Additive to mortar for work at low temperatures. Effect of temperature on concrete. Common compositions and methods of work

Industrial construction does not stop during the cold season, but the hardening of concrete during negative temperatures problematic. Crystallization of water leads to a decrease in strength, which negatively affects the quality of structures. The use of antifreeze additives in concrete will help to solve the problem, wide selection offered by the industry today.

The use of antifreeze additives allows pouring mortars at temperatures up to -50ºС. They are liquid or powder formulations that are added to the mixture. It is important to know that concrete additives added during frost provide only 30% hardening. The final hardening occurs after the defrosting of the monolith.

There are several types of antifreeze additives that differ in the principle of action:

• Compositions that lower the freezing point of the liquid, as a result, the process of cement hydration continues, setting proceeds according to the standard mechanism;
• Additives based on sulfates accelerate the compaction of concrete, while generating excess heat, which increases the rate of hydration of the cement;
• Complex additives increase the solubility and activity of cement laitance, while the compounds that appear as a result of reaction with water reduce its crystallization temperature.

Varieties

There are various antifreeze additives, each of which has its own mechanism of action. A popular additive is sodium carbonate, otherwise known as potash. This is a powdery crystalline composition that accelerates the hardening of the concrete mixture. The use of this type of additive reduces the technical characteristics of the material, including strength. To reduce this effect, sodium tetraborate is added to potash.

Attention! Potash belongs to dangerous substances, therefore, when working with it, safety requirements are observed.

Sodium tetraborate is a complex substance consisting of sodium and calcium salts, with the addition of ammonium. It is an additional antifreeze additive used with sodium carbonate. Without it, the structure can lose up to 30% of its strength after thawing and complete curing.

Sodium nitrite is an effective antifreeze additive that reduces the crystallization temperature of water, accelerates the hardening of the composition, and has an anticorrosive effect. Its use is dangerous, since sodium nitrite powder is a flammable, explosive, toxic substance. It is used in frosts down to -25ºС. It cannot be miscible with lignosulfonic acids, as it releases toxic gas when interacting with them. Calcium nitrite-nitrate has similar properties.

Sodium formate is an antifreeze additive for concrete that reduces the crystallization temperature of water and accelerates the hydration of cement. It is added in a proportion of not more than 6% of the total mass of concrete. To improve plasticization, naphthalene lignosulfonate is added to the additive.

Urea - PMD, prolongs the liquid phase of water, practically does not affect the setting speed.

Calcium and sodium chlorides, ammonia water reduce the freezing point, but have an increased corrosive effect. They strongly influence metal elements therefore not recommended for use in reinforced concrete products.

How to use

The choice of additive and the method of its application depends on the conditions and material where it will be introduced. Any concrete additives used at sub-zero temperatures are introduced into the solution with water, according to the manufacturer's instructions. After thorough mixing, it is recommended to wait a while for this component to diffuse in the composition.

According to SP 70.13330.2012, in order for the composition to achieve the desired strength, it is important that before the temperature of the composition reaches the mark for which the additive is designed, it gains no more than 20% of the planned strength.

Consumption of antifreeze additive per 1 cubic meter material depends on the average daily ambient temperature. Up to -5 degrees, it is recommended to add up to 2% of the additive by weight of the solution, up to -10 degrees, this figure increases to 3%, up to -15 degrees, no more than 4%. At severe frosts calculation is made individually for each type. The rate of hardening of the solution is reduced, and the maximum strength is achieved after the end of frost.

When adding plasticizers and PMD, it is necessary to observe certain rules work. The recommended range of the poured solution is from +15 to +25ºС. To dissolve additives, a certain amount of water is required, which must be heated, this ensures complete dissolution of substances. Sand and gravel used in the solution are also heated immediately before adding. Cement must not be heated, as it will lose its astringent properties. The poured solution must be covered, this is especially true during snowfall.

Advantages and disadvantages of additives

The main advantage of concrete with antifreeze additives is the ability to perform work all year round. Picked up in correct proportion, they improve the adhesion of the components, improving the quality of the solution. They also have other advantages:

• increasing the service life due to the compaction of concrete;
• increase the plasticity of mixtures, making it easier to work with them;
• the frost resistance of ready-made concrete increases, which is important for elements of load-bearing structures;
• application of PMD is the most cheap way pouring at negative temperatures;
• the use of additives reduces shrinkage during solidification, while maintaining the integrity of the structure;
• antifreeze additives fill the pores of concrete, thereby significantly increasing its water resistance;
• some compositions significantly increase the corrosion resistance of the monolith, extending the service life of structures, buildings and structures at times.

The use of antifreeze additives has its drawbacks. If used incorrectly, the strength characteristics of concrete are reduced, therefore, when working, it is necessary to strictly adhere to the instructions. Some additives are flammable and toxic, which must be taken into account when working with them. Even with additives, the hardening rate will be relatively slow in frost. To achieve the desired strength when laying in winter, it is required large quantity cement, which increases the cost of construction.

Do-it-yourself anti-frost additives

In private construction, if it was not possible to carry out all the work in the warm season, you have to continue in winter period. Therefore, it is allowed to prepare anti-frost additives for concrete with your own hands at home. To do this, you only need table salt or sodium chloride. Such an additive reduces the freezing point of water and reduces the time of critical solidification of the mixture.

To make a do-it-yourself antifreeze additive in concrete, salt is dissolved in water and added to the solution. The concentration up to -5 degrees is 2% by weight of the solution, up to -15 degrees, mass fraction chloride reaches 4%.

The disadvantage of this additive is its corrosive activity towards metal, so it is not suitable for reinforced concrete structures. It should be borne in mind that the rate of solidification of the solution at negative temperatures will be, on average, 3 times lower than under normal conditions.

Concrete is a versatile building material that is used for various purposes: from building a house to erecting decorative elements personal plot. It is practical, indispensable, economical, comfortable material. It has some disadvantages. Exposure to low temperatures is one of the main disadvantages. Concrete in frost can change shape, crack, crumble. The way out of the situation is additives that increase, allowing construction work to be carried out in the cold season.

Modern antifreeze additives reduce the freezing point of water from 0 to -15 degrees. Additives must be used according to the instructions. Uncontrolled use harms the structure, causes undesirable consequences. In frost, you need to introduce the additive in the right amount to avoid freezing, undesirable consequences. Frozen non-additive formulas are at greater risk.

Application Benefits

• the liquid present in the mixture freezes at more low temperatures than usual, allowing the mortar to set;
• the solution becomes more plastic - it is easier to form individual parts of the structure;
• reinforcement does not oxidize due to corrosion inhibitors present in additives;
• increased water resistance of reinforced concrete;
• the mixture becomes strong in a shorter time.

After adding the additive to the solution, the mixture becomes more dense due to the saturation of the micropores in the concrete with carbonized calcium hydroxide, it becomes easier to pour it into the mold. The strength of the structure is doubled. 18 hours is enough for the concrete structure to fully harden. Extraction takes place without violating the integrity of the concrete. High-quality PMD do not allow the appearance of "salt" on the surface.

The use of antifreeze additives allows:

• mix the solution with low-grade concrete, reducing material costs;
• make concrete layers thinner without risking the quality of the structure (due to increased strength) - the solution is saved;
• concrete does not need to be treated with waterproofing agents.

Where is it used?

Antifreeze additives are used in the construction of structures:

• monolithic reinforced concrete;
• with off-design reinforcement, a solution layer of more than half a meter;
• prestressed reinforced concrete;
• mixture for plaster;
• tracks;
• oil and gas production platforms;
• dams, dams.

Before adding antifreeze, a test is carried out that determines:

• oxidizing effect on concrete;
• the formation of "salts";
• setting speed;
• strength.

Types of additives

Quality additives for concrete mortar allow it to harden in severe frosts up to 35 degrees. Additives are divided (according to chemical action): superplasticizers, accelerators, regulators that increase frost resistance, modifiers, complex ones.

plasticizers

- naphthalene sulfate, melamine resin sulfate, organic polyacrylates. They have a plasticizing effect on the solution. Doesn't require a lot of water. Makes the solution more durable, moisture-proof, concentrated. The mixture is easier to fit - it can be poured in an even layer. Saves energy and water. The use of plasticizers allows you to qualitatively put the mixture into the mold, without the formation of voids. Concrete mortar microparticles retain moisture better.

Strengthening

Hardening accelerators - aluminum sulfate, iron sulfate, calcium nitrate, calcium chloride. They act by reducing. Seizing, concrete loses its plasticity, hardening - it acquires strength. Their action is calculated on the first three days of drying. During this period, the supplement has the most high level efficiency. The class strength of concrete also increases.

The maturation of concrete slows down significantly at temperatures below +5°C, and completely stops at minus. This is due to the freezing and crystallization of water entering the solution. But builders are often forced to continue work in the cold season. The problem with freezing under adverse conditions is solved by introducing special antifreeze additives. When using this method, it must be taken into account that the strength of a material with such impurities at low temperature is no more than 30% of the design one, it will gain full strength after thawing.

Benefits offered by the use of antifreeze components:

• the ability to perform work related to mixing concrete at any time of the year;
• many important characteristics material - density, moisture and frost resistance;
• the plasticity, mobility and stability of the solution increase, cracks do not appear after it hardens;
• mixture separation is prevented;
• lower cost compared to alternative ways combating the delay in maturation;
• the risk of shrinkage is reduced.

Disadvantages of using antifreeze additives:

• more consumption of the binder component (cement) - due to this, and also because of the need to spend on the additives themselves, concrete is more expensive;
• some substances that accelerate hardening at low temperatures are poisonous;
• maturation is accelerated, but strength development may be slowed down.

Types of antifreeze

According to the effect on concrete, antifreeze additives are distinguished:

• antifreezes and accelerators - help to lower the freezing point of water in solution;
• sulfates - warm the mixture due to the release of heat during the reaction;
• complex - are at the same time antifreeze components, hardening accelerators, plasticizers for concrete, as well as masonry and plaster compositions.

PMDs are classified according to the lowest temperature level at which they are effective: down to -10, -15, -20 or -30°C.

List of substances that accelerate the maturation of concrete at low temperatures

In pure form or as part of ready-made complex mixtures, as antifreeze additives, the following are used:

1. Sodium nitrite. At temperatures from 0 to -25°C, the inscription Poison should be on the container. It is flammable, the use of this component in combination with lignosulfonic acids is prohibited, since as a result of their reaction poisonous gaseous nitrogen compounds are formed. Sodium nitrite is sold in powder form or solution. Consumption: 4-10% of the weight of the cement in the mixture.

2. Sodium tetraborate (borax, sulfate-yeast mash) and calcium carbonate (potash). These substances are recommended to be used together, since calcium carbonate without borax reduces the strength of the finished concrete (up to 30%), provokes its cracking. Potash is harmful, be sure to take precautions. Requires a plasticizer, consumption: 5-10% by weight of cement.

3. Sodium formate. It goes on sale in the form of a white crystalline powder, it dissolves well in water. When using it, a plasticizer is required. Sodium formate is usually added together with powdered or liquid naphthalene lignosulfonate, which is the thinner of the mixture. Due to the content of phenol and formaldehyde, it is classified as a hazardous substance. Consumption of sodium formate: 2-3% by weight of cement.

4. Ammonia water. It is sold as an aqueous solution at 25% concentration, suitable for use at the lowest temperatures (theoretically ammonia water can be used even at -100°C). Positive properties - not only does not provoke corrosion, but, on the contrary, creates an effect on the reinforcement protective film, significantly increases frost resistance finished construction. In the warm season, ammonia in the form of a gas evaporates from concrete and it becomes the same as mixed with ordinary water.

Complex means

Complex additives suitable for use at temperatures down to -20°C:

• calcium nitrite and nitrate (NNK);
• calcium nitrite with urea (NKM);
• nitrite and calcium nitrate with urea (NNKM).

Complex frost-resistant additives for concrete, suitable up to -30°C:

• nitrite, nitrate and calcium chloride (NNHK);
• nitrite, nitrate and calcium chloride with urea (NNHKM).

Subject to the ratio between salts and urea in a mixture of 3:1, the listed antifreeze additives do not contribute to the oxidation of reinforcement, do not reduce frost resistance. They are not used in the manufacture of:

• span structures made of reinforced concrete, if their length is more than 6000 mm;
• products on the surface of which the appearance of efflorescence is not allowed;
• structures exposed to sulfate type corrosion;
• structures located at a distance of less than 100 m from sources direct current high voltage.

Complex PMD can be made from individual components with your own hands or purchased ready-made in liquid form with already selected proportions. It is more profitable to use professional complex solutions due to lower consumption. Several options for such additives:

• Ivitek - up to -10°C.
• Frieze De Lux - up to -15°C, during masonry, plastering work, as well as pouring screeds.
• Hermes - up to -30°C, optional positive properties- reduces cement consumption by 10%, increases strength characteristics by 14%.
• Establishes Safescreen SN1 - during the construction of monolithic and prefabricated monolithic structures and products made of concrete or reinforced concrete, it is also suitable for adding to masonry, insulating and assembly mortars.

For efficient and safe use antifreeze liquids, you must follow the rules:

1. Added to concrete with the last third portion of water, which must be heated.

2. It is undesirable to make a dry mix.

3. To obtain the effect, you should wait for some time (up to 15 minutes). This is necessary for uniform distribution of the substance.

4. The temperature of the mixture at the outlet of the mixer should be in the range from +15 to +25C.

5. During snowfall, it is imperative to install a canopy over the tank. Otherwise, the snow, getting into the mixture, will worsen its properties, as it will change the ratio of the components. Laying during precipitation is not possible. If the snowfall begins during pouring, then the already laid concrete is covered with a layer of waterproofing.

6. When working with the addition of anti-frost ingredients, as well as when mixing, be sure to use protective equipment: gloves, goggles. In case of contact with skin - wash with soapy water, in eyes - rinse abundantly clean water and see a doctor.

7. Never pour PMD residues onto the ground, into sewers or waterways.

Despite the introduction of anti-frost components into the composition of the mixture, concrete in winter time it is recommended to cover and warm.

Do-it-yourself antifreeze additive

If for some reason it is not possible to purchase PMD professional quality, then it is permissible to use the usual technical salt - sodium chloride. An additional advantage of this tool is that it reduces the consumption of cement. The disadvantage is that it increases the corrosion of the metal, therefore it is impossible to use salt for concrete used for the manufacture of reinforced products and structures, as this leads to peeling of the frame, deterioration of performance. Salt consumption depending on the air temperature at the construction site:

• not lower than -5°C - no more than 2% by weight of the solution;
• from -5 to -15°C - up to 4%.

When using technical salt instead of ready-made PMD, concrete strength development is worse - 100% of the design will be only three months after pouring a solution with a 2% salt concentration. If sodium chloride is poured up to 4%, then during the same time the concrete will gain only 50% strength. It is acceptable to use it as an independent additive, but best effect can be achieved in combination with calcium chloride. It is administered in an amount of 0.5% by weight of the mixture at temperatures up to -5 ° C and up to 2% if it is from -5 to -15 ° C outside.

Price

The price depends on the composition and volume of the party. They can be bought as powders, packaged in 25 and 50 kg bags, or liquids in 10 or 20 liter cans.

Minimum prices for large batches of antifreeze additives in concrete:

Via various formulations you can solve the problem of slowing down and completely stopping the maturation of concrete at low air temperatures (below + 5 ° C) on your own. The need for their application arises if for some reason it is necessary to continue construction in the winter period.

This measure is forced and may lead to deterioration specifications. Many of the components of PMD are themselves toxic or are capable of releasing them over time. Therefore, it is recommended, if possible, to avoid introducing these agents into the solution, to supplement them with plasticizers.

To category:

Concrete work in winter conditions

Features of concreting at negative temperatures

In the production of concrete and reinforced concrete works in winter conditions, when the expected average daily outdoor temperature is below 5 °C and the minimum daily temperature is below 0 °C, as well as when concreting structures located in permafrost soils, concreting methods are used that make it possible to obtain concrete of the required quality.

If not applied special ways concreting, then when the concrete freezes, the free water contained in it turns into grandfather and the hardening of the concrete stops. If hardening did not begin before freezing, then it will not begin after it, but if it did, then it practically stops until the free water in the concrete is in a frozen state. Water frozen in concrete increases in volume by approximately 9%. The resulting internal ice pressure breaks the weak bonds in the unhardened concrete.

Water accumulating on the surface of grains of coarse aggregate, when frozen, forms a thin ice film that breaks the adhesion between aggregate and mortar and reduces the strength of concrete. An ice film forms on the reinforcement, which breaks the adhesion of the reinforcement to the concrete.

When concrete thaws, the ice in it melts and hardening of concrete resumes, but the final strength of concrete, its density and adhesion to reinforcement are reduced. These losses are greater the more early age frozen concrete.

The most dangerous freezing of concrete during the setting of cement. Also harmful is repeated freezing and thawing of concrete at the beginning of hardening, which happens when thaws are replaced by frosts. The strength of concrete at the time of freezing or cooling below design temperatures, the so-called critical strength, at which the final strength does not decrease or decreases slightly, should be indicated in the work design or in the technological map.

For concrete without antifreeze additives of monolithic structures and the monolithic part of prefabricated-monolithic structures, the strength at the time of freezing should be at least 50% of the design one at a concrete grade of 150, 40% for concrete of grade 200-300, 30% for concrete of grades 400-500, 70% - regardless of the brand of concrete for structures subjected to freezing and thawing at the end of curing, 80% - for concrete in prestressed structures, 100% - for concrete structures exposed immediately after the end of curing to the design water pressure, and structures to which presented special requirements frost resistance and water resistance.

For concrete with antifreeze additives, the strength at the time of its cooling to the temperature for which the amount of additives is calculated must be at least 30% of the design value for grades up to 200, 25% for grade 300 concrete and 20% for grade 400 concrete.

The conditions and period by which the freezing of concrete blocks of massive hydraulic structures is allowed are indicated in the project.

Concrete that has reached critical strength by the time of freezing acquires design strength only after thawing and keeping at a positive temperature for at least 28 days. In cases where structures concreted in winter (including concrete of prefabricated elements with conventional and prestressed reinforcement, which are part of prefabricated monolithic structures) are subject to full loading at a negative outside temperature, it is required to withstand the concrete at a positive temperature until until design strength is reached.

The value of the strength of concrete in the structure at the time of its freezing is determined by the minimum strength of the sample from the control series.

To obtain the necessary strength of concrete, special measures are taken to prepare the concrete components and prepare the concrete mixture. Particular attention is paid to the protection of concrete structures from direct exposure to negative temperatures and wind.

It is necessary that the concrete mixture placed in the formwork has a certain temperature set by the calculation.

Various methods are used to protect concreted structures from exposure to negative temperatures, to create an artificial heat and moisture environment for concrete prepared on heated materials, and to keep it under such conditions until the required (critical) strength is acquired.

Concrete laid in massive structures in winter is most often cured using the thermos method, based on the use of insulated formwork, the heat of the heated components of the concrete mixture and the heat released during setting and hardening of cement. Well-covered concrete cools so slowly that it has time to gain critical strength by the time it freezes.

To expand the scope of the thermos method, they use preliminary electrical heating of the concrete mixture before laying it in the formwork, chemical accelerator additives, cements with increased heat release and quick-hardening cements, and also combine the thermos method with various methods heating of concrete, for example with peripheral electric heating or heating of structures.

When using preliminary electrical heating of the concrete mixture, the heating temperature for concretes based on Portland cements with a content of tricalcium aluminate up to 6% should not exceed 80 ° C; on Portland cements with a tricalcium aluminate content of more than 6%, it is established by a construction laboratory after experimental verification; for concretes based on Portland slag cements - should not exceed 90°G.

The concrete mixture is heated in specially equipped bunkers and tubs, which ensure its uniform heating, as well as in car bodies equipped for this purpose.

Often, when concreting foundations located in separate pits, the thermos method is combined with the use of heat transfer from thawed soil. In this case, the pits are well insulated from above, due to which a slight positive temperature is established in them.

Concrete in thin structures cools quickly, so they have to be heated electric shock, ferry or warm air. Sometimes, in order to save electricity, they combine the method of a thermos with heating.

Lightweight concrete on porous aggregates in winter conditions is kept according to the thermos method with preliminary electrical heating of the concrete mixture.

In addition to the above methods winter concreting based on the hardening of concrete at a positive temperature, there is a method of hardening of concrete at a negative temperature. Wherein concrete mix prepared with the introduction of antifreeze additives. Antifreeze additives lower the freezing point of water to such an extent that they provide hardening of concrete at negative temperatures down to -25°C. When choosing a concrete curing method, first of all, consider the possibility of using the thermos method, the thermos method with additives - hardening accelerators.

If, using this method, it is impossible to obtain the required strength of concrete within the specified time, then the possibility of using concrete with antifreeze additives, methods of electrical heat treatment, heating with steam, warm air is consistently considered. In case of impossibility of curing concrete in structures with the help of the indicated measures concrete works performed using heat sinks.

One or another method of producing concrete and reinforced concrete works in winter conditions is adopted on the basis of comparative technical and economic calculations.

To Category: - Concrete works in winter conditions

Pouring concrete is an integral part of most construction works. As is known, ideal period for repair and construction work - this is a warm season and pouring concrete is no exception to this rule. However, what should those who decide to continue construction despite the frosty weather do?

Pouring concrete in minus temperature in most cases, it is contraindicated by SNiP standards, since extreme cold does not allow compounds that contain liquid to fully polymerize. But in some cases, the circumstances are such that the concrete must be poured, no matter what. And the question is quite natural, is it possible to pour concrete at sub-zero temperatures?

For areas where there is no warm season or situations in which winter construction is vital, there are several technological solutions that can be used to form concrete structures without compromising quality. In this article, you will be given detailed instructions how to pour concrete at sub-zero temperatures.

Pouring concrete

At sub-zero temperatures, the liquid in cement mortar freezes and the ice crystals break crystal lattice concrete, thereby weakening the strength future design. After thawing, the bond structure is not restored, and the structure loses a significant part of the strength potential, up to complete destruction.

The direct effect of sub-zero temperatures on concrete structure admissible only after she acquires required amount strength, frost resistance, etc. In construction terminology, this value is called the critical strength threshold - after overcoming it, frost does not negative impact on the concrete structure.

The threshold of critical strength is determined depending on the brand of concrete solution. The standard cement mix of the M400 brand must gain at least 30% of its maximum strength, and the lower the concrete grade, the higher the percentage of gained should be.

Before pouring concrete in sub-zero temperatures, it is necessary to create conditions that will prevent it from freezing. There are several technologies that help create or maintain the temperature necessary to overcome the critical strength threshold.

Among them are the following:

• Mixture heating. Before pouring concrete at sub-zero temperatures, the solution is heated to a certain state, which gives it the opportunity to overcome the critical strength limit as it cools;
• Internal heating. Maintain positive temperature in reinforced reinforced concrete structures it is possible through internal electric heating, which is carried out at the expense of electricity and metal components;
• External heating. It is possible to create the temperature necessary to achieve critical strength using external steam or;
• thermal insulation. Pouring concrete at minus 5 degrees can be carried out using high-quality insulated formwork, which does not release heat from the inside and allows cold to penetrate inside;
• The use of specialized additives that prevent water from freezing.

Each of these technologies has its own characteristics, which must be taken into account, giving them their preference. Consider the above options in more detail.

Mixture heating

The concrete solution is kneaded on heated water, the temperature of which can be from 60 to 90 degrees. This technology can only be used if the temperature environment does not fall below -15 degrees. This circumstance should be taken into account if you are wondering, “At what sub-zero temperature can concrete be poured?”

Specialty Blends

AT cement mixture various antifreezes are added to prevent the formation of ice crystals. Most often, calcium chloride or sodium chloride (table salt) is used for this purpose, which can be no more than 2% of the total mass of the components. If the temperature does not fall below 15 degrees below zero, then modifying additives will save the structure from freezing.

Note!
Despite the fact that the price of modifying components is quite affordable, it is best to purchase factory mixtures that guarantee technical qualities product.
A homemade recipe mixed with your own hands can be a waste of resources.

thermal insulation

If you want to pour the foundation at sub-zero temperatures, then you can do without heating or third-party additives. It is enough to qualitatively insulate the formwork with sheet or loose insulation.

During the crystallization of the concrete solution, heat is released, which is quite enough to overcome the critical strength threshold if the formwork is assembled according to the thermos principle. However this technology undesirable to use at too low temperatures.

Note!
Heat-insulating formwork can be used in conjunction with the above technologies - in this way, you will increase their effectiveness.

Internal and external heating

Internal heating is carried out by connecting to the reinforcing frame alternating current from a special transformer - the metal is heated and heats the cement mixture. External heating consists of a specialized mobile formwork, which contains heating elements that are powered by steam or electricity.

The disadvantages of this technology are the high cost of construction - the enormous consumption of resources for heating affects. Also, this technology cannot be used independently, since without the presence necessary knowledge and equipment, it is impossible to achieve the desired effect.

Among the advantages, it should be noted that you may not think about the question, “Up to minus how much concrete can be poured?” - concrete heating allows pouring at temperatures up to -25 degrees.

Outcome

The correct approach to the question of how to pour concrete in sub-zero temperatures makes it possible to obtain a high-quality result even in the most adverse conditions. In the future, eliminate small errors and establish additional elements concrete cutting will help you diamond circles and diamond drilling holes in concrete. More detailed information on this topic you can get by watching the video in this article.