mm thick. They are overlapped on steel or reinforced concrete girders and fastened to the latter, as well as to each other with galvanized hooks with nuts and washers. To prevent the formation of cracks in the sheets, due to some of their warping when moistened, the diameters of the holes in the sheets are made slightly larger than the diameter of the fastening hooks passed through them. Soft gaskets are placed under the nuts, covered with aluminum washers on top. In the ridge and cornice parts of the coating, sheets of a special profile are additionally used, covering the gaps between the waves of the roof sheets.

Over the explosive areas of industrial buildings, easily dumped roofs are arranged in the form of a flooring of corrugated asbestos-cement sheets with a hardly combustible insulation. The flooring is laid on top of reinforced concrete ribbed plates with holes in the shelf. In the event of an explosion in industrial premises the blast wave, moving evenly in all directions, discards the most weakly fixed elements (in this case, the coating with holes in the slabs), without destroying the main load-bearing structures of the building.

Yu. M. Solovey Fundamentals of the construction business. - M.: Stroyizdat, 1989. - 429s.

Lightweight Fire Retardant Roofing Panel

full factory readiness with a polymer roof.

Modern level and construction time dictate the need for widespread use of light building structures in the construction of almost all types of industrial and public buildings. They are distinguished by convenience and speed of construction, minimal installation labor, increased transportability and seismic resistance.

The use of lightweight structures also implies their complete delivery and commissioning of facilities on a turnkey basis, so they are especially effective in remote and hard-to-reach areas of the country, primarily at facilities in the Far North, where they are often the only possible solution. It is important to emphasize that lightweight enclosing structures, due to the ease of dismantling, ensure the explosion safety of structures. They are promising for construction in seismically hazardous areas. Surveys showed that even during the earthquake in the city of Spitak (Armenia) in 1988, buildings with metal frame did not collapse.

The industry for the production of light metal structures of complete delivery in our country and the CIS countries is quite developed. In Russia, more than 25 large manufacturing plants operate as basic enterprises. Due to the ease of manufacture of load-bearing structures, numerous small and medium-sized enterprises began to specialize in their production.

With a fairly wide development of the market for light load-bearing and wall enclosing structures, industrial effective panels for building coverings are produced in limited quantities. At the same time, the combination of new construction and mass renovation of existing industrial buildings puts forward light panel structures of coatings as a priority in terms of quantitative indicators of supply and use.

Currently, there are three ways to install light metal coatings for buildings and structures:

Traditional sheet-by-sheet (element-by-element) assembly of coatings using slow-burning mineral wool boards as a heater and multilayer soft roll roofing;

Three-layer panels with metal sheathing or sheet assembly in the form of a three-layer structure with top and bottom metal sheets and;

Two-layer metal panel (mono-panel) of increased fire resistance with filling fire-retardant foam plastic of full factory readiness and polymer roof of increased durability.

Sheet assembly is the most labor-intensive and short-lived type of building cover. In addition, work on the device of such a coating is seasonal and cannot be carried out in damp and cold weather. However, this method of arranging light coatings is still the most common.

Experience in the operation of coatings from three-layer panels with metal sheathing c. large-span coatings turned out to be unsuccessful. When the snow cover melted on the buildings, the joints were depressurized due to metal deformation and leaks formed. Therefore, the leading foreign companies Partek (Finland), Hoesch and others refused to supply Russian market three-layer panels for covering buildings. In addition, metal coatings require a roof slope of at least 10%; valleys and junctions are difficult to solve in them.

Two-layer metal panels of increased fire resistance and full factory readiness do not have these shortcomings, which already bear the most durable of the existing ones - rolled polymer roofing (TU 5284-205-02494680-01).

Monopanels (Fig. 1) consist of a lower load-bearing steel galvanized profiled sheet H57-750-0.7 (0.8) or H60-845-0.7 (0.8) (GOST 24045-94), a filling that is difficult to combust (with zero flame spread index) Penrrezol foam plastic with a density of 80-100 kg / m and a top single-layer roofing with a durability of over 25 years. Usually the materials used here are Elon (TU 21-5744710-514), Elon-U (TU 38.305-8-324), Polikrom (TU 57741 001-46432362), Cromel (TU 57741 002-41993527 ), "Krovlelon" (TU951 25048396-054), etc. The latter material has a reduced flammability (belongs to the flammability group G2 according to GOST 30244).

The panels can be used in coatings, as well as walls of industrial, public and other buildings for 1-VI wind and I-V snow regions (SNiP 2.01.07-85) at an outdoor temperature of -60 - +45 ° С (SNiP 2.01.01-82 ).

The benefits of these panels include:

Increase in the overhaul life of the coating before repair by 4-5 times;

Reducing the installation time of the coating by 5-8 times;

• - the possibility of using panels in buildings up to the II degree of fire resistance inclusive;
• - the possibility of using for any roof slopes from minimal (even zero) to vertical for attic solutions;
• - provision High Quality, reliability and durability of polymer roofing, effective design any junctions on the roof;
• - the possibility of storage and installation in all regions of the country under any weather conditions;
• - the possibility of transportation by any means of transport over long distances;
• - lower cost of the panel in comparison with foreign analogues;
• - production of panels from materials only of domestic production, certified in accordance with accepted standards. Insulation - filling foam "Penorezol" with a density of 80-100 kg / m 3 has a thermal conductivity coefficient of 0.041 W / (mK) (in working condition for conditions B) and is difficult to combust (when exposed to fire does not burn and does not emit toxic gases). Monopanels with this foam plastic belong to the fire hazard class of structures K1 (15) according to GOST 30403.

It should be noted that the nomenclature of the thickness of the insulation placed over the steel profiled sheet in monopanels is 80 - 140 mm.

Drainage

- External drainage for roofs made of corrugated asbestos-cement or steel sheets- constructively conditional.

- External drainage in heat-excessive and unheated cold rooms is technologically necessary.

- In buildings that are not heated permanently or periodically - internal drainage is unacceptable.

For internal drainage (as a rule) - slopes - 2.5-10%.

With internal drainage - the location of the intake funnels, outlet pipes and risers - is assigned in accordance with the size of the coverage area and the outline of its cross section. From the riser - to the underground part of the drainage network, which can be arranged from concrete, asbestos-cement cast iron, plastic or ceramic pipes, depending on local conditions.

To ensure reliable water drainage to the internal drainage network. of particular importance is the design of roofing valleys. The necessary slope towards the funnels is a layer of lightweight concrete with a change in thickness forming a watershed.

With the inside - parapets, with the outside - cornices.

In places of adjunction to parapets, etc. – 3 additional layers of rolled or mastic materials.

Internal drainage system: drain funnels, risers, discharge pipelines, outlets to the sewer.

The waterproofing of roofs at the places of installation of drain funnels is achieved by sticking on the flange of the funnel bowl the layers of the main waterproofing carpet reinforced with 3 mastic layers reinforced with 2 layers of fiberglass or fiberglass.

When withdrawing by internal drain- uniform placement of drain funnels over the roof area. The maximum distance between the funnels on each longitudinal centerline should not be >: for sloped roofs - 24m

Estimated consumption rainwater - according to the formulas of SNiP.

When determining the estimated catchment area, an additional 30% of the total area should be taken into account vertical walls adjoining the roof and rising above it.

Maximum catchment area per funnel I ≤ 700 m 2 .

600÷1200m 2 - with pitched.

900÷1800m 2 - with flat.

Binding: to the longitudinal axes -450mm,

to transverse - 500mm.

The safety and long service life of any industrial building directly depends on the quality of the roof device. The roofs of industrial buildings must comply with all building codes and withstand internal and external loads. For construction industrial facility use expensive material that can ensure the strength and stability of the entire building. In this article, we will tell you what roof structures are used in industrial complexes, as well as analyze their design.

The roofs of industrial buildings are divided into attic and non-attic types. flat roof, as a rule, non-attic and is performed under a slight slope for unhindered drainage of precipitation. Roofs of the attic type are made in the form of a pitched structure with an inclined angle of 30-70 degrees, as well as using load-bearing trusses, panels and the presence of rafters.

For information! Type of materials and device load-bearing structure are selected based on the technical requirements of the explosion safety class, fire resistance and the size of the spans of the industrial structure.

Roofs of industrial buildings must provide the following:

• safety for the life of personnel;
• safety industrial equipment, production processes;
• save original view materials and finished products;
• maintain a constant normal level temperature regime and indoor humidity
• ensure a normal microclimate inside the premises for the performance of all production processes in accordance with applicable sanitary standards and rules;
• protect the premises (inside and outside) from the negative effects of external factors.

For the installation of the roof of industrial buildings, special coatings with layers or channels are used that allow air to move freely. When air passes inside the interlayer, the moisture evaporates. This material allows you to use it in completely different wet and temperature conditions.

Roof and pitched roof

The photo shows a pitched metal roof.

The pitched type of roof is considered the most common not only in the industrial complex, but also in low-rise construction. The device of the roof allows you to perform it in one, two and four-slope form, this feature depends on the preference of the customer and the architecture of the complex. The main feature of the roof is the presence of a slope of more than 10 degrees. Her device includes the following:

• rafter system vertical type, which is fixed to the walls of the building;
• a solid base or the presence of a horizontal crate, its main task is to perform the role of a coating or fastening for a finishing coating.

The main advantages of a pitched roof of an industrial building include:

• for its device, you can use almost everything Construction Materials(profiled, metal, bituminous, composite roof tiles, seam metal roofing);
• provides high protection of the building, and with high-quality insulation and sound insulation, it provides complete silence and retains heat inside the room;
• the presence of an air gap performs the function of additional thermal insulation;
• due to the rapid evaporation of moisture, the performance of a pitched roof increases significantly and allows long time do not carry out repairs;
• provides constant and unhindered access to the entire structure;
• at the expense attic space effective area increases significantly.

For information! modern panels for pitched roofing, they are made of waterproof concrete, it does not need additional waterproofing, so roll-type materials are not used.

Roof and flat roof

Flat roofs are mounted for large storage facilities, fuel and energy complexes, in medical or educational institutions. To functional benefits of this design can be attributed, the ability to use all free space on its surface. As a rule, generators are placed on the roof surface, ventilation systems and air conditioning systems. Advantages of a flat roof:

• simple device and low consumption of roofing materials;
• safe movement and repair work;
• ease of installation, it is based on reinforced concrete slabs, on top of which a roofing cake is applied.

Roll roofing of industrial buildings

Industrial construction of a pitched or low-slope coating involves the use of a rolled roof. If the room is planned to be heated, it is recommended to use a roll or mastic roofing. They are mounted taking into account the slope from 1.5 to 12 percent. The main advantage of roll roofing is:

• providing protection against cracking of the structure;
• providing additional water resistance;
• exclusion of the formation of mechanical and atmospheric influences;
• protect the building from overheating.

For information! High level water resistance in the places of funnels is achieved by sticking a waterproofing carpet with reinforced glass mesh, fiberglass and applied mastic layer on the flange of the funnel bowl.

The device of the drainage system

The drainage system is an important element in the device industrial roof. It is internal and external. For example, for flat design perform an internal drainage system, its device consists of a conventional riser pipe, which is included in sewer system. At the top of the riser there is a funnel with access to the outside. The roof is mounted taking into account the slope towards the funnel of at least 1 degree. In the pitched roof, gutters are mounted and downpipes are installed.

For information! The device of the funnel involves its removal to the outside through a small hole, the joints and cracks of which are carefully sealed with bituminous mastic.

How to mount a drainage system on industrial buildings can be found in the video

When choosing the type of roofing for an industrial building, one should take into account architectural features future structure, its geographical location and its direct purpose. Device roofing systems it is recommended to involve specialists, because Mistakes made can lead to injury to personnel and damage to the industrial complex.

The roof (covering) is a set structural elements, completing the building and protecting it from the external environment.

The roof consists of load-bearing structures (covering slabs or rafters) and enclosing structures (roofing).

Classification:

1) in form:

flat

2)By designs:

Attic

Bes attic (combined)

3) For load-bearing structures:

truss

From prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs

4)By functions:

Operated

- not exploited.

There are the following types of roofs:

Prefabricated reinforced concrete (Fig. 1) from structures and parts of factory production, widely used in modern civil buildings;

Pitched (one-, two- and multi-pitch) with surface slopes of more than 10 °;

Attic, forming a closed space between the ceiling of the upper floor and the roof;

Combined (covering), combining the ceiling of the upper floor and the roof into one structure. Due to low performance, the use of such roofs is limited;

Exploited (terraces) - for placement on them sports grounds, recreation areas, gardens, etc.

More durable and fire-resistant are the supporting structures of pitched roofs made of reinforced concrete. On Fig. 1 shows an example of a solution for a pitched roof made of reinforced concrete ribbed panels with dimensions of 6.0 x 1.2 m and a longitudinal rib height of 0.3 m.

Requirements.

1. Waterproof

2. Weather resistance

3. Durability

4. Sustainability

5. Durability

6. Fire resistance

7. Industriality

8. Economy

The following basic requirements are imposed on coatings. The design of the coating must ensure the perception of a constant load (from own weight), as well as temporary loads (from snow, wind and coatings arising during operation). The enclosing part of the coating (roof), which serves to remove precipitation, must be waterproof, moisture resistant, resistant to aggressive chemicals contained in the atmospheric air and falling on the coating as precipitation, solar radiation and frost, not subject to warping, cracking and melting. Coating structures must have a degree of durability consistent with the norms and class of the building.

Important requirements for coatings are the cost-effectiveness of their device and ensuring the expenditure of minimal funds for their operation. Of particular importance is the use of industrial methods in the installation of coatings, which reduces labor costs at the construction site and improves the quality of construction and installation works.

To ensure the removal of precipitation, the coatings are arranged with a slope. The slope depends on the material of the roof, as well as the climatic conditions of the construction area. So, in areas with heavy snowfalls, the slope is determined by the conditions of snow deposition and snow removal; in areas with heavy rains, the slope of the roof should ensure rapid drainage of water; in southern regions the slope of the coating, as well as the choice of roofing material, are determined taking into account solar radiation.

pitched roofs and their elements

Roofs with a sloping roof surface are called pitched. The forms of such roofs depend on the architectural features and configuration of the building. Pitched roofs can be single-pitched, double-pitched, four-pitched, multi-pitched, vaulted, hipped, pyramidal and domed. (Fig. 2, a - h).

In buildings of small width, shed roofs are often arranged. The roof of a building with a drain of water on two opposite sides is called a gable roof.

At present, two hipped roofs used in the construction of low-rise buildings.

A pitched roof is a roof that has a slope of more than 10°.

Slopes are called inclined rectangular roof planes. The lower part of the slope - descent, and the lower edge of the slope - the edge of the roof.

The elements of a pitched roof (Fig. 4) include: hips- triangular slopes of roofs; intersections of slopes that form protruding corners are called ribs; skate- the edge of the dihedral angle formed at the top of the roof by two slopes;

valley- the intersection of slopes in the form of a sinking angle, providing water flow;

gable- the upper triangular part of the outer wall enclosing the attic;

tong- protruding part of the wall above the surface of the slopes; skylight- for lighting and ventilation of the attic.

To prevent the melting of snow on the roof under the influence of heat penetrating from below through the roof, the formation of ice and icicles on the roof overhang and damage to the roofs, it is necessary to carry out a heat engineering calculation in accordance with the previously stated requirements. attic floor and provide it good insulation. At the same time, it is necessary to install a reliable vapor barrier layer under the insulation and ensure intensive ventilation of the attic. For ventilation, dormers and windows are used, arranged in gables, gables and filled with shutters of the “blinds” type, which allow air to pass through well and prevent snow and rainwater from entering the attic. Dormer windows placed at a height of 1 ... 1.2 m from the level of the top of the attic floor.

Roof classification: design, types, shapes, elements

Roof- the upper enclosing structure of the building, which performs load-bearing, waterproofing and, with non-attic (combined) roofs and warm attics, heat-insulating functions.

Roof- the upper element of the roof (covering), which protects buildings from all types of atmospheric influences.

Rice. 1 The main elements of a roof with several slopes

The roof of the building consists of the following elements (Fig. 1): inclined planes called slopes (1), which are based on rafters (2) and lathing (3). The lower ends of the rafter legs rest on the Mauerlat (4). The intersection of the slopes forms inclined (12) and horizontal ribs. The horizontal ribs are called the ridge (5). The intersection of the slopes, forming the incoming corners, create valleys and grooves (6). The edges of the roof above the walls of the building are called cornice overhangs (7) (located horizontally, protruding beyond the contour of the outer walls) or gable overhangs (11) (located obliquely). Water flows down the slopes to the wall gutters (8) and is discharged through the water intake funnels (9) into the downpipes (10) and further into the storm sewer.

Rice. 2 The main elements of a gable roof

1) eaves plank; 2) Lathing board; 3) Falling beam of the counter-lattice; 4) Waterproofing film; 5) Rafter leg; 6) Skate; 7) Sheets of metal tiles; 8) Sealer ridge; 9) Cap of the ridge; ten) wind bar; 11) Drain pipe; 12) Pipe holder; 13) Drainage chute; 14) Chute holder; 15) Snow barrier; 16) Upper valley; 17) Lower valley; 18) Wall profile.

Pitched roof slopes and their durability

Roof classification

Depending on the slope of the slopes, the roofs are pitched (more than 10%) and flat (up to 2.5%). In individual housing construction, as a rule, pitched and sloping roofs are used. By constructive solution roofs can be attic (separate) and non-attic (combined). Attic roofs are insulated or cold. Depending on the shape of the roof, they can be single-slope, gable, three-, four-slope, multi-slope (Fig. 1).

Rice. 3. Main types of roofs

Shed roof (Fig. 3, a) with its plane (slope) rests on load-bearing walls of different heights. This roof is most suitable for the construction of outbuildings.

A gable roof (Fig. 3, b, c) consists of two sloped planes resting on load-bearing walls of the same height. The space between the slopes, which has a triangular shape, is called tongs or gables. A variation of the gable roof is the attic.

If the roof consists of four triangular slopes converging at one upper point, then it is called a hipped roof (Fig. 3, d).

A roof formed by two trapezoidal slopes and two end triangular ones is called a hip four-slope (Fig. 3, e). There are also gable hip (half-hip) when the pediments are cut off (Fig. 3, e).

In individual construction, as a rule, roofs are used, shown in fig. 3, a-e. The intersections of the roof slopes form dihedral angles. If they are turned downwards, they are called grooves, or valleys, if upwards, then ribs. The upper rib, located horizontally, is called the ridge, and the lower part of the slope is called the overhang.

To remove rain and melt water, external drainpipes are installed, through which water is discharged to a certain place and leaves the site through drainage ditches into street ditches. The magnitude of the slope of the slope and the durability of the roof depend on the material of the roof, as well as on climatic conditions (see table).

Roof construction

Attic pitched roofs consist of load-bearing structures and roofing. Between such a roof and an attic floor there is an attic used to accommodate ventilation ducts (boxes), pipe runs, etc. With significant slopes, attic spaces are often used for built-in premises. The height of the attic in the lowest places, for example, at the outer walls, should be at least 0.4 m to allow periodic inspection of the structures.

The most widespread are layered and hanging rafters.

Rice. 4. Rafters:

a-d - for shed roofs; d, e - for gable roofs; g - plan for the device of rafters; 1 - rafter leg; 2 - rack; 3 - brace; 4 - rafter beam; 5 - crossbar; 6 - spacer; 7 - top run; 8 - bed; 9 - diagonal leg; 10 - short rafter leg.

Fig.5. Wooden hanging rafters:

1 - puff; 2 - pendant, or headstock; 3 - rafter leg; 4 - suspended attic floor; 5 - brace; 6 - emergency bolt; 7 - nails; 8 - roofing; 9 - two overlays; 10 - bolts; 11 - bolt dowels.

Laminated rafters (Fig. 4) consist of rafter legs, struts and racks. They rest with the lower ends of the rafter legs on the under-rafter bars - Mauerlats, and the upper ends on a horizontal beam, called the upper ridge run. The role of the Mauerlats is to create a convenient support for the lower ends of the rafters. The top run is supported by uprights mounted on internal supports. The distance between the posts carrying the ridge runs is taken equal to 3 - 5 m.

To increase the longitudinal rigidity of the rafter structures, longitudinal struts are placed at each rack. If the building has two rows of internal supports in the form of longitudinal main walls or pillars, columns and other elements, then two longitudinal runs are laid. Rafters are used in buildings with intermediate supports and spans up to 16 m in size.

Laminated rafters are made of beams, boards and logs. The pitch of the rafters is taken depending on the material from which they are made, the type of roof and the section of the elements of the crate. In the manufacture of rafters from beams with a thickness of 180 - 200 mm, they are placed after 1.5 - 2 m, and from plates and boards - after 1 - 1.5 m. In buildings of considerable width, when the length of the rafter legs reaches 8 m, it is necessary to arrange intermediate supports on interior walls. Beds are laid along these walls, racks and struts are installed on them, and then a run is installed on which they rely rafter legs.

At the intersection of the roof slopes, the rafters are made of diagonal and short rafter legs (see Fig. 4, g).

The quality of construction of any industrial building to a large extent depends on the quality factor of its roof. The load-bearing structures have to withstand external loads (the weight of snow, gusts of wind) and internal loads (the mass of the suspended equipment of the room). Therefore, the roofs of industrial buildings must have the following features: be very durable, have stable load-bearing structural parts, hence the high cost of their construction.

The supporting structure is one of the most important elements all roof structures.

Roof construction device

The device of roof structures is divided into attic and non-attic. industrial buildings are made at a slight slope to drain precipitation, usually they are not attic. Attic types roofs are mainly pitched structures with an angle of inclination of about 30-70 ° and load-bearing elements in the form of rafters, large panels and farms.

On the rafters and trusses, a crate is laid, more often from wooden beam, or boardwalk. It serves as the basis for a roof made of rolled waterproofing materials. Additionally, before laying the rolled carpet, if there is such a need, steam and heat insulation are made with special materials.

The device of the supporting structure and the type of material are selected according to the requirements technical requirements building class in terms of fire resistance, explosion safety, as well as depending on the size of the span and the required slope.

With spans of 10-12 m, they are built as a system with hanging rafters. It is a structure, the main bearing part of which are roof trusses leaning on the walls of the building. A vertical headstock (suspension) is installed in the center of the farm. It is connected to the walls by rafter legs, which serve as the supporting basis for the roof. To give the structure rigidity, they rest against the struts coming from the base of the beam.

For this design, the following materials are most often used:

• for hanging rafters - boards or bars;
• for the lower belt and racks working in tension - steel profile or pipes;
• for farms - reinforced concrete or steel.

Single or gable roofs from large ribbed reinforced concrete panels are built with a central support, which can serve as inner wall. The panels rest on it and external walls structures. The span of the structure, as a rule, is 6-6.4 m. Fastening - steel anchors. Asphalt or cement strainer and the roll carpet is glued. Now the panels are mainly made of water-resistant concrete, which does not need waterproofing, so there is no need for it.

Industrial roofs of buildings with a height of more than two floors are protected with brick parapets.

The industrial roofing of the non-purlin scheme is formed by reinforced concrete slabs, which at the same time are bearing element and roof base. cold roof built from heavy concrete, after laying the plane is leveled with asphalt mastic or cement mortar with the subsequent sticker of a rolled carpet.

Foam concrete is used for insulation, mineral heaters, a screed is made on top of them and rolled waterproofing is glued.

Sometimes flat roofs are made without a slope. To avoid overheating, in some cases they are protected by flooding with water by 5-15 cm, before the onset of winter, the water is drained.

Chimneys and ventilation outlets need a special device for adjoining the roof to them. To do this, collars are made of tin, closely adjacent to the pipe, the collar is placed above the roof plane. If the coating is asbestos-cement slate, then the collar from the side of the ridge is inserted under the roof, and on the side of the overhang it is let on top of the slate sheets.

Industrial buildings with a height of more than two floors are protected with brick parapets or gratings according to MRTU 20-4-65.

The device of the drainage system

The drainage system is of the utmost importance for an industrial roof. Drainage systems can be external and internal. Pitched roofs are equipped with gutters and drainpipes. In buildings with multiple spans and flat roofs an internal drainage system is equipped, the device of which is usually a riser pipe connected to the sewerage system. On top of the riser has a funnel that goes out. Roofs are made with a slope towards the funnel of at least 1 °. The funnel is brought out through the hole, all the cracks are sealed with bituminous mastic.

According to technical and economic indicators, which include the cost of building 1 m2 of roof, the cost of regular roof repairs, the complexity of construction, fire safety, durability, the best are combined reinforced concrete roofs. attic roofs with wooden frame less profitable.